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33  WIST  MAIN  STRHT 

WCBSTIR.N.Y.  M5B0 

(716)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  ISMicroreproductions 


Institut  Canadian  da  microreproductions  historiquas 


1980 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


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D 


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D 


n 


n 


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Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  peiiiculie 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


D 


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Th( 
to 


Th( 
poi 
of 
filr 


Orl 
be( 
th( 
sic 
oti 
fin 
sic 
or 


Th 
shi 
Til 
wh 

Mi 
dif 
en 
be 

rig 
rec 
m< 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmi  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  cl-dessous. 

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Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaltra  sur  la 
dernlAre  imege  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — »>  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
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filmAs  A  des  taux  de  rAduction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  11  est  filmA  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

THE  WORKS 


ot 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCROFT. 


/;/^ 


THE  WORKS 


ov 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCIIOFT. 


VOLUME   XIV. 


HISTOKY   OF    MEXICO. 

Vol..   Vl.     1  SGI -1887. 


SAN    PRAXCrsCO: 
THE    HISTORY  COMPANY,   PlTiiUpnERS. 

l8Sb. 


Enicrcl  Hi'cordliip  to  Act  nf  CmtiTo-s  In  the  Yenr  Ikhs,  by 

iiri}::uT  ii.  hancuoft. 

In  tlie  Ollice  of  (lie  Libruriuti  of  Uongri's.s,  m  W  iinliiiiKloli. 


All  Jiii/fi/a   Ilt\^trird 


CONTENTS  OF   THIS   A'OLUME. 


CIIAITi^rv   I. 

INTEnNAL   AND    FnKKKiN    (•(HII'LICATIONS. 
ISOl, 


Kxinil.sioii  of  Fdreign  Piploinates — Kxilo  of  Higli  Kix'lu«ia.stics — Roorga 
ni/ation  of  (icivfriiirnjiit — .MuaMures  t»f  Coaciliatiim — DitluroucuH 
iiiiioiig  tlio  I.iln'i-iils — Foreign  Utlations  Iiitorriiptt'd — Mooting  of 
CongresH — < 'liaiactcr  of  its  MciiiIhts — liuiiito  Juarez  Kldetdl  I'rcsi- 
(lent— Kfailiniiaiy  War  Kciicwc.l — IJIm  ral  Victories — Financial 
Ilistrcss  anil  Sii.s|)(;nsi(in  of   I'aynicnt-i— Fi.r.  igii  rrotests—- Treaty  of 

Intervention  in  J Ion— Course  of  the  United  States  and  .Mexico — 

Ministerial  I'riai-i 


PAOR 


CHAPTini  ir. 

FOBEIli.N     I M  Ki;V K.MION. 
IStJl    -J. 

Spaaish  Occupation  of  Vera  Cruz— Action  of  x,lie  Mexican  Oovemment 
—Arrival  of  tlie  Freneli  and  Briti.sli  Forces— Allied  rienipotenliarius 
and  tlicir  iMtlercucus— Joint  Address  to  the  Mexicans— Pecuniary 
Claims  against  Mexico— Negotiations  with  Juarez'  Governnient— 
Convention  of  Lji  Soledad— llf-actionists  tinder  French  Protection— 
Kupturo  among  tire  Allied  Hiidomats— Spaniards  and  Britisli  lie- 
iimbark— The  Frendi  Throw  off  the  Mask— Almonte  Estal.li.shes  a 
Government — French  Keoceupation  of  Ori/aha — Their  Marcii  against 
Pm;hla  and  Kepulse— ( 'inco  de  Mayo— Sul.seriuentLil.eral  Reverses 
— Ad'airs  at  the  Capital oi^ 

CIIAITKR    Iir. 

FKEN'C'II    MC'Cl  lAIION. 

I8()'j  i,s(;:{. 

Napoleon's  Instnictions — Arrival  of  Foh'v's  Army— Zaragoza's  Death 

Forey's  First  MovtMiients- His  Neglect  of  tlu'  Conservatives— Their 
Suhserviency— Manih  on  Puebla— Indecent  Devices — rieaeral  Con- 

(V) 


1 


CONTKXTS. 


!'AOK 


ilitiuii  of  Nfi-xico— lk)in1)ar<lnu!iit  df  Aoapulco— Singo  of  I'tioMii-^ 
Kiiri'V  OllVr.i  llorinralilu  Ti!rm.i — 'I'luy  aru  imt  AccopUxl — Uiicnuili- 
tioiwil  Siirri^iiilcr — 'I'l-catiiu'iit  nf  Mfxiiaii  iVisoncr^t — Allair-i  at  tlio 
CapiUil — Kli^Iit  of  lli(H!i)Vi'riiiii('iil— .liiai'i'/,  at  San  Lui.s  I'oto.tl — 
Tlio  Kruiioli  Oci;iii>y  Mexico — Initiatory  I'olicy '4 


% 


(•irATTKll    IV. 


Mi'N.MiCms.M. 


IStW. 

Oovennnont  Mi'aMuroH — .funta,  Stijuirior  <lo  (Joliiomo — I*rovi>iional  Kxc^ 
eutivn — Fort-y's  Art-t  J,i';^,ili/i^il — Onlcrof  (iiiailt:liiiie — AMUliibttMi.  ilu 
NotaKlt'M — Its  lii.iui^uratioii  and  Suliicrvioticy— Creation  of  a 
ThroiK' — It  w  OtI'un'tl  to  Fonlinanil  Maximilian  of  Hainlmrj^ — 
Kcj{uney  of  tlio  Moxican  Einpiro — Monarcliial  Sclieniosin  Mexico — 
Tlicy  aro  Continnt'cl  in  iMiropi, — I'l-cncli  Prcvarirations — Siiani^li 
Ainu — Scli'ctiiin  of  Maximilian — llow  KU'cctcil — Mis  I'ast  JU'conl 
Autiou  of  tliu  Anstriau  Kniporor — Policy  of  tlio  Unituil  iSfcitos.    . . . 


ClIAPTKR    V. 

MAXIMILIAN,     KMI'F.noU   OK  MKXICM). 

Inlu'i'iMit  Idea  of  Knii)ii'(! — Monto/unia,  Itniliidi',  Maximilian— Forced 
Adhesions — Character  of  tho  Ki;j;unts — Uoimtation  to  Maximilian — 
Mis  Acceptance — Maximilian  and  Charlotte,  their  Character  and 
r.irsonal  Apipcarancc — Imperiali-t  Successes — MoviMnents  of  tins 
Jnarists — Arrival  of  the  Arclil>isliop — Ma/aiiu' — French  I'olicy — 
Attitnde  of  tho  United  Stat.M— Fall  of  Morclia— I  >calh  of  Comon- 
fort — Fnrther  Fiyhlini' ; 


101 


CIIArTKH    VI. 

AKIUVAI,   OK    lUK    IMI'KltlAl.   SKVEllEIONS. 
IStU. 

Military  Movements — .luare/  I  iodines  to  Piosigri — IFe  lletires  to  Mon- 
terey— Tampico Campaign — Imperial  <  iains — I'loceedirigs  in  Knrope 
-  Formal  Acceptation  of  the  Mexican  Crown — Imperial  X'isit  to 
Itiime — Arrival  of  tliu  Sovereigns  at  Vera  Cruz — Heccptions  at 
Cdrdoha.  Ori/iiba,  and  I'netila — Entry  into  Mexico — (Jrand  lieinon- 
slration — >.'e\v  Order  Created YZ'2 


I'AOK 


.M 


CONTl-INm 
CirAPTKll   VII. 

MWIMIIIAN-    IN    MKXIOO. 


Tii 


('•.Mtili.iling  Poliry  ami  ('on<«TV;itivo  .Tr  •.!  mty— Opowing  DiRlike  of 
tliti  Frt!ii«;ii — .Mikxiiiiiliiiii'x  \Vcaknu8!4  III'  ( 'luvriictcr — lU^nrganr/Atioii 
of  tlio  Army — Hxciirsii'iiM  to  tlio  liitfiinr,  and  MiixiiniliairH  liifcr- 
tiues  tlnii,roin — ( iiuTrilliis  Tcrincil  Ilri^'fUi'l'^,  iiiul  Onlorcil  IIuiiUmI 
ilowM — (liurcli  QncMtioii — Nuiii  io  in  Mi-xico— ('(numisfsion  to  llonio 
— l'roi>orty  Coutidcation — .Itiiiri-it  llovowcs 


I'AilK 


l»'.» 


CHAI'TEll   VIII. 

IMI'KICIM.   (KIVKltNMENT. 
lS(i5. 

IVovisinnal  ronstitntinn — T'ersonal  (Juarantco — No  Slavery — FondnosH 
of  Miixiriiiliivn  fur  J,iiw-miikini{ — IVoiiiotion  of  (,'oloiii/iition — Kiii.iti- 
Cf.i — (-'iiKiiiut — M.iviiiiiliaii  I'mtosti  against  hi.-<  Austrian  I'ciiiinuia- 
tioa — Frcnvli  Lojui  an. I  Krciuli  Tniops — Attilinli!  of  tlic  United 
States — He]m1>lifanisiii  ( lains  Strength — Maximilian  Alartncd — I'.a- 
»iino  ]ilmned — Tcrroriaui 1 7 1 


CHAPTER  IX. 

TJIK    KMI'IKK    A   FAlLlllK. 
J8(i5-18(i6. 

< 'iliitulation  of  Oajacn-Army  Movements— Battles  and  Rioj»os— War 
Measures— I're.sidential  Term— New  lieimt.licaiiTIaii  of  C'inipaign— 
SytMiiathy  in  the  Uuitutl  States— NaiKiKnii  Reen;,'ni/es  his  Failure— 
Tlio  United  States  l)emand  his  Witlidrawal— Maximilian  Ovur- 
vhelined—niarlotto  Visits  Europe— She  rii^acbin  Vain  \\\<\i  Xapo- 
leou— Then  Seeks  Cousolatiou  at  Home — Her  Sad  Fate 1,S8 


CIIAITER     X. 


IMPEltlAL    UD.MK 


I.IIK    ANI>    VK'WyiTlTDKS. 
l.S(l(!. 


MoiK'y  Matters— Xew  Treaty— Army  lleorganizatiou— Austrians  Dis- 
eonteiited— iJoniistio  Atliiir;— (,'liaratter  of  ( ".laihitte— Maximilian's 
JIahits— Hours  of  I^ihor,  Food,  and  Kxeiciso—Druss— Amuse- 
ments—Religious  Shows— Washing  Feet— The  Emi.eror's  Odd 
AVit— Conservatist  Plot- Santa  Anna—Xew  Policy  <if  Maximilian— 
]'.a:aine's  Quarrel  and  Itecall— Casteliiau— Al.dieatioii  Urged— 
O.Le^a  and  the  United  SUitci— Maximilian  at  Orizaba 214 


CONTKNTS. 


CUAPTEIl  XI. 


MAXIMILIAN  M      VACILLATION-   KKI'IMILICAN      SUCCESSRH. 
ISOO. 


PAOB 


Maximilian  at  Ori/alia — Preparations  for  Departure — Imlocision — 
I'd'HiumidiH  of  Kailuir  Kiilior— Kiiturn  (if  Mirauiou  aiitl  Marque;'. — 
AuMtritiu  Trown  rri)?ipcct.s — Maximilian  Warned  not  to  Kc turn  to 
Austria -CiiuiU'il  of  Oi'i/^ilia — Friiiicli  I'mtcstn — .ruarist.s  (laining 
Strengtli  United  States  Vuluiiteurs  — Army  Movements — Ortega's 
J'ai-ty— Ik^uiau'b  (jiuirruU 2'M 


CHAPTER  Xn. 

DEPAHTUKK   OK  THE   KliENCIT. 

1807. 

Further  DisafToction  botwocn  Ba/aine  and  ttie  Court  -Recall  of  Kuro- 
jxian  Soldiers — lia/aiiio's  Conduct  and  Character  Exchaujjjc  of 
I'ri^oncrs- I)cii;irniro  of  Ti-oop-i— ilji/aiiic  in  |)ii;;ri(c  in  Kraiice — 
I'ost  of  Kx]pcilitioii — A  N'civ  Council  l'|ihoid<  the  lluipire  Move- 
ments of  Mirainou — MaNiiiiiliiin  at  the  Head  of  llu"  Army — His 
March  to  Quervtaro — Invested  l>y  the  Uepuidiuau  Forces '2V>1 

ciiAiTKR  xrri. 

IMIKUIALISM    (AflED. 
1S«7. 

Mariano  K.-icoliedo — His  I'iiysiquc  and  Chr  acter — Imperial  Lines — 
Skirmisiiing — Convento  do  la  Cruz — Mar(|ue/.  Sent  to  Mexico — Now 
Ministery — Miramon — IJesiegers  Reeiiforced — Assaults  and  Re- 
pulses— Maximilian  l>ocorated  for  Rravery — Starvation — Marouez 
Suspi'cted  of  Treaohery — Salm-Salm  Prepares  to  Go  in  Searcli  of 
Him — I'luns  to  Break  through  the  Lines  Defeated 2S1 


CITAPTER   XrV. 

ItKAIll    oK    KMIlltK   AMI    EMl'EllOE. 
1807. 

Migu(  1  Tiopcz  the  Traitor — His  Plot  to  Betray  Maximilian — Seizure  of 
the  ( 'ity — Arrest  of  Maximilian  and  his  (ieueral-i — Imprisonment — 
.Midii'iition — 'rcrms  Proposed — Court-martial  Ordered — Trial  and 
Conviction — i'etitions  ami  Intercessions— Execution  of  ^laximilian, 
Miramon,  and  Mejia — Efl'eetof  Kxecution  in  America  and  Europe — 
Ivcliectiooa  ou  the  Character  and  Career  uf  Maximiliau 299 


COMKNIS. 


CHAlTKIl    XV. 

BKHt'll.ICVN     liKtoSsrim-IIOJC. 

I, SOT  l.St;8. 


PAOE 


ClfAlTEK    XVI. 

KM)   OV    VUK   JUAUEiS   KBOIMR. 

18«kH-1872. 

Unilcr  tlio  Now  Onlcr  of  Tliiii),'s — lU'cluction  of  .fiiar('.''/-~.Se<1itiri  and 
Upi-i.^^iiigH — MiuiHtoriiil  Crisis — lviitli(|u,ikc's  and  lliirrii-iuii;  v'roa- 
tioii  of  Now  S'.'te.t — Admiiii.striitivo  Itcin-^aiii/aticii  .iinl  Iiii|in)vu- 
liiuiitM — I'li.i.u..  iainieiito;;  and  lluv.iliitjoiia — iHsciiirity — /\'ii- 
n"--fv — I'olititiil  Parties — JuaristJis,  LtrdintJis,  and  I'orlirislas — 
Pi.ui  of  lAi,  N'oriii — Failure  fif  tlio  Portirista.-i — .>eath  of  Jiarez — 
.Scliastiaii  Li'rdo  do  'IVjaila  liistallotl  as  President— Ueinuiiw  of 
Juarez — lietloctioua  ou  his  L'areir ;j(jj 

CHAI'TER   XVII. 

I. KUDO    l'KK.sn>KNT. 
lS7'-'-lS74. 

Ell'ect  of  .fnarcz'  Doatli — Lcdro  lletainB  tlio  Miniatera  of  Juarez — Genera) 
Amnesty  Proelaiirifd — l>iaz  Kofuses  to  Accept  It — t'ontlaj,'ration  in 
the  Palace — The  Country  TraiKiuili/i'd— Diaz  Sulmiits— Lcrdn 
Elected  Constitutional  President — Mis  Po]mlarity — lie   Persists  in 

Uctiiiiiing  tlie  Ministers — Disappointment — Closing  of  Congress 

The  Vera  Cruz  Railroad— The  Tejiio  Rehellion— (inadalajara 
Threatened— Capture  and  Deatli  of  I,o/ada--Knd  of  tli("  KeI.ellion  — 
The  rKstrict  of  Tepee— Contrressioiial  Acts  Kvindsic.n  of  the 
Jesuits— Passa<;e  of  the  liofomi  r.aws  —  IMstiirliatires -Seventh 
Constitutional  Congress ;;.)i) 

cirApTi:ii  XVI I r. 

LERUO,    ICLKSIAS,    AMI   lilAZ. 

lS74r-187t!. 

Pnllti.al  Tronhlcs  in  the  States— AffairH  in  Yncatan-P.elitfious  Upris- 
iug  in  -Mi.'hoacan— Condition  of  the  Country— i'rogr.;ss  oi'  J' utes- 
tautisni— The   ^tamp    Act— Prerogatives   vi    the    Wupreme    Court 


^ 


CONTENTS. 


pa<;k 


Attackcil— T>op1ino  of  Ijcnlo's  Popularity — Political  Pcr.^noiilions 
lU"ilc(tiiin  Silii'iiit'.s — I)i;i/.  Jjcuvch  Mexico — IiiMiuToctioii  in  Oajacii 
— A  Uovolutiouiiry  ]Jla/.e — Plans  of  Tuxtepeo  and  i'lilnlilaneo — l)ia/. 
in  till'  Ndrtli  — lli.i  Ruturii  to  Oajaea — Fraudulent  Elections — IxTdo 
Proclaiuu'd  llei'lectcd — Iglcsias  rrotost.s— llu  Assunic>jthc  Executive 
Power  hia/  I)efcals  Alatorrc  at  Toeoac — Flight  of  Ix-rdfi — Consti- 
tutionalist ver.-iu.s  Kevolutionist — Diaz  Enters  tlie  Capital — Proclaims 
UiiuDult'  Executive — Iglesias  Leaves  tliu  Ciiuutry — Diaz  at  thu  Head  4l)S 

CIIAl'TKU  XIX. 

DI.VZ,    (iON/.AI.KZ,    AM)   DIAZ. 

1S77-KSS7. 

Political  Prograniino  of  Diaz — liistallatii>ii  of  Congress — Diaz  Elected 
['resident  Opposition  to  his  <loverninent — Mutiny  of  the  Crew  of 
!j<i  Triiii'liid  Foreign  Iti'latimis  -  l)ifli<\dLie.(  vitli  tiie  United  State;^ 
— Joint  Counnission  on  Claims — Adjustment  <if  Claims-The  Nortii- 
ern  Border  Troulilus— Their  Settlement — Attempts  at  Reelection 
Deleateil- Administration  of  Diaz  Reviewed —I'resident  (JoUHilez' 
JJiography-  t  Juatemala's  Claim  to  Clda]ia<  — Adjust'in-iit  of  Dispute 
— Foreign  Relations-  I nteriud  Affairs  Progress  of  .Mexico  --•■'onza- 
lez  as  an  Aihiiinistrator—  'I'lie  Mudilitd  Stamp  Act-  Hecngnitiipn  of 
Debt  to  British  Jionddioldcrs — I'iaz  Again  Elected  President 4;i.") 


('II.MTKll    XX. 

fiOVKKNVr.Nr,    KINANCK.S,    AM)   MILrrVRV. 

1S()0-1SS7. 

Party  Spirit— Struggles  for  Supremacy — Army  Intluonce  and  Revolu- 
tions-Centralism, lmi)erialism,  and  A'deralism — Constitutions  and 
Reforms — Congress  and  the  Executive  Powers  of  tiie  President — 
Cabinet — Administrative  Duties  and  Reforms — Territorial  Divisions 
— State (lovcrninent  -Municipalities— Sutl'rage — Laws — .Judiciary  — 
Police — Foreign  Relations — Naturalization — Colonization— Finances 
— Army  and  Navy 4()iJ 

CHAPTKU   XXI. 

MININ'f!,    MANll  ACIl  KKS,    AM)    FISHERIES. 
1S()0-KSS7. 

E'.rect  on  Mining  oi  the  Rcvidutimi — Subseijuent  Policy  of  tlie  (Jovern- 
meiit — Ktl'ect  of  Mining  on  Agriculture — Mine  Maiitgement  ami 
Routine — Mining  Districts — ^iino^ Metals — Mints — Developmcit  of 
.latioiu.l  Manufactures — Manco  do  Avio — Patent  Laws — Cotton 
Factories  in  the  Colnuial  Period — Woollen  Imlustry — Other  Manu- 
factures— Silk,  I'aper,  Crockery,  and  Olasa — Tobacco  and  its  Utili- 


i 


^ 


CONTHNTS. 


XI 


zatinn — Fi.slierics — Fond -fish — Pearls — Tortoise    Shells — Sponge:^ — 
Wiuiliiig — iiiternatiouiil,  National,  ami  Statu  Exhibitions uOo 

CHAPTER  XXII. 

COMMKKOK    AM)    IIAILUOAIIS. 

1800-1887. 

Syiiiiitdins  of  Free  Trade — A  Commercial  Inroad — Exports  and  Imports 
— Ciistiims  and  < 'ii.stomdiouses — L'ai)otage — Aholisiimeiit  of  the  Al- 
Ciilialas — Siini^'gliiig— Tlie  Mercantile  Marine — Tlie  Carrying  Trade 
— Comniercial  Kegulations — Foreign  Steamers — Case  of  tlie  Dmiulm 
— First  Mexican  Steainsliips— The  Mexican  Transiitlantic  S.  S.  Co. 
— Unjust  Taxation — Taritl's — Metro|iolit;in  Uij^diways — Mercantile 
Trihnnals — Brokers — Banks — The  Mail  Service— Nickel  Coinage — 
The  Decimal  System — Railroads — The  Mexican  Railway — Develop- 
ment—  rrojected  Lilies — Considerations — Telegraplis,  Ti-lejthones, 
and  Electric  Lights 5;W 

CHAPTER  XXIII. 

AORlL'DLTrRAL    UKSOt'KCKS   OF   MEXICO. 

1887. 

Capacity  for  Production — Unequal  Distribution  of  Land— Necessity  of 
Irrigation— Drainage  of  tiio  Valley— The  Nocliistongo  Cutting— 
Pouniarede's  Siphons — (iaray's  Project — A  i'estilent  Metroptdis — 
Maize  and  Other  Cereals— CI lile  Pepper— Plantains,  Cacao,  and 
Coffee — The  Agave  Americana — Piilipie,  Mescal,  and  Tei|iiila — Hen- 
neciuen  and  Ixtle— Sugar  and  Agua,  liente— Tobacco,  Olive-oil.  and 
Wine— Coeliineal,  Indigo,  Cotton— Silk  Culture— Vanilla  an.l  .Fjilap 
—Stock-raising— Horned  Cattle,  Horses,  ami  J  logs— Agricultural 
Prospects  of  ^lexico 5(31 


4(i() 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 

KCCLK.SIASItl'AL    ArFAIU.S. 

1800  1887. 

Rclati(ms  of  Cliiircli  and  State— Denionili/.ition  of  the  Clergy— Tiieir 
Inlhieiice  Waning— Measures  to  Curtiiil  their  Power— Intrigues— 
liic  Clergy  anil  the  Reactiimists  Co-operating — Seipiestration  of 
Church  Property— {{anishment  of  Risiioiis— Creation  of  N.w  Dio- 
eeses— Condition  of  the  Clmreh  during  the  Regeuey— Differences 
between  tho  Pojie  and  Maximilian— P.diey  of  tlie  Latter— l.dieriil 
Chaimes- Freedom  of  Worship  a  Fact— Mcmastie  Orders— Their 
Suppression— Religious  Societies— IVoperty  ,ind  R..v,„i,e  of  the 
Clergy- -Church  Fc>.-ts— Superstitious— Intclkctual  liiiprovcmeut.   ."iSO 


I 


xu 


CONiKNT.S. 


CIIAI'TER   XXV. 

SU'IIKTY. 

INST 

Hvdlntinii  of  ,1  Now  R.ico— Indians  .ui.l  Muztizos— ( 'liniatc  and  Epidemics  '  '' 
—  Horievoluiit  Institutions— 'I'hu  Mexicau  <if  tiiu  J'lu.iunt  Tiiuo— 
Nlav(!iyanci  I'.M.nago— Nognuvs  and  L.'ihtos— Orders  anil  'I'itlcs  <tf 
Ki.liilily— S<„i,il  .Manners  and  Cnstotns— Artisans  and  J;,uulK;r(.s— 
Ctmditiou  of  .Mexican  Woniun— Marital  Kolatious— Innovations  ,>ii 
the  National  Costume— Holidays  ami  Festivals— Ol.s(r\  .mce  of  Holy 
Week — <lanilding— Tlieatrcs  and  Country  Annisemcnts- Morse- 
racing— Popular  Drives  and  Walks— II  igliM  ay  men— Travelling  in 
the  Interior— Immigration  Unsuccessful— Kelativo  Positions  of 
Foreigners  iu  Mexico -,<),vj 

CHAI'TKll  XXVI. 

KDUCATION,    sriKNCi:,    AU\-i,    A.NH   I-nKRATtTRK. 

ir)i:i^i,s>s7. 

Instrnctinn  of  tlio  Indians  ami  Mestizos— Schoob  and  Cljetje; Meas- 

urcs  for  l)eveh)ping  Eilueatioii— Professional  lustnuiinn— ,S<-ientilio 
Attainment— Creole  Unsteadiness— Olpservatorio. —line  and  Me- 
chaniial  Arts— Museum— First  Press— Karly  I'x.oks  and  !'<  lio.iicala 
—  Libraries  and  LitiM-ary  Societies— Prose  Writing— \eu>|paiiers— 
Ili^tnriiiis-Oratory  —  i'iietry  -Mexican  IVeulia ri ties—] ;,.||eet ions 
on  the  I'reseut  ami  i''uture  rosilioii  of  Mexico (;;;() 


I. 


HISTORY  OF  MEXICO. 


CHAPTER  I. 


INTERNAL  AND  FORKIGN  COMPLICATIONS. 

18U1. 

Expulsion  of  Fokeion  Diplomates — Exile  of  Huiii  Ecclesiastics — Rr- 

OHOANIZ.VTIO>f  OF  GoVEKNMENT  —  MeaSUIIEH  OF  CONCILIATION — DlF- 
FEKENCE3  AMONO  TUE  LiBEIlALS— FORKKJN  ReLATH>NH  InTKRHOI'TED — 
MeETIN(»  OF   CoNOUESS— ClIAKACTER  OF  ITS   MeMBEKS — IjENITO  JUARKZ 

Electeo  Pkesiijent— liEACTiONARV  Wau  lt.EM;wEi>— Lii!i;i;  m,  Vic- 
tories— Financial  Disiress  and  Suspension  of  Payments— Foreiun 
Proiests — Treaty  of  Intervention  in  London— Cor iwe  of  ths 
Uniied  States  and  Mexico— Ministerial  Crisis. 

The  constitutionalists  unci  reformers  have  won  the 
victory.  The  power  upheld  by  the  reactionists  during 
the  last  three  years  of  horrors  is  overthrown.  It 
would  seem  that  Juarez  and  his  fellow-laborers  have 
a  clear  field,  and  an  opportunity  to  T)lant  the  institu- 
tions to  win  which  so  many  lives  were  sacrificed.  But 
such  is  not  the  case.  There  are  innumerable  obstacles 
yet  to  overcome  before  reaching  the  happy  consum- 
mation of  their  hopes. 

The  reactionary  leaders  though  cast  down  are  not 
crushed.  Undismayed  by  reverses,  they  are  still 
battling  for  supremacy  under  the  war-cry,  'religion 
y  fueros;*  and  to  win  they  will  resort  to  any  de- 
vice, even  to  inviting  the  intervention  of  European 
monarchies  to  their  support.  Nor  is  this  the  only 
difficulty  the   liberal  administration  has  to  contend 

Vol.  VI.    1 


%\ 


2  INTERNAL  AND  FOREIGN  COMPLICATIONS. 

with.  Discordant  elements  among  the  Hberals  them- 
selves must  bo  harmonized,  old  standing  abuses  erad- 
icated, and  finances  adjusted  before  the  haven  of  safety 
is  reached. 

The  liberal  government,  therefore,  will  have  not 
only  to  devise  the  best  methods  to  give  the  reforms  a 
linn  footing  amidst  tlie  internal  troubles,  but  likewise 
to  face  the  intervention  of  great  militar}'  powers  so 
wiclvcdly  called  into  the  family  differences — an  inter- 
vention that  with  (ire  and  sword  and  the  introduction 
of  still  another  disturbinj;  element  is  to  brinjj  the 
republic  almost  to  the  brink  of  destruction,  though  to 
rise  again  victorious,  and  under  the  a3gis  of  its  liberal 
laws,  and  the  guidance  of  wise  and  patriotic  statesmen, 
secure,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  permanent  peace,  and  with 
it  that  moral,  intellectual,  and  material  advancement 
which  will  entitle  it  tea  place  among  the  enlightened 
nations. 


The  attitude  assumed  by  the  president  and  his 
minister  of  relations  toward  the  foreign  diplomatic 
agents,  who  had  unduly  interfered  with  Mexico's  in- 
ternal affairs  in  their  support  of  the  reactionary  offi- 
cials, was  very  determined.  The  Spanish  ambassa- 
dor, the  pope's  legate,  and  the  representatives  of 
Guatemala  and  Ecuador  were  required  to  leave  the 
republic.  Their  dismissal  was  placed  on  personal 
grounds.  Pacheco  and  the  other  two  diplomates 
denied  having  violated  the  laws  of  neutrality,  and  de- 
clined to  be  dealt  with  as  private  persons.^  The  order 
as  resjarded  the  Ecuador  chart^e  was  recalled  with  an 
apology,  on  the  government  becoming  satisfied  that 
he  had  committed  no  hostile  act.' 

'  I'acheco  had  so  openly  and  obnoxiously  sympathized  with  the  reaction- 
ists that  the  government  was  fully  justifieil  in  its  action  towiird  him.  The 
olhciiil  correspondence  and  other  inattrr  connected  therewith  tnay  he  seen  in 
Archim  Mex.,  Col.  Ley.,  v.  41-4,  51-4,  i:)8-40,  U'J-HO;  f.rftn-f,  Mex.  el 
n II f err.,  2^1;  Payno,  Milr.  y  H  Sr  Emhajmlor,  1-08;  Cdriea,  Dinrio  Sinailo, 
i.  no.  9,  71-2;  /</.,  Diario  i'oiKj.,  i.  ap.  T),  no.  4,  03-102;  ZcuimcoU,  1114, 
.\fej.,  XV.  G17-21. 

*  Pastor,  the  charge,  continued  accredited  near  Juarez.  Arrhiro  Mrx., 
Cvl.  Ln/.,  V.  315-21. 


PRESIDENTIAL  CANDIDATES.  3 

The  archbishop  and  five  bishops  were  also  per- 
emptorily ordered  into  exile,  and  the  liberal  party- 
approved  the  president's  course  as  enerj^etie  and 
worthy  of  the  occasion.  ^loreover,  the  prelates  were 
most  disrcspoctrully  treated  i)y  the  mob  on  their  ai- 
rival  at  Vei-a  Cruz  on  tlio  2 1st  of  January,  I  8(5 1  .^  The 
work  of  reorixani/ini;  the  ''ovcrnnient,  so  as  to  place  it 
in  consonance  v.ith  the  requirements  of  the  consti- 
tution, was  begun  at  once.  The  president  leiteratcd 
his  decree  of  November  (>,  18G0,  for  elections,  and 
fixed  the  third  Sunday  in  the  following  April  for  the 
assemblinij:  of  the  second  congress  under  tht;  consti- 
tution  of  18.')7.  The  time  allowed  was  too  shoit.* 
The  organization  of  political  clubs  inspired  hopes  that 
the  people  were  aroused,  and  would  take  an  active  and 
direct  part  in  the  choice  of  their  next  president  anrl 
legislators.  The  newspapers''  advocated  the  merits  of 
tlieir  favorite  candidates  for  the  extscutive  chair,  the 
most  prominent  being  (lonzalez  Ortega,  Juan  Antonio 
de  la  Fuente,  and  Miguel  Lerdo  de  Tejada.  Dego- 
llado  and  Uraga  also  had  friends  woiking  I'or  their 
candidacy.  But  ]3enito  Juarez,  the  j^atriot,  j'ull  of 
courage  and  faith  in  the  regeneration  of  his  country 
under  free  institutions,  was  evidentl}'^  the  favorite  of 
the  great  majority." 

'The  Spanish  miiiistor  wrote  his  government  that  neither  he  nor  liis  col- 
leagues of  Guatemala  had  received  personal  violence;  but  the  ecclesiusticH 
were  hooted  at  and  stoneil.  Tlie  nidb  assented  to  the  papal  kgate  and  his  au- 
ditor dc  T-^-ing,  hut  refused  to  h  t  ihc  others  go.  However,  they  remained 
unnic.e.  i  the  house  that  had  sheltered  them  tdl  the  next  day,  when  they 

were  tiauafon'ed  to  San  Juan  do  Uliia  by  the  local  autlmrities.  Arram/oix, 
.\f>'j.,  ii.  .■3S2-4;  C(jrte>i,  J)kir!o  Sniatio,  i.  no.  !),  81. 

*  The  decree  wa  i  dated  Jan.  II,  18G1.  Aivhlvo  Mex.,  Col.  Lirj.,  v.  'l'^^. 
Many  had  adwocatcd  tlw  idea,  which  was  abandoned  for  obvious  reasons,  that 
Juarez  should  revive  the  congress  that  was  sitting  at  tlie  date  of  Comoiifori's 
coup  d'(5tat,  thus  obliterating  the  period  since  that  event  as  if  it  hail  nt^vcf 
existed. 

'By  the  middle  of  Jan.  there  were  in  the  capital  fourteen  politiciil  joi:r- 
nals  in  Spanish,  besides  one  in  English,  The  Mixirmi  Eilmiu-ilinni-y,  and  <jiio 
in  French,  L'Enfa/ette.  A  number  were  issued  tliroughout  tin:  n  pul)li(', 
some  of  them,  like  the  Piijaro  Vcnlr,  defending  the  defeated  piineiples. 
Rivera,  Ilixt.  Julapa,  v.  378. 

"His  bitter  reactionary  enemies  ridiculerl  his  origin  anil  color,  mi.'uIu 
caricatures  of  and  applic-d  nicknames  and  epitliets  to  him.  The  fouls  l,.id 
not  sense  enough  to  sec  that  they  were  thus  increasing  his  popularity. 


4  INTERNAL  AND  FOREIGN  COMPLICATIONS. 

The  political  situation  was  not  by  any  means  a 
promising  one.  The  man  who  was  to  hold  tlie  reins 
ot'  government  nmst  look  well  bopDre  him.  Armed 
reaction  had  been  apparently  vailquished,  but  there 
remained  several  disturbing  elements  which  must  be 
nulliiied,  or  at  least  kejjt  in  subordination  before  the 
victory  could  be  called  the  precursor  of  a  lasting 
peace." 

The  government  in  tlie  first  flush  of  victory  had 
ordered,  on  the  11th  of  January,  18G1,  all  the  leaders, 
aiders,  and  abetters  of  the  reaction  to  l)e  tried  under 
tlie  last  law  against  conspirators,  and  shot  on  convic- 
tion. The  first  i)er,son  brought  under  it  was  Mira- 
mon's  minister,  Isidro  Diaz,  wlio  had  been  captured, 
as  stated  elsew  here.  It  seems  that  the  order  for  his 
execution  had  been  or  was  on  tlie  point  of  being  is- 
sued, when  Juarez  commuted  the  sentence  to  five 
years'  exile.''  The  liberal  party  became  alarmed  on 
learning  of  this  action,  as  they,  or  at  least  the  most 
radical  wing  of  the  }>arty,  maintaiiu'd  that  it  was  rank 
injustice  to  show  leniency  toward  those  who  had  com- 

'  Tlio  ttoubk'soine  cluments  were:  Fir.st,  the  reiuaiuiiig  imrtiou  of  the  force 
(lefeateil  nt  Calpulalpani;  the  f:arii.soii  of  the  eaiiital  <lishanile<l  on  the  preced- 
ing christinaa  night;  and  the  active  men  of  the  elirical  party.  Sccoud,  the 
constitutional  army  and  the  men  who  rose  in  arms  to  restore  the  coustitutiou 
and  enforce  tlie  reform  laws — !i  very  lar;_'e  clenjcnt  that  nmst  be  jirevailed  npin 
to  return  quietly  to  their  fornuu"  .locial  position  anil  voeations.  Third,  the 
states,  whose  gnvernments  durin,^'  the  civil  war  had  habituated  themselves  to 
th'  exercise  of  independent  sovoreij.'nty,  inconi])atible  with  subordination  to 
the  federal  authority.  'I'luy  seemed  to  be  well  satisfied  with  this  practice, 
and  it  was  feannl  they  wi  re  disposed  to  continue  it.  Fourth,  the  men  with 
cxac;,i:eratcd  theories  on  democracy  who  hail  been  waiting  for  the  triumph  of 
the  liberal  anna  to  attenijit  putting  their  iih^as  into  practice  in  the  govern- 
nicnt.  Fifth,  the  representatives  of  interests  created  by  the  reforms  initiated 
in  ISoG,  and  which  the  Tacubaya  faction  had  injured.  Their  number  as  well 
ns  their  claims  had  become  ijuite  enlarged.  Sixth,  the  foreign  demands  re- 
sulting from  several  international  questions  that  had  arisen  during  the  last 
civil  war.  Seventh  and  last,  the  highwaymen  and  other  malefactors,  who, 
under  the  garb  of  guerrillas,  and  by  favor  of  political  barnacles,  made  public 
roads  and  small  towns  tmsafe,  and  must  be  crushed  out  by  the  whole  power 
of  the  government. 

*  The  late  Spanish  ambassador,  Pachcco,  in  a  speech  delivered  Nov.  23d, 
before  the  senate  at  Madrid,  accounted  for  it  in  a  slurring  manner.  Mira- 
mon's  wife,  one  of  whose  sisters  was  Diaz'  betrothed,  called  on  the  president, 
and  using  Pacheco's  own  words,  '  tales  fueron  sua  instancias,  y  tales  fueron 
BUS  suplieas,  y  talcs  fueron  sua  insuU.s,  y  tales  fueron  los  argumentos  y  me- 
dios  de  quo  se  valid,'  that  she  obtained  the  commutation,  t'drles,  Diario 
Seuado,  i.  no.  0,  78. 


1 


LENIENCY  OP  JUAREZ.  » 

mitted  high  political  crimes  while  the  man  who  stole 
a  liorso  was  sent  to  the  scaffold.* 

Juarez  resolved  that  lurthcr  bloodshed  and  per- 
secution wliould  cease,  in  all  cases  where  he  could 
with  propriety  exercise  leniency/"  and  with  that  ob- 
ject in  view  decreed  an  amnesty  early  in  March,  ex- 
cepting from  its  benefits  only  some  of  the  most  prom- 
inent men  of  the  fallen  i)arty."  But  on  the  4th  of 
June  a  law  of  outlawry  was  enacted  by  congress 
a<'-ainst  the  persons  and  property  of  certain  reaction- 
ist leaders,  namely,  Zuloaga,  Manpiez,  (Jobos,  Mi'jia, 
Juan  Vicario,  Lindoro  Cajiga,  and  Manuel  Lozada, 
and  a  reward  of  $10,000  was  oflered  for  the  slaying 
of  each  of  them.'""  The  ki(biap[)ing  and  cold-blooded 
murder  of  Ocampo  caused  the  greatest  excitement 
in  and  out  of  congress.  Many  conservatives  v.ero 
arrested,  and  their  execution  woidd  have  followed  in 
retaliation,  but  for  Juarez'  o])position  to  sanguinary 
measures.*^     It  was  only  by  his  force  of  will  that  a 


"The  amnesty,  tliougli  a  limiteil  one,  euiiaed  the  resignation  of  the  niini.-i- 
ters.  Tlie  plan  of  scnilinj;  Diaz  into  cxilo  mot  with  a  ciicuk.  Captain  Aid - 
ham  of  the  Valoroim,  at  Vera  (.'rnz,  in  a  note  to  (lov.  (Jutierrcz  Zamora,  sol- 
enuiiy  protested  aj,Minst  Diaz'  release,  he  Iming  concerned  in  the  sei/uie  of 
fiuiiU  from  tlio  liriiish  loLcation.  ()rtcj,'a  asi  minister  of  war  directed  the  ooni- 
niaiiiler  tjf  the  forces  at  that  jiort  to  suspend  Diaz'  embarkation,  holding  him 
subject  to  government  order-*,  if  necessary  in  San  Juan  do  L'liia;  and  (Jov. 
Zamoia  waa  told  to  assure  (.'apt.  Aldham  tliat  the  govennneut  had  ordered 
the  arrest  of  Diaz  andall  others  who  hatl  offended  international  law.  Indeed, 
Zuloaga's  and  Miramon's  eabiiicts  and  other  persona  were  subjected  to  trial, 
and  tlieir  property  held  amenable.  Archivo  Mex.,  ('oL  Loj.,  v.  '20-7,  (i.')-(J, 
lOiS-l"-';  Jiubhui  Mu\  Lozaiu>,  Lcj.  Mex.,  ix.  9;  Boletln  <le  Nalic,  Jan  19,  'J."), 
29,  Feb.  7,  1801.  Diaz  was  ^uDscipiently  tried  and  acquitted  of  any  partici- 
pation in  the  seizure  of  t!ie  JJiitish  funds.   Jiivcra,  11  Ut.  Jala/ict,  v.  4J1. 

'"  When  thia  policy  was  lirst  'oroached,  it  made  a  great  commotion  in  the 
liberal  party,  and  forced  the  resignation  of  Juarez'  ministers,  Ocampo, 
Empuran,  and  La  Fucntc. 

"  Among  those  specially  excepted  were  the  olDcials  who  had  done  injury 
or  caused  damage  to  tiiird  parties,  and  all  men  guilty  of  common  crimes. 

'■^Tlio  act  calls  tlurii  '  exeerablcs  ascsinos.'  Alarquez,  Zuloaga,  and  <'ajiga 
were  concerned  in  the  execution  of  Melchor  Ocampo  at  Tepejf  del  Rio  on  this 
.Sd  of  June,  1801.  Ocjimpo's  imtimcly  end  was  much  deplored.  He  had 
travelled  abroad,  served  in  both  iiouses  of  congress;  also  as  governor  of 
Michoacan  and  minister  of  state.  Ho  was  an  uuscllish  reformer.  Dia~,  /)ii/os 
Biu;/.,  MS.,  ,'504.  Marqucz'  band  was  likewise  guilty  of  shooting  Gen.  Lcandro 
Valle,  in  the  Moute  do  Lis  Cruccs.  Dcgollado  soon  after  fell  into  an  ambus- 
cade and  was  slain.  Baz,  Vida  de  ./itnrcz.  'J09;  Duhlaii  and  Lozano,  Leif. 
Mex.,  ix.  219-20,  224,  228-.'?.');  7.«'  Trait  dTiiion,  Juno  10,  15,  1801. 

"The  diplomatic  corps  also  interceded  for  the  prisoners. 


6  INTERNAL  AND  FOREIGN  COMPLICATIONS. 

roign  of  terror  was  proventod,  for  tliore  was  hardly 
one  deputy  in  the  ('hainber  who  was  opposed  to  ex- 
treme measures. 

The  amnesty  law  of  March  was  niad(!  more  com- 
])r«jhensive  by  a  decree  of  <'ongress,  dated  Xovenil)er 
23,  18G1,  and  pubhslu'd  December  i!d,  whlcli  reduced 
tht;  number  ot  except u ins,  and  inchided  in  its  benelits 
all  i)olitical  oft'ences  IVom  JJecember  17,  1837.^* 


The  cabinet  formed  bv  Juarez,  after  the  resiijna- 
tion  of  his  former  ministci.s  in  January  1801,  consisted 
of  Francisco  Zarco,  of  ivlations;  l!j;nacio  llamirez, 
of  justice;  and  Guillermo  Prieto,  of  the  treasury. 
The  [jortlblio  of  fomento  was  held  ad  interim  in  the 
hands  of  Zarco.  The  })olicy  adopted,  after  a  lew 
hours'  consultation,  was  that  the  necessity  of  the  gov- 
einment  acting  withotit  the  pale  of  the  constitution 
had  ceased  to  exist.  Legal  foru)alities  were  not, 
however,  to  stand  in  the  way  of  the  guarajitees  and 
icfornis  demanded  by  the  national  will,  and  so  dearly 
won  on  so  many  bloody  ilelds."  The  necessity  of  es- 
tablishing  order  in  the  several  departments  of  gov- 
ernment, i)articularly  in  that  of  the  treasury,  was 
fully  recognized.  Foreign  relations  should  have  the 
best  attention,  international  obligations  be  respected, 
antl  disputed  questions  settled.     The  develo[)ment  of 

'*Tho  exceptions  were:  those  who  ordered  aud  HiiperintendeJ  the  massacre 
at  Taeubaya  iu  April  18 ")9,  and  tlie  nmrdin  i>i  fif  Melchor  Oeanipo  in  June 
iNlil;  the  Mexican  signers  «f  the  treaty  Mon-Ahnoute;  tlie  parties  that 
ficizeil  the  funds  that  were  deposited  in  the  house  No.  10  eallc  de  ('apuehiuas, 
in  Mexico,  placed  there  to  meet  tiie  liritish  diht;  exiles  from  the  country 
under  previous  decrees;  and  those  not  born  in  Mexico  who  served  tho  reac- 
tion. These  last  were  to  be  allowed  to  (juit  tlu!  country.  Tlie  amnesty  did 
not  carry  with  it  restoration  of  rank  or  honors.  Mtrninoii,  Ih/niKinlr  lot  Min., 
I  'J'21;  I'rorr.to  Iiixtr.  a  /'■-.•  iniiiiiil.,  in  Rtiui'triz,  Am.t.,  no.  "2,  ■'{-IS;  Archivo 
Mcx.,  (Jul.  Lci/.,  V.  r.O'.)-l(),  GH-'-',  vi.  •J()4,  -JDO-IO,  -JoO-.'.,  (iU-7;  JJohlait  and 
Licaiio,  Lcq.  M(x.,\x.  'JJ7,  o.'iO--;  liufiiroslro,  Ilisf.  .V'/.  I'oiiif.  Con^l'Uiic., 
i.  ;?()-7,  'J2-10;i,  lljl',  ISO-;!;  Lc  Trail  ,ri',iio„,  June  't-iO,  i)ec.  5,  ISGl; 
L'/ccrr,  Do'\  OJi'c.  MaxiutUhnio,  i.  1!),  and  note  1 ;  Arellano,  lit.  Uora.t,  '20-2. 

'•* Freedom  of  education,  industiy.  the  [ircss,  petition,  transit,  and  tho  de- 
fence of  life,  liberty,  and  jn'operty  before  tlio  courts.  Tho  reforms  dicreed 
at  Vera  Cruz,  namely,  nationalixation  of  mortmain  property,  freedom  of  wor- 
ship, and  indepcndeuco  of  church  and  state  were  to  be  upheld  at  all  hazards. 
A  most  liberal  press  law,  known  i^ince  as  the  lev  Zarco,  was  decreed  on  the 
22d  of  Feb.,  1801. 


■I 


■t 


PREV.VLEXT  CONFUSION.  7 

iiulustries  and  commerce,  the  organization  of  jiublic 
det'ence,  and  every  otlier  measure  conducive  t(»  tlie 
welfare  of  the  country  would  engage  the  government's 
host  care.'" 

There  was  a  lack  of  unanimity  in  the  councils  of  the 
cliief  men  of  the  liberal  party.  Conl'usi<in  i)rovailc(l, 
and  the  worst  symptoms  of  disorder  existed  in  the  se\- 
eral  states,  lesulting  from  haviu'f  become  inxolved  in 
tlie  last  revolution  before  they  liad  completeil  their 

and 


CO 


iibtitutional     orsjanization.       Their 


gOViTlinrs 


legislatures  had  been  unabh^  to  do  aught  but  jjrovide 
for  the  defence  of  the  national  government.  That 
(state  of  thinu'sijfave  birth  to  an  abnormal  and  arbitrarv 
regime,  martial  law  ruling  even  after  the  oNcrtln'ow 
of  the  reaction.'''  There  were  not  wanting  some 
states,  like  Zacatecas,  disposed  to  ignore  the  con- 
stitution. Some  governors  had  been  chosen  by 
their  people;  others  owed  their  [)Ositions  to  the  gen- 
eral government.  A  number  had  wielded  despotic 
powers  a  long  time,  and  a  few  even  had  refused  to 
jaiblish  the  leibrm  laws,  and  to  obey  the  constitution. 
(Some  states  had  legislatures,  and  others  had  not. 
The  situation  was  so  complicated  that  there  was  only 
one  man,  Juarez,  who  could  overcome  so  many  ol»- 
stacles,  and  bring  order  out  of  chaos.^"  He  directed 
that  martial  law,  wherever  existing,  sliould  cease,  t()- 
g^  ther  with  all  exti'aordinar}'  powers  of  a  military 
nature  granted  the  governors,^' 

The  government  experienced  great  diiliculty  from 
the  decrease  of  the  revenue  on  the  one  hand,  and  on 
the  other  from  the   i?nniense  claims — resulting  from 

'"Thus  were  epitomized  the  points  embraced  in  the  circuhu- nt  liic  iiiiii- 
ister  of  relations.  Arc/dro  Mcx.,  Col.  Li'i/.,  v.  77-00. 

'•  la  states  where  the  reaction  succumbed  before  its  iinal  defeat  at  the 
capital,  attempts  were  made  to  restore  constitutional  order;  in  others  it  had 
been  necessary  to  continue  tlie  military  rule  after  .Juarez' government  returned 
to  Mexico. 

'"Kivcra  assures  us  that  Juarez,  without  being  at  all  presumntii'iis,  felt 
the  consciousness  that  he  was  the  nuxn  for  the  occasion.  Gob.  <(<•  J/ux'.,  ii. 
607. 

"Decrees  of  January  'Jl  and  •_'.>,  1801;  Dtiblaii  and  Lozavo,  Letj.  JUex,, 
ix.  '22. 


8  INTERNAL  AND  FOREIGN  COMPLICATIONS. 

the  war,  and  the  amount  of  wliich  was  even  unknown 
— which  were  already  beinj^  pressed  upoii  the  treasury 
for  settleuient.''^''  Several  other  causes,  which  it  is 
needless  to  enumerate,  contributed  to  the  embarrass- 
ments of  the  treasury. 

Owing  to  these  disturbancu'S,  added  to  which  were 
the  obstacles  thi'own  in  the  j)ath  of  the  governinent 
by  some  state  uutiiorities,  and  the  precarious  statt^  «>f 
forei;^n  relations,  it  was  almost  imj)()ssible  to  restore 
the  suj)rcmacy  of  law,  and  to  develop  the  nati(mnl  re- 
sources. So  many  difticultic  only  served  to  add 
streni^th  to  the  reactionists,  whose  nundjers  were  daily 
increasing,  and  necessitated  the  despatch  of  largo 
bodies  of  troops  to  kecj)  them  in  check.  It  was  even 
considered  j^erilous  that  the  government  should  con- 
tinue residing  in  Mexico,  Jtdisco  recommending  its 
transfer  to  Some  second-rate  town.'^* 

The  liberal  party  was  alreatly  divided  into  reform- 
ists and  constitutionalists,  and  between  the  two  was 
a  third  with  interniodiato  ideas,  some  of  whose  mem- 
bers leaned  to  the  fallen  party .^^  The  constitutional- 
ists wanted  a  .strict  observance  of  the  constitution; 
the  reformists  demanded  a  revolutionary  policy,  look- 
ing upon  the  constitution  as  the  source  and  motive 
power  for  the  onward  march.  The  objections  of  the 
radicals  to  an  absolute  authority  were  only  to  its  ex- 
ercise by  conservatives. 

The  elcH'tions  took  place  in  the  mean  time.  The 
popular  suffrage  had,  till  the  early  part  of  February, 
favored  Miguel  Lerdo  de  Tejada  in  the  states  of  Vera 
Cruz,  Tabasco,  Yucatan,  Mexico,  and  Tamaulipas; 
while  Chiapas,  Oajaca,  Guerrero,  Jalisco,  Nuevo  Leon, 
and  Michoaean  had  voted  for  Juarez;  and  Zacatecas, 
San  Luis  Potosi,  Guanajuato,  Queretaro,  and  Aguas- 

^^  The  increase  was  not  only  in  the  home  debt,  but  in  tho  foreign,  the  latter 
being  caused  by  the  non-payment  of  interest  and  the  seizure  of  funds  belong, 
ing  to  foreigners. 

^'  Tlio  proposition  was  finally  rejected  l)y  congress. 

^' A  new  journal  now  came  upon  the  political  arena,  defending  the  most 
retrogressive  principles,  besides  censurin;^  and  slandering  the  liberals. 


^ 


FINANQAL  TROUBLES.  0 

calieutes  had  shown  their  ])rcfort;nce  for  Ortega.  It 
socinod  as  if  fate  had  ordered  that  Juarez  should  have 
ii\  his  hands  fi)r  some  years  h)n«,'er  the  destinies  of  his 
country.  Lcrdowas  taken  ill  at  Tacubaya  in  March, 
and  died  on  the  2'2d,  the  repuhlie  thus  losinj^  one  of 
iier  most  valuable  men,  who  had  zealously  labored  for 
j)olili(;al  reforms.''^ 

The  re[)ublie  hud  ;d-;o  tile  misfortune  to  lose  at  the 
same  time — on  the  Ulst  of  March — Governor  Gutier- 
rez Zamoru  of  Vera  Cruz,  who  had  been  in  the  last 
five  years  a  pillar  of  stren<^th  to  the  constitutional 
party. 

Juarez  was  not  well  satisfied  with  Zarco,  his  minis- 
ter of  relations  in  Oirazon's  absenee.  He  was  an  ex- 
cellent journalist,  but  he  seemed  to  lack  the  qualitica- 
tions  of  a  statesman.  He  settled  some  international 
rpiestions  in  a  way  that  did  not  suit  the  public.  ITe  ac- 
knowled<,'ed  national  responsibihty  for  the  affair  in  the 
calle  do  Capuchiiias,  and  tacitly  recognized  Jecker's 
claim  to  JjJ  15,000,000.'''*  He  was  unsuccessful  in  his 
etforts  to  arrange  atfairs  in  the  interior,  and  differed 
with  the  president  on  some  points.  As  for  Prieto, 
the  financial  minister,  he  declared  his  inability  to  find 
means  for  relieving  the  [lecuniary  distress,  and  ad- 
mitted that  bankruptcy  was  impending.'"' 

The  lack  of  pecuniary  means  was  not  the  only 
trouble.  There  was,  besides,  a  lack  of  morality  and 
justice,  a  lack  of  austere    rt![)ublicanism  in  many  of 

**  He  was,  at  tiic  time  of  his  deatli,  prcsiilent  of  the  supremo  court.  The 
liighest  civic  aiul  military  honors  to  his  memory  wore  decreed  March  'J'Jd. 
It  was  also  pioviilcd  that  his  son's  education  sliouid  ho  in  national  institutes 
free  of  charge,  hcsidcs  a  pecuniary  allowance.  Many  state  goverumonts 
joined  iu  ex[)reasions  of  condolence.  Archivo  Mex.,  Vol.  Ley.,  v.  Gl!J-"JI; 
Bukliii  Ofic,  Apr.  19,  ISOI. 

"As  to  the  fi'-st  matter,  the  law  of  Oct.  14,  18o0,  clearly  saiil  that  govern- 
ment rcspoiisihility  ceased  after  the  hondholders  had  received  their  money. 
Jecker's  claim  consisted  of  honds  issued  by  Miramon  to  obtain  funds.  The 
tacit  recoguitiou  was,  of  course,  intended  to  facilitate  an  arrangement  of  the 
diUerences  with  France. 

-■'The  situation  was  unpromising.  The  total  revenue  from  customs  on  the 
Pacilio  and  W  per  cent  of  that  on  the  gulf  of  Mexico  were  pledged  under  dip- 
lomatic conventions.  The  suites  had  seized  the  revenue  from  stamped  paper; 
that  from  i-ustage  had  almost  disappeared. 


10 


INTKRXAL  AND  FOIIKIGX  COMPLICATIONS. 


tlioso  clotlied  with  authnritv.  Tlion;  \va->  an  iiisecu- 
rity  on  tln'  public  rojulH,  us  often  hliown;  and  one  oc- 
(•uirt-nfc,  IIk;  ntl;i(kiii;^^  and  wonndiiiLC  ncac  Ori/aba  ol' 
("a|itain  Aldliani,  the  (■(iiiiniandcr  of  tin;  Valorotis, 
and  (i(lu  r>,  wliilc;  nn  tlii.ir  way  to  Vera  Cru/,  added 
otlici  dillicultics  in  the  udjufitnient  of  difl'erences  with 
(»roa(   Ih'itain. 

Till'  had  f'ondition  of  puhht;  affairs  (.'auHcd  another 
iniiiistcrial  crisis,  hci;innin,L;"  witli  the  resignation  of 
I'ricto,  who  on  retiring  suggested  what  he  deemed 
the  only  possible  means  to  relievo  the  linancial  din- 
tress. '■^•'  Ortega,  minister  (»f  war,  was  succeeded  by 
Zaragoza.  Jose  ]\taria  Mata,  who  knew  little  or 
ii(»thing  about  fniances,  was  placed  in  chaige  of  the 
treasury  portfolio.'''  This  chaiiLre,  at  the  time  when 
the  liead  of  the  treasury  de[)artnient  needed  to  be 
thoroughly  informed  of  the  financial  question  in  order 
that  he  nught  intelligently  reform  the  maritime  and 
fiontier  tariffs,  was  an  untortunate  one.  It  has  been 
said  that  the  other  ministers  were  not  equal  to  their 
j)ositions,  and  that  but  for  the  fact  that  their  tenure 
was  considered  only  provisional,  they  could  not  have 
escaped  rude  attacks,  such  as  were  directed  against 
]\Iata  I'or  his  measures,  chief  of  which  were  suspen- 
sion of  payments,  sale  at  j)ublic  auction  of  notes  pay- 
able tt)  the  government,  and  contracts  of  a  ruinous 
character.  These  atti  cks  were  not  altogether  just, 
for  the  government  wa  in  need  of  means  to  light  the 
reactionists,  who  wer<^  already  assuming  a  dangerous 
attitude.-* 

"'Removal  of  all  encunibranci  .n  tlio  revenue  from  customs;  decrease  in 
tlie  army  cxptnditurc;  forbidding  le  use  by  state  governments  of  any  portion 
of  tlio  federal  rcvrniic.  Juarez  oduccJ  his  own  salary  from  §30,000  to 
^;J0,000,  cut  down  the  expenses  of  lie  department  of  relations,  decreased  the 
number  of  liis  niiuistcrs  and  tljei;  salaries.  J/i'jr.,  C6d.  T'eformn,  ;]01-'2;  Du- 
blan  {\ni\  Loziino,  Liy.  M(x.,ix.  140;  Mex..  Mem.  Uachndd,  1870,  10J4-8. 

'•"Tlio  new  minis-ters  entered  upon  tluir  dutiis  respectively  on  the  13th 
and  iL'd  of  April.  Bohtbt  de  Xotic,  Apr.  9,  23,  24,  1801;  Archivo  Me.i:,  Col. 
Ley.,  V.  020-30,  048,  090-9,  711-12,  724-5,  798-801;  Le  Trait  d' Union,  Apr. 
7,  10,  11,  ISOl. 

■'"'Marquez  had  actually  published,  on  the  lOth  of  March,  an  order  declar- 
ing traitors,  subject  to  the  tkatli  penally,  every  one  strviug  under  Juarez. 
Some  reactionists  came  almost  within  hailing  distance  of  the  capital,  300  of 


FORKIGN  RELATIONS. 


n 


I  Imvr  incidLMitally  rufcmd  to  oxistinjj;  coiupli- 
catiouH  with  t(>rei;L,Mi  powers,  (iroiit  Britain  was  send- 
in*^  out  a  lloet  to  (Icniaiul  satisi'a<tioii  I'of  tlic  <allo  du 
rapiu'liiiwis  rohlxiy.  It  was  iimiorid  that  l-'raiice 
and  Spain  would  taio'  ailvanta^'f  of  the  political  dis- 
tuil)an<(:s  ill  tlu-  T'liited  States,  and  inUTveut'  in 
Mexican  allairs  l.v  l<>rve  of  aims,  'i'lif  n.irthern  n.'- 
pul.lic,  ainid.st  her  t  rouhles,  bestowed  somu  attention  on 
Mcxieo,  aeereditiiiLf  near  Juari'-''  government  .lolin 
W'eller  as  minister  i»lini|)otentiary,  who  was  properly 
received  on  the  30th  of  .January.  McLane,  the  former 
minister,  also  visited  Mexico,  giving  rise  to  not  ji 
few  comments.  The  Pru.ssian  minister  likewise  reeog- 
niz<d  the  government.*'^ 

Xt  \v  elements  for  international  conflict  wert;  gath- 
ering. In  the  latter  part  of  December  18(10,  the 
French  war  ship  Ser'uiuse  demanded  reparation  for 
the  maltreatment  of  the  French  consul  at  Tepic,  re- 
(piiring  a  salute  to  his  flag,  a  pecuniary  compensa- 
tion to  cover  damages,  and  the  im[)riHonment  (»f  the 
oflicer  Rojas.  jMeanwhile  she  seized  as  a  hostage 
a  vessel  belonging  to  the  government  of  Sinaloa. 
This  affair,  and  the  favor  shown  Miramon  by  the 
French  at  Vera  Cruz,  had  delayed  the  recognition  of 
]Jubois  de  Saligny  as  French  minister.  He  was,  how- 
ever, formally  received  on  the  IGth  of  March. 

The  rumor  gained  strength,  and  was  indeed  a 
lecognized  fact,  that  ]"]uro[)ean  intervention  in  Mexico 
had  been  agreed  upon,  duarez  endeavored,  by  di- 
plomacy, to  ward  olf  the  blow,  leceiving  at  a  j)rivate 
audience  the  British  I'epresentative,  George  ^latthews; 
on  the  2Gth  of  February  the  flags  of  Great  Britain  and 
Mexico  were  saluted. ^"^ 

tlioin  loaubiiig  Tlali»ain  and  Sau  Angel,  wliich  made  the  goveniraent's  weak- 
ness miitu  cvidnnt.   liiveva,  Cufi.  dr  Mc.c,  ii.  (Jlt-K"). 

•'■'I'liu  addresses  on  tlio  reception  of  the  two  diploinatea,  and  a  letter  from 
the  I'russian  tniuistcr  of  .Jan.  'Jlid,  iiiav  bo  seen  in  Arrliiro  JAv.,  ('o',.  L'-y.,  v. 
VIA,  -JOt-H,  r)o8-01;  lioklm  de.  Ao/(V.,"  leh.  L»,  ISUI. 

""The  j^ovenimeut  on  the  '2.')th  had  ordered  that  the  next  day  at  '1  r.  M., 
when  tlie  iJritish  Hag  was  hoisted  over  that  leijation,  the  national  Oag  should 
also  be  shown  on  all  public  buildings,  as  a  marked  reprobation  of  the  outrage 


12 


INTERNAL  AND  FOREIGN  COMPLICATIONS. 


The  breaking-out  of  a  sectional  war  in  the  United 
States  rendered  it  easy,  as  was  thought,  for  Europe 
to  interfere  in  Mexico;  it  certainly  added  to  the  diffi- 
culties of  Juarez'  government.  The  administration  of 
President  Lincoln  sent  as  its  representative  a  dis- 
tinguished citizen,  who  had  on  more  than  one  ini- 
jiortant  occasion  shown  himself  a  friend  to  ]\Iexico, 
Thomas  Corwin,^Svho  was  also  to  watch  the  manojuvres 
oi"  tile  rebellious  states,  which  were  suj)posed  to  be 
])rej)aring  to  act  against  Mexico,  Paso  del  Norte  being 
one  of  the  first  places  menaced.  His  influence  soon 
became  great,  and  he  used  it  judiciously.''^'  The  con- 
federate states  did  not  fail  to  watch  tlieir  interests  in 
Mexico."^ 

The  dismemberment  of  the  United  States,  it  was 
justly  thought,  would  certaiidy  bring  upon  ^texico 
European  intervention.  The  hostile  feeling  was  made 
evident  on  the  landing  of  the  new  British  minister, 
Sir  Charles  Ij.  Wyke,  at  Vera  Cruz,  by  his  haughtily 
demanding  a  salute  of  fourteen  guns  instead  of  eleven 
that  had  been  o'iven  him  tliere.^* 


The  second  constitutional  congress  began  its  labors 
the  9th  of  May,  on  which  date  Juarez  made  a  frank 
expose  of  the  political  situation.^'     Congress  and  the 

committed  bytho  reactionary  faction  on  the  18th  of  Nov.  preceding.  Arrhivo 
Mcx.,  Col.  Lr;/.,  V.  44"_'-r). 

"'His  reccptidn  took  place  in  May.  Ardiivo  Mi'x.,  Col.  Ley.,  vi.  152-5, 
1G3-G;  Ac  Tr^'H  (FfJiiinii,  M.iy  2.S,  IStJI;  El  Amh/o  del  Pueblo,  May  10,  1861; 
see  also  Secretary  Seward's  ilfspateh  quoted  iu  Arrniirjoiz,  Mf'j.,  ii.  .'587-9. 

'^Aa  an  instance:  at  his  request  Mexico  granted  pei'inission  for  U.  S. 
troops  to  land  at  (-naynias,  and  liy  the  most  direct  routes  march  to  Arizona. 
U.  S.  Govt  Dor.,  Cong.  :V.\  Ses.  1,  Mcx.  AlVairs,  i.   7;  /</.,  Sen.,  17. 

"•'Their agent,  Pickett,  came  to  reside  in  Vera  Cruz.  I.e  Trait  (VUnloii,  July 
C,  18G1.  On  tlie  'J'2d  of  May,  Itohert  Toondjs,  secretary  of  the  seceded  states, 
sent  a  connniosionor  named  (^>uintcro  to  Vidaiirri,  governor  of  Xnevo  Leon, 
witli  letters  iii  which  he  f.j)o!;c  of  expeditions  heing  fitted  out  iu  Nuevo  Leon 
and  Coahuilii  aL'ainst  T"xas,  and  nianifestiug  a  desire  for  friendly  relations, 
etc.  lie  said  that  an  agent  had  been  despatched  to  the  eity  of  Mexico. 
Vidaurri  answered  Qnintero  July  1  st,  disclaiming  authority  to  hold  diplomatic 
relations;  but  in  view  of  the  abnormal  state  of  all'airs,  assured  Quintero  thero 
was  no  foundation  for  the  repoit  on  hostile  expeditions,  and  that  he  waa 
ecpially  actuated  iiy  friendly  feelings.  L  i  Kslrrlla  dc  Occid.,  Aug.  30,  1861. 

"Ilis  public  reception  took  place  in  May. 

'■'  He  assumed  tlic  responsibility  of  all  his  measures  from  the  time  he  first 


^UL. 


THE  NEW  CONGRESS. 


13 


.  A rchivo 


cabinet  soon  had  disagreements,  and  the  ministers 
tendered  their  resignations,  which  were  not  at  once 
nc^cepted.  The  president  conchided,  however,  chat  he 
V,  oiild  have  a  parhamentary  ministry,  and  k)st  no  time 
ill  making  the  appointments,  the  oid}'  member  of  the 
former  cabinet  retained  being  Zarag()za.  The  new 
ministt-rs  were  Leon  Guzman,  of  relations,  and  Joa- 
quin Ituiz,  of  justice.  The  treasury  remained  witliout 
a  head,  it  being  d'tlicult  to  get  a  competent  man 
willing  to  accej)t  ihe  position.  It  was  linally  in- 
trusted to  Jt)se  ^L  Castahos.^"  This  cabinet  was  for- 
tunate in  that  everything  was  done  to  aid  it,  meeting 
with  no  systematic  oppi»sition  (.ven  from  the  press; 
and  yet,  owing  to  the  overwhelming  evils,  it  acctim- 
plished  little. 

It  may  he  well  to  ex[)lain  the  character  of  the  new 
eongress.  The  n.KMubers  were  most  of  them  liberal 
and  progressive;  many  were  young  and  inexpcririiced; 
all  hatl  faith  in  the  country,  and  in  free  institutions. 
There  was  a  haughty  independence  displayed.  Hence 
their  occasional  op})osition  to  the  executive  when  he 
was  endeavorinc:  to  surround  himself  with  eneru^etic 
and  influential  iuen.  But  that  opposition,  thougli 
unjust,  was  useful,  and  certainly  more  respectable 
than  the  servility  of  former  congresses.  The  result 
was  that  tile  exee-itive  and  his  counsellors  pursued 
as  closely  as  they  could  the  i)olicy  outlined  by  the 
jieople's  representatives.  In  this  chand)er  began  to 
liguri'  vounu"  lij'nacio  Manuel  Altamirano,  deputy  iVoni 
Guerrero,  of  pure  Indian  blood,  lull  of  talent  and  fiery 
eloquruce,  who  soon   made  his   mark  by  the   beauty 


cstablisliod  his  goverument  at  Giuiniijiinti.  in  IS.'tS;  expressed  tlio  wish  that 
till'  work  of  reform  slmulil  go  on;  spcilcoof  the  foreign  CDinplirjitioiia,  of  wliieii 
til'  reactionists  were  takiug  advautage;  of  tin;  goverumont's  iienury,  express- 
in.;  liis  belief  tiiat  llic  only  remedy  would  be  to  yive  full  ell'eet  to  the  nation- 
alization of  niortmaiu  property.  Arrhio'  Mcx.,  (\'l.  Lri/.,  vi.  lit)-;!.");  Jiui'ii- 
r-wni, //;.-/.  ,s',;/.  Co7i;).  L'oii.'<l'lur.,  '7---;  iJfiz,  Vida  de'jiiarcz,  19.VJ03. 

"'Castuuos  waa  a  man  of  liberal  ideas  and  well-kuown  uprightness.  Guz- 
man was  a  liriii  liberal,  and  free  to  condemn  abuses  of  jiower.  Ho  had 
belonged  to  the  congress  of  ISoT;  Kuiz  had  not  always  advoeated  r.adieal 
principles,  but  was  learncJ,  uud  had  sincerely  accepted  the  reform  laws.  Za- 
ragoza  was  a  true  patriot,  much  valued  for  his  sterling  character. 


I 


f-mi 


14 


INTERNAL  AND  FOREIGN  COMPLICATIONS. 


|l 


ii 


of  liis  spetJC'h  and  the  iiiipetuousnoss  of  his  thinking. 
Witli  hiin  also  occupied  distinguished  positions  Por- 
firio  Diaz,  Buonrostro,  Alfredo  Chavero,  Josd  V.  Eaz, 
Fi'ancisco  Hernandez,  and  others.^*^ 

Among  the  lirst  acts  of  the  congress  was,  after  a 
Avarni  debate  tliat  followed  the  reading  of  a  comnui- 
nication  from  ComoJii'ort,  to  declare  that  he  ceased  to 
be  president  on  the  17th  of  December,  1857.  Com- 
pcUation  in  addressing  authorities  and  corporations, 
Heretofore  entitled  thereto,  was  suppressed. 


3S 


The  reactionary  ]>arty  continued  its  work,  and  armed 
parties  were  connnitting  hostilities  in  various  locali- 
ties. ]\Iejia,  who  was  again  in  his  lair  in  the  sierra 
of  Queretaro,  defeated  Colonel  Escobedo,  and  aug- 
mented tlie  number  of  his  followers.  Guadarrama 
and  Tovar  were  roving  and  robbinof  in  Jalisco.  Lo- 
zada,  the  robber  chief  of  the  sierra  of  Alica,  looked 
on  the  government  with  contempt,  though  occasion- 
ally manifesting  a  disposition  to  recognize  it:  but 
always  did  as  he  pleased.  A  party  of  guerrillas 
attacked  Tasco  and  shot  the  ]3ritish  vice-consul. 
There  was  a  plan  to  constitute  a  Sierra  Madre  re- 
[lublic. 

A  strong  column  of  the  three  arms  sent  to  Puebla 
under  Zaragoza  to  check  reactionary  mov'cments  was 
received  with  a  marked  coldnest- ,^' and  it  was  even 
feared  that  some  officers  who  had  been  mustered  out 
of  service  woulil  make  a  disturbance. 

The  clergy   showed  their  opposition.     An    objec- 

^'  The  members  of  this  congress  took  uo  oath;  they  made  a  protestation  to 
do  tlu'ir  <liity  faithfully.     Tliis  of  itself  was  a  Hanotiuti  of  one  df  the  refv>riiis. 

^'^  This  law  was  reiterated  July  18,  1871.  In  the  iiivesti';ation  of  chart;ea 
aj^ainst  oliicials  that  took  part  in  the  coup  d'Otat  of  1857,  .Fuan  ih<^6  l>az 
was  uiianimouyly  acquitted;  liut  tlie  •.■x-niinister  I'ayno  was  eomhanncd  in 
Julv,  almost  by  acclamation.  IHvini,  d'oh.  de  Miix.,  ii.  (iUi;  li(r.,  Vidadc  Junrcz, 
'2il7~8;  Jiiwnro^tro,  Hist.  .SV;/.  Coiiij.  Const iUic,  i.  138-!),  147-51';  /(/.,  //ist. 
Prim.  1/  .SV;/.  ('oil;/.,  nos  48-51,  ('4-7;  Ac  Trait  d'diiion,  .(uly  '24,  ISiil;  Mrx., 
Denrho  Intvrii.,  3d  pt,  lUi'J-;!. 

•'*  A  part  of  that  expedition  was  the  Oajaca  brigade.  The  object  was  to 
force  C!en.  Felipe  Chacon,  who  was  still  in  arms,  to  submit.  Chacon  sur- 
rendering, the  city  was  occupied  without  resistance.  Diaz,  Datos  Bioy.,  MS., 
140-1. 


!t- 


i 


41 

M 


NEW  COMPLICATIONS. 


15 


objec- 


tionable pastoral  IVom  the  diocese  of  Pucbla  caused 
the  exile  of  two  canons.  In  many  tf)wns  the  pricsta 
forbade  the  reading  of  Pizarro's  political  cjitechisni, 
wliich  tie  government  Iiad  declared  a  text-book/" 
'I'lio  conduct  of  ilio  clei-ical  party  became  so  alarming 
that  congress  at  last  created  a  committee  of  safety, 
rlothed  with  am[)le  ])OWers,  and  th'^  [)resident  was 
authorized  on  the  7th  of  June  to  suspend  personal 
rights/' 

Zuloaga,  wiio  had  escaped  i'rom  Mexico,  to  which 
phice  he  had  quicth'  gone  bufore  Miramon's  downfill, 
had  joined  Cobos  and  Vicario,  and  with  over  1,000 
nun  came  as  near  as  Cuernavaca.  lie  now  called 
himself  jiresident,  and  api)ointed  a  cabinet,  with  Vi- 
cario, ]\Iiranda,  Olavari'ia,  and  !Marcelino  Cobos  as 
his  ministers.*"  Marquez  and  ^leji'a  were  defeated  by 
Dcij^ollado  on  the  2d  of  March  at  Las  Guavabitas. 
Ijozada  was  routed  in  his  stronghold,  but  showed  no 
signs  of  yielding.  Toward  the  end  of  March  a  pro- 
nunciamiento  at  Tam[)ico  was  defeated  and  the  lead- 
ers were  shot."  Marquez  with  his  reactionists  at- 
tempted the  capture  of  Queretaro,  but  was  driven 
away  by  the  timely  arrival  of  the  liberal  general  An- 
tillon. 

The  regions  of  Mexico,  Pucbla,  San  Luis  Potosf, 
and  other  places  were  overrun  by  hostile  forces.  The 
eX(H,'utions  of  Degollado  and  Valle,  the  latter  of  whom 
h;id  been  ca-|)turc(l  on  the  'JOd  of  June,  stiired  the 
lilii'rals.  The  govcnnuent  seemed  to  experience  a 
shiK'I;  as  i'rom  a  galvanic  battery.  Martial  law,  per- 
manent courts-martial,  ((uick  trials  and  ])unishm(;nts, 
and  other  violent  proceedings  were  urgently  demanded, 


'"Tlioro  were,  besides,  coiistnut  liickeringa  between  the  parisli  pr-.uta  aii'l 
i;o\  ernoi's  on  the  civil  rogistniUr)n  law. 

*'That  law  Wils  rcpealutl,  except  aa  roL'arded  politioul  ofFcileis,  by  <lu- 
I'l-ec  of  (Kt.  \2,  ISUl. 

*'ni,ldiM  <leXotic.,Jim.  :),  7,  1801;  Lc  Trait  iVUnion-  Keb.  7,  ISfJl;  Hi- 
vvrn.  Hi  t.,lii(u]>n,  v.  ;kS7. 

*'  ll^h^idilc  Not!::,  Jan.  13  to  Apr.  .•?,  IS,  1801.  pa^^sim;  /.e  Traitd'Union, 
Feb.  10  to  March  .'iO,  1801,  passim;  El  Ami'/o  dd  }'iii'blo,  March  '2  to  ;\pr.  4, 
1801;  Ctia'I.Sindpf.,  in  Vega  Doc,  4. 


16 


INTERNAL  AND  FOREIGN  COMPLICATIONS. 


and  many  reactionists  were  imprisoned.  The  district 
of  Mexiro  was  placed  under  martial  law,  and  Juan  J. 
Baz  appointed  governor.  Generals  Parrodi,  Uraga, 
and  Rosas  Landa  were  given  commands.  The  re- 
actionists under  Leonardo  Marquez  actually  invaded 
the  capital,  reaching  San  Cosme  and  San  Fernando. 

At  the  moment  of  the  invasion,  congress  was  sit- 
ting, and  the  president.  Bias  Balcdrcel  requested  the 
representatives  not  to  forsake  their  post.  Colonel 
Porfirio  Diaz  was  permitted,  liowever,  at  his  own  re- 
quest, to  leave  the  chamber  for  the  purpose  of  aiding 
in  the  defence,  and  in  a  few  moments  joined  his  old 
comrades  of  Oajaca  at  the  corner  of  San  Fernando, 
where  a  stout  resistance  was  being  made  by  Ignacio 
Mcjia's  brigade.  He  arrived  just  as  Mejia  was  send- 
ing to  the  hospital  wounded  his  last  field-officer. 
After  severe  fighting  the  enemy  was  driven  away," 
fleeing  in  disorder  by  the  place  where  the  railroad 
station  now  is,  and  along  the  wholo  length  of  the  San 
Cosme  causeway.  Tlius  ended  the  attempt  of  Mar- 
quez, who  was  pursued  by  cavnhy  several  miles  in  the 
valley.  The  next  day  Diaz  was  placed  in  charge  of 
the  brigade,  Mejia  being  ill,  and  ordered  to  join  Or- 
tega's command,  to  pui'sue  the  rebels  who  had  gone  to 
the  south  of  Mexico,  After  marching  and  counter- 
marching about  two  months,  the  liberal  force  came  up 
with  the  enemy.  Diaz  and  others  were  directed  to 
keep  their  attention  occupied,  while  a  strong  column 
of  4.000  men  struck  the  blow.  Diaz  surprised  Mar- 
quez in  the  town  of  Jalatlaco  on  tlie  13th  of  August, 
between  10  and  1 1  o'clock  at  night,  and  after  some 
hours  fighting,  routed  him,  capturing  his  artillery  and 
baggage  trains.*^ 

Several  undecisive  fights  occurred  between  liberals 

**  His  last  stand  bad  been  in  tbeplazuelaof  Bueuavista.  Dicu,  Datoa  Biog., 
MS.,  143-4. 

*^  It  is  understood  that  Marquez'  army  was  of  nearly  4,000  men  and  14 
generals.  This  victory  had  a  most  encouraging  eflect  among  the  liberals,  who 
nailed  it  as  a  forerunner  of  future  triumpTis.  Rivera,  Oob.  de  Mix.,  ii.  622; 
Diaz,  Dittos  Biog.,  MS.,  145-7;  Lf  Trail  d'Union,  Aug.  16-26,  1861;  Ortega, 
Parte  de  la  Jornada  de  Jalatlaco,  1-8. 


.$ 


JUAREZ  TRESIDENT. 


17 


district 

Juan  J. 

"'5- 

Uraga, 
The  re- 

■*» 

invaded 

•f 

jrnando. 

was  sit- 

sted  the 

,'*?. 

Colonel 

own  re- 

f  aiding 

ij 

his  old 

M 

rnando, 

Ignacio 
as  send- 

-:"'M. 

l-officer. 

')^S8 

away," 
railroad 

1 

the  San 

of  Mar- 

es in  the 

large  of 

join  Or- 

gone  to 

iounter- 

came  up 
jcted  to 

column 

'S 

2q\  ;Mar- 

A^ugust, 

LT  some 

'  ''*!■ 

ery  and 

TfJ 

liberals 

MtoaBiog,, 

nen  and  14 
jerals,  who 
<x.,  ii.  622; 
)1;  Ortega, 

and  reactionists,  among  which  may  bo  mentioned 
thoiJo  of  Toeali  in  Puel)la,  Huisquilucan,  and  Cnlpulal- 
pam  in  ^Mexico.  ^larquez  attacked  San  J^uis  Potosi, 
and  was  repulsed.  He  then  overran  Aguascalientes 
and  Zacatecas.  But  on  tlie  liOth  of  October  the  joint 
forces  of  ]\larquez  and  ^Meji'a  were  signally  dei'eated 
at  Paeliuca  by  generals  Tapia  and  Porlirio  Diaz,  and 
they  lied  by  way  of  ^Mineral  del  Monte.''" 

The  government  asked  congress  for  power  to  raise 
one  million  dollars  on  title  deeds  of  national  pro[)erty 
at  two  per  centum  discount  montlily,  and  to  su^spend 
payments  to  creditors  of  the  treasury  for  one  year, 
excepting  those  of  the  conducta  seized  at  Laguna  Seca, 
and  of  the  di[)lomatic  conventions;  but  in  regard  to 
these  latter,  the  chamber  resolved  that  the  govern- 
ment should  order  their  suspension.  This  event 
caused  great  puitlic  alarm. 

The  presidential  election,  which  took  place  in  starch, 
(lid  not  at  tirst  exhibit  an  absolute  majority,  and  the 
congress  postponed  its  decision  till  the  I  Ith  of  the 
followin<':  June,  when  Juai'ez  was  declared  to  be  the 
president  of  the  republic.*'  The  formal  inauguratioii 
took  place  on  the  lath.  His  title  to  the  executive 
office  was  fully  recognized.  The  centre  of  union  dur- 
ing the  civil  war,  he  now  became  the  cliief  of  the  lib- 
eial  l)arty,  antl  the  re[)resentative  of  legitimate  au- 
thority and  proufress.  And  vet  he  found  yreat  dilri- 
cultv  to  oi'Ljanizc  a  cabinet,  that  pri'sided  over  bv 
Guznuin  having  resigned  because  of  congressiiinal  op[)o- 
sition.     JJoblatlo  was  called  to  Ibrm  a  new  ministry, 

^''This  victory  was  so  important  tliiit  i.'<)n;,'ress  voted  tlic  victoCH  a  ineilal 
of  lioiinr.  liiiinroMro,  Ili-K  Sfj.  Voinj.  Ctuslitiic.,  ii.  ."{S;  Ardiiro  Mix.,  Co'. 
Li;/.,  vi.  OIL'-:!,  (.;i!)--_'l;  Jhfalic  dr  la  An- urn,  1-74;  Lc  Trn'il  ilTinoii,  Oct. 
'JJ  to  Ndv.  .'),  ISOi.  Tajda'M  troup.s,  on  tlifir  ivtuiii  to  .M':;ii'o,  \mtc  llio  oli- 
ji'ots  (if  a  groat  popular  ovation.  Tlio  gonuraLs  rcocivtil  liigli  praise.  JJ.'iiz, 
Jjaiiif  llio:r,}>l:^.,  111). 

*'  It  was  iiotioL'al)le  that  the  declaration  liad  only  a  majority  of  six  votes. 
Diililnii  and  Lozaiio,  Liij.  Mcx.,  ix.  ^;$:i;  An/iiro  .I//./-.,  Cu'.  I.i/..  vi.  -J.'!  i-KS; 
Jiiiriirnxiro,  Hat.  S((j.  Coitij.  Const  it  iti\,  i.  70,  lli2-."i;  JJuhtii  ilc  Xnli-.,  March 
'J7,  is<jl;  /,,•  Trait  d*  Union,  Feb.  «  to  June  UO,  1801;  El  Amij>  dU'iieblo, 
June  l.j,  \SC>\. 

Uisr.  Mex.,  Vol.  VI.    3 


18 


IXTERXAL  AND  FOREIGN  COl.irLICATIONS. 


but  he  would  not  assume  the  charge.  To  complete  the 
govorinncnt's  organization,  congress,  voting  by  depu- 
tations, chose  General  Jesus  Gonzalez  Ortega  presi- 
dent of  tlie  supreme  court,  so  as  to  be  prepared  for 
t'incrgoncies  that  might  suddenly  occur.  This  uncon- 
stitutional election  was  effected  in  disregard  of  the 
objections  adduced  by  some  deputies.  When  the  re- 
actionary bands  were  actively  depredating  in  all  direc- 
tions, this  congress,  which  only  one  month  previously 
had  set  a  price  upon  the  heads  of  their  princij)al  chiefs, 
and  while  the  blood-stains  of  Ocanipo,  Degollado,  and 
Valle  were  still  iresh,  and  the  smoke  of  many  bui'ning 
towns  had  not  entirely  disappeared,  began  to  discuss 
the  expediency  of  a  political  amnesty,  against  which 
Deputy  A^ltamirano  delivered  a  powerful  sjieech.  The 
campaign  against  the  reactionists  engaged  the  whole 
attention  of  the  government;  other  im))ortant  aflairs 
l)cinnf  allowed  to  i*est  until  a  signal  victory  should 
again  crown  Gonzalez  Ortega's  operations.  Minis- 
teritil  crises  had  become  a  chronic  malady.  After 
many  proj)osed  caiidi(hitures,  Juarez  formed  another 
cabinet  on  the  l.jtli  of  Jtdy.'''*  It  was  a  bad  sign  that 
a  considerable  portion  of  the  congress  voted  against 
the  clioice  of  Zamacona  and  Inilcdrcel.  The  new 
ministry  stated  beforeliand  its  policy,  and  its  first 
act  was  to  ])ropose  a  law  for  the  suspension  dur- 
ing two  yeai's  of  jiaj'uicnts,  iuchidiiig  those  amounts 
assigned  to  mo^'t  tlie  British  debt  and  tlie  ibreiij^n  con- 
ventions.  Thi^  law  was  almost  unanimously  passed 
by  congress  in  secret  session  on  the  17th  of  July, 
which  was  met  with  the  [>rotests  of  France  and  Spain. ^^ 

'''Miinuel  AI.  Zamacoiin,  minister  of  relations;  Bias  Balciircol,  of  foinonto; 
JosKiuiii  ILuiz  rt'taiiu'd  tliu  jiortfolii)  of  justico,  and  tonic  charge  also  of  tlioono 
•  ■f  govcnimi'iit;  /iirav'oza  C'lntinucii  as  seei'daiT  "f  war;  .-uiil  lligiiii)  MiifR'.'., 
an  ohl  liT.i-vary  oiiii;ial,  Imt  new  in  the  ]i(ilitic;;I  lleld,  hceanie  llio  licad  of  the 
llnancial  iK';i:!itiiRnt.  JtT.iU  hi\  v.cll  to  oh-crvc  that  congress  on  the  I'JiU 
■i  June  had  decreed  there  should  lie  si\  niiiii.stcr.i  of  state,  thus  reviving  the 
portfolios  of  gi)V('vnnient  mid  fonien;.).  Arrh.'m  .!/(r.,  Cul.  /,(//..  vi.  "JSO-l, 
-S,",  "JO  i-l>l();  J)uh'nn  and  Licn'io,  l.iif.  Mrr.,  ix.  •JIl'i;  /,r  Trriit  il'Uiiioii,  June 
1'.),  .Inly  !)-l(t,  IS,)!,  passim:  /?.(•-/•  -,  //-V.  Jnldj.ii,  v.  li;!  -1. 

^■■'.luly  'Jltli  Salig:iy  protestetl  for  I'ranco  and  Spain  against  the  law.  The 
Spanish  yovornniout  approved  the  protest.     In  a  duspateh  of  Sept.  11th  to 


TROUBLES  WITH  FRA^'CE. 


» 


In  adopting  the  suspension  plan,  the  cabinet  acted  on 
the  idea  that  it  would  lead  to  the  establishment  of 
Older,  morality,  and  economy.  Still  the  act  of  includ- 
iii»-  in  the  suspension  the  obligations  toward  foreign 
nations  could  but  excite  further  ill  feeling  on  their 
]»art,  and  consequent  troubles,  particularly  as  no 
IViL'udly  explanations  with  the  creditors  had  preeetlDd 
it.  Had  Zamacona's  advice  been  followeil,  harsh 
protests  and  overt  acts  from  the  French  might  have 
been  averted,  for  the  amount  of  their  claims  was  iiisig- 
iiificant.  A  casual  event  came  at  this  time  to  further 
embroil  the  foreign  relations.  During  the  ]>opu- 
lar  cehbration  of  the  victory  of  Jalatlaco,  a  pistol- 
bullet  struck  near  Dubois  do  Saligny  at  the  French 
legation,  which  he  tried  to  make  out  an  attempt  to 
assassinate  him.'"^  The  diplomatic  corps  took  the 
matter  in  hand,  the  United  States  minister  being 
chosen  to  bring  it  to  the  attention  of  the  government. 
A  thorough  judicial  inquiry  was  ordered  and  made, 
and  the  result  was  that  no  attempt  had  been  made 
aii'ainst  Salii-ny's  life."^  Be  it  as  it  may,  he  used  the 
incident  to  bring  about  a  suspension  of  diplomatic  re- 
lations. 

The  disposition  of  French  diplomatcs  to  pick  quar- 
rels with  ^lexico  on  merely  personal  grounds  was 
not  new  with  Saligny.  In  May  1845  Daron  Alleye 
de  Cyprcy,  French  minister,  made  a  diplomatic  aii'.tir 
out  of  an  insigniiicant  occurrence,  in  which  he  and 
his  secrc'taiy  of  legation  were  mixed  up,  at  the  bath- 
ing-place for  horses  called    Las   Delicias.      JJoth    he 

the  captain-general  of  Culni,  the  Si).iiiisli  minister  of  state,  Caldcron  Collantcs, 
IM'C'si'ntH  liJH  views  on  the  inatnictions  to  he  ^'i\en  the  ooniniander  of  liic  naval 
l'>i'ee  that  was  to  1)0  sent  to  the  Mexican  coast  tu  deinaml  satisfaction  f  >i'  the 
expulsion  of  raelicco  ancl  settlement  of  pecniiiaiy  claims.  Tiio  despatch 
clearly  indicates  that  the  Spanish  and  French  governnii'iita  were  on  the  point 
of  an  agreement  for  joint  action  against  Mexico  w  ith  ICngland's  eoi>i)(  laliou. 
I'orl'.i,   JJiurio  i'onij.,  vi.  ap.    I,  no.   i;j3,   l-.'i;   Id.,  Scnadu,  ii.  up.  no.  S."), 

*"  Arran;;oiz,  Mcj.,  ii.  I>!)8,  has  it  tiiat  the  populace,  in  passing  SaIi',Miy's 
liouse  with  l)and-»  of  music,  cried  out,  '  Mueruu  los  franccscs,  muera  cl  ministro 
lie  Fnincii,'  wliieh  lasted  10  or  lo  minutos  without  the  poiico  attempliug 
even  to  check  it. 

'•'  Tcislimonto  Avcrig,  Practicada,  1^0. 


90 


INTERNAL  AND  FOREIGN  COMPLICATIONS. 


I    :  I 


i!i 


and  the  secretary  were  unocrenioniously  treated  by 
tlie  owner  of  the  hatlis,  as  well  as  hy  a  nioh,  lor'  llieir 
])onipous  assuinptions.  He  asserted  that  eertain  pub- 
lic officers,  thou'^h  knowinj^  his  diplomatic  position, 
had  refused  to  extend  to  liini  tlie  proper  recoii^nition. 
Whereupon  lie  called  for  the  peremptor}'  punisluncnt 
of  the  officers  and  others  concerned.  The  sshole  af- 
fair was  ridiculous,  and  the  Mexican  governin(Mit 
could  not  accede  to  the  preposterous  demands.  The 
press  ridiculed  Cyprey's  pretensions.  He  then  picked 
a  quarrel  with  one  of  the  alcaldes  of  the  capital,  to 
whom  he  attributed  the  writings,  and  on  bcinjj;  re- 
quired to  give  satisfaction  on  the  field  of  honor,  which 
he  had  promised  to  do,  found  a  pretext  to  back  out  of 
it.  Finally,  not  obtaininij  what  he  had  insisted  on 
from  the  government,  he  demanded  liis  passports, 
which  were  sent,  and  he  left  the  country.^^ 

The  secretary  of  the  treasury  could  discover  no  way 
of  obtaining  the  much  needed  resources,  unless  it  was 
that  of  farming  out  the  yield  of  the  maritime  customs 
at  $400,000  monthly,  and  if  this  sum  could  not  be 
got,  then  a  forced  loan  every  month  nuist  be  resorted 
to.  The  merchants  represented  to  the  minister  that 
his  plan  was  not  feasible,  and  therefore  he  must  find 
some  other  means.^^  The  difficulties  induced  the  per- 
manent committee  of  congress,  of  which  Sebastian 
Lerdo  de  Tejada  was  chairman,  to  call  an  extra  ses- 
sion of  the  chamber,  the  ordinary  one  having  been 
closed  on  the  31st  of  July.^*     Congress  met  on  the 

^''  The  government  endeavored  to  dissuade  him  from  Ijreaking  off  relations, 
assuring  liim  of  its  friendliness,  l)oth  to  France  and  Iiimsclf;  hnt  finding  liiiu 
resolved  to  leave,  gave  strict  orders  to  prevent  all  insults  on  his  journey  to 
the  port.  Mi'x.,  Sitceso  Ocitrrido,  in  Mix.,  Mem.  Min.  I'clacloni'g,  ii.  no.  '2,  pp. 
i.-v.  and  1-207;  Dnstamante.  Mem.  Hut.  Mcx.,  MS.,  ii.  100-13,  'JIO-lL',  'Jl'.'i 
-•.V2,  iii.  3,  4-11,  51,  59-0."),  ll-J-l.l;  Id.,  Nncro  Ucriiul  JJkiz,  i.  .'io-o  7.1-4; 
Jt'ivrra,  Hist.  Jalapa,  iii.  71C-19.  The  correspondence  on  the  duelparLof  tlio 
ntl'air  between  the  seconds  is  fully  given  in  both  French  and  Spanish,  in 
Allrye  de  Cyprey,  Docum.,  1-11. 

^^  The  estimate  for  the  fiscal  year,  from  Sept.  1st,  had  been  fixed  under  the 
law  of  July  17th,  at  nearly  8.^  million  dollars.  Archivo  Mex.,  Cot.  Ley.,  vi. 
457-500. 

^'Tbe  summona  waa  on  the  21st  of  August  for  the  30th  of  the  same 


EUROPKAX  INTKIIVKNTION. 


21 


•ated  by 

lor  their 

aiii  pu!)- 

[)osition, 

)^-iiitloii. 

'■■•■ 

islimcnt 

liolo  al- 

erniiHMit 

s.     The 

11  picked 

j»ital,  to 

einiLjf  re- 

r,  wliich 

k  out  of 

', 

isted  on 

issports, 

Mio  way 

s  it  was 

customs 

not  ho 

resorted 

ter  that 

ust  Hiid 

he  per- 

bastian 

tra  sns- 

;^  been 

on  the 


F  relations, 
inding  liiiii 
journoy  to 
no.  '_>,  pp. 
IO-I'.>,  L>2,-. 
■)3-n.  73-4; 
pai'i  of  the 
paiiisli,  ill 

uniler  tlio 
.  Lei/.,  vi. 

the  same 


appointed  day.  The  [nibhe  could  not  see  the  use  of 
an  extra  sission  when  the  executive  was  clotlied  with 
extraorilinary  powers;  and  indeed,  no  beiielicial  meas- 
ure was  adopted;  on  the  contrary,  a  considerable 
number  of  the  members  did  their  utmost  to  develop 
ill  Tlh  liiiLC  ii"*'  create  greater  alarm. '^'  In  view  of  the 
hostile  altitude  of  Euro[)e,''"'  Juarez  gave  orders  to 
strengthen  Vera  Cruz  and  Tampico. 

Almonte  encouraged  his  fellow-reactionists  that 
inside  of  two  months  he  would  be  in  the  waters  of 
;>[exico  with  the  European  naval  forces.  Next  c-iimi 
the  news  that  on  theoist  of  October  had  been  signed 
in  London  a  convention,  by  (^iiat  JJiitain,  Fiance, 
and  Spain,  for  a  joint  intervention  in  ^Mexican  atlairs. 
Towartl  the  end  of  Xovember,  di[)loniatie  relations 
with  France  and  England  had  ceased,  after  congress 
liad  revoked  the  sus[)ension  law  of  July  17th.''^  The 
three  allied  powers  had  at  fii'st  agreed  ui)on  the  occu- 
jiation  by  their  foiv^s  of  A'era  Cruz,  for  the  puiposo 
of  securing  reparation  of  injuries  and  damages  sus- 
taiiK.'d  by  their  suljects  at  the  hands  of  Mexican 
autliorities,  and  the  fuliilment  of  [)rior  obligations 
*  contracted  by  ]\[exico  with  those  powers — nothing 
mort.'.'"'''     The  LInited  States,  having  also  claims  against 

month.  Jiiiriirosti-o,  llixl.  S<<j.  Cninj.  Connlitnr.,  i.  '2'JS-,'U;  Archivo  Mix.,  Col. 


L<!l. 


■Fift^ 


:!4-!l;  Imhln 

jf  tll^ 


(I  Lnznilo,  L(i/.  M<.v.,  ix.  •J'J_'-;{. 
tl 


y-ono  of  tin;  niiiiibcrs  in  their  oiipacity  as  citi/ens  aiMron.scd  .liiarcz, 
with  a  n-ipicst  tliat  lie  slionM  siUTeinler  tin;  ixeeiitive  authority.  FiUy-two 
otlier.s  asked  him  to  hold  on  to  his  position;  and  the  rest  of  the  (h'putie.s  were 
>1' the  opinicin  that  hoth  [letitions  Were;  '  i 


mleiiKlas,   or 


out  of  place.  The  gov- 
ernors and  lejj;isiatures,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  press,  eensnred  tlie  course 
of  theril.     'I'he  states  of  Zacateeas  and  San  Luis  signilied  their  intentinn  to 


rccogni/c  no  authority  not   emanating   from   the   constitution; 


am 


I   if 


nch  went  into  powt 


tlu'v 


would  resume  their  s(iverei''n 


itv.  /i 


iii'iirii'^lni. 


liny 


I'niii.   ij  .sV;/.  Vomj.,  nos  (;0-;i,    lijt  71,  t'.);!-!',  .')0()-S;  nos»iS-7l,  714   10,  71S, 


:;i-4. 

""Xapoleon  had,  aft 


er  s'inie 


hesitam  y,  and  in  spite  of  the  friends  of  foreign 
minister  of  the  renuMir;  but 


,a  I'uenti 


eh  reeeived 


intervention  in  .Mi;xieo,  receive. 

the  hitler  wmte  iiisgi)verument,  on  the  4th  of  Sijitemher,  a  desjiat 

on  theSth  of  Oct.,  that  he  had  attempted  to  gi\(;  explanations  on 

of  .Inly  17th,  suspending  jiaynients,  to  the  minister  of  fnrcign  allaiis,  who  re- 

f.ised  to  listen  to  him,  saying  that  Saligny's  conduct  hai" 


the  d( 


1  1m 


in  accord  with  Ku''land, 


■11  a|ipro\ed,  ai 


guerra,  i\  exigir  una  satistaccion. 


se  than  a  eiiviar  ;'i  las  costas  de  JNlejico  lunpies 


du 


The  decree  liore  date  of  Nov.  ^(Jth,  and  provided  for  the  payment  of  the 


foreign  dhli.'atl 


Ai-<-hl 


JA'. 


r'o/.  Liij.,  vi.  0;>0- 


'  Art.  ;i  declared  that  the  forces  were  uot  to  be  used  for  any  other  pur- 


•   :i|l 


22  INTERXAT.  AND  FORKIGN  COMPUCATIONS. 

IMi'xIco,  w.'is  to  be  invited  to  join  tlicm;  but  no  dolay 
was  to  Ik-  allowed  in  caiTyinLj  out  the  olijects  of  the 
(Miiiveiilion.  This  did  not  meet  the  vii'ws  of  tlui 
I'^ri'iich  and  Spjinisli  eahinets.  'I'hey  had  ulterii»r 
pi'ojecis,  and  the  elans. 's  tlnoiinu;'  Mexican  inde|)(!n- 
deiiee  of  action  as  to  the  I'oi'in  of  i;<t\('i'ninent-  had  heen 
placed  there  inei'cly  to  calm  the  scruj)les  of  the  l>i'it- 
ish  minister  of  torei<<ii  allaiis.  'riicv  linallv,  l>v  as- 
snrin'j;'  him  that  they  had  i^ood  reasons  to  believe  the 
]\Iexicans  themselves  wouM  aslc  as  a  s|HH'ial  I'avor  a 
moral  support  that  could  not  he  denied  t  hem,  obtainiMl 
IVom  \\\v  ministt'r  the  suppression  ol"  the  troul»l(>somo 
clauses,  in  onler  not  to  discourage  the  national  move- 
ment, which  as  llillault,  the  French  minister,  said, 
the  French  and  ^[lanish  governments  were  awaiting  to 
attempt  the  oi-ganization  of  a  government  in  Mexico 
suited  to  monarchical  ideas.'"'-' 

The  clause  to  invite  the  ITnited  States  to  act  jointly 
with  the  other  powers  was  insisted  on  by  the  IJritish 
foreign  olKce,  and  acceded  to  by  France  ami  S[)ain, 
though  the  last  named  would  not  renounce  her  i'ull 
freedom  of  action  to  deal  with  ^lexicoon  the  questions 
at  issue  between  them;  for  she  claimed  that  her 
grievances  w^ere  of  a  more  serious  nature  than  those 
of  the  others,  which  v.ere  merely  pecuniary,  and  in- 
volved redress  t\)r  the  murder  of  her  subjects  and  the 
dismissal  of  her  ambassador.  The  United  States, 
su})posing  at  tirst  that  only  England  and  France  had 
intended  a  liostilc  demonstration  against  IMexico  to 
recover  moneys  due,  offered  to  pay  them  the  interest 
accrued  for  a  certain  time,*^'  and   on  being  api^rised 

poSo;  they  vcro  specially  to  abstain  from  nil  intervention  in  the  intcrniil 
a  Hill  rs  of  the  lepnhlic.  Art.  4  said  that  noillur  of  the  contraeting  parties 
was  to  make  any  territorial  acquisition  in  JMexieo  or  endeavor  to  gain  any 
special  advantage;  they  were  not  to  exercise  any  intlucneo  in  the  internal 
atl'airs  vf  Mexico,  nor  to  restrict  lier  right  to  clioose  and  cstabli-sli  the  form  of 
government  she  might  think  proper.  J.f/rnr,  J>oc.  Ma.vimiliano,  i.  80-."). 

'"'J'lie  insidious  language  L)f  tlie  iltspateli  of  Oct.  '22,  ISGI,  fi-oni  Calderon 
Cullauies,  minister  of  foreign  .il'.'airs  iif  Spain,  to  the  Spanish  ambassador  iu 
London,  fully  eoidirms  the  above  view.  Lr/ccic,  Doc.  Ojic.  Maximiiiatio,  i. 
87-!';i;  Skix,  Kxpid.  dii  Mix.,  30-2. 

^'^  Their  miniater,  Corwiu,  ou  the  27tliof  Sept.,  received  instructions,  which 


POSITIOX  OK  THK  UXITKD  STATICS. 


•2n 


3tions,  which 


iliat  Spain  would  also  take  part  in  the  (Iniionsiraliou, 
cxtclide'd  the  .same  oil.  )■  lo  hr\:  JUlt  Caldi'ioii  ( '(•- 
llaiiU's,  on  (he  IGllinl"  Novcuihrr,  said  to  I  In-  Spanish 
minister  at  Wasliin,L;(on  that  Sl)ain,  toodluT  with 
JOnui.nd  and  l^'ancn,  wanted  the  cociiiciation  of  tho 
ITiiitt'd  States,  in  order  that  theii'  eoileclivc!  action 
niii^lit  have  (lie  desired  ellect  of  socurinj^  future  safety 
to  the  suhjcH'ts  and  inteivsts  of  the  tlireu  powers. 
Secretary  Si'ward  said  on  the  I4th  of  ()ctol)ei'  to 
Sc'nur/,  Uniltnl  States  minister  at  Madrid,  that  the 
]iresi(h'nt  liad  understood  that  neither  of  tlie  tlwcM! 
powers  allcLjin;^  grievances  would,  in  their  hostile 
action  aj^'ainst  Afexico,  ^o  beyond  ohtainini^-  satisfac- 
tion for  tlujst!  grievance's,  as  they  had  no  intent  to  ac- 
(juire  territory,  or  (jf  atfecting  the  political  status  of 
Mixico,  to  which  the  United  States  could  o|)p()s(;  no 
ohjection.  Still,  whether  Spain  acted  alone  or  jointly 
with  the  others,  the  ju'esident  ex])ecte(l  tliat  the  ut- 
most care  should  he  had  not  to  molest  United  States 
citizens  in  JMexicoor  their  interests,  nor  alfect  the  in- 
terests of  the  United  Slates  government  in  teri'itories 
contiguous  to  the  seat  of  war.  With  such  an  ohject 
the  United  States  would  keep  a  naval  force  wheroso- 
eve)-  a  conllict  might  occur. 

The  convention  of  October  31st  did  not  stipulate 
the  land  and  naval  force  each  nation  was  t:o  employ; 
it  hft  to  the  United  States  the  option  to  act  jointly 
with  the  other  powers  if  that  government  ielt  inclined, 
and  liniited  their  action,  neither  of  them  being  al- 
lowed to  a])pro[)riateany  poi'tion  of  ]\[eKican  tei'iitory, 
or  obtain  any  special  advantage,  or  to  iniluenc;  the 
people  of  Mexico  to  choose  any  particular  form  of 
L-Dxei'mncnt.  Xothing  was  therein  contained  as  to 
^\hicll  of  the  powers  should  have  the  lead  of  all'airs  on 
the  operating  <>;round.*'^ 

See.  SfWiiril  had  vcibally  coiiiinunicalcd  to  Loid  Lyons.  Brilidi  uiiiiistcr  at 
^Va^^hill  ;tim,  to  liiml  thu  U.  S.  to  jiiiy  two  years'  iiitncst  on  .-ill  .Mi'xii'o'n  f  Ji- 
ei,:,'!)  imlilileihiL'ss.  wlikli  aniouiits  wi'fc  to  liu  siccnitHl  liy  iiiurt!;;!'rr  (,.i  ci^i't.'iia 
Moxk'aii  ti'iiilory.  ]Jut  as  an  liypotla'caii-ju  of  toniLory  would  havo  licuu 
pcai'tically  (.'.jiiivaloiit  to  a  ci^boiua  t.f  ii,  .1  .\ai\v,  dci'lini  d. 

'''  Tilt'  convcutiou  cousiatd  of  a,  prcaiulilc  und  livu  articles,  tliu  foruiiT  .'jut- 


I    :S 


84 


INTERNAL  AND  FOUEIGN  COMPLICATIONS. 


The  United  States,  on  receiving  tlio  invitation  to 
ooo[)ernte  with  the  three  ])()\vers  in  carryini,'  out  that 
convention,  deehned  to  join  thi-ni.  Se\varil'«  rej)ly  on 
the  4th  of  Deeernh(>r  stated  that  his  government  had 
some  giievanees  against  Mexieo,  hut  the  ])resi(K'nt 
could  not  see  that  u  redress  of  tliem  could  he  then 
ohtained  tlirough  that  convention.''^  Seward  further 
jidvised  tlu;  ministers  of  the  three  leagued  powei's  that 
the  L'^nited  States  wouKl  maintain  a  competent  naval 
i'orce  in  the  gulf  of  Mexiccj  to  protect  their  citizens 
and  interests;  and  that  their  minister  in  Mixico  would 
he  authorized  to  seek  such  conferences  with  the  hel- 
ligcrents  as  might  guard  either  of  them  against  inad- 
A'crtent  injury  to  the  just  rights  of  the  United  States, 
if  any  such  shoukl  ho  endangered. 

Early  in  Novoniber  news  reached  Vera  Cru,".  of  tho 
]>r('parations  made  in  I  fahana  for  the  Spanish  military 
i'.\]ie(lition  tliat  was  to  consist  of  Hve  or  six  thousand 
troo[)s,  and  lifteen  or  sixteen  war  vessels.''^  A  threat- 
ening demonstration  of  this  nature  made  it,  of  courso, 
the  chief  and  oidy  matter  to  he  considered,  that  of 
an-aiiging,  if  possihle,  the  foreign  ditficulties.  liittle 
hopt!  c(/uld  he  entertained  in  view  of  the  hostile 
spirit  manifested  hy  the  European  allies,  and  there 
Mas  nothing  left  for  ^[exico  tt)  do  hut;  to  j)rocure 
nu'aus  and  prepare  f)r  defence.'*     Orders  were  given 

tinji;  fiirtli  its  |uii'|Hirt,  n.iniuly,  to  exact  fi'oiii  tl.c  M  ^xicaii  autlioiitics  an  cili- 
ticiit  |ii\)t('cticiii  for  til.'  |)or.suii.s  ami  iiitorests  oi'  tlioii'  siilijcits  iu  Moxiuo,  and 
a  fuliiliiH'iit  of  oMigatioMs  assmiipd.  Xlo.i\  A'rpdd.  da  JA'.c,  .'J'J-.'l,  7-!'-''!fl; 
Lch'rr  ,  /.'•  Mcjciijiic  ('  I'lutirr.,  '-'DS-IJO.";  lineiirostro,  //jx'.  .SV;/.  Comj.  Cuii' 
t,//tiic.,  ii.  100;  l'<rnt\  t'lic.tl.  dc  Mc.r.,  (i'js;?!;  Mrxii/i.f,  L^/ii/irr,  Fnaicaise, 
•.V.)-W:  Arniiijn'r.,  MrJ.,  ii.  4'J7-!»;  JJ'rrrho  [iiti'ni.  Mrx..  Istpt,  (i!)L'-!t. 

"'-  1st.  Till'  L'.  S.  wtiuM  not  ilc\  iutofidiii  tlicirestalilislu'il  policy  of  avoidiiiij 
»iitanL,'!inj,'  alliances;  'Jil.  Mexico  l(cin,'a  iiciijlilior  with  institutions  ^inlila^  to 
those,  of  the  U.  S.,  tiic  latter  was  fiiemlly  to  lur,  and  felt  a  tleej)  iiiteiest  iu 
her  safety,  welfare,  and  jirosperity ;  anil  therefore  would  not  resort  to  coer- 
I'ive  measures  to  ohtain  a  redress  of  grievances,  much  less  now  that  Mexico 
was  snU'eriu!^  from  iiiu.stii'j  dissension,  and  was,  liesides,  thri-'iteiicd  with  a 
forei'^'ii  war;  W\.  T.'ic  U.  S.  had  made  through  their  minister  a  tender  of  pe- 
eiiniary  iii<l  to  Mexico  to  enaMo  lii'r  to  satisfy  her  foreign  claimants,  subject, 
of  cour.si',  to  the  aci'e[)ta;ice  of   Mexico  and  the  Siinction  of  tho  U.  S.  senate. 

"'  I'ranci'  had  heen  for  some  time  shii)ping  war  material  for  her  uuval  forco 
iu  Mexican  wateis. 

''*  Tho  ultimate  design  of  those  nowers  was  uot  uow  well  understoud  iu 


I'RKI'AUATIOXS  FOR  DKFllXCK. 


86 


tation  to 

out  that 

reply  on 

iiciit  had 

)|'L'hklL'llt 

ho  then 
I  further 
vers  tliat 
Mit  naval 
r  citizens 
CO  wouUl 

the  hel- 
nsl  inad- 
1  States, 


u;',  of  tho 
military 
thousand 
^  threat- 
t'  eour'so, 
,  that  of 
Little 
hostile 
id  tlu>re 
proeuro 
re  i^iven 

itios  an  ctli- 
Moxieo,  .and 

.'-;},  7-:!i-:{0; 

( 'omj.  Coif 
■.  Fidiiritise, 

of  avoiding 
IS  similar  to 
)  intcrt'st  ill 
it  to  cocr- 
lat  Mi'xico 
jiii'd  witli  a 
.iidiT  of  lim- 
its, subject, 

S.  BClUltf. 

naval  forco 
dunstuod  iu 


at  fu'st  to  strcii^llien  A'era  Cruz  and  San  Juan  do 
Ulna;  hut  as  science  and  experience  alike  had  tauj^dit 
that  I'lua  could  not  resist  a  sei'ious  attack,  and  A'l-ra 
Cm/-  was  nothin;^'  without  the  I'oilress,  it  was  resolved 
to  remove  the  aitilierv  from  the  castle  hefore  the 
Spanish  lleet  should  airive,  and  it  was  ])artly  done."' 
ijuart'/  succeeileil  in  having'  a  convention  oonchuled 
on  the  'Jlst  of  Noveml)ci',  hetwet'U  his  minister  of 
foreinii  all'airs  and  Sir  Charles  L.  Wyke,  ari'an::;inii;- 
everv  (pU'stion  at  issue  lu'tween  the  two  nations, 
chictly  that  which  had  resulted  tVom  the  law  for  the 
suspension  <»('  payments,*^  XothinLj  came  of  this  im- 
poitant  a^ii'ement,  however,  for  thou^^h  it  s.itisljed 
ju^t  demands,  and  involved  no  heavy  sacrilit-es,  con- 
«jfress  di,-approveil  it,  and  it  I'ell  to  the  ground,  notwith- 
standing' the  remonstranci'S  of  Minister  Zamacona 
with    the    ^-resident's    apjiroval.**'     I'resident    Juarez 

Mexico.  Some  tlioiiglit  it  was  nicrcly  (iiiiincial;  otiicrs  that  it  wuh  political; 
jr.id  there  were  also  a  few  who  l)elieveil  it  iiitendeil  to  carry  out  the  lato 
]Jriti.-ih  ehari,'i'.s  jilaii  of  a  ciiiii[iioiiii.s(!  h'twecii  the  coiiti  inline,'  parties.  'I'hu 
fact  was,  that  tlie  jiower.s  hud  cnneluded,  in  tho  eviiit  of  an  iiiii)os>il)iiity  uria- 
ili;4  iiuiii  anarchy,  to  olitaiii  lielre;s  \>y  the  more  occujiatioii  of  the  coast, 
tliiit  tlic  foi'ces  niiiiht  ;ilso  oeciipy  even  tho  capital;  and  s^hoiild  tho  .Mexicans 
of  tlicir  own  Volition  call  for  ii  Kiiropean  jirottitoiatt!  to  iradicatu  tyranny, 
oi'  lo  crcet  a  .siahlo  f;o\  eminent,  I'rance,  KiiLiland.  and  .Spain  wouM  jointly 
coopeiato  to  hriii','  ah.tut  their  Mi-slics.  On  tho  other  iiaiid,  .liiari/  ha  I  ht'oa 
jiH.iac  1  l>y  I'resich'iit  Lincoln  tliat  c  n  the  landini^  of  Ihuopcaii  xoldier.s  oa 
Mexican  territory  the  U.  .S.  ^overiiineiit  would  render  Mexico  such  aiil  as  it 
ciilil'l  iili'ord. 

"'  I'ifty  lirass  jiieces  were  taken  away  and  utilized  elsewhere.  'J'iicro  were 
loft,  however,  ll.'d  pieces,  and  a  hir!.'o  supply  of  other  war  material,  /'tiniaroi.^, 
Hit.  MiJ.,  XV.  S2-1  .">;  Cor.is,  JJinno  Si  inulu,  ii.  ap.  no.  S.'i,  ."i,"(  li;  /(/.,  (Jon- 
ijri<ii.  vi.  ap.  i.  no.  IIJS,  ."i."). 

•^'••I'rcvious  conventions  wer<'  declared  to  ho  in  force,  and  new  delit.')  not 
iiiclnded  ill  them  W(  10  leeiignizi'd  in  the  pn.sent  one.  tlieat  Ihitaiii  was 
i'.u'ihoii/cd  to  have  inspectors  in  tho  niaritiiiio  cilstomdiouses,  and  JhitisU 
c  ii:.-uls  and  the  agents  of  the  ercditoid  wero  j^iveii  tho  ri.niit  of  I'Naminini; 
t'lc  li^ioks  of  thoM'  custom  houses.  Mll'oits  were  made  to  induce  Monsieur  do 
>aiiu'uy  to  cntir  into  similai'  arraugi'iiieiits,  hut  he  declined  all  proposals,  and 
i:isisted  on  maintaining  tl'o  intorruption  of  <liploinatic  relations  anil  (piittiiiLf 
t  .e  rciuihlic.  It'lnra,  (lob.  de  Mv.i\,  ii.  (i'J.'i;  t'orl<'.<,  hiario  S<  ikhIi:,  ii.  ap. 
1.0.  S.'i,  I'.)  ■_'_';  Ciir/i'x,  Dliirio  Ciiiiii.,  vi,  ap.  i.  no.  i;i;t,  1  !)-•_'.■>. 

''"  Zaiuacniia  repre.seiitcil  to  the  cliamher  on  tho  'J-'ith  of  \ov.  that  in  en- 
tciiiig  upon  that  ariiiiiLrement  tho  administration  hacl  olieyed  tho  ]iopular 
will,  whic!)  had  clamored  for  'Transaceion  con  la  Inglatcir.i  y  coa  la  Kraii- 
cia.'  I'luLr  it,  tho  lirithdi  luinister,  instead  of  maliing  preparations  for 
d  parture,  would  have  ten<leicd  Mexico  the  moral  su|i[ioi  t  ui  his  country  iu 
her  ]iroi.'rcssive  policy;  and  whatever  inlluence  that  ini,i;ht  have  on  tho  future 
action  of  i'rance  ainl  Spain,  Mexico  would  appear  hefore  the  world  giving 
Ler  hand  to  her  two  natural  allies,  Eugluud  and  the  U.  S.,  the  latter  of  whom 


v,i 


26 


INTERNAL  AND  FOREIGN  COMPLICATIONS. 


insisted  on  the  convention  being  ratified,  but  to  bo 
jigain  repulsed;  and  then  the  Anieriean  minister  re- 
tired tlie  proposals  he  had  made,  which  would  liavo 
facilitated  the  arrangjement  of  the  foreigu  demands."^ 
The  persistence  of  congress  brouglit  on  a  ministerial 
crisis  early  in  December,  which  the  president  could 
not  avert,  though  he  tried  to  retain  Zaragoza,  Bal- 
ciircel,  and  Gonzalez  Echevern'a,  tlic  last  named  hav- 
ing had  the  treasury  in  his  charge  only  a  few  days. 
Sebastian  Lerdo  de  Tejada,  who  had  caused  the  crisis, 
was  called  on  to  form  a  cabinet,  but  declined,,  not  be- 
ing in  accord  with  the  president's  policy. 

The  threatening  attitude  of  foreign  powers  being 
now  certain,  several  reactionary  chiefs  presented  them- 
selves to  the  govermnent  and  tendered  their  services. 
Among  them  were  Negrete,  Velez,  Argiiellcz,  and 
others.""  After  a  few  days'  reflection,  Manuel  Do- 
blado,  from  wliose  patriotism  and  ability  the  country 
jiad  great  ex|)ectations,  accepted  the  charge  of  rela- 
tions, with  the  presidency  of  the  cabinet.'"^  There 
being  a  perfect  accord  of  views  between  the  president 


'111 


'    iJi 


liail  oncrc'il  Mexico  pecuniary  menus  to  cover  during  some  years  not  only 
the  obligations  assumcil  in  the  I'ritisli  ti'eaty,  l)iit  all  other  international 
ones.  The  minister  went  into  other  details;  hut  it  all  availed  nothing:  the 
clause  of  intervention  in  tlio  custom- liouMrs,  \vithou5  which  guarantee  tho 
treaty  would  not  have  been  enteiinl  into  by  Ilii.ilaud,  w  is  unacceptalilo  to 
the  representatives.  The  eonseiiueiices  were  fatal,  /amacona  resi^^ned  hia 
position.  His  representation  to  eoni.'ress  a.-d  letters  of  resignation  aro;/iveii 
in  full  in  ZamaroU,  IliM.  Mtj.,  xv.  lOb'i-.")!);  J'critr,  Curst,  i/c  Jfex.,  (i;i7-t>. 
All  further  proceedings  of  conciliation  v.eri)  in  vain;  the  llritish  and  French 
ministers  left  Alexico,  the  ftubjecls  of  their  nations  as  well  as  the  Spaniards 
being  left  under  the  protection  of  the  I'russiau  minister. 

''■'110  made,  however,  on  the  11th  of  Dee.,  two  conventions,  one  bcin;{ 
postal,  and  the  other  for  the  extradition  of  criminals,  excluding  from  surren- 
tlcr  persons  accused  of  political  oilenccs,  and  slaves.  Archiro  Mex.,  Vol.  Ley., 
vi.  (llili;  lirrccho  fiilmi.  Mrx.,  1st  pt,  277-M^. 

^^  Zuloaga  .still  cUiimcd  the  presidency,  had  a  cabinet,  appointed  governors, 
and  wanted  to  collect  taxes.  Lc  Trail  d'L'nwn,  Dec.  l(,  Ifilil;  liicera,  (rub. 
lie  Mir.,  ii.  (J'JO. 

'"The  ministry  was  constituted  as  follows:  Doblado,  minister  of  relations 
and  of  government — this  lastagain  suppress(>d  by  deci'eo  of  Dee.  Kith;  Ramon 
I.  Alcaraz,  oficial  mayor,  of  justice  pro  tem  to  Dec.  '2.")th,  when  Ji^sns  Terilii 
became  the  minister;  Echeverria,  of  hacienda;  Zavago/.a,  (if  war  till  Dee.  '2-d, 
when  succeeded  by  I'edi'o  llinojo.sa;  Doblado,  of  foUKnto  till  the  Kiih  of  De- 
cember, when  the  departmeiiL  was  merged  in  tliat  of  justice.  Lc  Trail  <r  Union, 
Dee.  '2',\,  '27,  ISO):  Archico  M<x.,  Col.  L't/.,  vi.  (J7"-';  liicera,  JJisi,  Jutaiia,  v. 
470-'2. 


but  to  be 
linister  ru- 
•oulJ  liavo 
domands.*^^ 
ministerial 
Jent  could 
igoza,  Bal- 
auied  liav- 

few  davs. 

the  crisis, 
id,,  not  bo- 
rers boinsj: 
itod  thein- 
r  services, 
iellcz,  and 
anuel  Do- 
e  country 
;o  of  rela- 
.'^     There 

president 


END  OF  THE  SESSIOJf. 


27 


and  Doblado,and  the  latter  being  on  good  terms  with 
th..'  congress,  he  asked  of  it  extraordinary  powers, 
which  were  granted  at  once  without  other  restrictions 
tlian  that  every  measure  of  the  government  should  be 
directed  to  the  preservation  of  the  national  indei)on- 
dence  and  institutions,  as  well  as  of  the  reform  havs.'^ 
Lordo  and  his  followers  had  insisted  on  the  executive 
submitting  to  the  approval  of  congress  all  action  ho 
might  talfe  in  the  foreign  relations;  but  they  were 
defeated.  Congress  closed  its  session  on  the  15th  of 
December. 

"  Decree  of  Dec.  Utli.  Archivo  Mex.,  Col.  Ley.,  vi.  G55. 


'ears  not  oulv' 
'  intern.itioiiiil 
1  nothing:  the 
guarantee  the 
iaeci'iit:ihle  tu 
1  lesii^neil  his 
ition  are  giviii 
;  J/r.i\,  {\T,-\). 
h  and  French 
the  SpauianU 

>us,  one  l)cinij 
1  from  surrcu- 
ex. ,  Col.  Ley. , 

ted  povornors, 
;  liicera,  (lub, 

'T  of  rolationa 
lOtli;  Itaiiioii 
1  Jesus  Teraii 
till  Dee.  'JJd, 
le  Killi  (if  De- 
''nutil'L'iiioii, 
^^  Jalapa,  v. 


i 

I 

{ 


CHAPTER  II. 

FOREIGN  IXTERVENTIOX. 
18G1-1862. 

SPANTSn   OCCCPATIOX    OF  VkKV    CiUZ-    ACTION    OF  THE    MEXICAN   GOVERN- 
IMENT — AllIlIVAL  OF  Tin:    FllKNCll  AM>  ]5l;lTISII    I'oElCEH — ALLIED  pLEXI- 

1'otentl\i;ii".sani)Thi;ihDii-feken(m:s— JoiNTAoDitKss  ioTiii;MEXicANa 
— Pi;cusL\i4Y  Claims  against  Mk-vjcj — Xecotiations  with  Juarez' 
Government  —  Convention  of  La  .Solkuah  —  Keactiomst.s  i'noer 
French  I'ltoTECTUtN  — KirTrnE  amonu  the  Allied  Du-lomates— Span- 
iards AND  BlIITISII  ReEMBAUK — TuE  FUENCH  ThUOW  OFF  THE  MaSK— 

Almonte  KsTAiiLLsincs  a  CiovERSMENi'  —  French  REocccpATinv  of 
Orizaba  — Their  March  aoainsi'  I'cerla  anu  Repclse  —  Cisco  ue 

MaVO— SUBSEQCENT  LlBEKAL  REVERSES — AeEAIRS  AT  THE  CAPITAL. 

The  invasion  so  lon;^  niiprulicndcd  comes  at  last. 
!Mc.\ico,  after  having  by  almost  su[)erhuman  tlloits 
iioaily  brought  to  an  end  all  opposition  to  her  advance- 
ment in  the  scale  of  nations,  is  now  to  be  checked  by  the 
active  intcrl'erence  of  powerfid  European  monarchies 
jiriding  themselves  upon  their  high  civilization.  On 
the  pretext  of  collecting  money  claims,  and  of  demand- 
in<jf  leiiaration  of  aliened  <>rievances.  to  all  of  Vvhich 
the  liberal  government  would  have  done  justice  in  due 
time,  they  come  to  the  aid  of  a  corrupt  party  opposed 
to  all  progress.  Two  of  the  olfenders,  it  is  ti'ue,  for 
their  own  special  reasons,  alnmdon  the  enterprise  soon 
after  its  inception;  but  they  should  not  be  permitted 
to  sjiake  off  their  share  of  responsibility  i'or  tlu'  en- 
couragement they  gave  the  third  one  to  [)ursue  the 
work  of  destroying  ^lexico's  five  re[)ul)lican  institu- 
tions, nor  for  the  sad  catastro})he  that  i'ollowed  the 
failure  to  set  up  within  her  borders  a  monarchiJ 
goverimieiit. 

(23) 


,1 


SPANISH  IXVASIOX. 


29 


:icAx  Govern- 
Allied  ri.ENi- 
Tiii:  Mkxicans 
WITH  Jtaukz' 

lOMSV.S  INlJlCli 
IMATKS — Sl'AN- 

!■•  Tin;  Mask  — 
)i'crPATi(iN'   OF 

SE  —  CiNCO    UE 

i  Capital. 

los  at  last, 
lan  cHort.s 
•radvanco- 
'kudl)>'  tlio 
noiiarcliiL's 
dlou.  Oil 
)t'(leuiaiKl- 
l  of  Vv'hicli 
lice  in  duo 
by  opposed 
s  true,  lor 
■prise  soon 
pcruiitted 
or  the  en- 
)ursue  tlie 
\n  iustitu- 
lowed  the 
louarclii'.] 

,28) 


Tlie  iuvasiou  decreed  by  thetliree  Europor.n  jjowcrs 
beeaine  a  fact  on  the  I4th  of  Deeendier,  18GI,  when 
a  Spanish  Heet,  commanded  by  the  ji'fe  de  escuadra, 
Joa(|uin  (jiutierrez  de  Rubalcaba,  and  convcyin;:^  an 
army  of  occupation,  sailed  into  and  without  resistance 
took  i)ossession  of  the  port  of  Vera  Cruz/  General 
Gassct,  commandiiiL,'  tlie  land  forces,  occupied  the  city 
on  the  17th,  jiroclaimiiii^  martial  law,  and  issuin<r  a 
nu."i.">sto  of  a  hostile  nature;  after  which  he  assumed 
i'lj.'  .  trol  of  the  place,  the  ayuntainiento,  which  was 
L)(>  'inly  authority  left  in  it,  having  to  submit  to  the 
joi'ce  of  circumstances.^  Gasset's  manifesto  stated 
thnt  he  would  hold  the  citv  in  the  name  of  the 
Sj)a!iish  queen  till  the  arrival  of  the  commissioners  of 
the  powers  to  tlio  Ijond(jn  trijiartite  arran*rement. 

This  act  of  Spain  caused  tlie  utmost  irritation  in 
]\rexico.  The  government,  and  particularly  Doblado, 
displayed  great  activity.  General  Zaragoza  started 
irom  Mexico  with  .'i,  )00  men;  and,  notwithstanding 
the  embroiletl  condition  of  affairs  in  the  intei'ior  states 
from  local  issues  as  well  as  i-eactionary  warlarc,  forces 
began  comii.g  u\rn  them  to  the  ca[)ital.     Juarez  issued 

'  Till  fleet  I'Muisv" 'uif  six  frii^atra.  six  lar;j;e  war  steamers,  t'vo  war  trans- 
rofts.  aii.l  f  Vi.'iil  ohjrii'ieil  nieicliaiitiiicii,  li'siiles  one  steam-tciKln-.  'Ilio 
i.iiiil  fciivc  ex.  (■(•  iivl  IJ,;K'!)  !uin.  Z  iiiiinuis,  /li-t.  McJ.,  x\'.  SJO-t;  /.<li'irr, 
Mt.i:  ,1.  Lli.rr.,  :.Od-a):  Mix.,  ':■  i\  /VAw;/:  J{,.t.  /'oli/.,  in  Ja;\' J/i,f, 
.!/..<•.,  ls;{'J-7,i,  1,,.  i!i,  7"  -l;  liom<ro,  ]li<  l'i:iri<i.  Jlio-o/k,  (10-0. 

M'liniH  liitmi  ro--Hi^'or'i(L  ih'  hi.i  liitrhjaH  Kuro/iC'i'^  q-iv  <ii-(i.'<iiii"ir'i/i  fa  Inter- 
VI iirinn  j'rriiiri.tii.  rii  Me.iiro.  Mux.,  IfMIS,  Hvn.  '.'."lil  pp.  A  liiciil  itply  tn  a 
spi'i'il,  (lilivficil  liy  the  rrentii  caliiiict  niiiiistir  IJilKiiilt,  bot'oi-c  tho  ri'cncli 
k'iislatnii',  on  the  "JOtli  of  June,  1S()'_'.  Jt  givts  a  iiistofy  <if  tlu'  intrigues 
i'(  the  {■'leneii  government  in  the  neirotiution.s  with  KnL,'lanil  anil  Spain  to 
lirini,' ahoiit  a.  .si'ttU'ment  of  thrir  rhiiniH  aijainst  Mexico,  leadin  ;  to  the  eon- 
\ention  <i('  l.onilon  siml  tlie  final  intervention.  The  writer  u.>es  tiie  corre- 
sjiondi  nee  hetween  tlio  oumniissioners  of  these  jiowers  ainl  their  rrsiieetivo 
Uovermneiit  as  e\  iilenec  of  the  animus  tiiat  prompted  tluir  aetion.  Tho 
WorU  ),'ivi     ,,'so  other  (loeuinents  relating;  to  the  intervention. 

In  th:-<  ■nneetioii  may  lie  mentioned  Cimildnn  //  i,/,-ii-i  /^nlt'inirlonr.i 
fi'i'liiis  pvf  ■■'  i  ri''i<w:i  Mcricnnii  I II  Wasli'iii'idui  diirniitr  /:i  (linrra  ilf  lidir- 
vii.iioii,  Mr\.,  litis,  Svo,  507  pp.  This  eolleetion  contains  ii  series  of  eiren- 
lars  and  otiii  r  j  ullieations  liy  tli.>  Mexiean  leiratioii  at  VVashiiiLrtoii,  ImsimI  ou 
uUitial  doLiinients,  lelating  ehieily  to  the  withdrawal  of  the  Fieiuli  troopa 
fnnu  Mcxieo,  othi'r  an'uirseonneeted  with  the  inijierial  reirime  in  that  eountry, 
ind  the  negotiation  of  Mexiean  liomls  in  the  United  States.  It  til  o  endiodies 
a  litief  l)io;.-i:ip!iy  of  lienito  .hiarez. 

('i'ti-ti.<,  ii.di-i  I  S<  ii'iih),  ii.,  anp.  no.  S,"),  40-Jl;  /(/.,  Coii'j.,  vi.,  app.  1,  no. 


UiS,  :■!,  0 


J'rii 


■t,ri 


.Jan.  ;t,  Ii,  l..o_' 


30 


FOREIGN  INTERVENTIOX. 


on  tlio  17tli  an  address  to  tlio  nation,' and  made  a 
requisition  on  tlu3  states  ibr  52,000  men.  He  also 
extended  the  period  of  the  last  amnesty  law,  and  de- 
creed a  tax  of  twenty-five  per  centum  additional  on 
all  imposts,  whether  federal,  state,  or  municipal,  lie 
])ennitte(l  jHsaceablo  S[)aniards  to  continue  residing  in 
the  country-;  hut  s  tliey  were  abused  everywhere, 
they  finally  had  to  ^;         .fce.     He  likewise  established 


^Sm  i:^. 


w 


-V..'v 


<•'  ^  ^     '  V  \Huiluc'binaniro  ' 

PAOI-ruCA        A  V,   , 
C«mpoala^ 


'  Qtiimta 


^    T  X  A  s  r  .1  . 


PUEQLA 


Iilal'a 
Tlucotepec 


\pna 


V, -fcx* 


Ojillan, 


^v^  oHuajuapoa 


I  jCuicjitlair 


Vkua  Ciaz  TO  ri:i;uL.\. 


a  general  tax  of  two  per  centum  upon  all  property 
of  the  value  of  $500  or  upwards.*     General  Uraga 

'  lie  set  forth  with  inoileration  nml  diirnity  tlic  pretexts  Spnhi  mijrht  Iiavc 
to  wage  war  on  Mexico,  and  suiiitiioiiing  all  .Slcxicaiis  to  the  (lefeiiec  i;f  their 
country,  declared  niiscreants  and  traitors  all  who  siiould  join  or  aid  tiie  for- 
oi!,'n  invader.  Arrhiro  iMe.i\,  Col.  /.<y.,  vi.  C"')  (1,  (;02-71,  f.S7-W,  WtS-TO.-f; 
JJuli!n,i  !uid  Loz-iiin,  Lr;i.  M,x:,  ix.  SU'-O;  Li-  Tmit  iV Union,  Dee.  I(i-1!»,  ISOl. 

♦Thus  brought  on  further  reclamations,  in  which  tiic  Prupsian  minister 
took  part,  and  Dolilado  sustained  Mexico's  right  to  tax  foreign  re'^idents. 
The  scarcity  of  money  was  such  that  Zaragoza'a  brigade  was  Uctuincd  sey 


PAr.TY  STRIFE. 


81 


nd  made  a 
II(j  also 
w,  and  do- 
ditioiial  on 
-'ipal.      lie 

rcsidinsx  in 
'cry  where, 
established 


2}yi  Antitriia 


S.Juanov__^- 

VERA  CRUZ*' 


•■fls'Kaif^* 


i 

property 
ral  Uraga 

•f 

in  mifrlit  have 
.'fence  of  tlit'ir 
01"  iiiil  the  fnr- 
:~'M,  ('.lis- TOM; 
'.  l()-l!t,  IMH. 

A 

spina  minister 

'^iS 

i(;u  I'c^iiUnits. 
detained  scv 

m 

erected  defences  on  tlie  Chiquihuite,  and  held  con- 
ferences at  La  Tejeria  with  VVyke  and  Saligny,  while 
Gasset  made  incursions  into  the  interior  for  supjdies, 
and  to  drive  off  annoying  guerrilla  parties.  In  these 
incursions  toward  La  Antigua,  Anton  Lizardo,  and 
on  the  ]Medellin  road,  he  had  many  of  his  men  killed 
and  wounded,  and  some  prisoners  also  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  jaroclios.  M^  »^tial  law  was  declared  in 
tlic  states  of  Puebla,  San  Li.'s  Potosi,  Vera  Cruz, 
and  Tamaulipas.''  Till  the  arrival  of  the  British  and 
French  ileels,  on  the  Gth  and  7th  of  January,  18()2, 
the  ^Mexican  Hag  waved  side  by  side  with  the  Hags  of 
the  allied  powers. 

]\rexico,  at  this  critical  period,  was  not  free  from 
her  usual  disturbed  ccmdition.  In  Yucatan  the  par- 
tisans of  Acereto  and  Iritxoyen  were  tearing''  one 
another  to  pieces,  utterly  disregarding  the  u'ar  of 
races  which  daily  added  to  the  number  of  its  vie- 
tims."  In  Tamauli[)as  local  dissension  ])rcvailed,  the 
Held  of  hostilities  being  Matamoros.  On  the  north- 
ern frontier  the  Indians  were  depredating.  In  Zaca- 
tv'cas  there  were  disgraceful  acts  against  the  a'overnor. 
In  the  state  of  Mexico,  Tulancingo  was  assailed  by  a 
reactionist  party;  Cuernavaca  was  oceujjied  by  Vi- 
cario;  Actopan  by  Campos.  In  Jalisco,  Lozada  made 
himself  master  of  Topic.  ^Tarquez  und  ]Mejia  carried 
on  hostilities  in  the  sierra  of  Queretaro  and  San  Luis 
]*otosi.  Zuloaga,  the  self-styled  president,  through 
his  so-called  minister,  llerreray  Lozada,  in  a  circular 
of  December  13th,  had  said  that  if  the  foreign  powers 
were  aiming  at  the  conquest  of  Mexico,  it  should  not 
be  permitted;  but  he  Vvoidd  iavor  the  intervention  if 

(vA  days  in  Piiolila  for  the  want  of  the  sum  of  $8,000,  which  with  groat  clifli- 
(ulty  lie  (,l)t!une(l   hum  nicreliunt.s.   L'inni,  Gob.  Jlex.,  ii.   (1127;  Id.,  JliM. 

Jalii/iri,  V.  484. 

"Tlie  same  measure  was  adopteil  for  other  states  at  dilTcrcnt  times  as  tho 
enemy  iij.i.miielicl,  aii.l  it  was  n^pealed  wlien  circumstances  permitted  it. 

0  ,','' i"'     ''."""""•  ^''Z-  -^ffi^-,  ix.  ;»).") -OK),  passim. 
I'lil    jiarti.ularM,  with  causes,  may  be  fuuiid  in  ^''avnrro,  Iufnrme,  CCv- 
i-'i:  ami  ( xtia.ts  from  otlicial  documeats  in  Buenrostro,  llhl.  P'ruu.  y  Se,/. 
t.i^/(y.,  nojtiO-7.  511-1<J.  *'      •' 


82 


rORrjGN  INTERVENTION. 


I    1 


i  I 


it  intended  to  nive  the  country  a  fjood  government/ 
In  much  the  larger  portions  of  the  several  states  the 
sentiment  of  nationality  -was  strong,  and  manifested 
itself  in  their  contributions  of  men  and  other  re- 
sources for  defence.  Oajaca  sent  a  brigade  to  reiin- 
forco  the  eastern  army,  and  offered  more.  ]\Iost  of 
the  states  behaved  generously  and  patriotically.  Xot 
so  Puclda  and  Tamaulipas.*^ 

After  the  signing  of  the  convention,  the  allied 
powers  agreed  that  the  expeditionary  land  forces 
should  consist  of  about  G,000  Spaniards  and  3,000 
French.''  England  was  to  cinitribute  with  a  strong 
naval  division,  namely,  two  line-of-battle  ships,  four 
frigates,  several  smal'er  vessels,  and  about  700  ma- 
rines to  land  on  the  coast  when  necessary.  Tho 
plenipotentiaries  appointed  were:  Sir  Charles  L. 
Wyke  and  Commodore  Dunlop,  on  the  part  of  Eng- 
land; Dubois  do  Saligny  and  Hear  Admiral  Jurien 
de  la  Graviere,  on  tho  part  of  France;  and  General 
Juan  Prim,  conde  de  Reus  and  marques  de  los  Castille- 
jos,  was  to  represent  Spain,  both  as  diplomatist  and 
commander  of  her  forces.  The  lar<]jer  continujent 
placed  under  his  connnand,  the  prestige  surrounding 
his  name,  and  the  esteem  manifested  toward  him  by 
Napoleon  III.,  were  naturally  to  give  him  a  marked 
influence  in  the  conferences  of  the  plenipotentiaries. 
The  others,  thougli  not  his  subordinates,  had  been 
recommended  to  show  him  special  deference.^''     The 

'  'Uu  fjobicrno  jiisto  y  cijuitativo,'  ho  termed  it. 

^ Hire  1(1,  Hist.  J(tl  ijin,  v.  -IS'J-."),  On  tlio  'Jlst  of  Dec.  was  begun  tho 
piiblication  of  an  interventionist  oigan,  umlur  the  name  of  Crdiiica  del  (Jer- 
cUo  ex/iedirioii'u-io.  Zdiiiacoi.-i,  I/ist.  Mi'j.,  xv.  S.Sl-2.  Another  journal,  also 
upholding  tlie  intervention,  existed  Ijcfore,  called  Ld  Uiiidad  Caldlica,  which 
never  uttered  a  patriotic  .sintiment. 

"One  regiment  of  nnrines.  one  battalion  of  zouaves,  one  of  naval  fusi- 
leers,  one  squad  of  chasseurs  d'Al'riipic,  artillery,  engineers,  etc.  Xiox,  Expod, 
dii  Mcx.,  iSi. 

'"  L'rini  had  married  a  Mexican  heiress,  Scfiorita  Agiiero,  a  niece  of  Gon- 
zalez Echeverria,  .Juarez'  minister  of  tlie  treasury.  Ho  was  a  m.m  of  great  am- 
bition, swayed  by  liberal  ideas,  restless,  inconsistent.  In  18.")8,  when  Spain 
wanted  to  declare  war  against  Mexico,  lie  advocated  in  chc  senate  concilia- 
tory measures.  A'iox,  Ecind.  dii  Mcr.,  41.  The  same  authority  refer.s  to  tho 
judgment  formed  of  I'riin  by  a  (rcrnian  otlicer,  who  made  his  ivcquaintanco 
in  Turkey  in  1853-4,  and  in  Morocco  in  IStiO — S^tuincli  undmarokaiUiicli  Krieg, 


)vernniGnt.'' 
.  states  the 
manifested 
[  other  re- 
le  to  recin- 
]\Iost  of 
cally.    Not 

the  allied 
land  forces 

and  3,000 
h  a  strong 

ships,  four 
t  700  nia- 
nary.  Tho 
'harles  L. 
rt  of  Eng- 
iral  Jurien 
id  General 
.)s  Castille- 
uatist  and 
continixent 
irroundinof 

I  him  by 

a  marked 

tentiaries. 

had  been 

G 


'( 


ee.^^     Th 


vaa  begun  tho 
•dnica  di'l  (jcr- 
V  jouriiiil,  also 
'aldllca,  which 

of  naval  fusi- 
Xiox,  Exiicd. 

nince  of  Gon- 
n  of  great  ani- 
<,  when  Spain 
natc  concilia- 
y  refers  to  tho 
aoijiiaintanco 
kanisch  Krieg, 


THE  ALIJF.S  0\  Till:  GULF  COAST.  83 

inslructions  iriven  tlie  French  admiral  l>y  his  oov- 
ermneiit,  on  tlie  11th  ot  TSovember,  wen;  to  seize 
the  ju)i'ts  on  the  gulf  of  ^lexico,  and  liold  them  till 
a  settlement  was  effected  of  all  pending  questions,  col- 
lecting the  customs  duties  for  and  on  behalf  of  tlie 
three  powers.  Considerations  of  dignity,  as  well  as 
the  neces>rity  of  averting  tlic  dangers  which  would 
I'ollow  a  lonuf  soiourn  in  the  unhealthy  climate  of  the 


CO 


iji.st,   demanded    that   prompt    and    decisive    results 
should    l)e    obtained.     His   attention    was    called    to 
the  objects  of  the  tripartite  convention,  one  of  which 
was  lo  siijiport  what  was  called   the  sound  part  of 
tlu.'    ])!ipulation    in    its    efforts    to    cstablisli  a   stable 
and  honest  government."      The   British  representa- 
tive  was   directed  to  strictly  observe  the  article  in 
the   convention   inhibiting  all  direct  or    indirect  in- 
terference in  the  internal  affairs  of  IMcxico;  and  to 
bear  in  mind  that  all  representations  to  the  ]\lexican 
government  were  to  be  made  jointly  in  the  name  of 
the    three  allies.     He   was  told  nothing    about  tlu; 
Eu'dish  contingent  marchinGT  into  the  interior.    Owiim- 
to  apprehension   of  trouble  with  the  United  States, 
on   acc(Hmt   of  the   capture    by  the    United    States 
steamer  San  Jacinto,  Captain  Wilkes,  of  the  British 
mail-steamer  Trent,  England  diminished  the  numljcr 
<-f  war-ships  she  was  bound  to  despatch  to  the  JNIexi- 
<'an   waters.     Spain   seemed,  on   the   contrary,  quite 
H'solute.     She  accepted  at  once  the  French  sugges- 
iinn  that  the  Spanish  troops  s])ould  be  authorized  to 
advance  on  Mexico.     General   Prim  received  similar 

Uroi  liluuis,  Leipzig,  18G3— who  saiil  that  Prim  was  a  brave  man,  wlio  iliil  not 
link  tak'uts;  a  good  speaker,  ami  attraetive,  but  witliout  eharaeter,  ivitli- 
I'ut  inmal  lorce,  and  riiliculoosly  vain,  lli;  jxjssesscd  hardly  a  notion  of  mil- 
iiary  thcurj-,  mathematics,  history,  orgeograpiiy.  lb;  wasa  >;oldierof  f(jrtiine, 
lerklis-!,  ailriiit,  Mho  would  risk  everything,  even  his  last  i)iei('.  on  a  eard. 
<  iipi  iti'.us  fortiiiio  liad  sin'nilarly  fav<ireil  liim.  Making  allowance  for  exag- 
j-rratioii,  the  (lerman  ollicer's  opinion  may  not  lie  called  altogether  erroneous. 
And  yet  I'rinrs  course  in  Jb'xicu  was  independent  and  patriotic,  and  saved 
his  country  many  complications  and  sacritices,  not  to  say  disgrace. 

"  '  Celui  de  .1  iiarez  I'tait  (pnlilii';  d'insense.'    Those  weie  iii.s  puljlio  instruc- 
tions, but  they  ^\ere  su]iplemente(l  by  conhdential  ones.     Jurien  was  aware 
of  the  project  to  establish  a  monarchy;  he  was  to  support  the  movement,  but 
not  to  start  it.  A'/or,  j:.vpe<l  </;<  Mcx.,  44,  40. 
IJI.ST.  Hex.,  Vol.  VI.    3 


84 


FOREIGN  INTERVENTION. 


I    IM 


instructions  to  those  j^iven  to  Jurien  do  la  Gravibro. 
lie  was  to  j)rosent  his  reclanjations,  accordinj^  to  the 
ultimatum  sent  on  tho  IJth  of  Septouiber  to  the  caj)- 
tain  general  of  Cuba,  and  to  begin  active  hostilities 
if  Mexico  did  not  i'ully  accept  the  conditions  de- 
manded. Ho  was  well  informed  that  Spain  intended 
tho  war  should  be  carried  into  the  interior."  Prhn 
arrived  at  Habana  on  the  23d  of  December,"  and  was 
visited  by  Francisco  Javier  Miranda,  known  as  Padro 
Miranda,  and  who  might  bo  called  tho  chief  of  the 
luonarchial  party  in  Mexico,  and  General  Miramon. 
Tiio  result  of  the  interview  was  a  loss  of  faith  in  the 
Spanish  general.^* 

Tho  French  and  English  troops  landed  immediately 
after  their  arrival  at  Vera  Cruz;  and  it  became  quite 
evident  that  their  conmianders  were  displeased  with 
the  premature  coming  of  the  Spanish  force,  and  with 
General  Gassct's  prt)clamation  in  his  queen's  name.'' 

'-Prim  was  confiilcntially  advised  of  the  plan  to  establish  a  monarchy  in 
Mexico,  V  hich  was  attributeil  to  the  French  govcninicnt.  lie  mado  the  fact 
known  in  a  speech  before  the  Spanisli  curtes  in  1803.  But  ho  was  not  in- 
structed to  lend  his  cooiicration,  because  the  candidature  of  an  Austrian 
prince  was  distasteful  to  Spain.  jN'/oj',  Exjicd.  du  Mix.,  40.  Tliero  was  some 
•  li.scrc|iaiicy  between  tho  Spanisli  foreign  secretary  and  the  ambassador  at 
^hidrid,  on  tlic  nionarcliial  jilan.  The  i'ornier  said  i  'Al  irse  el  general  Trini 
le  di  las  instrncciones  oportunas  por  cscrito  y  verbalmeiite,' and  yet  he  prc- 
tcn(kd  to  be  ij.;norant  of  tho  project.  Arraiirjoiz,  I\I(j.,iii.  11-1(5. 

'■■  He  was  <'ntliusiastically  greeted  by  the  Spaniards:  'Viva  el  viceroy  do 
Mi'xi'.'o,  viva  el  nuevo  llernan  Cortez  (sic).'  Itupport  du  commaiidunt  da  Mi- 
lull,  in  Xi:i.r,  L'xprd.  da  Met.,  o',\—\, 

"Miranda  wrote  to  I'aris  and  Madrid  that  Prim  was  going  to  treat  with 
Juarez'  governni'^nt.  His  letters  were  read  by  Cen.  ()'L)onntlI,  jirinio  niiu- 
istci'.  and  Calderon  Colhuites,  minister  of  foreign  afl'airs,  of  Spain.  An-an- 
ffor..  M'j.,  iii.  13;  ZumwoU,  Hist.  Mf'j.,  xv.  8;!!)-IO. 

'•'The  undei'standing  iiiid  been  that  the  forces  of  tho  three  powers  were  to 
rendezvous  at  Ilabana.  Spanisli  jirecipitaney,  according  to  Josu  Manuel  Hi- 
dalgo, Apiiiifcs  para  (i^ciihir  la  lii^liiria  de  los  jmycrton  de  monurquia  a 
Mcj-iro,  MvK.,  1808,  102,  enabled  Juarez  to  make  the  Mexican  people  belit-.c 
that  tiie  Spaniards  were  bent  on  reconquest.  His  policy  then  was  to  abuso 
Spi'ln,  representing  her  as  ;in  iisu'.per,  and  to  sunnnon  'A  la  defcusa  de  lain- 
dcpendencia  nacioiial '  all  the  army  olliccrs,  many  of  whom  obeyed  the  suni- 
moMs  only  because  of  their  belicF  that  Spain's  purpose  was  to  reduce  Mexico 
to  a  Spanish  colony.  Zamacois  denies  it,  alleging  that  as  early  as  Nov.  Ist 
the  government  wrote  (lov.  Arteagaof  QueriJtaro,  taking  for  granted  that  tho 
dill'ureuces  with  England  and  Franco  would  bo  arranged,  and  adding  that 
Spain's  reclamations  would  remain  unheeded,  for  the  struggle  with  her  would 
beuclit  both  the  country  and  the  lilieral  party:  '  sevviiia  para  unii- cstrecha- 
meutu  ul  purlido  liberal,  y  pura  esiirpar  una  vez  por  todus,  los  abuuos  del  sis- 


PLANS  OF  FRANCE  AND  SPAIN. 


85 


Gravitjro. 
ivr  to  the 
io  the  cap- 
hostilities 
litions  de- 
1  iuteiKk'd 
r."  Prim 
,"  aiul  was 
1  as  Padro 
iof  of  the 
Mi  ram  on. 
lith  ill  the 


imcdiatoly 
?aiiie  r|uito 
Leased  with 
I,  and  with 
n's  namc.'^ 

a  nionarcliy  in 
!  liuulu  the  fact 

ic  wr.s  not  in- 
jf  fill  Austrian 
riicro  \\  aa  some 

amliassailor  at 
1  general  I'riiu 
11(1  yet  lie  prc- 

1(5. 

[1  cl  viceroy  do 
aiuluiit  da  Mi- 

l'  to  treat  with 
til,  jirinic  iiiiii- 
Spuin.  Arraii- 

powers  won;  to 
osu  Manuel  11  i- 

moiiurqitia  ci 
1  people  belie '.c 
;ii  was  to  abuso 
efcusa  do  la  iu- 
bcyed  tlic  .suin- 

redueo  Mexiej 
ily  as  Nov.  1st 
ranted  that  tho 
id  lidding  that 
witli  lier  woulil 
V  unir  cstrreha- 
1  abuuoii  del  sib- 


i 


This  condition  of  affairs  proniptL'd  Franco  to  sond  out 
another  contingent  of  3,000  men.  After  the  second 
interview  of  the  plenipotentiaries,  Jurien  clearly  per- 
ceived tlie  dilference  in  their  views,  which  was  quito 
marked.'^ 

On  Prim's  arrival  at  Vera  Cruz  a  manifesto,  said  lo 
liavc  been  prepared  by  hiin  beforehand,  was  issued  on 
the  10th  of  January  by  the  five  plenipotentiaries. 
This  document,  though  containing  some  untruths,  was 
more  moderate  and  decorous  in  its  tone  than  Gassct's 
proclamation  had  been;  but  it  could  not  do  away  with 
the  uncertainty  as  to  the  real  intentions  of  the  powers 
in  combining  their  action  in  Mexican  affairs.  Accord- 
ing to  it,  interventitm  in  Mexican  politics  and  admin- 
istration was  not  thought  of.^'  So  said  Saligny  and 
Jurien,  sent  out  by  their  wily  master  to  place  an 
Austrian  prince  on  a  Mexican  throne;  so  e- id  the 
Spanish  and)assador,  who  well  knew  Napoleon's  plan 
and  was  resolved  to  thwart  it.^'^  As  for  the  English, 
all  they  wanted  was  a  commercial  and  religious  inter- 
vention; tliat  is  to  say,  to  secure  the  payment  of 
English  claims  through  their  inspectors  of  the  custom- 
houses; to  reduce  the  import  duties;  and  to  favor  the 

tenia  colonial.'  Be  it  as  it  may,  botli  France  and  Eni^'land  were  displeased,  and 
1hoii;j;h  they  accepted  Spain's  explanations,  wei'o  never  fully  eatislled.  Niox, 
J:'.cji(iil.  diiMcx.,  ill;  COrlcti,  Diar'to  ISiaiido,  ii.,ap.,  no.  85,5;  /(/.,  Cong.,  vi., 
ap.  i.,  no.  \'^^^,  ;H3-4. 

'8  '  Serieux  <j;ernie3  do  dissentinient  cxistaient  entre  clles.'  N'lox,  Expid. 
du  Mrx.,  i)!)-iOI;  Bneiiro^ro,  lli^t.  Prim,  y  Sen.  Cowj.,  noa  CO-'J,  .•{•_'G-51. 

"  In  the  first  paragraph  the  Mexicans  are  assured  that  the  expedition  had 
been  made  iiidispin^alile  to  enforce  tho  fuHilment  of  treaties  constantly 
violated,  and  to  insure  protection  to  the  subjects  of  the  allied  nations.  They 
an^  next  told  that  persons  ir  presenting  to  them  that  behind  just  claima  So 
(KuUan  proyectos  de  eon((ui.ita,  de  restauraeion,  6  dc  interveneion  en  vuestia, 
li'ilitita  y  vuestra  adniinistracion,  os  enganan.'  They  further  say  that  tlo 
allied  nations  had  a  hij^'her  purjiose,  mote  general  and  useful  views,  tliat  of 
extending  a  friendly  hand  to  a  people  wlio,  though  rich  in  tho  gifts  of  pro\  i- 
dence,  were  consuming  their  strength  and  exhausting  their  vitality  by  civil 
wars  and  perpetual  convulsions.  'A  vosotros,  cxclusivamento  &  vtvsotros, 
bill  nin.'una  iutervencion  cxtranjcra,  os  iinporta  constituiros  do  una  manei;i 
soliday  durable.'  The  Mexican  people  arc  asked  to  h:ivo  faith  in  the  dis- 
intercsied  intentions  of  tho  allies,  to  distrust  tho  I'estless  and  evil-minded, 
and  to  let  reason  eonic  to  tho  front.  Arraii'joiz,  M<'j.,  iii.  18-19;  Lcfh'n , 
Doe.  JlijitiiiUhnio,  i.  1"0-1);  Kiox,  Kxju'd.  du  Mex.,  G;{-4;  liicf.ni,  Jli-f. 
J'da/'a,\:  W2:  Tnit  d'Uiiioii,  Jan.  18,  ISr.-J. 

"*  I'riiii  wi  11  knew  that  Spain  wanted  to  place  a  Spanish  princess  on  thia 
throne,  'paia  lo  ciial  Uevaba  iiiotrucciones  secretas.'  Arraitooiz,  ;!/'/..  iii.  "JO. 


no 


FOr.EIGX  IXTKUVKXTION. 


c'stabli.slnneiit  of  njlin'ums  frt'cdom  In  ^Fcxicn.''^  ,\11 
lliis  ])1()(1u('cm1  a  (Uiinpeiiiiig  ciK'C't  in  rcaflionav}'  cin^lcs. 
Sucli  IiinLjiia<'i-'  was  not  what  tlicv  luul  \>vvn  led  to 
expect.  TIic  allies  had  conio  to  counsel,  not  to  war 
against,  Juare/  and  liis  party.  Nothini^  worthy  of 
liotice  orcuiTcd  at  the  conferences  of  the  plenipoten- 
tiaries till  the  pecuniary  claims  were  made  th(3  srd)ject 
(>['  consiileration.  It  must  1)0  home  in  mind  that  at 
the  lirst  conference,  on  the  0th  of  January,  l*rini 
])i'oposed,  and  his  colleai;'ues  accepted,  that,  toc^ether 
with  the  joint  note  they  jturposed  addressing  to  the 
]\[exican  government,  each  of  them  should  furnish  "a 
separate  note  of  the  re[)arations"  demanded  l)\'  his 
government.  At  the  se-c-'ond  conference  Saligny 
manifested  the  impossihility  of  fixing  the  amount  of 
the  indemnities  due  French  citizen^.-'  At  the  third 
eonl'erence,  on  the  lOtli  of  January,  in  which  the 
commissaries  were  to  present  their  respective  ultimata, 
Saligny  failed  to  appear,  and  Jurien  had  to  read  the 
J'^rench  ultimatum,  which  consisted  of  ten  articles, 
some  of  which  were  incompatible  with  jMexican  in- 


i  i! 


"'Kra  para  olios,  coino  do  costnmbrp,  cnostion  <lc  algodoncs  y  ilo  biblias.' 
/il.  In  tin^  Spiiiii.  h  cui'ti's  it  was  liitoi'  asscrtoil  that  I'liigland's  artiuii  in 
s  ceiling  from  tlio  intervention  imd  lieen  due  to  her  opposition  to  the  (.atiuilie 
iliuiL'li.  (uiic,  J)iani>  Scnndo,  ii.,  no.  0.">,  1120.  Tlio  IWitish  demand:i  wero 
Sit  forth  in  four  articles:  1st,  Mexico  was  to  fumi.sh  a  forniiil  guaiaiitce  for 
till' faithtul  execution  in  future  of  previous  treaties  between  her  and  (ircat 
liiitain;  'li\,  lestoic  the  !?(it)(), 000  stolen  by  ilanjue/.  from  tlic  IJritish  leg;iti<in, 
and  S'J(!t),0(ll)  lialanco  still  unjiaid  of  tiic  Laguna  Scca  alFair,  wi^h  iutereft  ;it 
II  per  cent  on  the  former  and  111  per  cent  on  tiie  latter;  moreover,  0  per  cent 
interest  i.m  sums  that  .should  have  been  jiaid,  and  were  withheld  by  the  law 
of  July  17,  ISOl,  suspending  payments;  3d,  to  admit  British  agents  at  tiie 
ports  with  power  to  reduce  import  dues  to  one  half,  and  to  interveiio  the 
same  as  the  .Mexiean  ollicials  in  the  collection  of  customs  duties  to  insure  a 
just  and  equitable  distributioTi  of  the  proceeds;  4th,  the  -Mexican  government 
was  to  proceed  at  once,  in  concert  with  the  British  minister,  to  the  adjust- 
ment of  all  pending  claims  ascertained  to  be  just.  Lcfivre,  Doc.  Muximiliaiio, 
i.  ir)0-l. 

^''The  other  plenipotentiaries,  admitting  that  they  might  find  themselves 
in  the  same  predicament,  projiosed  to  get  over  the  dilhcnlty  by  adopting  a 
common  form  in  order  to  bring  about  the  immediate  recognition  of  the 
reparations  already  accepted,  and  al.so  in  ])rincii)le  that  of  such  as  after  ex- 
amination shouhl  appear  to  be  just  and  legitimate.  This  tiie  British  minister 
had  intended  shouhl  bo  afterward  ascertained  by  mixed  commissions.  The 
I'rench  government  had  no  i<lea  of  what  amount  should  be  claimed;  at  one 
time  it  thought  of  live  or  .six  million  dollai's,  and  never,  even  at  a  wild  com- 
putation, exceeded  ten  milliou.  liOinn-o,  /I id.  Inlrhj.  Eiirop.,  92-5. 


Fni:N'cn  claims. 


87 


o 


n 


All 
■y  circles, 
u  Ictl  to 
it  to  war 
•orthy  of 
jiiipotcn- 
1(3  siihject 
I  that  at 
i-y,  l*rim 
torjL'thor 
i<jf  to  tho 
irnlsli  "a 
)J  by  his 

Saliij-nv 
inouiit  t)f 
the  tliird 
•hich  the 
ultimata, 
read  the 

articles, 
xican  iu- 


y  lie  biblias.' 

(I's  action  in 
.)  tlic  catliolio 

giunanlip  fin- 
er .111(1  ( "icat 
tisli  Ifgatiiiii, 
Ml  iuti'icst  at 
:r,  0  per  cfiit 
I  by  till'  law 
i:;eiits  at  tlie 
utervciio  the 
3  to  insure  a 
1  goveninicut 
tilt!  adjust- 
Muxlm'diano, 


(Icpondcnco  and  soviMTin'iity.'-^'  The  pecuniary  i)rc- 
tciisions  of  the  Freiicli,  tluiii^'h  not  as^^ailin-^  ^Mexico's 
.sc)V('rci<4iitv,  were  no  less  unjust  and  cxoihitant.  'i'lie 
lir>t  claiui  was  si.'t  down  at  twclvi'  million  dollais.-' 
Tlicv  wanted  the  innnediate  payment  without  allow- 
ing- ^lexii'o  the  ri^'ht  of  examininL,^  into  their  justice 
through  a  mixed  connnissioii,  as  ])ractised  amon^" 
civilized  nations.  The  second  pecuniary  demand  )»ri- 
I'erred  hv  Sali.L^'iiy  \\as  tliat  of  Jecker  and  C'omiiaiiy 
for  llftcen  million  dollars,  \\hich  the  Spanish  pleni])o- 
t<;nt!arv,  and  with  him  A\'yh«-^  and  JJunhjp,  after  a 
warm  discussion,  declared  inadmissible.-^ 

-'  Aiticio  Till  wiiulil  i,'ivc  I'rciuli  aijciils  iiitt  rri'i-cntu  in  tlio  adiuini  stratioii 
uf  ju.stiou  ill  canca  v.  Iili'u  I'l't.iii'li  subjects  were  cunccincil;  and  iiiliclc  !Mli  was 
t'l  i;iv(!  tlio  J'lcaeh  onitrol  of  cu:-ti)iii-lioiises,  tlu^  I'iglit  tolnwer  duties,  etc. 
/■'.,  *yi-'.);  Li/irrr.  ])u(\  MaxtiaU'iuiio,  i.  147-o0;  L'Orttx,  J>iiirh>  t'uuijrtao, 
vi.,  ap.  1.  no.  l.'>8,  ."iT-U."). 

'-'- Wyki;  wrote  ill i  ;.'ovciniiient,  Jan.  l!l,  ISG'J  (no.  ."0  of  the  ]5ritisli  coi're- 
siiondcnet  I,  tliat  Sali^ny  liad  li.\ed  liie  unadjusted  rreneli  flaims  ;it  twelve 
niillion  dollars,  sayiii,:,'  that  he  had  not  examined  tiieni,  as  tliis  would  occiiiiy 
twehc  months' titiK  ;  but  he  supiiosed  this  sum  to  be  « ithin  one  million  or 
two,  more  or  less,  of  the  amount  actually  due.  Sir  Charles  assuiius  tuex|t!aai 
t!ie  nature  of  tliese  claims.  A'inetceu  out  of  twenty  of  the  fuleiu'iieis  re.-,idili;^ 
in  .Mexico,  he  says,  have  a  claim  of  one  bind  or  another  i',;'.ii!ist  the  uovenmient, 
many  of  tliem  biiii;,' no  doul/t  ju;-t;  the  rest  he  ik'claies  to  be  fabrieatccl  for 
tlie  iiuiposo  of  oblaini'jL,'  pay  for  some  ju-etended  ■grievance,  such  as  an  ini- 
pi  i^'inment  of  three  diijn  purp(jsely  incurred  to  set  up  a  claim.  Ih.uu  ro,  Jli^l. 
Jiitn'.i.  L'in-d/K,  !i;i-10l\ 

-'Here  we  have  the  true  iiiw;irdness  of  the  fraudulent  claims,  .Tecker 
was  a  Sw  i-s  by  birth,  always  known  as  such.  Jt  is  not  claimed  that  he  lie- 
eanie  a  I'reucliman  till  Maicli  'Jo,  ISC'J.  SiuhUnly,  without  haviii','  resided 
in  France  or  done  service  to  that  nation,  he  a]ipcared  as  a  full-lledu'cd  I'n  ndi- 
inan,  under  color  of  which  tran~iformatiou  his  claims  were  a<lvai'eed  by 
Sa!i.,'ny.  W'yke,  in  the  despatch  before  mentioned,  gives  the  history  of 
!Miranion's  la-^t  (liiancial  o])cration.  \Vlieii  iiis  ,i;ovcrnment  was  at  the  point 
of  collapsin:.',  .Jeclier  it  Co.  lent  it  .;'V'>0,00!)  in  specie,  at  .■)  per  centum  interi st, 
as  (.riginally  agreed  upon,  receiving  there  f(jr  fifteen  million  dollars  in  treasury 
bonds.  ;in  infamous  contract  ea'sing  discontent  throughout  tlie  countiy,  ami 
wl.ich  neither  the  governnient  ni  .hinvv/,  nor  any  otlier  would  ever  I'ecognize. 
Amiiiijor.,  Ml  J.,  ii.  ."(jl ;  ii-.  I'O-l ;  Lcii^jirierc's  Xo'ifshi  Mi.c.,  '2i'2.  Wylicailded 
that  he  had  iiuder.--tood  Juarez'  j;ovei!imeut  was  disiioscd  to  pay  the  .SToi'JlOO 
with  the  interest  due.  Mi  x.,  Lnjh.  M(J.  ( l.S,-)(),  .luly-Dcc);  J >ithl  iii  aiul  Lo- 
tnim,  Li,/.  JA,c.,viii.  (i'JS-'J;  .1 /•  A.'-o  J./.v.,  Col.  Ac//.  <,  iii.  DJ'J-:!-';  Mr.r.,  M,,ii. 
J I  •!'•.,  1S70.  47.")-(J.  Hidalgo,  Aj'i'ii!i<,  lOt,  claims  that  however  onerous  or  even 
v'xlortionate,  'nadii  tenia  epic  vcr  en  el  el  represetitanto  dc  ]n;;laterni,' wIkj 
had  op]ios,.,l  the  pretensioa.  '  I'U  de  Ivspana  le  secmuh')  en  e>a  rcsisleneia.' 
lie  Would  have  Ihigland  and  Spain  c(.'niplacent!y  aid  Saligny  to  rob  Mexico. 
The  Mexican  government  was  not  responsible.  L'/i'rrc,  Mr.'-,  'fi  l.'Ihli  r<: ,  '.MO. 
Oil  the  other  liaiiil,  it  was  elaimeil  that  the  iillair  might  be  looked  at  from  ;i 
dinible  point  of  \  iew,  namely,  the  private  interests  uf  .leekerautl  Company, 
Wnicli  had  become  those  of  numenuis  Frenchmen  and  benevolent  estai)li-h- 
mcuts,  couipn.iiii^id  by  their  bankruptcy;  and  those  of  the  general  interests 
ot  commerce  which  by  the  clauses  of  the  Jecker  contract  were  bcuelited  by 


88  rORKIGX  INTEllVKXTION. 

According  to  the  records  of  tlio  treasury  dcpart- 
TiK'iit  of  Mexico,  liur  actual  Ibroign  indehtoclness  to 
July  112,  18G2,  would  bo  $8U,.']1(;',290.8(;.''*  The  re- 
i'usal  of  tiiu  Spanish  and  British  coniuiissioncrs  to 
suj)p()rt  Saligny's  Jecker  claim  suspended  the  trans- 
mission of  the  colleetivc  note  and  ultinjata,  and  on 
the  14th  another  note  was  drawn  up,'-^  whieh  waa 
conveyetl  to  the  city  of  ]\[exico  by  Biigadier  ^lilans 
del  Ijosch,  a  bosom  friend  of  Prim,  Commander 
Thonnuaset  of  the  French  navy,  and  a  British  olli- 
cer,  escorted  by  ]\rexican  troops,  and  delivered  to  the 
government,  which  initiated  the  negotiations. 

The  mission  had  a  bad  elfect  on  the  friends  of  in- 
tervention, who  feared  that  their  aspirations  for  a 
monari'hy  would  be  deleatetl.^'^  Doblado  answered 
the  joint  note  on  the  2od,  invitinu'  its  authors  to  <j:o  to 
Orizaba  with  a  guard  of  honor  of  2,000  men,  and 
jtromising  that  his  government  would  send  two  com- 
missi(mers  to   treat  with  them,     lie   also  informed 


an   important  reduction  of  custoin-house  duties.   Xiox,  Exjiid.  du  Mcx., 

'^'DiiuO.  Brit.,  $()!>,fl94,r)li2;  to  France,  even  incliuling  piiiicipal  defrayed 
l)y  .Ictlcer  to  v.a;:o  war  a'jainst  (liu  logitimato  govunmiciit,  with  interest, 
j!_',8G.),G0!);  to  Spain,  .S',4GJ,1)S(J.  J'(i;nio,  Mix:  1/ sn.i  Client .  Finaii.,  ;jO.'{-(i;  Id., 
('iii'iita<,  GdMo!*,  cl'\,  7IU  .'-(J,  i.-x.\.\vi.;  Lijcrre,  Doc.  Mmiinitiaiio,  i.  tJO-.'); 
/(/.,  Mcx.  1 1  UliiU'iT.,  •J8(i-i).">,  HJ;5-'.I;  t'oiie",  Jiiario  Scna/o,  ii.,  no.  78,  \>'2H, 
no.  iS.'),  41-9,  57,  ().'!-.");  Id.,  Cnmj.,  i.,  ap.  ">,  no.  4,  10-'-."),  vi.,  ap.  1,  no. 
i:{:},  i;j,  14,  .".7,  no.  V.iS,  UA).  03,  no.  149,  2970,  no.  lol,  3008-9;  Mii.c.,  Men. 
Ilac'innla,  1870,  409. 

"  1  la  contents  were:  Tlnec  prcut  nations  do  not  .illy  tlicnisclves  merely 
to  demand  from  a  fourth  in  her  (.'istress  satisfaction  for  ^'riovances;  their  ob- 
ject is  to  c.Ntend  a  fiiendly  hand,  to  lift  M'itliout  hiimhlinj^.  Tiie  suspieioa 
that  they  will  impair  independence  is  ahsurd.  Tliey  come  to  see,  and  if  nccea- 
sary,  to  uphold  tho  ro;;eneration  of  JMcaIco;  to  be  j)rescnt  at  her  reorgani- 
zation, witiiout  in  any  wise  intcrferiu'j;  in  her  form  of  govcrumcut,  or  in  lar 
interi\al  administraLinn.  The  repuljlio  alone  nmst  decide  wliat  insLitutions 
aro  most  suitable  to  its  welfare,  etc.  Hidahjo,  ApuKten,  105;  Arraiujoiz,  Mij., 
iii.  21-2. 

'■''>  'riiey  pretended  that  monarchial  ideas  gained  ground  among  all  classes, 
ami  anxiously  awaited  the  arrival  of  the  forcif;n  troops.  IlidaJ(jo,  Apuiitcn, 
100-7.  Tliis  author,  a  rabid  monarchist,  pretends  tliat  Juai'ez  had  been  vir- 
tually sot  aside  by  Doblado,  wlio  was  feared  by  tlic  ultra  liberals,  being  sus- 
]iccted  of  favoring  the  intervention,  and  that  Juarez  was  prepniiug  to  lieu  to 
Zacatocas.  Tliis  assertion  was  false.  Juarez  on  tlio  S.'ith  of  January  issued 
n  stringent  decree,  eounlersigncd  by  Dobiado,  to  ])uuish  the  nation's  oilenders, 
death  i)eing  the  penalty.  Rici-ra,  Oob.  dc  Mc.c.,  ii.  G2S;  Arrunijor.,  MiJ..  iii. 
23;  Diibliiii  iiini  Lo-.uiio,  Lvij.  Mcx.,  i.\.  .'iG7-71,  'unc  loi  do  tcrreur.'  Xiox, 
Expad.  du  Mcx..  11. 


■■■^^ 


NEGOTIATION'S. 


30 


airy  dcpart- 
htciliu'ss  to 
''  TIio  r.> 
issiouers  to 
I  the  ti'ans- 
iita,  and  on 
Nvliioh  waa 
dier  ^lilann 
Joniinander 
British  oili- 
'crcd  to  tlio 
»ns. 

lends  of  in- 
tions  for  a 
)  answered 
ors  to  go  to 
>  men,  and 
d  two  coni- 
o  informed 

xp4d.  (Ill  Mrx., 

incipal  defrayed 
,  villi  interest, 
ail.,  ;J0.'J-(J;  Id., 
■li/iaiio,  i.  (iO-'i; 
ii.,  iiu.  71s,  \)2S, 
vi.,  ap.  1,  no. 
-9;  JJ^.c,  lUciH, 

smsclvcs  merely 
ilices;  tlieir  ob- 
Tiio  suspieioii 
■e,  ami  if  iieces- 
t  her  reorgaiii- 
iiiient,  or  in  her 
liat  inslitutioiia 
[rramjoiz,  M(j., 

long  all  classes, 
(la/ijo,  ApuiitcA, 
7.  luul  been  vir- 
rals,  bein^  sus- 
laring  to  Uec  to 
Jaiuuiry  iiisucil 
tion's  otl'eiulers, 
Kjor.,  Mij.,  iii. 
tcrreur.'  Niox, 


them  that  liis  cfovcrnmcnt  th')nt,dit  it  expedient  tlnifc 
tiir  rest  of  the  alhed  trooj)s  sliould  reiiinbark.'-'  This 
answer  was  eonveyed  by  /aniacona,  wlio  aecompanied 
the  allied  envoys  on  their  journey  back. 

Meantime  the  leactionary  leaders  were  tendering 
their  aceeptanee  of  and  serviees  to  the  intervention. 
Aliout  this  time  Almonte,  Padre  Miranda,  and  llaro 
y  Tamariz  landed  in  Vera  Cruz,  under  tlie  special  pro- 
tection of  the  French  commissioners.  Miramon  came 
on  the  27th  of  January  ui)on  the  British  fsteamiT 
Avon,  and  was  arrested  by  the  British  authorities  on 
one  of  their  frigates."^  A  little  later  he  was  ordered 
away,  and  returned  to  Ilabana. 

Zamacona  was  cordially  received  by  the  allied  pleni- 
'lotentiaries;  but  the  latter  refused  to  accede  to  ]Jo- 
'ado's  request,  and  on  the  2d  of  February  siguilied  to 
..lU  the  necessity  they  were  under  of  providing  a 
heaUhy  locality  for  their  troops,-''  and  their  intention 
of  marching,  about  the  middle  of  February,  toward 
Jidapaand  Orizaba,  where  they  hoped  to  meet  with 
a  cordial  reception.  After  some  furtlier  corres])ond- 
ence,  it  was  aijfreed  that  iJoblado  should  meet  I'rim 
on  the  18th,  which  was  done,  and  a  convention   was 

-'  It  vas  A  patisfaction,  ho  said,  tliat  tlie  llirec  great  powers  were  not 
banded  to  lendei'  fruilkss  in  a  single  day  a  frii'ndiy  ])eoiilo',-i  lieroic  eli'oits  of 
tlirie  years.  His  government  trusted  that  tliu  i]kni[)otentiaries  would  re- 
turn iiomc  tarrying  witli  them  the  evidence  of  Mexico's  jiaeilieation  IIuoul'Ii 
lil)eity  i'.nd  progress.  As  to  the  elaims,  all  just  ones  would  be  recogni.'.ed. 
Jle  would  not  insult  tlio  allies  iiy  sujiposing  that  they  had  other  views  tliaii 
those  set  forth  in  their  note.  The  object  of  asking  them  to  rei  inbarU  iind 
send  away  their  armies  was  to  give  legal  validity  to  the  arrangements  that 
niiglit  bo  eonsununated  at  Orizaba.  Arianiioiz,  Mij.,  iii.  ^'.i—l;  Siux,  Kxpc'l. 
(Ill  Mr.v.,  70- 7. 

'■'"When  in  Knropc  Miramon  visited  Spain,  and  it  was  supposed  placed 
himself  in  iiccord  with  that  government.  U.  S.  L'.rrr.  JJoc,  iSlil-'J.  His 
ei;miiig  with  .1  passport  under  an  assumed  name  had  been  annf)Uiiccd.  The 
J'.riti.sli  oiliciais  then  gave  notice  that  they  would  h;ivc  him  arrested,  oh  land- 
ing, for  hi  <  jiarlicipatioii  in  the  robbery  of  the  IJritish  legation.  Tlie  1  iculi 
ie[iic>cntalivcs  objected.  Prim  exerted  himself  to  avert  a  iiipturo  between 
t'.ie  l^iiglibh  and  I'rcnch.  It  was  then  arranged  that  -Miramon'.s  arrest  should 
be  bel'oic  his  landing.  NkiX,  Erpecf.  da  iMr.i:.  l');  La  Vozdr  M'j.,  L-iept.  (i, 
ISG'J.  Arrangoiz  claims  that  the  English  feared  Mirainon's  prestige  wouhl 
ujisct  Juair/.  in  a  few  days.  Mi'j.,  iii.  'Jo-li.  I'rim  wrote  his  govermiient  how 
much  trouble  the  incident  caused,  and  of  his  action  to  ]ireserve  harmony. 

'■"•The  S|iaui;uil.s  out  of  0,000  men.  had  now  oidy  4,0tM>  in  healthy  ccmdi- 
tion.  The  I'icnch  had  400  or  .WO  sick.  L'din'inil  an  minidre  dcs  ajj'airea 
ilnmijires  (IJ  Ixcrkr),  in  Siox,  Lxpal.  da  Mvx.,  SO. 


f 


40 


FOREIGN  INTERVENTION. 


sij^'iictl  ou  the  lOtli  of  the  saino  iiioiitli,  at  tlio  town 
ot"  La  Solodad,  as  a  pi'cliiuiiiary  of  the  negotiations 
about  to  be  entered  into.  Under  its  third  article  the 
alhed  forces  were  to  occup}'  Cordcjba,  Orizaba,  Tehua- 
can,  and  adjacent  country,  with  the  exi)ress  condition, 
stipuhited  in  the  fourth,  that  in  the  event  of  a  rup- 
ture of  the  negotiations  the  alhed  troops  were;  to  re- 
treat forthwith  to  the  lines  in  I'ront  of  the  Mexican 
defences  tinvard  Vera  Cruz,  designating  that  '»f  Paso 
Ancho  on  the  Cordoba  road,  and  Paso  do  vJvcjas  ou 
the  Jalapa  route.  Article  sixth  prescribed  that  on  the 
allied  trooj^s  beginning  their  march  pursuant  to  article 
third,  the  Mexican  Hag  was  to  be  hoisted  over  Vera 
Cruz  and  San  Juan  de  Uliia.  That  convention  was 
ratilied  by  Prim's  British  and  French  colleagues  on 
the  same  day,  and  by  Juarez  on  the  23d. ^'' 

Doblado's  diplomacy  on  that  occasion  has  1)cen 
justly  considered  a  master[)iece.  Under  the  pi'elimi- 
nary  convention  Juarez  was  fully  recognizetl,  together 
with  he  inde[)endence  and  sovereignty  of  Mexico,  as 
well  as  her  ability  to  manage  her  own  internal  afl'airs; 
the  Lond(jn  treaty  was  to  some  extent  nullilied,  ;>t 
least  in  s[)irit.  The  French,  in  order  to  carry  out 
their  schemes,  had  t(j  ignore  every  principle  of  honor 
and  decency,  failing  to  comply  with  the  stipulation 
that  bound  then),  slujuld  the  negotiations  bo  inter- 
rupted, to  rccross  the  river  Chiquihuite.  Saligny 
accused  the  ^lexicans  of  re]ieated  violations  jf  the 
convention,  but  he  was  not  overscrupulous  when  need- 
ing a  pretext  to  carry  out  the  purposes  of  his  crai'ty 
master.     Jurien  was  simply  his  satellite. 

The  Sjianish  troops  occupied  Cordoba  and  Orizaba, 
the  French  Tehuacan,  and  the  Ennlish  remained  in 
Vera  Cruz,  where  the  America'i  friu^ato  Potomac  sa- 
lut'>d  the  Mexican  Hag  on  its  being  hoisted.  Doblado 
obtained  other  advantages,  but  it   was  soon  noticed 

^'^  Mtix.,  Dn-f.-ho  hilcrti.,  Ist  jit,  fiO'.t-TO.");  />(:.  Vlda  de  ,/tiarrz,  2-_'7-8; 
liulaljo,  Ajiitiile-<y  lOS-IO;  Xiv.v,  L'j/kiI.  dii  Mu..  S,"»;  /Jiddua  ami  l.ozaiio, 
Li:;!,  .l/'.f.,  i\.  ;<S(j  S;  Jiuiiuv/ro,  liisl.  Prim,  y  Svij.  Coiiij.,  nos  70-1),  14ii; 
V/iyitoicil/i'ii  Fall  of  Mtij.:,  Ij^  [>, 


nUM  AND  LORENCEZ. 


41 


it  the  town 
iciiotiatioiis 

ait'u'lu  tlio 
iba,  Tchua- 
s  condition, 
t  of  a  rup- 
wcro  to  10- 
10  Mexican 
hat  'it  Paso 

Ovejas  on 

that  on  the 
Lnt  to  article 

over  \  era 
mention  was 
)ilcay;ues  on 

0 

n  has  been 
the  prolimi- 
ed, together 

Mexico,  as 
ernal  afl'airs; 

nulHticd,  iit 
o  carry  out 

le  of  honor 
stipukition 
ns  bo  iiiter- 
r.e.  Sahiyny 
tions  jf  the 
5  when  need- 
i)f  his  cral'ty 

and  Orizaba, 
remained  in 

Potoumc  sa- 
d.      Doblado 

oon  noticed 

lie  Jttnrrz,  2'J7-S; 
hiaa  and  l.ozinio, 
'J.,  uos  70-1),  143; 


t 


tliat  more  Spanisli  and  Fi'encli  troops  came.  On  tlie 
'JOlh  Prim  wrote  lii.s  ijovcrnmcnt  that  the  rcactionaiy 
jiai'ty  was  ahnost  anniliilatcd,  so  much  so  that  duriii;^ 
till'  two  nioiiths  the  alhed  forces  had  been  in  the 
country  no  sii.pi  of  such  a  paity  had  been  visible. 
Majijucz,  with  a  few  hundred  men,  it  was  true,  rc- 
Juscd  recognition  of  Juarez'  government;  but  his  at- 
titude was  not  that  of  an  assailant,  but  j-ather  that  ('f 
an  outlaw  liidiiiLi'  in  the  woods,  who  would  soon  have 
to  suljiiiit.  lie  added  that  the  hopes  entertained  by 
the  French  commissioners  of  a  facility  to  erect  a 
monarchy  were  fast  disa[)]»earin;^'  from  their  minds. 
'J'Ik;  monarcliial  element,  he  said,  was  iiisiLjhiiicant, 
and  lacked  the  energy  and  decisitni  which  occasionally 
U'ives  the  victory  to  minorities.""^  Early  in  ^larch 
(ujiieral  Comte  do  l^orencez  arrived  at  A'era  (.'ruz. 
I'rim  then  wrote  his  government  that  Loi'encez'  arri- 
Aal,  and  the  expected  coming  of  more  French  troops, 
liad  caused  great  alarm  to  the  ]MLxican  cabinet  and 
tiie  whole  liberal  party — an  alarm  \vlu(;h  was  auu- 
mciited  by  the  unre-served  assertions  in  the  Fi'ench 
journals  that  the  imperial  troops  liad  the  mission  t)f 
estaiilishing  a  throne  in  ]\Iexico,  and  of  })lacing  U[)on 
it  Maximilian  of  J  fapsbui'g.  He  feared  such  a  project 
might  bring  v\i  dilferences,  not  only  between  ^Le'xico 
and  l''rai!ce,  but  also  between  France  and  her  allies. 
'I'he  coining  of  Almontt'  and  his  reactionary  compan- 
ii'ns,  and  their  intention  of  occupying  (piaiters  in 
the  J'^reiK.-h  camp  to  prosecute  their  intrigues  undor 
I'lcnch  protection,  had  ])i'om})ted  the  ^Mexican  au- 
thoiities  toapprise  the  plenipotentiaries  (.f  theirdeter- 
mination  to  cause  the  capture  and  [)unislim.  lit  '.:','  the 
nation's  proscribed  enemies  entering  it  with  evil  in- 
tent. He  feaied  that  this  might  provoke  a  rupture 
of  existing  relations.''- 

" 'i  lie  iiiiinarchists  (Icctarcil  Prim  to  l>o  in  error  as  to  tlio  reactionary 
fti'cii;^tli,  as  Will  nH  t(j  tlic  luimlirr  of  tlirir  nartisiins.  Arran'ioi:.,  M>i.,  iii. 

"- !'ulil:iilii's   unto  of  Ajir.    .'M  i1i'1ii:ihi1(m1   that   AlinonU'  ami   ilio  ntliirs 
•  liouM   l>u  atiit  away  Iruiii  the  oui'utiy.     Tliu  Sixmish  uuil  Jjriutjii  were  iu 


i'1 


i  I 


i 

h 

1 

j 

\ 

42 


FOREIGN  IXTERVENTION. 


On  the  9th  of  April  the  allied  commissioners  had  a 
stormy  conference  at  Orizaba,  the  French,  or  rather 
Sali<J:n^ ,  clearly  indicatin<if  a  hio^h-handed  course,  ii>;- 
noriiig  the  London  convention  of  October  31,  18GI, 
f»s  well  as  that  of  La  Soledad  of  February  10,  ]8G2."^ 
On  tile  same  day  Minister  Doblado  was  notiiied  that 
in  consequence  of  differences  resj)ecting  the  construc- 
tion of  the  treaty  of  October  3 1st,  the  Spanish  and 
]>ritish  representatives  had  resolved  to  reembark  their 
forces;  after  which  the  French  army  would  concentrate 
at  Paso  Ancho,  probably  by  April  20th,  and  I'orthwith 
undertake  operations.  Doblado,  in  his  reply  of  April 
11th,  found  unjustifiable  the  course  of  the  French, 
and  enerL,''eticaliy  expressed  the  determination  of  ]\Iex- 
ico  to  defend  herself  to  the  last  extremity,  repelling 
force  with  force,  and  freely  spilling  her  blood  for  the 
two  great  blessings  achieved  during  the  century, 
independence  and  reform.  Commending  the  action 
of  the  Spanish  and  English  representatives,  he  sig- 
nified the  readiness  of  his  (government  to  conclude 
treaties  with  them  for  the  settlement  of  all  pending 
(juestions.^*  General  Prim  "vould  not  tarry  in  JMcxico 
long  enough  to  conclude  a  treaty;  but  one  was  en- 
tered into  by  Doblado  with  Wyko  and  Dimlop,  and 
I'atified  by  Juarez,  intended  to  settle  the  disputes  witii 
England,  but  it  was  more  oppressive  than  the  one 
made  by  Zamacona  which  the  congress  rejected.^'' 

favor  of  accciling.  The  Frenc!\  tlioucjlit  otherwise,  answering  that  Almonte 
Mils  ou'rn'^o '.  by  the  emperor  ou  a  n)issioii  of  peace.  Zamacui)!,  JJi^t.  J/'J., 
xvi.  110  Vj. 

^^  A  cujiy  of  the  minntcs  of  this  conference  maybe  seen  in  Arratiiioiz, 
M'iJ.,  iii.  -lO-'iS;  llklahjo,  Apund'^,  1"J.'>-U4.  \iox,  r.xp'il.  da  Mr.r.,  I'JJ  (1, 
J.">.'>-(!,  h;i3  a  synopsis.  See  also  Lrjcrre,  Me.c.  it  L'Intcn:,  A'l\;  Id.,  J)oc. 
Maxtmitiaiio,  i.  ]!(i)-'207. 

"'The  above  proposal  was  made  known  to  tho  French,  who  <leclinO(l  to 
avail  1hcm>elvi'3of  tlic  simie  jirivilege.  Doblado.  in  a  jirivatc  letter  to  I'riin, 
urged  liiin  toacccpt  hij  ollicial  oiler,  in  which  case  ho  would  visit  Orizaba  and 
meet  him  and  his  luiglisli  collc.iLiiu's.  Arriimjor.,  Mi  J.,  iii.  til-.">;  Lihcrf, 
Jhx\  Miix'nail'inur),  i.  "JJO-T;  Jjithlaii  and  Luzmio,  Leij.  Mex.,  ix.  4'Jl(-;iO; 
A'io.r,  Ex/iilil.  (In  Mrx.,  14(i-.")'J;  Miin'ra,  Rd.,  M.S.,  1. 

"''To  (liiluin  tiic  money  for  iinmediato  paynn'iits.  Mexico  made  a  t.-caty 
uith  the  U.  S.,  whieli  «ms  to  leml  eleven  million  dollars;  a  treiity  th  t  satis- 
lieil  the  Ihitish  plenipotcntiaiics,  but  whica  their  goveinmcnt  used  an  a  pre- 
text for  refusing  to  ratify  their  action.  No/iitro,  /liH.  !atri<j.  Euroi>,,  '2v2, 


L 


ENGLAND  AND  SPAIN  KECEDE. 


43 


ionors  had  n, 
h,  or  rather 
I  course,  ig- 
or  31.  18GI, 
r  19,  ]8G2."' 
lotified  that 
10  con.striic- 
^pauisli  and 
njbark  their 
concentrate 
d  ibrthwith 
)ly  of  April 
he  French, 
ion  of  Mex- 
y,  repehinof 
ood  tor  the 
10  century, 
the  action 
.'^es,  he  si<j- 
o  conclndo 
nil  pendin''' 
'  ni  jMexieo 
lie  was  en- 
'unlop,  and 
;putes  with 
n  tlie  one 
icted.^'' 


J  that  Almonte 
'At^,  Uisi.  Ml  J., 

in  Arraii'ioh, 
■I  M<'.v.,  l-jj-O, 
4124;  /(/.,  J)oc. 

lio  declined  to 
kttor  to  J'riin, 
<itOrizali;i  ••iikI 
lil-.">;  Lifi'crp, 
■.,   ix.  4-Jll-;iO; 

ii.ado  a  t.-f,ity 
lUy  tli't  f-atis- 
uscd  iiH  a  pre- 
tirop,,  '2i2, 


Doblado  liad  expected  no  sucli  solution  of  the  difli- 
cukit's.  His  plan  had  been  to  dally  with  the  plenipoten- 
tiai'ies  till  the  season  of  heat  came  with  its  heavy  rainn 
and  yellow  fever  to  play  havoc  with  the  allied  troops. 
In  the  mean  time  his  government  might  make  prep- 
araticni;  it  might  secure  the  intervention,  or  at  least 
the  metliation,  of  the  United  States,  which  the  allies 
^\ould  deem  it  the  part  of  prudence  to  lieed;  as,  ac- 
conHug  to  news  i'rom  Washington,  the  government 
was  on  the  point  of  triumphing  over  the  southern 
states  in  rebellion. 

The  French  plenipotentiaries  tendered  their  ships 
to  convey  the  Spanish  troops  to  Cuba,  which  Prim 
coui'teously  declined;  and  on  the  22d  of  April  re- 
embarked  them  on  British  ships  for  Ilabana,  to 
which  port  he  proceeded  on  the  Spanish  war  steamer 
Ulloa.  He  remained  there  a  lew  daj's,  and  retuiiied 
to  S[)ain  by  way  of  the  United  States,  The  Spanish 
government,  which  had  disai)|)roved  in  detail  what 
J*rim  liarl  done,  was  pleased  with  his  conduct  in  retir- 
ing from  Mexico,  and  so  declared  in  the  senate  aiid 
rongress  of  deputies,  recognizing  that  he  had  faith- 
fully construed  the  policy  and  instructions  of  his  gov- 
ernment.^*' The  British  government  also  approved 
the  rupture.  The  In'^t  instructions  of  the  French 
cabinet  brought  cut  by  the  comte  do  Lorencez  and 
the  increase  of  iin})erial  forces  in  Mexico,  together 
with  till'  o})en  encouragement  given  to  the  conserva- 
tive and  monarchial  element,  cleai'ly  showed  its  deter- 
mination to  demand  serious  and  lastinu'  Lruarantees 
iVom  jlexico,  and  to  root  out  from  her  soil  repubh- 

'''Tlic  suliject  was  warmly  debated  in  both  houses  of  the  Spanisii  cartes, 
M  ith  llio  riKult  above  stated,  and  villi   Prim's  goveniment  af,siiuiiiig  tiio  re- 


iliilitv  lor  liis  eourse.   Curtvii,  J>inrio  L 


oiiiiirso,  11.,  no. 


IS'-',  47.">-(i:  iv.,  no. 


ill,   1m;.".;  no.  ",).■>,  1SS.1;  no.  US,   l!)4:.'-,")ti;  no.  104,  'Ji.(il)-7;  v.,  no.  I'Jit,  SASO; 


•240'. 


KiS,   lUl-5;  no.    140.  L'SOl;  no.  141.  'JSO.VT;  n 


I4-' 


no.  )4.'{,  'JS.'i.'i-T;   Jd.,  JJiario  SiikhIo,  ii.,  no.  70,  S7^;  ih).  yl,  (toti; 
no.  85,  !i!l|-'J;  ap.,  no.  85,  101-.");  no.  l»r>,  irj;{.     'J'iio  qiueii  also  manifested 


Ikt  1,1 
J'rini,  Jji 


An 


iijoiz,  J/e/.,  iii.  84-,");  JJoc  Diplnm.  Goh.  !:.•</>. '^('ii.,  l-'Jiij 


Si  It.  hn/K.  1  -'Jd.     Tlio  Mexican  nation,  tli 


'li  it 


s  eoii'Tess, 


tliaiilicd  the  Sjj.inisli  ami  Uiitish  coinnii.^sionei.s  for  their   liiendly  coun 
Jiuvnrvstro,  Hid.  Lcij.  Cuinj.  CoiwlUu:'.,  ii.  102. 


44 


FOREIGN  INTERVENTION. 


canism,  which  Napoleon  and  his  sycophants  callot] 
anarchy.  The  French  plenipotentiaries  «o  understood 
it,  and  proceeded  to  carry  out  the  predetermined 
measure.  On  the  IGth  of  April  they  issued  a  j)rocla- 
inntion  at  Cordoba,  callinj^  on  all  Mexicans  friendly 
to  the  intervention  to  join  their  standard,  diselainiiuij 
any  intent  to  wajj^e  war  on  the  Mexicans  as  a  nation, 
and  declaring  it  a  piece  of  absurdity  to  believe  that 
tjje  government,  born  of  ])()pular  suffrage,  of  one  of 
the  most  liberal  nations  in  Europe,  could  ever  pretend 
to  establish  among  a  foreign  people  old  abuses  antl 
institutions  incompatible  with  the  present  age.  They 
appealed  to  Mexicans  tt)  Ijc  the  instruments  of  their 
own  salvation;  they  wanted  justice  i'or  all,  and  that 
without  the  necessity  of  imposing  it  by  arms.  And 
yet,  while  trying  to  make  the  Mexicans  believe  they 
luul  their  future  destiny  in  their  own  hands,  the  pleni- 
j)t)tentiaries  reminded  them  of  tlie  presence  of  the 
French  flag  ilrndy  planted  in  ^Mexico,  never  to  recede, 
and  woe  betide  those  who  might  attempt  to  assail  it.^' 
The  next  day  a])peared  Almonte's  manifesto  calling 
on  his  countrymen  to  have  faith  in  French  assur- 
ances, and  to  unite  their  ell'orts  with  his  to  secure 
what  he  deemed  a  proper  government.^^ 

On  the  '21st  of  March  the  reactionary  leader  An- 
tonio Taboada  came  to  the  French  cam])  at  Tehua- 
can,  reporting  his  escaj)e  from  a  I'epublican  cavalry 
i'orce,  and  that  General  jManuel  Kobles  Pezuela,  who 
had  left  the   capital  with  him,  was  a  prisoner,  and 


"  '  Ticncn  on  siis  mriiios  la  sucrtc  de  Mtfjico;  cl  pabellon  franc(f3  sc  lui 
jilantiido  I'll  (1  .suelu  inciii'aiio;  cstu  palicllon  hd  retrucedoni.  Que  his  Imiiiliifs 
tic  jiiii.il)  Id  acDJau  como  iin  pabellim  ;ulli^'^);  que  los  inscnsalo^  so  atrcv:  n  I'l 
atacailo.'  Le  Truit  (VUiiiou,  ap.  'Jl-:24,  IStW;  Arrutiijrnz,  McJ.,  iii.  !>+-(!; 
yio.f,  Ej-jii'd.  ilii  Mix.,  10l-;i'J;  J'omcro,  I/i-it.  lidrhj.  Kiirop.,  \M-i\,  l(;(t-.">; 
('liiliioir((li\<i  Fall  of  Max.,  ;i7-8.  AiTai)'.;iiii',  (juiutly  remarks  on  tlie  [laiiicu- 
lar  liariiiony  existing  liotwetu  tlio  last  |ihi'ase.s,  and  tlio  suljsequeiit  dtpartiuo 
of  the  Fieiu'li  troo{.a  fiODi  Mexican  soil,  'do  donde  no  habia  do  retroceder 
el  pabellon  IrancOa.' 

'"  '  Un  gobierno  tal  eoino  conviene  (i  nuestra  indole,  necesidades  y  ereenciaa 
religiosas.'  Buciiioslro,  Hid.  I'rini.  y  So/.  Voicj.,  olil-'J;  Amiiiijoiz,  McJ.,  iii. 
US. 


THE  WAR  BEGINS. 


45 


bants  calloc] 
'  unclcr.stoocl 
itlctcrnnnod 
ed  a  ])r(x.']a- 
iii.s  fiicndly 
diselaimiiii/ 
as  a  nation, 
believe  that 
3,  of  one  of 
vcr  pretend 
abuses  and 


a<^-e. 


TJiey 


its  of  their 
11,  and  that 
rins.  And 
elievc  they 
5,  the  j)leni- 
)nco  of  the 
r  to  recede, 
o  assail  it.^' 
;sto  call  in  l;- 
neh  assar- 
>  to  secure 


eador  A.11- 
at  Tehu;i- 
311  cavalry 
zuela,  who 
sonor,  and 


franc(?s  so  lu) 
uc  I'w  lidiiilifc'^ 
OS  so  atrcv.'ii  I'l 
liij.,  iii.  (l4-(i; 
,  lM-5,  ](M--,; 
111  the  particu- 
iciit  (Ii'jiarturo 
I  du  ictioceilor 

Jcs  y  crcencias 
ujoiz,  Mij.,  iii. 


would  1)0  shot.  Tlie  fact  was,  that  Rohles  had  vio- 
lated Iiis  ])led,Ljed  word  to  the  goveriunent,  anil  ac- 
coni[»anied  Taboada  on  his  journey  to  the  allied 
quarters,  lie  was  tried,  convicted  of  treason,  and 
sliot  on  the  23d  of  March,  at  San  Andres  Chalchi- 
coniula.*' 

'["here  is  a  ])lacc  known  as  Escamcla,  close  to  a 
ravine,  the  od«^c  of  which  is  called  El  Fortln.  The 
French  rear  arrived  at  this  latter  place,  which  was 
covered  l>y  two  small  squadrons  of  horse,  belonging 
to  Porllrio  Diaz'  brigade  stationed  at  Escauiela.  In 
this  position  200  French  cavalry  and  as  many  zouaves 
charged  upon  an  advanced  Mexican  force,*""  which 
gallantly  bore  the  brunt,  three  fourths  of  their  tuun- 
ber  being  killed  or  wounded.  This  was  the  lirst 
J-'ivnch  victoiy  of  the  war,  and  occurred  before  Prim's 
d.eparture.  On  Diaz  a[)prising  Zaragoza  at  Orizaba 
of  the  occurrence,  neither  he  nor  Prim  felt  disposed 
to  give  it  credence.  However,  Zaragoza  repaired  to 
Escamcla,  and  soon  convinced  himself.  A  squadron 
ot'  Oajaca  lancers  kept  hindering  the  enemy's  march, 
a. id  a  Ilea vy  guard  covered  the  road  leading  to  the 
lilscamela  [)lain.  Diaz  took  personal  command  of 
this  guard  to  protect  the  entrance  to  the  plain,  while 
Zaratjcoza  with  the  briirade  and  train  countermarcjied 
to  Orizaba,  where  Diaz  soon  rejoined  him.  Together 
they  continued  the  march  to  YA  Ingenio,  where  they 
passed  the  night.  ]Mean while  the  French  repossessed 
themselves  of  Orizaba,  which  they  had  evacuated 
some  days  before,  in  pursuance  of  the  terms  of  the 
Sok'dad  convention. ■^^     The    reason    alleged    for  this 

■''•' Rolilos  had  aocpptod  Juarc/'  aiiiiipsty,  and  was  living  niulisturlx'd  at 
OuaiKijuati),  under  ( iovi'fiior  ])()l)la(li/s  pixitection.  -Uimn  Odlihulo  hi'inj,' ap- 
piiinti'il  I'hii'f  of  tlio  oabini't,  KoIjIos  «as  allowed  to  go  to  Mi'xici)  on  coiidi- 
tiiiii  nf  keeping  (juiet.  JSut  lie  opened  correspondence  with  Alniontt;  and 
Miranda,  and  heing  detecteil,  was  ordered  to  go  on  ins  parole  to  liv(^  in  Soni- 
lirerete,  Zaeatceas.  Instead  of  jonrneying  to  tlio  nortii,  lie  atteniptcil  lo  join 
the  foreign  invaders.  Lr/crrc,  JJoc.  MiLcimiriaiio,  i.  'JOO.  He  left  a  reeoni- 
iivnulalioii  to  liis  eountryiijcu  to  accept  the  foieign  aid  to  establish  a  good, 
ouicrly  governnicnt. 

'\^aid  to  Ik;  unly  of  40  men.  Diaz.  Uw;].,  20. 

"  They  were  to  eomniit  no  act  of  hostility  tUl  they  liad  passed  'las  cum- 
tu-es  de  Atoyac  y  Cliiiiuihuite.'  Uiuz,  Datus  Uloij.,  MS.,  1J5. 


i  il 


■  \ 


ill 


I  il 


ll 


48 


FoiiEiGX  intervention:. 


violation  of  the  treaty  was,  that  a  letter  had  been  re- 
ceived from  Zaragoza  indicatin<(  that  the  safety  of 
some  400  sick  French  soldier^^  in  that  town  was  en- 
dangered, which  was  purely  subterfuge.*' 

Ahnonte  sent  emissaries  into  the  interior  to  under- 
mine the  loyalty  of  the  troops  and  circulate  revolu- 
tionary plans,  and  had  himself  proclaimed  president 
by  Taboada  and  others  at  a  pronunciamicnto  in  C6r- 
doba."  Orizaba  seconded  the  movement  the  next 
day;  and  then  Almonte,  who  had  accepted  the  role 
assigned  him,  his  ministers  Colonel  Gonzalez,  Manuel 
Castellanos,and  Desiderio  Samaniego,  Padre  INIiranda, 
and  Haro  y  Tamariz,  repaired  to  that  city.  The  plan 
was  also  adopted  by  the  city  of  Vera  Cruz,  and  by 
Alvarado,  Isla  del  Carmen,  and  other  places."  On 
the  27th,  by  order  of  Almonte  and  Lorencez,  Taboada 
left  Cordoba  for  Orizaba  with  300  Mexican  cavalry, 
and  tlic  next  da}'  the  French  division,  0,000  strong, 
started  on  its  march  to  Puebla.  On  the  sunnnit  of 
Acultzingo  was  posted  a  repubUcan  force  of  2,000 
men,  according  to  a  liberal  authority,  or  of  4,000,  as 

*-  Z:iragoza  wrote  Lorencez  that  the  Frcncli  sick  in  the  hospitals  of  Ori- 
zaba were  under  ^Icxicau  protection,  and  tliei'cfore  needed  no  French  gnard. 
He  discovered  aftcrwanl  tli;it  lie  liad  eironcnualy  talvcn  tor  a  guard  a  number 
of  convalescents,  vlio  Mere  going  'witli  their  anna  from  one  hospital  to 
another,  and  wrote  again  to  correct  his  error,  assuring  Lorencez  that  the  best 
care  would  bo  bestowed  on  his  men.  Diirio  JJcbafcs  3  Cuiij.,  ii.  37;  JJhiz, 
Poriiilo,  li'io'j.,  -:';  Bufiirosl,-,),  JJi^t.  I'rim.  ij  Sr<i.  Coixj-,  ;!-»-:U.  The 
French  general  answered  him  in  a  friendly  manner,  all  the  while  resolved  to 
reoccujiy  Orizaba,  on  tiio  plea,  as  ho  w  rote  tiie  plenipotentiaries,  that  three 
of  liis  polJiera  had  been  killetl  in  the  environs  of  the  French  camp.  Nio.v, 
Expnl.  dii  Mrx.,  1117  -U);  Arrniirj(,h,  Mij.,  iii.  GO. 

"Tlioacta,  dated  April  HUh,  contained  four  articles.  The  first  denied 
the  authority  of  Juarez;  the  second  recognized  Almonte  as  suiiremc  chief 
of  the  iepui)lio  and  of  t lie  forces  .':iipporting  it;  the  third  authorized  him  to 
arrange  with  the  French  ollicials  for  convoking  an  assembly  to  establish  a 
govermnent;  the  fourth  expiesscd  fidl  trust  in  Almonte,  whose  services  they  de- 
clared most  urgent.  /</.,  iii.  O'J-70;  Lc  Trait  (rUiiiou,  Apr.  30,  1S(J'2;  Ali^x., 
Mi'iii.  Jlac'imda,  1870,  r)t3;  La  Voz  du  M(j.,  .Tune  10,  1S(J'2;  iVi'o.r,  E.cpid.  da 
MfX.,  l.'i"2-.">;  J.efcvre,  Mcx.  ct  L'Iidiri'.,4VJ,  Tliatacla  showed  the  signatures 
of  the  proirdnent  residents,  among  them  those  of  a  number  of  Spaniards  and 
others,  who  afterward  publicly  made  known  that  their  signatures  had  been 
afipeniled  thereto  without  their  know  ledge.  Their  letters  were  given  to  the 
pulilio  in  £1  Sinlo  A'/A'.,  and  mny  also  be  seen  in  Lrjccre,  Doc.  Maxim'diano, 
i.  l23;>-.'i,  and  Lc/rrrr,  ^f<x.  et  L'/iit(ri\,  4,")'J. 

**  Manuel  M.  Serrano  was  made  governor  of  Vera  Cruz  and  "Well  coman- 
daute  general.     Mariu  became  comandauie  general  of  Isla  del  Carmen, 


CIN'CO  DE  MAYO. 


47 


had  boon  re- 
lic safety  of 
)wn  was  en- 

ior  to  undor- 
datc  revolu- 
ed  president 
onto  in  C6i- 
it   the  next 
;cd  the  rolo 
ilez,  Manuel 
h-e  Miranda, 
.     The  plan 
'ruz,  and  by 
lacL's."     On 
;ez,  Taboada 
can  eavahy, 
,000  stronjr, 
3  summit  of 
2Q  of  2,000 
of  4,000,  as 


liospitala  of  Ori- 
10  French  guaril. 
.  giuinl  a  miinber 
one  liospital  to 
\wz.  that  the  best 
'[/■<  ii-  37;  JJlaz, 
'.,;«)-:!  1.  The 
.  liilo  resolved  to 
iiios,  that  three 
di  eamp.  j\7o.i-, 

Phc  first  denied 
supreme  ehief 
ithorized  liini  to 
ly  to  establish  a 
serviccijthcyde- 
iO,  1SG'_>;  Jlh'x., 
N  io.r,  L'-rpid.  da 
^dthesi^'nalui-es 
i  Spaniards  and 
ituica  had  been 
:'ro  given  to  tho 
;.  MaximUiano, 

d  Well  coman- 

Carmen. 


asserted  by  an  interventionist,  to  prevent  the  passage 
of  the  Froiich,  who  (U^fcated  that  purpose,  the  Mexi- 
cans retreating  to  Ixtapa.  On  the  2d  of  May  tho 
French  army  and  the  troops  under  Taboathi  reached 
Amozoc,  and  on  the  4th  i)itchetl  their  camp  in  sight 
of  Puebla,  Ltn'oncez  resolving  to  assail  the  city  on 
the  next  day.*^ 

The  ]\[L'xican  army  had  continued  its  retreat  by 
way  of  Palmar,  Acatzingo,  and  Tepeaca  to  Puebla, 
where  it  ariivcd  on  the  3d  of  May.*"  On  the  4th 
Arteaga's  division,  now  under  conunand  of  Genei-al 
Negrete — its  own  commander  being  incajnieitated  for 
active  service  by  a  wound — occupied  the. Guadalupe; 
and  Lorcto  forts.  The  other  forces  took  up  quarters 
in  the  city,  while  the  French  passed  the  night  in 
Amozoc. 

At  4  o'clock  in  the  morning  of  the  ever-memorablo 
5th  of  ^lay,  the  Oajaea  division,  temi)orarily  com- 
manded by  Porfirio  Diaz,  was  stationed  at  the  end  of 
the  street  leadinjx  to  Azcarate's  brick-kiln,  on  tho 
Amozoc  road.  The  San  Luis  brigade  was  placed  on 
the  left  of  that  division,  excepting  its  corps  of  mounted 
carbineers,  which  was  on  the  right  in  the  rear  t)f  tho 
biick-kiln.  On  tlie  left  of  the  Reinedios  chapel,  and 
between  it  and  the  Guadalu[)e  fort,  the  T(jluca  bri- 
gade under  Perrioziibal  took  its  position.  The  squadr-ou 
of  lancers  of  this  briu'ade  ioined  tho  cavalry  at  the 
brick-kiln,  under  Colonel  Alvarez.  General  I'jscobedo 
remained  within  the  city  in  conunand  of  Tapia's  brig- 
ade, whose  commander  had  been  appointed  governor 
ol'  the  state.  In  front  of  the  line  formed  by  tho 
Oa.jaca  division  and  tho  Tolucaantl  San  Luis  biigatles 

*' Wo  are  told  that  Almonte  and  Haro  ad  ia  d  tho  French  goncral  to  at- 
tack an  orchard  of  the  convento  del  C.irincn,  o|»pobito  the  t'ortilicd  hci^'hta  of 
(juaddapc  and  Lorcto,  which  \\i\'i  not  <l(inc.  'J'liey  lia^  previously  expressed 
thiMipiuion  that  Lorenccz  shouhl  let  l'uel)la  aloiV'  '  .1  march  on  Mexico, 
uhich  iic\,ould  find  defcncclc<s.  Tin  y  thouL,'iit  that  much  lih)odshed  and 
loss  of  time  would  thereby  be  saved.  .t/v«/iyo/,:,  J/c}'.,  iii.  71;  JJidalijo, 
Apniit.,  I  17. 

*''  \\  hilc  till)':!'  mi,'-oment»  were  goin;^  on,  the  I'cactiiniists,  under  Marquez, 
Beuaviuca,  t'uhos,  and  v.-thcrs,  were  maruudin''  in  the  district  of  AlUxco. 


I    ffl 


I  i 


'^  I 


!  f 


48 


FOr.Einx  IXTERVENTION. 


Avns  ])l;u'0(l  a  fiulil-ljattciry;  niid  400  steps  in  tlio  van 
Mas  stationed  the  San  Luis  hattaliuii  of  rillemeii. 
Tlie  lest  of  the  artillery  was  in  the  Guadalupe  and 
Lorcto  forts,  and  in  the  city.  This  arm  was  in  chai'go 
of  ]io<lriL,^uez. 

Soon  after  tlio  !^[(•xiean   forees  had  taken  up  their 
])ositions  the   (Mieniy's  vlivision  advanced,   and   when 


"^Kancho  lie  U  IrhiiJuJ 


y^'MiPf 


^.r/ 


Oi„lt/,.ik,'>"s, 


CEBRoT)C-*MALk.CAS  »...      >      ] 

■     "■   IV     .i:: 

Cainj-amcnto 


■/•S//Q.  '"<»/    3,V'(iWA3ALUPE 

t^/'r-^}-^:p^^        J£\f  /      Sn"- '-'  "'^^ 

i^-V.;^'^''^       l--"'"'i"'*<i^V      S-KI'-^'!i:i^ -^ MS^     .lr,..-l,.n.l:.  Jo 


; •/?,        V ^  l..^ill.ri. lit     -:  .'.    .  ■ 


:5i??^m^.///^M 


jMgUutt^gS 


tfi^riVu  ih  XLfffiicAiia«a'lt 


SCALE  OF  METFRS 

m.  t^     ^      f.^     L=i     ,^ 


TOTOLTEPEOV^j :  .. 


Cisco  db  Mayo  ]}ATTLii-(!KOLNi>. 

Explanation:  heavy  liuos  represent  Mexican  forces;  light  lines,  l''rcnch; 
A,  1st  position  of  botli  armies;  15,  '2(1  position;  C,  3il  position:  D,  liuul  posi- 
tion of  Freneh. 

opposite  the  Guadalupe  fort  halted  and  planted  its 
batteries  to  l)lay  upon  it  and  the  Loreto.  After  a 
brisk  cannonade  of  t\^'o  hours,  a  strong  column,  pre- 
ceded by  sharp-shooters,  advanced  upon  Guadalupe  by 
the  northern  side.  Berriozabal  was  then  ordered  to 
reenforce  the  two  hills/'     A  portion  of  the  cavalry 

"  With  tho  infantry  of  his  brigade  and  the  llefonna  battalion.  Dial, 
liio<j.,  32. 


'm 


i;i:i'UL.SE  OF  TUE  FllENCII. 


40 


n  tlic  vail 

ritk'inon. 

uhilx'  .'uid 

in  cliaiyo 

I  lip  their 
iiid  wliou 


,♦' >-*«.7;^v.,, 

IAHJCAf)\lJite,    t     ' 

■  ji"'*";*^'"- 


ikI.-i  il^l 


v  l/////x;t.'»^-- 


PS,  French; 
liiial  iiosi- 


itod  its 
After  a 
nil,  i)rc- 
iluj)e  by 
lered  to 

cavalry 

ion.   Diaz, 


f 
4 


was  diviiled  into  two  bodies,  one  of  whi-li  was  jilaced 
uii<l(  r  (\»lnnel  Alvarez,  and  tlie  other  under  Colonel 
Trnjaiio;  the  rest  of  that  arm  Colonel  Felix  Diaz 
eoinniandt-'tl. 

'J'he  Frenel)  in  their  ascent  cxpcrionced  little  oppo- 
sition and  but  few  ca.suaUies  iVoni  the  fort's  j;nns, 
owin;^'  to  the  uiuhilations  of  the  around.  They  had 
acfoiiiplished  more  than  one  half  the  ascent,  when 
thiy  were  met  by  two  battalions  <;f  Mexican  ini'antry, 
v.hiili,  after  an  exchange  of  shots  with  tho  enemy's 
sliar[»-shooters,  returned  to  their  position.  The  assail- 
ants continued  the  ascent,  wliile  the  Mexican  cavalry, 
tmdei'  cover  of  a  maguey-lield,  remained  still;  the 
infantry,  e([ually  protected,  keeping  up  a  brisk  tiro. 
'i'Jii'  ascciidiiiLi:  cohunn  had  l>y  this  time  turned  diag- 
onally  toward  the  right,  as  if  to  go  up  between  tho 
(Juadalupe  and  Jjoreto.  The  two  forts  tlien  opened 
tire  to  sonu!  ad\  anta'»e.  The  French  now  found  them- 
selves  assailed  from  all  quarters  by  infantry  and 
tavahy,  antl  com[)elled  to  retreat  liurriedly  and  in 
(hsorder,'*''  [>ursned  some  distance  by  the  cavahy  and 
infantry,  liut  the  pursuit  was  discontinued  on  tlie 
approach  of  another  French  column  to  tho  support  of 
tlie  defeated. 

Tlie  two  columns  now  pushed  on  together  toward 
the  Cuadalupe  and  llesurreccion  cha})el,  to  protect 
which  [)ositions  they  were  duly  reenforced.  The  sec- 
ond attack  on  the  east  and  north  sides  was  made  in 
three  bodies,  and  it  was  much  more  viijcorous  than 
the  ih'st.  The  two  which  attempted  an  assault  on 
the  north  side  w'ero  com[)IeteIy  routed,  and  the  third 
reached  the  east  side  just  as  the  others  were  repulsed, 
and  faieil  alike.*'  Tho  cavalry  then  charged  upon 
vlie  cii^conitlted  assailants,  and  prevented  their  reor- 
ganizing lor  further  attempt. 

"The  lattalinns  3il  of  Toluea,  Fijo  ilo  Vera  Cruz,  Zac.ipoaxtia,  and  To- 
tela,  iiii.l  Ah. 11 1/.'  cavalry,  took  part  in  tlic  action. 

*■*  X:ijamj/a,  in  lii.s  ollicial  ile-sputch  to  the  war  department,  says,  '  Trcs  car- 
tas liriMoas  ijt'ciitaion  lus  franeeses,  y  eii  las  tics  fueron  recliazailoscon  valor 
>di-uula.l.'  Jjhi-.  /',„■/.,  Jiioij.,  37-y;  Zurumui,  IMigum  de  PuMa,   1-lU: 

iUbl.  .Mi.\.,  \oL.  VI.    1 


50 


FOREIGN  INTERVENTION. 


r 


r,) 


During  the  lioat  of  the  fight  on  the  hill,  a  no  less 
severe  struggle  took  ]>lace  upon  the  plain  on  tlie 
right  forming  Zaragoza's  front.  General  Diaz,  with 
portions  of  his  hrigade  and  other  troops,  and  two 
pieces  of  artillery,  checked  and  drove  away  the  French 
cclunin  which  was  inarchinsr  aijainst  the  Mexican 
positions.  This  column,  like  those  repulsed  from  tlu- 
(jiuadalupe,  retreated  to  the  hacienda  San  Jose  Hen 
teri'a,  where  preparations  were    made    for  dciencc. 

The  two  armies  faced  each  other  till  7  o'clock  in 
the  evening,  when  the  French  returned  to  their  camp 
at  Los  Alamos,  and  thence  back  to  Orizaba  on  the 
8th,'''  there  to  await  recnforcements  which  were  on 
the  wav  from  France. 

This  success  fdled  the  government  and  its  supporters 
with  high  hopes.  Zaragoza  received  the  thanks  ot 
congress,  and  afterward  his  delighted  countrymen  pre- 
sented him  a  sword.  Honors  and  rewards  weie  de- 
creed to  the  officers  and  men  who  took  part  in  the 
action.  Berriozixbal,  Negrete,  Diaz,  and  the  rest,  for 
tlicir  gallant  conduct,  received  their  meed  of  [)raise.^- 

Zaragoza  sent  the  government  the  medals  and  deco- 
rations found  on  the  battle-field,  as  well  as  those  taken 
Irom  the  prisoners;  but  Juarez  returned  them  and 
liberated  the  prisoners,  sending  to  the  I^rcnch  lines 
the  well  ones  first,  and  the  sick  and  wounded  after 

Prirz,  Dice.  Geoij.,  ii.  .'')3G-43;  Mnnrro,  R<1.,  MS.,  1;  Dlnz,  Datos  Bio;;.,  ^IS., 
155-7.S;  JJiiciiroKtro,  Jiixf.  Prim,  y  Scrj.  Con;/.,  S.SS-'IG,  S()4. 

"'" Zani<;oz;v  added  that  owiiij^  to  the  a))Soace  of  O'Horan's  and  Curbajal's 
brigades  tent  against  tlio  reactionists  at  Atlixco  and  Matarnoros,  his  fone 
was  smaller  than  the  enemy's,  for  which  reason  he  had  not  attempi-ed  to  at- 
tack,    (len.  Diaz  followed  the  retreating  enemy  nntil  recalled. 

^'Niox,  Expiil.  da  Mi'x.,  1jIJ-07,  gives  the  French  account  of  the  mili- 
tary ofiprations,  setting  the  French  loss  at  47G  men,  of  whom  'M't  were  sicl; 
and  wounded;  and  that  only  two  sound  men  fell  into  the  enemy's  hands. 
Zaragoza  in  his  report  of  the  9th  says  that  though  he  could  not  give  the  e.xuct 
number  of  tiio  French  casualties,  they  exceeded  1,000  killed  and  woundril, 
and  8  or  10  prisoners.  Niox  states  the  Mexican  loss  to  have  heea  8li  killeil, 
\',i2  wounded,  and  12  missing.  The  Mexican  report  gives  S7  killed,  1-iJ 
wounded,  and  12  missing. 

^'Tho  particulars  may  bo  found  in  Diaz,  MS.;  Diihlnv  und  Lor.ano,  L( j. 
Mer.,  ix.  41.S,  4r)8-9,  5GI-2;  Jhtcnroxtro,  Iliit.  Prim,  y  Sri/.  Cuii;/.,  ."(i  i; 
Hem.,  Hint.  Snj.  Vong.  Joitstitw./ix.  112,  127-9,  l.So-G,  .300;  La  Vczilf  MiJ  , 
June  21  to  Sept.  6,  18G2,  passim;  />o^,  I'kla  de  J  nam,  233-40;  Itivra,  O'c/'-. 
de  Mtx.,  ii.  O.iO-l;  Max.,  JJiario  Oji'c,  May  5,  1870. 


DEFEAT  OF  THE  FRENCH. 


8] 


hill,  a  no  less 
|)luii)  on  tlio 
il  Diaz,  with 
)p.s,  and  two 
y  the  French 
the  ^lexicaii 
Isecl  IVom  the 
Lin  Jose  llen- 
Cor  dcrcnoe/'' 
II  7  o'clock  ill 
to  their  camp 
rizaba  on  the 
iiieh  were  on 

its  supporters 
he  thanks  ot 
mtrynieti  i)rc- 
ircls  were  i\c- 
k  part  in  the 
1  the  rest,  i'or 
3d  of  [)raise.^- 
lals  and  deco- 
i«  those  taken 
d  them  and 
French  lims 
ounded  after 

Datos  Bioj.,  MS., 

all's  and  Curbajal's 
itamoros,  hh  foii  c 
it  attempLed  to  lu- 
lled. 

count  of  tlie  mi!i- 
liDin  345  were  sii  k 
10  enemy's  liamh. 
I  not  givo  tlioexiK't 
lied  and  woundi  .1, 
aveheoaS;!  kilkil, 
VC9  87  killed,   li-' 

'  Riid  Lozaiio,  Li'j. 
r  Sfff.  Con 'J.,  3(1.1; 
(i;  La  lY'-t/c  jilii, 
3-40;  liioira,  Uoi'. 


64 


their  rornvory,  all  provided  with  money  for  the  jour- 
ney. The  wounded  were  kindly  cared  for,  as  they 
themselves  acknowledged.*' 

Almonte  and  Saligny  were  not  wholly  free  from 
disagreements,  and  Lorencez  endeavored  to  reconcile 
them — a  difficult  matter,  especially  as  Saligny  and 
Loicncez  were  not  the  best  of  friends.  The  French 
attributed  their  defeat  to  the  non-fulfilment  of  prom- 
ises on  the  part  of  the  reactionists,  mimbers  of  whom 
had  remained  neutral  or  undecided,  while  others  had 
rallied  round  Juarez.  In  Guadalajara,  the  third  city 
of  the  republic,  the  clergy  had  come  out  against 
Almonte's  plan.  The  intervention  could  rely  only  on 
scattered  bands,  like  those  of  Mejfa  and  Lozada,  and 
on  the  cooperation  of  Marquez,  a  man  of  some  mili- 
tary ability,  but  belonging  to  the  extreme  reaction 
ary  wing,  and  justly  accused  of  sanguinary  instincts 

]\Iost  of  the  conservative  leaders  had  indeed  kept 
tliemselves  in  the  background  on  seeing  the  course  of 
the  Spanish  and  French  diplomatic  agents,  and  the 
treatment  Miramon  had  received.  However,  the 
manifestoes  of  the  French  authorities,  and  of  Almonte, 
I'cassured  the  wavering  chiefs,  and  they  soon  began  to 
join  the  latter  with  their  forces,  not  giving  any  im- 
portance to  the  mishap  the  French  experienced  on 
i»n  the  5th  of  May.**^  The  guardian  of  the  diocese  of 
Puebla  declared  that  as  the  French  were  the  allies  of 
the  <'lergy,  all  who  opposed  them  were  ipso  facto  ex- 
conimunicated,  and  their  confessions  would  not  avail 
thoiu.  He  accordingly  prohibited  spiritual  ministra- 
tions to  the  wounded  liberal  soldiers.^" 


'-'^  L'-f,'rrc,  Doc.    Mcuimiliano,   i.   243-8,    2G8-72;    Pnrheco,   Carina    (to 
Pioiiyu  d.j  hhuys),  in  La Estrella de  Occid.,  May  8,  18G3;  Ortfija,  Parte  Oen., 

^'I'lio  nliovo  facta  are  corroborated  by  Arrangoiz,  Mfj.,  iii.  "8;   Niox, 
Exp-iil.  ,lu  M.X.,  181,  100-1. 

'This  iijipiiirs  in  the  correspondence  of  Marquez  and  Mejiawitli  Almonte. 


Arrawjolz.  .)/./.,  iii.  y-j-S. 

•'"So  it  was  said  to  tiic  father-almoner  of  the  liberal  forces 
spondence  ai)i)ear8  in  LejSvre,  Doc.  Maximliam,  i.  245-6. 


The  corre- 


^ 


,       ! 


02  FOHKIGN  INTERVENTIOX. 

Tlic  C(»nscrvativi.'  gerioral  Tiopcz  on  the  8tli  of  ^Tay 
visited  Almonte  to  tell  liiin  that  Zuloa'^a,  lincliiii«:  his 
presidential  claims  ij^iiored,  was  eudeavorinj^  to  pre- 
vent his,  Almonte's,  recognition  hy  the  reactionary 
forces.  The  latter  recognized  Almonte,  however,  and 
under  Marquez  and  Vicario,  started  to  join  him  at 
Orizaba.  Marquez  on  the  18tli  reported  his  force  at 
Barranca  Seca  kept  in  check  by  the  republicans. 
The  latter  under  Ta[)ia  were  signally  deleated  by 
the  reactionists,  aided  by  a  battali(;n  of  the  French 
99th  under  Major  Lefevre,  alter  which  the  victors 
entered  Orizaba.  This  del'eat  was  soon  fi)llowed  by 
another  of  one  of  the  brigades  under  Gonzalez  Orteua, 
surprised  in  the  morning  of  the  14tli  of  June  on  the 
Cerro  del  Borrego  by  the  French."'  After  which 
Gonzalez  Ortega  retreated  to  Santa  Maria,  Zaragoza 
having  failed  in  an  attack  on  Orizaba,  made  m  iuiio- 

CD  ^  ir> 

ranco  of  the  aft'air  on  the  Borrego,  abandoned  the 
hciiihts  of  Acultzingo,  and  went  olf  to  El  In^^enio. 
The  Mexican  army  still  had  12,000  men. 

The  government  continued  its  efforts  as  best  it 
could  to  meet  the  emergencies  of  the  war.  Amon*^ 
its  measures  was  the  appointment  of  Ex-president 
Comonfort,  who  had  been  in  the  country  by  permis- 
sion several  months,  comandante  general  of  Tamauli- 
pas.  Vidaurri's  attitude,  being  suspicious,  required 
close  w'atching.  The  president  demanded  the  con- 
tingent of  troops  and  a  personal  tax  fiom  the  states. 
Ho  went  to  reside  at  Tacubaya,  and  accepted,  on  the 
13th  of  August,  the  resignation  of  Doblado,  which 
caused  general  surprise,  for  Doblado  was  regarded  as 
having  defeated  the  European  intrigue.  He  had  con- 
trolled public  affairs  during  eight  months  with  un- 
limited powers,  as  Juarez  minister-general,  thougli 
some  of  his  acts  had  met  with  public  disapproval 


C:i 


''f  apt.  Detiie  did  it  with  his  company  of  tho  99th.  The  Mexicans  had 
250  killed  and  wounded,  and  lost  1200  piisoners  and  tlueo  howitzers.  Dctrio 
waa  promoted.  Arranijoiz,  Mcj.,  iii.  80. 

'*Ile  had  opened  relations  in  April  and  May,  first  with  Marquez  and  next 
with  Jus(3  M.  Cobos — thu  latter  had  superseded  Marquez  as  chief  commandei- 


POLICY  OF  JUAREZ.  88 

Ju.an  Antonio  do  la  Fiionto,  an  onll,i;litont>fl,  true- 
heart  cd  patriot,  and  the  author  of  the  law  on  religious 
toleration,  became  JJoblado's  aucceasor  on  the  2jth  of 
Aui^nist/^ 

Meanwliilc  Juarez  was  Imsily  ocrupicd  in  rcmovin!:^ 
obstacles  to  the  executicjn  of  linancial  measures  in  the 
several  states.  At  this  moment,  while  his  country 
was  so  ins'.'fcd  and  malijjfned  by  Europeans,  lie  en- 
deavored to  refute  their  lies  by  extendiuLf  t(j  foreij^n- 
ers  the  most  considerate  prote^^uion.  The  Mexican 
people,  amidst  these  stirrinjjf  events,  quietly  elected 
members  to  the  third  constitutional  congress. 

of  tlio  consen-ativc  forces  hy  Zuloaga's  orders— to  prevail  on  them  to  nid  in 
the  iiatiunnl  (lefenuc,  iiiul  even  oH'crcd  to  liavc  an  interview  lit  Tetehi  witli 
('ul)Od.  JIo  did  not  go,  however,  but  sent  two  ayents  with  certain  jiropoaals. 
The  .irticles  iiostilo  tc  the  cinirch  in  tiiu  coiiatitutiou  of  ISoT  nero  tho 
(il)staclo  to  the  cuii  01  >ative3  nhandoning  their  hostile  iittitudc.  Cf>ho<i,  in 
ills  luaiiifi'sto  from  iSt  ''■  liouias  of  July  'JO,  ISO-',  said  that  th(!  ayenta  assured 
him,  in  Dohladu  ij  i  ,^:.,o,  tliat  a  movement  waa  hciiig  arranged  to  do  away 
wiih  .luarez  and  tiiu  constitution  of  ISoT,  tlie  nullilieation  of  the  red  l)arty 
being  the  only  means  to  end  tho  interneeino  war;  tiien  to  call  tho  people  to 
new  elections,  a  provisional  statute  ruling  meanwhile.  Juarezont  of  the  way, 
there  would  bo  no  foreign  war,  and  Almonte's  treasonable  plans  would  Ijo  de- 
feated. Jsothin.;  eamo  of  the  negotiations,  beeausc  of  tho  lilieral  victory  of 
Maj'  oth.  Zuloau'.i  and  Cobos  obtained  from  Alinont')  a  safe-conduct  and  left 
tlie  country.  Zulouga  issued  in  I Jabana  a  manifesto  explaining  bis  eo'iil'ict 
.since  tho  landing  of  the  allies.  Zamacoh,  lln^K  M<'J.,  xvi.  'Jl.'J-H),  '2_'7-0; 
/.iiloiKja,  Mnii'if.  .  .d  la  Itcp.  (.M(jx.,  180-),  1-10.  Another  version  is,  that 
.liuue/,  waa  jealous  of  Dobhido,  and  had  called  him  to  his  cabinet  'con  In 
iiKiIigiia  intencion  de  nulificarlo;'  that  Doblado,  after  a  conference  with 
>!;uagoza  at  Anio/oc,  went  back  to  Mexico  and  asked  Juarez  to  remove  him 
f.oin  tlie  command,  which  tho  president  refused  to  do,  whereupon  J)oblado 
re-signed.  IJut  in  order  that  there  should  be  no  bad  impression  in  the  publio 
iiiiiiil,  he  asked  for  another  ollice,  and  a  month  later  was  maile  gcneral-in. 
chief  of  the  army  of  tho  interior.  Marquczde  Leon,  Man,  Pdat.,  MS.,  •J14-10. 
'"^  liioera,  (Job.  de  M4x.,  ii.  Go2. 


CHAPTER  III. 

FRENCH    OCCUPATION. 

1802-1863. 

Nai'oleon's  Instuuctions— Arrival  of  Forey's  Army — Zaragoza's  Dkato 
— Fouey's  First  Movements— His  Neglect  of  the  Conservativas  — 
TuEiR  Subserviency — Mahcii  on  Piebla — Indecent  Devices — Gen- 
eral Condition  of  Mexico— Bombardment  of  Acapolco — Siege  of 
r;EBi\  — Fohey  Offkks  Honorable  Ti'.rms — Tuey  are  not  Ac- 
CFi'TED — Unconditional  Surrender — Treatment  of  Mexican  Puis- 
oNi:its  — Affairs  at  tue  Capital  —  Fligut  of  the  Government- 
Juarez  at  San  Luis  Fotosi — The  French  Occupy  Mexico — Initia- 
tory ToLlCY. 


II    f 


NAroLEOX  and  liis  cabinet  approved  the  action  of 
Saligny  and  his  colleague;  but  in  the  chamber  of  dep- 
uties the  republicans,  orleanists,  and  legitimists  jointly 
o]>[)osed  the  course  of  the  imperial  government  ii\ 
]\[exic(),'  and  found  fault  with  Almonte  ibr  calling 
himself  supreme  chief  and  trying  to  establish  a  gov- 
ernment. The  news  of  the  disaster  of  May  5tli 
reached  them  on  the  IGth  of  Jun*,.  Imprecations 
were  heard  everywhere  against  the  Spanish  govern- 
ment, Prim,  and  the  jMexicans  who  had  induced  Na- 
jxtloon  to  send  out  the  ex])editi(m.  After  that  the 
dii)lomatic  functions  wei  loft  in  Saligny's  hands. 
Napoleon  wrote  Lorencez  not  to  be  discouraged  on 
account  of  the  reverse  at  Puebla.  He  api)roved  the 
j)rotcction  aflbrd».'d  Almonte  and  other  IMexicans  wIki 
had  sought  it.  He  did  not  wish  to  force  any  form  el 
government  upon  Mexico,  desiring  only  her  prosper- 
ity and  indc;})cndence  in   her  relal"  )us  with  Eur(j[)c. 

'Ainony  tho  proiuiucut  spualvuiss  wore  Jules  Fav;\   Thiers,  and  Berryer. 

( u4  J 


NAPOLEON'S  Vli:W3. 


69 


5akagoza'8  Dkath 

c0nservat1v?.s  — 
T  Devices — Gen- 
\rnLco — Siege  of 

:y    ARE     NOT     Ac- 

F  Mexican  Piiis- 

!  governsiext  — 

Mexico — I>;itja- 


ho  action  of 
mbcr  of  dop- 
liiists  jointly 
vennncnt  in 
3  ibr  callinu: 
Jjlisli  a  g'ov- 
»f  May  5 til 
inprocations 
lisli  gOVCill- 
inducod  Na- 
:er  that  tlio 
•ny's  hands, 
jourawd  on 
pprovcd  the 
oxicans  wlio 
any  form  ot 
her  ])rosptM- 
ith  Europe. 

3,  and  Berryer. 


Ho  ap])rovLd  Loiviicez'  conduct,  though  niisunder- 
istood  l)y  sonu\^  NevertliclesS;  on  deciduig  to  dc- 
ispatch  luorc  forces,  General  Eorey  was  appointed  coni- 
niander-iii-ehief,  with  powers  as  plenii)otentiary;  and 
the  emperor  wrote  liiai,  on  tliu  3d  of  July,  giving 
his  views  as  to  the  policy  he  was  to  juirsue  in  Mex- 
ico.^ The  e.vpeditionary  corps  placed  under  1^'orey's 
conunand  was  to  consist  of  abouL  30,000  men.'     Por- 

"  '.)';ii  aiiprumo  votic  comluito,  (HiciiiuV'lIc  lie  seir.blo  pas  avuir  Oto  coiii- 
piisc  (1(;  tout  le  inonilc'  Xio.v,  Expcd.  da  2.'i x.,  1!)9. 


chfiiat'tcr.  On  .-'.n  iviiiu' i'l  Mexico  Ik;  was  to  suiii:iiou  the  iinimiiiciit  iiicii  <>I 
all  iiiililical  sIkiiU.s  \\\\o  had  joiiuil  him  to  form  a  proviiiidiial  goveniiii-iit, 
v.hicli  would  ■iiil.iiiit  til  the  ^lexical!  peoiilo  tho  nueistiDn  of  the  political  sy-^- 
tcm  t!;at  was  to  ho  drliiiitivuly  estahlisiioil:  aftvrwhii'i  an  assembly  should 
be  enuvoiied  aceon'.iiii;  to  .Mexican  laMs.  lie  was  to  ;;id  the  new  government 
to  .seciiri'  rc','uliirity  in  the  administration,  specially  of  the  treasury,  for 
which  competent  ukii  would  bo  pliced  widi  them;  not  to  foico  upon  the 
Mexicans  any  form  of  (^overnnuMit  not  to  their  liking,  but  t.)  aid  thiiii  to  tsi- 
tal.lish  one  ollering  stabiiity,  and  which  ndglit  secufo  to  Franco  the  satisfac- 
tion of  past  '/licvances.  Of  course,  if  tliey  preferred  a  monarchy,  the  interests 
di'  I'ranee  dcniantUd  that  thi'y  should  bo  helped  in  tliat  diiootioa.  1'iio  mo- 
llv.'siif  I'ranee  ar<' thou  exjilained.  I'rosporily  of  America  is  necessary  to 
Ikiiope.  Franco  has  an  interest  in  the  U.  S.  being  jiowerfnl  and  prosjiei-ous, 
but  cannot  ]icrmit  (hem  to  iiold  the  whole  gidf  of  Mexico,  and  control  from 
there  tl.e  Antilles  and  Souih  America,  and  bo  the  only  dispensers  of  the  prod- 
ucts of  the  New  World,  lie  refers  to  the  scarcity  ot  cottoi.  for  the  lviro[)ean 
factories.  }\'k)X,  L'x/icd.  (In  Mcx.,  'Jb_*-1();  Arnni'/oi~,  McJ.,  iii.  S7-I*;  //'• 
'''':/",  AjmiilfK,  l."il--l;  Zmnat'oli,  llUi.  Mcj.,  \vi.  'JITS-Si ;  .A'kVA  .1 //).  /i'"., 
ci;i.    J-Jl-'i;   Fliid'n  Jlcx.  uiuler    J/au;.,    'M-W;    C/i'inowvih'a  Fall   nl'  Mii.r., 

Ihiiri/  .\[.  Fliiif,  Mix'ico  vndir  Maximilian.  'I'lio  object  of  the  author 
wa,  to  remove  tile  prejudice  existing  in  thiM'nitcd  States  against  the  go\- 
e  ■iiuieiit  of  Maxinioian.  lie  wrote  the  bouk  before  the  rtnpcror's  dowiitall, 
h.s  preface  being  <hited  Feb.  'JJ,  bSii7.  Flint  maintains  that  Maximilian's 
g  vernment  li.iil  'done  more  for  the  prosperity  of  Mexico,  more  fiir  the  eii- 
li  •uteiimeiit  of  the  Mexican  people,  (lining  the  thne  ye;us  of  its  existence, 
tlian  any  i-'publican  govi'i-nment  in  ■"      '  '' '         ■  •  ■  ■• 


Mexico  ever  <lid  111  thirty,  forty,  or  liftv 
■|, 


'J'ho  author  describes  the  deiilorahle   condition   of  the   coi'uitiv  anil 


peopli'  at  the  time  of  the  inter\eiiti-Hi,  and  then  iiarratt'S  iind  i 
p  'litical  ehange  w  liich   followed,  showing  himself  so  st 


tlie 

i.f 


roiig  a  champion  < 
tlu>  aiiti-re|)iililican  party  as  to  classify  the  >b)nroe  doctrine  as  ab.--iird,  and 
lie  that  it  ought  to  be  repudiated.     A  number  of  otlicial  letters  and  docii- 


ni.'iits  ar< 


ipplied 


in  this  v< 


'('omin.indaiit  D'Ornaiit  of  the  general  stall  was  sent  out  to  make  jirepa- 
ritions  for  the  eomiuii  army,  and  arrived  at  Vera  Cru/:  July  -JtiLh.     Tlio  cuui- 


1 


fi 


i!i;i 


1  ^1 


1|,         :  1, 


56 


FRENCH  OCCUPATION". 


tions  of  it  luid  boon  arriving  from  time  to  time, 
and  on  tlio  21st  of  September  the  new  commander 
landed  in  A^era  Cruz,  where,  owing  to  tlic  bad  condi- 
tion of  the  roads,  he  had  to  tarry  till  the  12 th  of 
( )ctober,  seeing  the  havoc  caused  in  his  army  by  the 
black- vomit.'' 

S^)me  days  before  the  coming  of  tlie  third  expedi- 
tion Mexico  and  the  liberal  party  sustained  a  heavy 
loss  in  the  death  of  Ignacio  Zarago;:a,  the  hero  of 
the  Cinco  de  Mayo,  which  took  place  at  Puebla  on 
the  8th  of  September,  caused  by  ty[)hoid  fever.  The 
nation  had  centied  its  hopes  in  him;  and  he  has  since 
been  recognized  as  a  true  type  of  repul.>licanisui  and 
patriotism,  united  to  a  sterling  cliaracter.''  The  gov- 
ermnent  paid  his  remains  the  higlicst  honors,  and  they 
were  conveyed  to  their  last  resting-place  attended  by 
a  large  cor.coursc  of  all  classes.'' 

Forey  reached  Orizaba  on  the  24th  of  October,  and 
on  tlie  10th  of  the  following  month  Lorencez,  who 
had  been  permitted  at  his  own  request  to  leave  the 
country,  started  on  his  return  to  Frantjo.  I'orcy's 
lirst  proclamation,  dated  at  Vera  Cruz  September 
20th,'  but  made  public  a  few  days  later,  was  a  repeti- 
tion in  dilferent  words  of  the  sentiments  expressed  in 
former  documents  of  the   French   plenipotentiaries. 

nmnicationa  being  interrupted,  Iio  rduM  not  pot  to  Lorcncoz'  quarlors,  l)iit 
uil\  isi'd  till'  latter,  liy  a  letter  in  eiplier,  taken  l)y  un  iu'lian,  of  tUo  )':ar  ar- 
rival of  rei'nforeenients  \\  itli  Forey,  ami  of  the  >'iu)ieror's  older  t'ee  a  iiiareli 
strai,.;ht  on  to  Mexieo.  Ori  liis  return  to  Franec  lie  deserib'^it  matters  iii 
Me\ieo  as  lieing  in  a  liad  ^\ay,  and  the  ejndition  of  the  Fr'Ueh  foree  as  de- 
ploralile.  Xukc,  A'.rinil.  ihi.  Mix.,  lOii-T.  Tlie  French  exjicdition  w;is  reOii- 
f.ireeil  in  Feli.  ISOIJ  with  400  or  oOO  ne:iroes  ironi  the  .Soudan,  furni.shed  liy 
1h"  Uhedive  of  lvi,'yiit,  and  .secretly  embarked  on  the  8th  and  t)th  of  tJanuary. 
They  were  intendi'd  for  sjieei.d  sci-vleo  on  the  coast. 

•■Tlie  ti\er  season  lin.!  jiasseil,  hut  tin  massinp;  fif  a  largo  force  in  the  city 
revived  the  malady,  lillini^  the  iiospit.ds  with  sick  i''rene!i. 

''  Manjuez  de  Leon  says  that  he  h)\ed  ins  country,  was  greatly  moved  liy 
the  snli'e''inL;s  of  tiio  soldiers,  and  detested  immorality  in  every  i'onii.   Mem. 

puM..  :ms.,\'1(). 

'  The  nation.il  congress  in  alter  years  erected  a  monument  to  his  memory, 
tlio  eorner-stoho  of  which  was  laid  hy  .Inarez,  Sept.  1/,  ISiil).  lln-.,  I'it/it  i/f. 
Jii'iriz,  21-;  /I'ivcra,  Go''.  'Ir  Mi.r..  ii.  (j'.V.];  Diui  h  JJi'hufr.t,  lOtli  Conj;.,  ii.  Tol  j 
yj/f/r/o 'V/.' '■.,  Sept.  'JO,  iMi'J;  LnVuzdcMiJ.,  Oct.  7,  11)02;  Zaniiuuix,  IHsU 
Mr}.,  xvi.  271-">. 
•  ''  Mox,  Lxiid.  dit  Mcr.,  218-11). 


FORFA'  IX  COMMAND. 


87 


1110  to  time, 
comiuaiuU'r 

c  bad  coudi- 
thc   12tli  of 

army  by  the 

liird  cxpcdl- 

iicd  a  heavy 

the   hci'o  of 

t  Puobla  on 

fovei-.      The 

lie  ]ias  siueo 

Hcanism  and 

."^     The  ,i;'ov- 

ors,  and  they 

attended  by 

Oetober,  and 

irencez,  who 

:o  leave  the 

;.'o.     I'oroy's 

September 

vas  a  re[)oti- 

>\-pre.^sed  in 

)otentiaries. 


ccz'  quaricrs,  but 
,  of  the  iK'ur  ai-- 
nlrr  fi'i-  a  march 
rilj'^i't  mutters  in 
iiili  forco  as  de- 
ilitioii  w;i.s  roeii- 
in,  t'uriii.slRHl  by 
I  Utli  ot  January. 

f<jrco  in  tlic  (.ity 

roatly  imdvoiI  by 
cry  i'orni.   Mcin. 

t  to  his  inc  inorv, 
;!».  /.■'(■:,  IV-AtfVc 
til  C'lii;.',,  ii.  7") I J 
Zamaiuis,  Hist, 


It  was  th.o  old  war-cry  of  the  military  party  of  France, 
callini:,  as  Edgard  Quinet  said,  armed  invasic^n  a  war 
Ibr  civiliiiation.  On  the  2Gtli  Forey  suppressed  Al- 
monte's authority,  which  havini,^  been  set  up  without 
the  nation's  sancti?)n  could  not  bo,  as  ho  alleged,  ap- 
proved by  the  intervention.^ 

i'\irey  forgot  Ins  instructions  to  treat  tho]Me\icans 
wiih  benevolence,  and  thus  win  their  coo[)eration. 
He,  and  with  him  nearly  all  his  officers,  assumed  the 
haughty  air  of  conquerors,  thus  belying  the  pretended 
object  of  their  mission.  ]\[exicans,  either  civil  or 
nnlitary,  were  not  treated  as  friends  and  allies,  but 
rather  as  objects  of  contempt.  To  rule  the  country 
according  to  his  own  will,  he  appointed  Commandant 
]5illartl  director  of  policy.  The  director  knew  no  more 
of  the  country  whoso  political  affairs  he  was  to  dire(!t 
than  his  connuander.  Forey's  ideas  were  at  variance 
witb  tliose  of  the  conservatives,  whose  cooperation  was 
needed  to  render  the  French  intervention  effective. 
In  Cordoba  and  Orizaba  he  issued  new  proclama- 
tions/" and  lost  much  precious  time  at  the  last-named 
]il;ii'e,  which  seemed  to  offer  him  many  delightful 
jiliasures.  He  might  have  been  in  ]\[e.\.ict)  l>y  the 
middle  of  Novend)cr,  for  the  ^Mexican  government 
was  not  prepared  to  withstand  such  a  force.  Instead 
't'  making  a  ra[)id  movement,  he  sent  (jreneral  l)e  Ber- 
il.  !■  with  a  brigade  to  Jalapa,  and  encampeil  the  main 
.i'.;iiy  in  Orizaba  and  the  sun\)un(hng  country.  Con- 
/il.z  Ortega  who  now  had  the  chief  conunand  of  the 
lii"  ral  eastern  army,  lost  no  time  in  fortifying  I'uebla, 
bunding  artillery  and  supplies  in  the  face  of  \Jo  Her- 

'•*  Alnidnto  was  orilcrcil  to  dissolve  liia  cabinet  an<l  aid  in  organizing  the 
Mcxioiu  iinny.  Arr<in<joh,  M^j..  iii.  02;  Niox,  E.i-/>iiil.  dn  Mcc,  -217  IS.  Hu 
li'iiiiiiuid  iu  tlie  country  as  a  Jiiivato  citizen  till  ho  wa.s  aL'iiin  called  to  do 
NMpolei Ill's  \M,rk,  and  for  hid  subserviency  was  made  a  kniyht  grand  cross  of 
til''  1  ■;,'ii)ii  of  li'Mior. 

'"i'lie  >i  ("ii'l  one  was  dislilicd  in  Fi'ance,  and  tlio  minister  of  war  advised 
F  irey  'd<'  m  \<m  faire  abus  des  iiidclaiiiations.'  Xio.r,  A\fjiiil.  ila  .l/<j;.,  'J-Jl. 
.Manuel  I'.iyii'),  e\-ii  iujster  of  the  treasury,  sent  a  lon^;  letter  to  Foiey  ou 
e  :.inin  .it  the  ;illi''s,  ^iviii','  the  liislorv  of  eaeh  and  iieconipanying  docuiiieiild. 
I'ui/iio,  Curtu,  ill  Due.  Hit.  M<.x.,  h^J-J-7J,  no.  ti,  ;j-7t). 


I1 

1 


^■]'A 


58 


FRENCH  OCCUrAilOX. 


tier  from  Perote,  a  placo  the  French  could  have  taken 
the  Hrsst  day,  nieethig  with  little  or  no  resistance." 

Gonzales  Orteoa  havin<r  sent  Foivv  a  few  Flench- 
men  of  the  wounded  in  the  affair  of  ]\Iav  5tli,  toui-ether 
with  a  zouave's  medal,  the  French' connnander  trans- 
mitted a  copy  of  liis  last  proclamation,  adding  that  lie 
received  Ortega's  courteous  letter  as  one  from  a 
brave  soldier,  and  not  from  the  govermnent  he  was 
serving,  with  which  he,  Forey,  could  not  correspond 
without  re])ugnance.  He  also  expressed  the  wish 
that  Ortega's  sword  would  lie  in  the  near  future  em- 
ployed in  a  better  cause.  Tliis  insult  to  tlie  Mexican 
government,  accom})anied  by  a  hint  that  Ortega 
should  become  a  traitor,  wounded  him  deeply.  The 
Mexican  general  replied  with  dignity  on  the  lOtli, 
assuring  Forey  tliat  wbatever  ground  the  diplomatic 
<juestl<)n  might  be  placed  on  by  military  events,  tlie 
Frencli  n-presentative  would  have  so'mer  or  later  to 
tvviit  with  the  chief  maoistrate  holdinij  his  ixnvers 
from  the  nation,  and  whose  generosity  had  ivleased 
the  French  ])risoners.  He  further  said  that  tlie  true 
interests  of  France  did  not  lie  in  cooperating  witli  a 
few  malecontents  to  ui»srt  a  government  sustained  by 
the  Mexican  ])eople,  nor  in  waging  war  against  a 
nation  entirely  in  symiiathy  with  liberal  Franco.  As 
for  himself,  leaving  aside  his  })ersonal  regar<l  for 
Juarez,  he  would  have  Forey  understand  tliat  lie  was 
freely  servino;  his  country  as  an  independent  citizen." 
He  concluded  to  return  Forey 's  letter  and  proclama- 
tion, which,  he  said,  could  liave  no  place  among  his 
records.  There  were  at  this  time  between  300  and 
400  Mexican  ofticers  of  all  ranks  without  troo})S  in 

"  Forey  ncglectcil  Alvarado,  Mi'ik'Hin,  and  Tlacotaljian,  strategic  pnint.-i 
wliL'iiee  the  lilierals  frei(Uently  ett  fill"  Kiijiiilies  from  \'(i;i.  I'm/.  Smin  after- 
ward lie  ll\r,l^  aliaiiddiieil,  ahniit  the  I'.ltii  (it  .laiuiarv.  ISCiIi,  'J'aiii]iii'i(  and  Tux- 
jian  wliieli,  Ixiiig  on  the  sealMar<l,  ooidd  liave  lieeii  held  vith  iiisigiiilieaiit 
forces.  liut  he  wanted  ail  his  slreiigth  for  I'neMa,  One  of  the  Kreiieli  gun 
boats  got  aground  and  hii.d  to  lie  .lestroyed.    ZiViinroi.-i,  JIM.  Mij.,  .\\i.  S:!.")— lli 

'-'lie  was  ni't  '".luuden  to  the  government.  A  fre(\  rt'iaihliean,  not  even  n 
soldier  liy  profession,  he  had  eouie  from  a  long  distance  to  I'eiider  liis  lie-t 
serviee  to  the  government  clio.-ii.'ii  l>y  the  people.  L<J'vrir,  JJur.  JliuiiiiiUauu, 
i.  2b'J-W,  :.'0i-07, 


lid  have  taken 
:'osistaiice. " 
a  few  Freiicli- 
'  5tli,  tojJi'etluT 
inander  traiis- 
iddiiig  tliat  ]i(! 

Olio  from  a 
iiiont  ]i(j  \vas 
ot  correspiUKl 
Hf(l  tlie  wis] I 
ar  future  eiii- 
)  tlie  Mexican 

tliat  Ortci>a 
deeply.  Tlie 
on  tlie  intli, 
lie  di)»Ioniatlc 
;y  events,  tlie 
■r  or  later  to 
g  his  powers 
had  released 
that  tlie  true 
atinj;  witJi  u 
sustained  hy 
ar  ajj-ainst  a 
I'ranee.  As 
1    regard  for 

tliat  he  was 
lent  citizen.' 
ul  proclaina- 
e  aiHonu,"  his 
.'en  J5()0  and 
ut  troops  ill 

1,   FtlMt('f,'io    Jloilll  . 

'nix.  Soon  aftci- 
r:uii|iii'o  and  Tux 
Mi'tli  insij,'niliciint 
f  the  Ficncli  g\iii 
-V';/.,  x\i.  .T>.")-4.'i 
ilii'iin,  not  vxvn  ;i 
I)  I'ciuli-r  liis  ]ic'>r 
Dor.  Maxiiiiilkiiw, 


rrvErARATioxs  for  defence.  69 

til.'  French  camp;  and  wishing  to  do  service  even  as 
l)rivate  soldiers,  organized  themselves  into  a  battal- 
ion, called  the  Legion  do  Honor,  and  made  General 
Tahoada  their  commander.  To  counteract  the  bad 
I'etliug  of  the  policy  observed  by  Forey  and  his  agent 
]>illard,  iVlmonte  issued  a  proclamation  to  assure  his 
friends  that  he  would  remain  with  the  French  until 
the  intervention  produced  the  beneficial  eiiects  in- 
tended when  the  London  conveution  was  signed 
October  31,  18G1.'' 

Many  comi)laints  having  reached  Napoleon's  ears, 
Billard  was  restored  to  the  military  service,  and 
Saligny,  toward  the  end  of  January  18G3,  assumed 
the  position  left  vacant. 

]\reanwliile  the  days  darkened  at  the  capital. 
]  leavy  taxes  were  decreed,  also  a  loan  of  thirty  mil- 
lion (lollars  wherewith  to  erect  defences  in  the  city, 
and  to  furnish  supplies  to  Ortega's  army. ^'  The  gov- 
trmnent  had  been  over  a  year  without  customs 
revenue  from  Vera  Cruz.  The  French  received  mules 
a[i<l  supplies  from  the  United  States;  but  war  material, 
so  much  needed  by  Juarez'  government,  was  not  allowed 
to  Ijo  exported  thence.-'''  Congress,  on  the  10th  of 
J  )cccmbor,  decreed  that  French  prisoners  slumld  be 
treated  by  the  Mexicans  as  Mexican  prisoners  were 
treated  by  the  French. '° 

I'he  people  manifested  a  determination  to  sacrifice 
evcrvtliiiiL!;  for  freedom  and  independence.  OrtcLi'a's 
I'lin  of  defending  Puebla  was  a[)[iioved,  and  Coinon- 

■'' This  niiiiiifi-'sto  I>c,irs  (lito  Jan.  1'2,  lS(i:i,  Arranijoh,  Mj.,  107-10,  Tlio 
C''imiiv.itivi.'.s  lost  curly  in  tliis  moutli  one  of  tiioir  cliict'  inun,  iu  the  deiUli  of 
ILi'.o  y  r.uiuii'iz  at  Oi'izuha.  Zdmai'nin,  UUt.  Mij.,  \\\.  I{i;i. 

"  V  I"  rsunul  t;ix  of  tlircc  rculcs,  when  not  jkiuI  in  coin,  liiid  to  lie  niado 
po'ij  with  work  in  the  fortitieations.  This  tax,  ut^Idmg  nioio  abu.s^■^^  tli.in 
nioni'V,  m:i3  suhstitntcd  l>y  a  hxin  of  SO(>0,OIK).  Xi'^^utiationn  mcio  Lu:.'im  in 
Nlw  Vihk  to  raise  the  .'JO-iiillion  loan.  Jiiirra,  Goli.  de  Mc.i:,  a.  Vi'.V.i.  JJnhlmt 
and  L'l-.aKO,  A-;/.  Mrx.,  ix.  oi27-!),  005,  .~>1.'),  57S-S1,  58S-'J,  (J;i(i,  G."')4;  J>i(irio 
Dihati-',  ;;a  Cuug.,  i.  135-S;  JJiario  Ojic,  Oct.   10,  ISOS;  La  \'oz  de  MeJ., 

Dim;,  .'ilt,    l^liJ. 

'» /'.  .v.  a',H  Dec,  37th  Cong.  3d  Scsa.,  Sen.  24,  3S')-90, 
^'^ li'iiutro^tro,  llisl.  Snj.  ('omj.  ('oiisti/iir.,;il'J-:)0;  reiterated  by  tlio  presi- 
dent Aui;.  10,  lb03.  Mcx.,  Cit.  JS'olud  Diplum.,  17-31. 


so 


FRENCn  OCCUPATION. 


,,    1 


I    I 


fort,  who  had  reachod  M(>xioo  about  the  middle  of 
Oct()l)cr,  was  to  aid  him.  Juarez  Hcemcd  resolved  to 
defend  his  country  at  all  hazards.  Congress,  how- 
ever, just  as  the  jicojilc  wore  ready  to  sustain  him, 
and  when  the  fbreiijn  invadincf  army  was  already  15,- 
000  strong,  deprived  him  of  the  ample  powers  ho  had 
to  make  war.  Bat  it  soon  receded  from  that  position 
iind  issued  a  manifesto  accepting  war  with  France, 
and  granting  the  executive  the  fullest  powers  for 
six  months,  or  till  one  day  after  its  reassembling.^' 
Comoni'ort,  who  had  been  restored  to  the  rank  of 
general  of  division,  was  placed  in  connnand  of  the 
army  of  the  centre,  together  with  that  of  the  federal 
district,  which  was  under  martial  law.  Conji^rebS 
closctl  its  session  about  the  middle  of  December.^'* 

The  French  had  allies  not  only  in  Marquez  and 
others  acting  with  him,  but  in  the  reactionary  forces 
of  the  interior  which  constantly  distracted  the  gov- 
ernment.^'' The  rebels  of  Colima,  2,000  strong,  av.- 
tacked  Guadalajara  and  were  repulsed.  The  region 
of  Tepic,  as  usual,  was  in  a  disturbed  state.  On  the 
10th  of  January,  18G3,  a  French,  squadron  bombarded 
Acapulco  about  eight  hours,  doing  much  damage. 
The  next  two  days  it  fired  on  the  fortifications,  three 
of  which  were  silenced.  In  the  evening  of  the  12th 
the  squadron  sailed  out  of  port. 

The  French  generals  Bazainc  and  Douay  went  uj) 
the  mesa  or  tiorras  altas  in  January,  this  being  the 
first  French  movement  toward  Puebla.  On  the  3il 
of  February  Taboada's  brigade,  of  wdiich  the  legion 


iii 

1 

1 

1 

i 

t_i.' ' 

1 

"  La  Voz  dp  M>').,  Nov.  29,  1SC2.  The  decree  was  issued  Oct.  27tli;  the 
time  was  cxtciulcil  May  27,  ISOU.  Jineiirostro,  Hint.  Saj.  Cong.  Constituc, 
ITS-So;  Ihibltin  and  Lo'.niio,  Leg.  Mex.,  ix.  JjlS-it,  G22. 

'"Among  its  last  acts  was  one  on  the  l.'Uh  of  Dec,  declaring  null  all 
act.'?  of  tlio  Bo-callcJ  authoritios  appointed  by  tlio  invsdcrs.  Tlio  law  also 
nullified  all  contracts  executed  beforo  or  authorized  by  tlu.m;  and  provided 
tiiat  traitors  should  not  bo  favored  iu  any  arrangements  the  goTcrunient 
ini;j;ht  enter  into  with  Franco.  JJui'iiroftro,  lli.it.  Snj.  Coit'j.  Coustitm:.,  [iT-"^; 
/)«Wrt«  and  Lozano,  Leg.  Mcx.,  ix.  oliO;  D'lario  DeU'ite-t,  'M  Cong.,  i.  lo9-(Ji. 

''•' Tlu>so  forces  deprcdateil,  and  presented  at  timers  a  threatening  ftttitmie 
i!)  various  parts.  Jjiuuls  of  liighwaynieu  infested  Duraugo,  Zacateous,  and 
other  .states. 


.iSfi  >.- 


ADVANXE  OF  THE  FP.EXCII. 


61 


:liG  mkldlo  of 
(d  resolved  to 
jugress,  how- 
sustain  him, 
s  ah-eady  15,- 
•owers  ho  had 
that  position 
with  France, 
t  ])owors  for 
eassenibling.^' 
the  rank  of 
imand  of  tlio 
of  the  federal 
w.  CongrobS 
econdjer.^^ 
Marquoz  and 
tionaiy  forces 
3tcd  the  gov- 
)0  strong,  ai- 
Tho  region 
ate.  On  ilw 
m  bombarded 
Liich  damage, 
cations,  thn.'e 
g  of  the  12th 

ouay  went  up 
lis  being  the 
On  the  3d 
3h  the  legion 


met!  Oct.  27 til ;  the 
r.  Conij.  CoiislUuc, 

,  declaring  mill  nil 
ers.  Tlio  law  aho 
lum;  anil  proviileil 
its  the  poveruuii'iit 
ii'i.  Constilm:.,  liT-"; 
5(1  Cong.,  i.  Io9-0l. 
lireatuuing  ftttitiiiie 
igo,  Zacatecas,  au.i 


do  lionor  formed  a  ]iarf,  started  from  Orizaba,  acoom- 
]i;mie<l  as  I'ar  as  FA  Jngenio  by  .some  French  oflicers 
and  a  number  of  citizens.  Early  in  thi.s  montli  Cua- 
]  iaxtla  was  occupied,  and  the  next  place  entered  by 
the  auxiliaries  wa.-^  llnaniantla.  Comonfort  then  ex- 
tendi'd  liis  army  of  the  centre  to  the  town  of  Ixta- 
cuixtla,  and  went  to  Tlascala  to  see  to  its  defence, 
^[aripiez  established  his  headquarters  at  Ixtenco. 
Juarez  visited  Puebla  in  February  and  revieweil  his 
army.  Gonzalez  Ortega  had  been  working  incessantly 
on  the  ibi'lilications.  The  city  was  surrounded  by 
nine  important  outworks,  besliles  other  nunor  fortili- 
cations,  with  ditches,  ramparts,  and  ]iarap(!ts.  The 
f -llowing  were  the  names  of  the  nine  forts,  and  hills  on 
which  they  were  built,  namely:  Guadalupe,  on  the  hill 
ofthe  same  name;  Independencia,  on  La  ^lisericordia; 
Zarag'oza,  on  Los  Remedios;  Ingenieros,  on  the 
Totimehuacan;  Hidalgo,  on  the  Cdruien;  Morelos,  on 
the  Pari'al;  Iturbide,  on  the  San  Javier;  La  Reforma, 
on  the  Santa  Anita;  Cinco  do  Mayo,  on  the  Loreto.-'^ 
The  inner  line  depended  upon  the  blocks  of  buildings, 
,-tnmg  where  they  centred  around  some  one  of  the 
numerous  churches  and  convents  with  their  massive 
v.alls.  These  had  ])arapets,  and  were  crenellated,  and 
i-»miected  across  the  streets  by  a  network  of  barri- 
radcs  with  embrasures,  the  number  of  cannon  beiu" 
about  200.-^ 

At  last  on  the  23d  Forey  began  his  march,  after  a 

■''Tlic  (lofciico  of  the  Hue  comprised  between  forts  Cinco  de  Mayo,  Onada- 
.  ■■l";.  ami  lii-lciwiuk'iicia  was  intriisti'd  to  Ctn.  lii'rrinzabai  of  tlio  I'st  division, 
y  )t;i  ;.vncial3  llinojosa.  (iayoso,  ami  Osorio  iindiT  him;  tliat  l)otwoi;ii  Uivii 
J-Lili'lnnuaor  iVniucrataaiid  Iturbiile,  to  Gen.  Antilloii  of  the  ;id  division, 
V.  itli  (  m1  Miicia.s  and  (Jen.  llojo  under  hi.s  orders;  tiiat  between  forts  ilidali'o 
Mia  Mor.lns,  to  tieii.  Aiatarro  of  the  -Itli  division,  witli  tJen.  (Jliilardi  and 
"1  All/a  in  connnand  of  those  forts  respectively;  that  between  forts  Zara- 
"/a.uid  Iii-fiiiei-os  was  in  char^'c  of  Cien.  La  Llavo  of  the  .^tli  division,  the 
;'ts  iMii^rconiMianded  respectively  by  generals  Piuzon  and  I'atoni.  ()rh-,i^,, 
'i>i<-  (.,.,!.,  bj-l(i;  Xio.i;  Expcd.  da  AJe.c,  230-1,  l'JG-7;  La  L'stnlla  ,le 
''■"■'■.■Ian.  IC),  lj,(j.l 

Oen.  .McjiM,  commanding  a  detached  brigade,  was  under  the  immediato 
liters  ot  gLii.  Iiead.,uarters,  and  had  charge  of  the  interior  defences,     lion. 
iegrete,  coiuuiaiider  of  the  iM  division,  forme  J  with  it  the  general  rcservo 
tlie  army  corps. 


M » 


,1 


d   * 


■ill 


I 


B2  FRENCH  OCCLTATIO!^. 

five-months  sojourn  in  the  country,  waitin;^,  It  was  said, 
(or  liis  slcrro  artillery.  His  army  was  near  Amozoo 
early  in  March,  and  on  the  lOth  Ortci^a  declared 
Puebla  under  martial  law.  Four  days  later  ho  invited 
families  to  leave  the  place  at  as  early  a  day  as  possi- 
l)le,  and  notified  foreii»'n  consular  aufents  that  an  at- 
tack  was  iinpendin*^.  On  the  IGth  the  French  were 
in  front  of  Puei)la  at  the  hacienda  de  Alamos,  and 
took  possession  of  the  Navajas  and  Amalucan  hills. 
oj)p()site  and  to  the  north  of  those  of  Loreto  and  Gua- 
dalupe. The  next  day  they  occupied  those  of  El 
Tepozuchil  and  La  Kesurreccion,  and  pitched  camps 
in  Amalucan,  Alamos,  Navajas,  and  Manzanilla 
Goinii^  round  the  [)osition,  they  appeared  on  the  Mex- 
ico road,  occupyini^  the  San  Juan  hills,'^-  where  Forey 
established  his  headquarters,  and  thus  comj)letin'4 
the  line  of  sierrc.  On  the  2 1st  they  occupied  L.i 
Noria  and  the  church  of  Santiaufo.  From  that  dav 
hcj^an  the  actual  ti;4htin<^  between  besie<]fers  and  bi'- 
sieufcd,  and  five  days  later  the  bombardment  with 
eight  mortars  and  fil'ty  heavy  pieces  of  artillery,  after 
two  assaults  on  Fort  Iturbido  had  been  repulsed. 

The  army  under  Ortocja  at  the  betjinnini;  of  tlie 
sic'^e  consisted  of  a  little  over  22,000  men.  The 
General  staff  was  as  follows:  quartermaster-general, 
Gonzalez  ^Mendoza;  chief  of  artillery,  Paz;  chief 
of  engineers,  Colonel  Colombres;  chief  of  medical 
department,  Ignacio  Rivadeneira;  inspector-general. 
O'lloran.'-'^  The  division  commanders  were  generals 
]^erriozabal,  Negrete,  Antillon,  Alatorrc,  La  Llave, 
and  Antonio  Alvarez,  who  had  charge  of  the  cav- 
alry.^^* 

"Tliis  position,  tliough  advantageous  for  its  elevation,  ^ras  not  fortified, 
because  it  would  have  eallcd  lor  i.sniated  defences  with  a  larj^e  gan-iscm. 

"The  army  was  formed  of  S  sections  of  artillery,  each  brigade  liavini;  4 
batteries;  T)  divisions  and  one  brigade  of  infantry;  one  division  and  two  bri- 
gades of  cavalry.  Gen.  Orders  of  Feb.  I'Jth,  in  jytaz,  I'orjlrio,  Bioj.,  40. 

'^'Iii  command  of  brigades  were  I'orlirio  Diaz,  who  in  after  years  l)Ccaino 
president  of  the  republic,  llinojosa,  Lamadrid,  (Jhilardi,  Mora,  Tatoni,  I'iii- 
'Mil,  Igiiacio  Mcjia,  and  Carbajal,  of  tlie  ranlc  of  general,  and  colonels  Caa- 
niauo,  lUoseco,  Escobedo,  I'rieto,  Macias,  llcrrcra,  Auza,  Yarza,  arid  Ayala. 


lOi-J 


:ij?,  it  was  said, 
near  Amozor 
tci^a  doclart'd 
iter  lie  invited 
,  <lay  as  possi- 
:s  that  an  at- 
Frcncli  wei'!^ 
Alamos,  and 
naluean  hills, 
reto  and  ( rn.t- 
thosc   of  El 
)itche(l  camps 
Manzanilla 
on  the  Mex- 
wliere  Forey 
s    comj)l(!tiii.,' 
occupied   L.i 
rom  that  day 
.'jj^ers  and  be- 
-rdmcnt  with 
rtillery,  after 
epulsed. 

of  th.; 

men.     Thr 

ister-ijeneral, 

Paz;    elui'[ 

:'  of  medical 

ctor-gencral, 

rere  i^enerals 

,  La  Llave, 

of  the  cav- 


M-as  not  fortified, 

bri^'aile  having  4 
isionand  two  liri- 
lo,  Bio  J.,  40. 
fter  j'l'ars  liccani'.' 
lora,  Patoni.  I'iii- 
and  colnnolt  Caa- 
Tarza,  aiid  Ayala, 


lining 


SIEGE  OF  PUESLA.  63 

Fn»m  FriMich  sources  wc  liavo  it  that  the  invost- 
iuL,'  I'orce  consisted  of  -JG.'^OO  ineii.-^  Every  assault 
except  the  last  matle  on  Fort  Iturl)i<K — which  re- 
sulted in  itscai)tnre  on  the  21)th  of  ^March'''' — had  been 
repulsed.  The  taking,'  of  this  fort  cost  a  i^ood  deal  of 
blood.  Before  that  whenever  a  body  of  the  besicLjed 
troops  wished  to  break  the  lines,  it  rarely  found 
ddHculty  in  doinj^  so."'  After  the  loss  of  the  Itur- 
bide,  Orti'ijja  strenn^thcncd  his  second  line  running; 
between  forts  lIidal,L(o  and  Kefornia.  his  left  beinijf 
siippoited  bv  th(!  former  and  his  riL,dit  hy  the  latter.'-"' 

Forty  now  bi-Ljan  a  systematic  inroad  on  the  lino 
of  house  blocks  behind  the  Iturbide  works,  and  his 
success  from  the  lirst  caused  much  alarm  amonjjf  the 
besi(>j^ed.  Genci'al  Diaz,  who  had  been  commandin<j^ 
llerriozabal's  second  brigade,  was  detached  and  jdaced 
in  charge  oi'  the  most  exposeil  (piarter,  consisting  <»f 
seviMiteen  blocks,  the  strong  pcjint  of  which  was  the 
Iriarte  house,  or  meson  do  San  Marcos,  lie  planned 
a  ntnv  system  of  defence,  but  before  it  could  be 
eoiii[iK;ted,  the  French,  who  had  worked  the  whole 
day  at  opening  iircaches  and  advjjncing  their  .guns, 
came  upon  him  in  force.  Toward  sunset  the  balls 
erashed  through  the  masonry  of  the  San  Ma'Tos,  and 
soon  made  yawning  breaches  at  both  cxtrenjos.     Then, 

Cm]  PriHJciliano  Floros  was  adjutant-general  of  infantry,  and  Col  J.  XiooLla 
I'li.todf  (.avalry.   /</.,  ll-'J,  44. 

■' ];i^;htooii  tliousand  infantry,  1,400  cavalry,  2,100  artillerymen,  4."'>0  en- 
'.'inccrs,  •_'..'>();)  troupis  d'ailiu'iiistration.  '2,000  Mexican  allies.  Xiu£,  Er/K il, 
■  ''(  Mr.t:,\H~.  Arranj,Mi/,  .1/'./.,  lii.  112,  gives  tlic;  fnrco  at  SO, 000,  wliioli  is 
lunliaKly  .somewhat  in  excess,  '  tan  superior  al  sitiado,  en  niunero,  ilisciiilina, 
y  iTi-iirsos.' 

-'This  was  eirectc<l  hy  first  capturing;  El  Penitenciario,  ^\llich  had  not 
1  "I'll  at  lirst  fortilicd;  tlio  fall  of  the  Itnrbido  following  as  a  cnn.se(incni'e. 
AcciMiliiii;  to  ArraiiLjoiz,  Forey  nii;.;lit  havo  taken  it  tlu^  same  day  that  ho 
I'aiiic  ill  -iiLTJit  (if  Ptuhla.   MJ.,  iii.  HI. 

•■  In  the  nii,'bt  of  April  l.'Sth,  O'Horan  and  Col  Vicente  Riva  Palacio  with 
nliiiiit  l,.")aO  cavalry  broke  the  lines  and  niarchcil  to  Tlascala  throuirh  a  iiar- 
riivy  road.  tli(niL;ii  gnai'ili'd  liy  the  Frencii  8!Hh,  a  nninbor  of  M'hoso  men  were 
sliiin  and  wounded,  and  soniu  taken  prisoners.  The  escaping  force  did  not 
lose  a  man. 

"*  At  tills  time  Comonfort,  in  order  to  carry  out  a  plan  of  attack,  a^kcd 
Ortega  f<'r  ,').(i,)i)  i>r  (i,(MO  men,  who  were  n(jt  furnished  him,  f 'r  obvious 
reasons.  Jii:;rcz  in  a  eonlidential  letter  justly  approved  of  Ortega's  action, 
Ortc'ja,  J'.ir(<;  h'lu.,  (Jj-O. 


i! 


04 


FREXCir  OCCUI'ATIOX. 


uiiHer  cover  of  the  gloom,  a  l^ai-ty  of  zouaves  made  ,'i 
dash  for  the  nearest  broach  leadiii;.,'  into  the  iirst 
court,  which  Ihcy  gained,  driving  the  defenders  into 
the  inner  court;  but  they  were  not  permitted  long  to 
hold  so  im})()i'tant  a  j)osition.  Diaz  rushed  to  thi 
s[)ot,  and  reanimating  ids  jnen,^  they  charged  upon 
the  assailants  and  drove  them  from  the  place.  Jlv 
10  o'clock  the  meson  had  been  reco- ered,  and  the 
l)reac]ies  were  soon  after  repaired.  This  success  was 
followed  by  another  after  the  reveille  along  Cabecitas 
street,  where  a  conflict  had  raged,  the  line  here  beiu"- 
wider,  ami  the  number  of  contestants  larger.  The 
gaps  were  soon  lilled,  and  the  damages  duly  attended 
to.  Kest  was  needed,  l)ut  the  French  wei'e  roused, 
and  allowed  no  time  to  be  lost.  Assaults  were  made 
at  diiferent  i)oints  during  the  day,  specially  in  Chohda 
street,  where  Colonel  Manuel  Gonzalez,  who  in  after 
years  became  president  of  the  rcjuiblic,  though 
wounded,  made  a  stout  resistance,  and  thus  aided 
])iaz  in  repelling  the  assailants.^^  San  Marcos  was 
also  attacked,  but  without  other  result  than  adding 
to  the  heap  of  dead  and  w-ounded.  On  this  line,  as 
well  as  at  the  advanced  jioints,  the  besieged  several 
times  repulsed  the  invading  army,  several  columns  of 
which  were  taken  [)risoners.  One  breach  was  de- 
fended forty  days.  The  eastern  army  never  lost  a 
foot  of  the  position,  holding  it  till  the  17th  of  May."' 
After  several  cliecks,  notably  one  in  the  position  of 
Santa  Ines,  April  25th,  Forey  entertained  the  idea  of 
sus])ending  operations  till  heavier  siege-guns  could  be 
procured,  or  till  he  had  taken  the  city  of  Mexico;  but 

"Loading  with  stones,  there  being  no  other  projectiles  at  hand,  a  gun  that 
covered  the  entrance,  he  lircd  it  at  tlio  zouaves,  causing  much  havoc  among 
tlieni. 

"^'Diaz  himself  speaks  in  glowing  terms  of  Gonzalez' gallantry.  In  the 
general  orders  of  that  day  the  deeds  above  related  received  special  mention. 
Diaz,  J)atO'<  nicuj.,  MS.,  18:5-90;  I)!uz,  J'orfrio,  Dioij.,  4G-S. 

'"  ]5orrioz;ilial,  La  Llave,  and  others  tried  more  than  once  to  induce  Ortega 
to  evacuate  the  place  to  save  the  army.  Gen.  I'az  also  spoke  to  him  on  tiie 
Bubject,  but  merely  in  compliance  with  the  request  of  others.  Hi^owe  "pin- 
ion, like  Ortci;a,'s,  Mas  to  hold  tlie  city  nutil  necessity  demanded  its  alJan- 
domnent.  Uduja,  I'arU  Ojk.,  11-4,  W2-\0. 


javes  made  n 
nto  the  lirst 
o'lbiulcfs  into 

littrcl  loiin"  tn 
isliud   to  tln' 
liarufcd   u}>()ii 
0  i»lace.     J5y 
rod,  and  tlio 
J  success  WMs 
)ni^  Cabecitas 
110  here  beiii-j; 
lari^^er.     Tluj 
luly  attended 
were  roused, 
ts  were  made 
ly  iu  Cliolula 
who  in  aCtrr 
iblic,    thouu'li 
;l  thus   aided 
^larcos  was 
than  addiii;^^ 
this  line,  as 
ie<xcd  several 
1  columns  ot 
ach   was  de- 
ne vcr  lost  a 
Ih  of  :May/^ 

0  position  or' 
d  the  idea  of 
uns  could  be 
Mexico;  but 

it  hand,  a  gun  tluit 
inch  havoo  amou^' 

:;allantry.     In  tlio 

1  special  mention. 
S. 

J  td  induce  Ortega 
iko  to  liim  on  tiir 
.s.  IlisouT  '^piu- 
inandcd  ita  aban- 


oRTnr.A  AND  rorjcv. 


es 


neither  projiosition  was  I'e'^-ariK'd  witli  favor  by  Ins 
»renerals.'-  And  it  was  then  I'esolved  to  push  ilw 
operations  au'ainst  tin;  southfi'ii  side,  wliirh  was  tla; 
n<\t  weakest  line.  J-]ven  lier(>  the  besieL;t'l\s  mad(( 
little  proL;-ress.  j)ia/.  iind  his  t I'oops  wei-e  now  enai»Ied 
toicnder  ellleient.siTviee  whert'danL(ei'mt)stdeniande<l 
it.  The  besie'^pei-s,  oil  their  Jiart,  felt  more  encour- 
iiLT'd  Mil  healing'  that  both  ammunition  and  food  were 
becniiiin;^  scai'ee  within  the  walls. 

At  a  conference,  invited  by  (lenei-al  Forey,  and 
lield  between  him  and  Lieutenant-colonel  ToL,nio,  an 
aide-de-<"unp  of  Orten'a's,  the  FriMich  coinniander 
spoke  (if  the  uselessness  of  ( )rtei;a's  tenacious  de- 
fence, cai-ried  so  nnu'li  beyond  the  requirements  of 
militai'V  us.-ilji',  and  seeminu'ly  f^n-  the  sole  pui'pose  of 
winniii'^  renown.  li'  such  v.'as  the  case,  he  need  l;o 
iiol'ur'her;  fame  sliould  be  his,  and  he  min'lit  now 
well  eivi!  up  the  strui;''^lt!  for  humanity's  s'lke.  J le 
expressed  his  i'c>adiiK'ss  to  o'raiit  honorable  terms  of 
c;ipitulation,  and  assuretl  To':^'no  that  he'  would  sooner 
oi' later  take'  the  city.  He  kiiev,'  that  the  •^•ai'risou 
was  sull'ei'ini^  ior  want  of  [irovisions.  If  Orte_n'a  did 
not  surrender  tlie  jilace  till  after  tlu;  rainy  season  had 
set  in,  1k',  Forey,  v.'ould  streii'^theii  himself  therein, 
and  march  on  to  ^Mexico  during'  the  coniin;^  wintei'. 
W't  molt':  the  wily  J'^i^'nchman  threw  out  the  bait  of 
the  jiresidency  to  the  ^Fexican  commaiRJer,  as  an  in- 
ihicenu'iit  for  him  to  surrender,  acconi])anyiiiu^  it  with 
eci'tain  pro[>ositions,  which,  if  accepted,  would  facili- 
tate a  settlement  of  the  (piestions   at    issue.'''     Were 

•'- Tin:  suspension  of  assaults '.vas  ajiparontly  from  necessity.  Orte^.i  Te- 
licveil  it  so,  and  when  rumors  reached  liiui  — most  of  them  traeeaMe  to  Uio 
F'.eiieh  camp— that  a  j^ennal  a^s;iult  was  eimteiiiplated  to  olilitei'ate  the  le- 
pislse  (if  the  ■_'.")th  of  April,  he  did  not  heid   them.      Xiox  hus  it  tiiat  in  tins 


allair  the   K't't  tuluiun  of  the   I'"rei 


lost  '.1  ollieers,  and  tl 


wor.iK 


l.d. 


d 


niissniu 


-I  men 


killed,    CJ7  w( 


i:;o 


mded, 
.,f  wl 


ri-lit  I 

r  1 7t! 


am 


missin'4. 


lom   /    were  olheirs, 


Later  iiifiiinialioii  showed,  in  addition, 
ha<l  lii'cn  made  prisoners.  Eriuil.  dii  Mi 

-'^  "Let  him  midie  himself  the  president  of   the  Mexican  repuldic,  and  the 
question  is  at  iiu  end;  let  him  au'ree  that  new  elections  fnr  chief  ma!iistrat<3 


ot  tl 


le  nation  he 


hchl. 


id  th 


e  (pustion  likewise  euc 


d  if  to  tarrv 


out 


I'i 


c  nch  army 


eitiierof  these  piojcets  he  should  encounter  any  dililcult 
will  supjtorl  him:  if  lu' will  imt  admit  these  propositions,  tell  him  to  make 
Uisr.  Mi;x.,  Vol.  VI.    5 


'^ 


II! 


m 


66  FnrATIT  OCCUPATION. 

none  of  llicm  accopicd,  ]\o  would  like  an  interview 
Avitli  ()rtcL,'!i,  at  such  a  ]\\;\co  as  the  latter  iiiijj^ht  des- 
ii,niate.  'Po  all  which  Orteufa  verhally  instructed  his 
aid  ti)  say  to  Fon^y  that  his  ])r()|)osals  all  involvi'd 
l''i'ench  intervl'Mition  in  ^Frxico's  all'airs,  and  would 
n(»t  ho  entertained.  Jloret'useil  to  hold  any  eoider- 
cnce. 

Jii  the  lines  defended  hy  La  Ijlave,  Berriozahal, 
INiifirio  Diaz,  and  Auza,  snhterranc^an  ij^nllei'ies  wer^' 
made  to  hlow  up  the  buildiuL^s  occupied  hy  thf 
]*'i'eneh.  The  mines  were  completed,  hut  there  was 
no  powder  to  charL^e  them  with.  Toward  the  end  of 
uVjiril  there  was  nothiiiL^  that  could  he  utilized  for 
food  hut  tlie  horses,  nndt'S,  and  doi^'s,  and  of  these 
there  were  none  hy  the   loth  of  ]\[av.''* 

On  tin?  moiMiiiVL,'  of  tho  8th  of  ^Tay  tluM'e  wis 
lieard  in  ]^nehla  a  hrisk  iiriuLj;  from  the  direction  of 
San  Lorenzo,  ('omonf.)i't  h;vd  not  even  hinted  to 
Ortcijfa  a  movement  hv  wav  of  San  Lorenzo.  Tho 
uncertainty  of  tho  n'arrison  contimied  the  whole  of 
that  day  and  the  ureatei'  ]iart  of  tho  next;  it  was 
oidy  lato  in  the  afternoon  ot  the  Dth  that  ncnvs  of  the 
ilisaster  experienced  hy  Comonfort  the  previous  day 
rmicheil  the  city.  Forey  himself  wroti^  Orte^-a  tlint 
his  army  had  defeated  Conionl'oi't's  at  San  Lorenzo.'' 
It  was  indeed  too  true  that  thoarmy  of  the  centre,  in 
attemjjtin;^  to  introtluco  a  train  into  J'uehla,  had  been 
routed  hy  Ijazaino  and  !Marquez,  and  had  afterward 
retreated  to  Tlascala.  Orte^'a,  while  yet  in  time. 
and  hefore  this  terrihle  disaster  hefell  the  a.-my,  had 
thoUL;-lit  of  al)andonin;4'  tho  city,  hut  he  was  kept  !)ack 
hy  the  hope  of  relief;  and  after  tho  San  Loi'enzo  de- 
feat,  ho  endeavored  to  eiiect  that  j)urposo  hut  iailed. 

me  otlicr.s  e(ju:illy  lioiioralile  for  Iiotli  I'riiiiL'cainl  .Mexico.'  Ur/.i/a,  J'mif  Oi'ii., 

"This  state  of  thing's  was  formallv  \u;\i\c  known  in  tlio  ^'cniral  oi'dor  of 
May  ITth.   /)l'i-.,  Por/.^ Jlio;/..  -IS-'.). 

^■'('oiMOiifort  lost  !,(>{;()  kill(>il  ami  wonndi'il,  1,(^00  inisoncrs.  ainouL;  whom 
Were  ■")()  oliieeis,  cii,lit  jiieees  of  artillery,  ami  a  niunlier  of  otlur  arms,  threo 
fla;;s,  'JO  loadeil  wai,'on.-;,  4;!0  mules,  sheeji,  (to.  Ortega,  I'uiie  d'cii,,  lUl-'.'; 
Ai'io.r,  Ex'pi'd.  du  Mc.c,  "JT-t-S;  .Irrnii'joiz,  Mi'J.,  iii.  ll.'i. 


^ 


COUN'CIL  01"  WAll. 


07 


all  interview 
cr  ini'^Iit  (Ii's- 
iiistnu'tfd  his 
all  iiivolvi'il 
■s,  and  would 
d  any  cnnlri'- 

,  T^enio/^iibal, 
Lii'alliM'irs  wvvc 
ij)i((l  by  tln' 
ut  lluTc  was 
rd  tlio  end  el" 
0  utilized  for 
and   of  tlu'se 

ay   tluM'c  WIS 

i  directitni   el' 

en   liinted  i<< 

iorenzo.     The 

the   whole  of 

next;  it  was 

it  news  of  till' 

previous  day 

Orteo-a  tha't 

an  Lon'uzo;^ 

the;  centre,  in 

■Ilia,  had  been 

lad  ai'terwanl 

yet    in  time, 

he  .uMuy,  had 

vas  kept  bade 

I  .Loi\'n/.()  ile- 

)se  l)ut  raiktl. 

Uft.ijii,  I\trt,'Cu'ii., 

K-  ;_'(iu'r:il  Older  "1 

oiicfs,  aiiuniL;  wln'iH 
(itla-r  iuius,  tlui"! 
Parte  Uvti.,  lOi-'.'; 


So  the  (1.  fence  continued  a  few  days  longer  with  tho 
little  powder  on  hand,  till  the  IGth,  when  there  was 
nothing  le'ft;  ammunition  and  food,  all  had  been  eon- 
sunie<l.''"  Not  a  line  or  sign  had  been  received  iVom 
("oinonfert.  In  view  of  the  situaticin,  a  council  of 
war  was  held,  which  resolved  that  the  general-in-chiet 
,'>hoiilil  endeavor  to  obtain  I'roin  the  French  a  capitu- 
lation, with  the  [irivilege  of  marching  out  of  the  city. 
This  was  not  acceded  to  by  Forey.""^  At  a  council  of 
war  it  was  decided,  and  at  one  o'clock  in  the  moining 
of  the  1 7th  of  May  the  order  was  issued,  to  destroy 
all  the  anuaniiMit;  after  which  the  white  llag  for  sur- 
itiider  without  conditions  should  be  hoisteil,  the 
ollicers  being  left  free  to  act  as  they  pleased.'''*  The 
iiiomy  ill  the  military  chest  was  to  be  distributed 
among  the  rank  and  'ile.  The  plan  was  carried  out 
on  the  I7th,  Forey  being  ap[)rise(l  that  the  geni'ral, 
iitid,  and  company  ollicers  awaited  his  pleasure,  as  his 
piisiiners,  at  the  palace.*'  Ortega  and  the  ollicers  of 
all  ranks  refused  to  sign  paroles  as  required  of  them 
bv  tho  French  coinniander.'"     Aeeordinn-  to  the  lii.s- 


'"'•  riio  rations  scrvt-il  out  to  thu  garriaou  on  tliu  l.'itli  ami  lOtli  of  May  cmi- 
fistcil  (if  ii  decoction  of  orani,'cdoaves. 

•'' Jlo  allied  tu  f.'iant  everytliinj,' liiit  that  Oite^'a's  troops  .should  remain 
in  condition  to  conliniio  tho  var  ii;„'ainst  France,  as  that  would  bo  but  :i 
I  iiauu'c  of  position,  'i'lio  chief  of  t<tall'  Kaid  that  no  doubt  ids  couitnaniler 
v.'i'.ild  allow  tho  garrison  all  tho  honois  iiud  jiuaraidccs,  but  if  they  destmyctl 
th(irarMm  before  surieuvlcring,  as  irid  been  liinied,  all  prisoners  l'allin'4  into 
l.ii  bauds  woidd  bo  tian-ported  to  M  irtini(juo.  Forcy  seemed  to  disapprove 
"1  the  reniaik,  and  eneruftically  said;  '1  tratisjiort  to  Marlinicjue  robbei-.s, 
bill  litti,  Init  not  bravo  ollicers,  such  as  those  loruiini;  the  i;arrison  of  I'uebla.' 
iii-li'in,  Parledai.,  VM--1. 

^'Forey  el.-iimed,  on  tho  'JOth  <  f  -May,  tint  tho  sun-ender  had  been  foiced 
bv  his  lire  of  the  kith  on  tho  Totiniehuacan,  whicii  liad  ilono  gieat  dania,e  to 
til  •  w, irks,  nud  e.\[io,scd  their  weakne.s  on  tiio  ea>c  .side.  Jlis  words  to  tlio 
bi"i-crol  a  llag  of  truce  wire,  that  if  tho  garrison  waited  for  a  general  a.s- 
sp'.lt  ho  Would,  under  tho  laws  of  war,  put  it;  to  tho  swoid.  Lrj'ii.ri,  l)'>'\ 
Miuyiiniliniio,  'JTti. 

-■•A  little  I)cioro  ,3  A.  M.,  and  before  the  mcssago  wa.s  forwarded  by  tlu^  hands 
of  r<'lca-cd  French  prisoners,  Ortegii  rocoived  a  iu)te  from  (ien.  Vanez,  d,ited 
at  tho  bridge  of  'rexnielucan.  May  1 1th,  at  tj;:]0  r.  M.,  saying  that  Cmnon- 
fort  had  p/uo  to  Mexico;  that;  tho  disaster  of  San  Lorenzo  had  not  been  so 
great  as  Furey  rcpre.scnteil  it  to  Ortega;  but  tho  troops  of  the  central  army 
ciitainly  woo  too  much  demoralized  to  bo  led  into  battle.  An  hour  later  tlio 
artillery  was  blown  up. 

";or'.,/.-,  /'a,tr  Gen.,  203-4,  210-13;  Diaz.,  Daloa Biog.,  MS.,  192;  Diuz^ 
Porj.,  JJioj.,  -16-30. 


FRENCH  OCCUPATION. 


torian  of  the  French  expedition,  Pucljla  surrendered 
with  150  pieces  of  artillery.  The  number  of  jnison- 
ers  is  set  down  at  2G  generals,  o03  .superior  olficers, 
1,17'j  subalterns,  and  11,000  rank  and  file.^^  Over 
2,500  dragoons  had  escaped  from  Puebla  during  thr 
operations.  The  French  casualties,  as  given  by  Xiox, 
were:  killed,  18  officers,  1G7  rank  and  tile;  wounded, 
79  officers  and  1,039  rank  and  fde,  many  of  whom 
afterward  died  from  the  effects  of  their  wounds.  The 
same  authority  adds  that  5,000  of  the  ]\[exifiin  rank 
and  lile  were  made  to  sei've  in  3,Iarqucz'  army,  2,000 
were  employed  in  destroying  (barricades  and  intrench- 
uients,  and  the  rest  were  put  to  work  on  the  railroad. 
Tile  siege  of  Puebla,  tliouuh  it  ended  in  a  success  for 
the  French,  must  l.)e  admitted  to  have  shed  no  glory 
on  their  arms.  Xo  great  military  skill  was  displayed; 
and,  indeed,  it  seems  as  if  Forey's  purpose  had  been 
to  go  on  tlie  Fabian  plan,  rather  than  to  conqu('r  the 
enemy  by  repeated  hard  blows.  The  siege  was  (''M- 
taiidy  j)rolonged  beyond  necessity,  when  we  consider 
that  the  place  was  defended  by  a  garrison  of  miliiia- 
nien,  wliose  officers,  from  the  general-in-chief  down, 
had  not,  with  some  exceptions,  been  educated  for  the 
profession  of  arms/^  and  that  it  had  been  hastily,  and 
in  a  measure  im}terfeetly,  fortified  to  withstand  tlu; 
assaults  ol'  a  ]X)werful  foi-eign  army  directed  by  scien- 
tilic  commanders. 


w 

w| 

<1<I 

h<| 
tl 


■I    I 
I 

I 

i 


*'  Xiox,  Expi'd.  (hi  M<x.,  2S'2.  Tlirro  is  considerable  (Hscrcjianc  on  tlii-i 
point,  l-'orey  r''poi'tctl  "20  gLueials,  '-'"J.")  superior  olijccrs,  SUO  si  laltonis, 
1(1,000  rank  ar.il  liic,  I.jO  cannons,  a  large  quantity  of  niuskils  an'l  \nimuni 
tiiiii.  Alinonto  spjUe  of  il)  or  28  trenoVals,  J,  .'10  '^"'.'■s,  12,000  ion,  2m) 
useful  lannons.  I(),0()0  nuiskcts,  and  nnicli  ami  .unitini..  An  ollicei  ti  Mai- 
ijiicz  says  that  only  . SO  Ljnns  liad  been  l)urst,  an  1  there  wore  f(junil  over  20il 
guns,  many  nnisUets,  and  sonio  annnunition.  Z'tiiiri''oi,-',  ///>/.  Mt'J.,  xvi. 
472-,'!.  A  .Mexican  ollieial  li.st,  made  on  the  17th  of  May,  giv(,'.s  21  generals, 
2S0  superior  otliccrs,  and  about  1,120  subalterns.  Diaz.  Pvrf.,  /j/o;/.,  ")0-71* 
Negrcto  an<l  Ri'^gnles  had  escaped.  Itiirra,  (7ol>.  (/<•  -l/tj-. ,  ii.  (ioO.  Orteg.i, 
stated  that  there  were  missiles,  but  no  ])o\vder. 

*-  It  has  been  said  that  Juarez  gave  Ortega  the  command,  though  bcMevinj; 
him  iuciim[)etent  for  it,  because  tiic  nation  had  come  to  look  upon  bin.  as  a 
great  man.  lie  hoped  that  what  Ortog.a  laeke  "  fif  militarj' skill  would  lje 
supplied  by  some  of  his  subordinates.  A  sinister  ,  nrpose  in  connection  with 
Ortega  was  also  attril>uted  to  Juarez.  Jlarqiicz  de  Lcoii,  Mon.  PuM.,  MS., 
2I7-1'J. 


'■k 


**  "'  "lU^^.. 


MHXirAX  PRISONERS. 


69 


rrcndcrod 

of  jtrisoii- 

)r  otiicei's, 

^.'\     Over 

m-'nvj;  tbc 

by  Xiox, 

wounded, 

of  wliom 

ds.     Tlic 

can  rank 

ny,  2,000 

iuti'ciu'h- 

railroad. 

I  cress  Cor 

no  oloi'v 

1  splayed; 

liad  been 

qiier  tlie 

was  e^.T- 

consider 

iiiilie.ia- 

;f  down, 

I  lor  tin; 

ily,  and 

md   tln> 

scien- 


M 


ic    on  til  is 

SI  .laltfrns, 

1    'iiinuiiii- 

irll,    L'M) 

n     )f  Mar- 
1   <nev  iiOO 
.l/i;/.,   xvi. 

i^ 

gom.Tals, 
v/-,  ">0-7l». 
J.     UrtcL.-.., 

lu'icviiii,' 
1  hill .  as  ;i 

Would    Im' 

■i'^ 

-'tiou  willi 
u.it.,  MS., 

1 

1 

Orte!:;-a  and  i'mvy  had  a  (•<  uferencc  on  tlio  19th, 
wlien  tlie  iorMer  assured  the  Frenchman  that  he 
\v(inld  lind  liie  oreat  mass  <{'  Mexicans  resolute  to 
defend  the  national  honor.  J  le  was  soon  contradicted, 
however,  by  his  ecclesiastical  fellow-citizens;  for  on 
the  same  day,  the  cathedral  of  Puebla  bein^-  in  gal,-, 
<h'e>s,  they  i-eet'ivid  the  inv;i<lers,  chanting  atedeum, 
;ind  with  every  demonstration  of  joy."  At  the  same 
time  the  Held  an<l  eoni[»any  otficcj-s,  including  some  of 
( )rtega's  aides-de-eam[),  were  made  to  start,  on  f  )ot 
;ind  unarmed,  for  Vera  Cruz:  and  on  the  next  day 
( )i-ti'gaand  the  generals  received  ordei's  to  jTeparo  for 
de]);irture  on  the  -J^dfor  France  as  ]»risoners.'*'  Their 
i  lUiiiev  was  made  in  cari'iages  closely  guarded.  At 
till  town  of  ^lorelos,  Ortega  heard  that  his  olKcers 
Were  treated  by  a  French  naval  officer  as  convicts; 
tliat  one  captain  had  been  sliot,  some  prisoners  allowed 
to stai'\e,  and  other  outrages  connnitted.''''  lie  became 
\ery  indignant,  and  di.'tei'miiied  to  escape,  whatever 
the  consecplences.  ILis  ])Urj)ose  was  finally  effected, 
though  not  until  httndreds  of  his  fellow-prisoners  had 
got  away.  ^lost  of  the  escapes  were  between  Ori- 
zalia  ancLVera  Cruz.  Ortega,  i  ,.t,  Llave,  Patoni, 
J'inzon,  Garcia,  and  Pi'ieto  liberated  themselves  at 
()i'!zal)a;  and  lJerriozal)al,  .^  ntillon,  Porfirio  Diaz,'" 
Cliilardi,  Xegrete,  Caamano,  and  others  at  diiferent 
]ilaces.*'  So  tiiat  by  the  time  of  embarkation  at  Vera 
Cruz  tile  number  of  prisoners  was  greatly  reduced.'* 

^■'Scehia  Parte  Grii.,  'Jlo. 

"It  is  allogt'd  that  this  course  was  adoptcil  hc'jauiJp,  most  of  the  offieci-a 
liiiiiL^  old  yiici  rillaincn,  it  was  daiiqcrous  to  li't  them  iviiiaiu;  '  exaltts  ct 
(hiii'.'irc'ux,  ttaioiit  fiiit  L;r'iiaiit.s, '  .V(  i.r,  Kxpid.  ilii  Mtx.,  '2S'J. 

'  Aiu'ii);^'  tlu  111  tho  cxccutiim  of  ;i  piivat^-,  \\  boso  Ijoily  was  thrown  on  tlio 
ruiid  liy  which  Oitrira  and  his  eoiiiiiani  ms  were  to  jiass  a  fi'w  niiiuitcs  later. 
Tliu  aliovu-;stat('d  fauts  wore  coniinuiU(  atoil  hy  (JrtfL^a  iwmx  Zacatucus,  Sciit. 
Ill,  iMj:;.   Parle  dc II..  ■2U')-'2:i 

''Diaz  got  away  tliG  day  ln'fori'  tin'  iirisoi.' rr,  woi'c  di'spatchrd  to  Vera 
<  Vuz,  and  toi^'etliLT  with  lion  ioz^dial  svcnt  to  Mexico  and  tendered  tiieir  ser- 
Mces  to  the  government.  J)i':,  /tiii^i.-i  /.''<»/.,  MS.,  l',t;i. 

'•  Tilt!  comfort!^  and  facilities  alio) ded  the  ]irisoncrs  liy  their  conntryriien 
at  Ori/aha  angered  their  captors.  Fifteen  vouiilt  women  were  for  that  leasDn 
i!ii[iiisiiiu'd,  of  whom  tjiiadahipe  Talavera  was  long  liijit  in  durance.  I'jlcaifii, 
hiUri:,  ii.  ,VJ-;{. 

"The  number  actually  scut  was  13  generals,  110  liekl-ofllcers,  407  siibal- 


70 


FREXCn  OCCUPATIOX. 


^4i 


The  news  of  tlic  cai)turu  of  Puel)Ia  was  received  in 
France  with  ^ij;'reat  rejoicing'/'  Very  dill'erent  was  tliu 
ctl'ect  in  jMexico  of  the  iall  of  this  v'\\y  and  tlie  disso- 
lution  of  the  army  of  tlie  east,  which  the  government 
;innonnced  in  iccHng  terms  to  the  country.  The  sur- 
vivors of  the  cainj)aig'n  wei'e  awaided  privilci^es  aiul 
honors/"  The  Ki'ench  conHnandci'-in-cliief  a]ipointeil 
Colonel  Brincoui't  chicif  connuandant  of  l?u*4>Ia,  and 
directed  him  to  reoi-ganize  the  local  administration, 
►Sali'nivand  Almonte  dcsi'jiiatinii'  the  persons  to  whom 
the  administrative  otlices  were  tt)  he  intrusted.  Pui- 
suant  to  the  sug'gestions  of  the  former,  and  ol"  Budin, 
chief  of  iinances,  he  adopted  a  number  of  important 
])olitical  measures."'^ 

terns.  Xlox,  E.rpnl.  ,1a  M,'x.,  28-2-1].  On  llic  l.")tli  of  Oct.,  l.S(i:i,  ami  l.')tli  .f 
A])!'.,  ISdl,  the  inisont'is  \vcre  oliorcd  !\  rtanin  to  MexicD  if  tlicy  would  t^{i\i- 
niit  to  tJH^  UOM  rniiK'nt  set  up  in  .Moxico  liy  tlu;  Firuch  inti-'r\  cntiim.  Somo 
■iL'ceptuil  till",  (iliur  and  were  tout  Lack.  Tlio  rest,  1"J(),  of  wlioni  (.iin.  I''pitai.'iii 
llucrt:i  was  the  iiiuhcst  in  rank,  wire  rotaincd  till  aftor  jMaxiniilian's  a  ■ 
ccplanco  of  llu;  Mexican  crown,  when  ihcy  wire  released;  hut  nopro\isi  ii 
was  made  for  their  support  or  trau.  porlation.  They  suli'erctl  greatly,  1m;c 
inanaLjed  to  lind  their  way  hack  to  .Mexico.  Lijccre,  Doc.  Maxiiniikuio,  i.  IlJi, 
:);;S-H;  llucrta,  ApunU.-i,  l-'J-_'. 

''^Mox,  Expvd.  (Ill  Mfx.,  •J8:]-4. 

'"'The  families  of  the  jiri.soners  w(M'c  a Rordod  relief,  or  at  least  it  was  r.'  ■ 
creed  to  them.   Mtx.,   Col.  L<;i<'f,   18ti.'i-7,  i.  'S'2-[i,  .')7;  Duhlaii  ami  Lij:.nv. 
Lnj.   Max.,  ix.   GU-iJO,   Ol28-;n;  Jjhirio  JJclmh.t,  ;id  Cong.,  ii.  ;i4;  O//.;/  . 
J'drlc  Cleit.,  '240-.j'2.     Jikiik  lloinah:  Orli'nn,  I'urU'  General  que  da  (dSHpri 
(I'ohienio  de  la  Aacion,  rcfpeeto  de  hi  dc/nifa  de  la pla'M.  de  Zaraijiza,  Mi  \  . 
1871,  fivo,  •2.")'J  ]ip.     Tills  ii  a  full  and  clctailcd  report  made  from  Zacater. 
on  the  Kith  of  Septenilier,  ISO;!,  to  the  minister  of  war  of  Mexico,  liy  the  ;  <  ;; 
eral-iu-ehief  of  tlie  late  eastiin  ailiiy  ami  eomandante  general  of  tin;  state  it 
I'nelila,  of  the  operations  of  the  sicLje  and  defence  of  the  city  of  l'ue'ila-/ai,i- 
goza,  bclea,u'uereil   liy   the   French  ai'my   under  Oeneral  Forej',  fn.mi  tlie  ."M 
of  l''elj,  to  tlie  suiremler <it  the  placeon  the  llltli  of  May,  ami  suhseipieiit  art; 
( iinnectid  with  the  disposal  ol  the  .Mexican  prisonera  liy  the  Fieiieh  eoiu- 
?iiander-iii-ehief.     It  is  a  clear  exiiosition  of  these  events,  stated  apparently 
with  a.  view  to  furiii.-.h  the  hiets  \\iiIiout  reservation  or  exaggeration. 

•■'A  Journtil   was  estahlished   in  Freiicli  and  Spanish,  entitled  J/uiii/tur 
J'raiico-j/ixiraiii,  IhilUlin  di  ■■idclc.s  i;//(V/'' /■>■(/'■  I'lidenridioii.     The  land  eustoni- 
iiousea  were  restored.     A  decree  of  ,\lay  'Jlst,  to  sequester  the  properly  of  i;  1 
jiersons  hearing  arms  against  tlie  inteivention,  did  not  meet  the  views  of  Ii. 
eouservatives,  and  caused  in  its  application  many  emliarrassnients,  and  w.  - 
later  disa))proved   hy  the   French  government,  and  eonsecpiently  anniilli'. 
Another  of  May  l2Jil  jireseritied  the  revision  of  sales  of   mortmain  e.--ta,.   , 
that  is  to  say,  of  the  ayuntaniienlo  and  several  liene\i>lent  estalilishmcn: 
sales  ordei'ed  liy 'Jnarez' government,  <.f  which  a  large  numher  were  said  ,  • 
lie  tainted  witli  fraud.      Alay  i;7tli,  tlte  exporlatioii  of  coin,  and  of  gold  i'\.  1 
silver  in  any  form,  was  forhidden.     On  the  day  of  tiie  feast  of  eorpus  eliri-!  . 
Forey,  for  etl'ect,  caused  his  troops  to  march  in  the  procession.     The  oigani. 
tiuii  of  courts  was  ilecreed  and  their  eniolumeiits  were  fixed.   Mtx.,  JJohl... 


JrARKZ  T.KAVi:>;  TITK  C'AriTAL. 


71 


s  received  in 
-rent  was  thu 
lul  the  (lisso- 

o-overnniciit 
y.  "i'lie  sur- 
■ivile!L»'es  a  in  I 
ef  aj)p()iiite(l 

l*iu.'l>la,  mid 
:iiiiiis(rati()ii, 
(•lis  to  wlioiii 
isted.  Pui'- 
xl  of  Budiii, 
)f"  inipoilaiii 


l.S(i.^,  and  l.-.th  cf 

tiny  wodiil  M.I.- 

c'i'\"i'nti(iii.     SoiJH! 

lOIll  lil'll.    l']pit,'Kl  ] 

.MMxiiiiiliaii'.s  ;.  ■ 
l)ut  IK)  piovi.-i  .1 
:vvd  f,'reatly,  ln;t 
ixiiiiili'jiin  i,  ;1.,'., 


least  it  was  ilr- 
lau  and  Lor.uno, 
,  ii.  \\\\  Oiii^ii. 
lie  da  idSiijiri  .■  • 
ZnrtKjiZH,  Ml  \  , 

from  Z:R'atc.-,  • 
xieo,  liy  the  ;  r- 
1  of  tin:  Ktaf.   •  I 

of  riR'Ma-Aai.;- 
cy,  from  tlio  ."  I 
.siil)sei|ii('iit  ai  :  ^ 

10    LVtUrll    (111,1- 

iti'd  ajiiiarciitly 
elation. 

ilitled  MfiuUi  r 
\w  land  I'Uatoiii- 
•  iii-oi)efty  of  ,•  I 
lie  vicwd  of  1 1.' 
ments,  and  w..^ 
ently  annnllru. 
irtmaiu  cstau  -, 
cHtalilisliniriil  , 
ler  were  said  .  ■ 
:id  of  ;;()ld  iii.  I 
f  eol'ims  eliri.-!  . 

Tlic  or^rani. 
.   J/(.i'.,  UoUt.  . 


Upon  the  receipt  in  ^Mexico  of  the  disastrous  news 
iVnni  l*iiebla,  Pi'esideiit  Juarez  placed  the  federal  dis- 
liict  under  strin,i,^ent  Miartial  law,  accejjtini,^  Comoii- 
toii's  resi.i^iKitiou  of  his  command,  lie  demanded 
lurces  I'rom  the  states;  and  helievini;'  tiic  defence  of 
the  capital  possible,  st:ited  in  a  proclamation  his  I'e- 
siilve  to  carry  on  the  war  to  the  last  extremity,  I'efus- 
\\\<f  to  li-ten  t<j  any  peace  overtui'cs  I'rom  the  I'^ivnch. 
I'Ut  the  defence  of  the  capital  was  im[)()ssil)l(\  14,000 
men,  wliich  was  all  the  force  the  ^'overnnieiit  liad,  n<.t 
hciii^'  entnij^'h  for  ine  purpose.  Con^'res,^  untU'i'stooo. 
il,  at  once,  and  authorized  the  president  t'  do  every- 
lhin'4'  ])oss;ble  to  defend  the  country.  His  almost 
unlimited  ]io\vcrs  wein;  to  hold  good  till  thirty  days 
after  the  ; <;.s-L'nd)rm'j:  of  the  chamber.  '^Fhe  only 
restrictions  placed  upon  him  were  in  regard  to  arrange- 
ments with  the  enemy.''"  It  also  ordered  that  th(^ 
chief  federal  authoi'ities  should  traiisfei-  themselves 
t  >  S;in  Luis  Potosi,  On  the  olst  of  ^lay  congress 
closed  iis  .session.  Pursuant  to  the  decret',  ,J  uarez, 
.•■cc(tm})anied  by  the  greater  part  of  the  public  oflicials, 
fit  the  capital  for  San  Luis  I'otosi,''^  where  on  arri\;d 

/,  ■/.  J  flip.,  l!-;i(!;  yiox,  Kxpiiil.  (Ill  Mi.r.,  'JSii-T;  Znmarois,  //in/.  MiJ.,x\i. 

■'- lie  was  strirtly  forbidden  to  entcf  into  treaties  or  diploinatie  eonveii- 
ti'ins  admittiuL,' forei'.;u  iiiteifercncu  in  the  eouiitrys  ali'aiiv.  L'lnrn,  (Inh.  da 
J/(,'.,  il.  OIJiJ;  /(/.,  //l-t.  Jdttij)'!,  y.  T)!*). 

■'■'  The  deiiarturc,  f  lion^h  lather  jireeipitate,  owinL;  toadespateii  from  (leii. 
Jilai  liased  on  reports  of  his  .seoiits  that  the  1' reach  were  ou  the  ui.irc!i,  was 
'  iii'.ed  il!  ;_;'jod  order,  takiii;^  au.iy  artillery,  money,  archives,  etc.  /jl<'siii->, 
/■'/•(•.,  ii.  ,");  .y/'trq'ir.  dr  J.roii,  .^/ciil.  J'u-f.,  MS.,  'JIU  ;  J/c'.'.,  Col.  l.'H'i', 
Im;;  7,  i.  D-  ri;  La  \  uz  df  .!/._/., .July  Iti,  LSii;i.  I'orey  Knew  iithe  ne:a  li.cy, 
ha;  did  not  senil  a  I'oree  in  junsiiit.   Arraii;/ii'z,  .VeV.,  iii.  1 1.'). 

I'u.-'f  J/,  fijli'.'iini,  /'( ),'/'.>,■/'.•.•(  JJist(jri'''i.i  no'ii'c  it  lidi  rvt iirioii  I'ranci'^a  <  it 
.Vi'xico.  Me.xico,  1SU7,  ISIJS,  ISO'.).  I'Jnio,  ;i  m.I.,  )ip.  .IK),  k;;;,  a:  d  (i'JO. 
Ii;li  sias,  a  minister  uniler  Jiuu'ea  in  IS'iCi,  ele.,  and  later  ;ispir.int  to  tho  pres- 
i'h'iiiy.  ljC;,'an  in  Ajii'il  IMIJ,  at  the  iiist.inee  of  tho  .Iii,.re/.  luinisler  of  rela.- 
t  "ii;  .'iiid  ;4()veiiiinent,  to  write  u  .series  of  artie'e.s  for  '.iew.si)a[)eis  ou  the  proL;- 
r<^-  of  iho  Frineh  intervention,  and  tho  conse'j.nnt  eivil  war  hotwi'on  tho 
Il  piililiuans  under  Jiiaie/.  ami  tli'-  l''ranei'.Via\imiliaii  party.  These  artielea 
Hl  iii.it  were  i.isiied  nearly  every  inont!i,  later  at  lon!.;er  intervals,  and  ci'ased 
inOet.  IbOO.  At  (he  reipie.st  of  tho  ed.torof  the />/Vn'(ri  0_/i'('(Vjniiey  were  ]adi- 
li^hid  aficrwurd  in  ISiJT-!)  a.<  a  feuiilefon— sinee  the  eircunistanees  of  their 
IinvioiiH  ap;)earane(!  Iiad  mailo  them  Imt  little  known— and.  then  jmt  into 
I'lolc  fiirm.  J  1  til  •  pi'(  fa'  e  I;^lesi;;  i  promi.^ed  to  liil  tlio;;ap  from  liie  middle  of 
I  'liii  to  the  triumiiii  of  tlu'  re)iiililie ms.  when  leisure  p  -rmilted.  \\  ritten  at 
tiie  v.uious  lieadcjuarlers  of  Ju.ire;:  in  his  ivtreat  northward  before  the  French, 


72 


FRENCH  OCCUPATION. 


lie  issued  a  proclauiation  on  the  10th  of  Juno,  setting 
forth  the  reasons  lor  abandoning  the  ca[)ital.  He 
sent  circulars  to  all  the  gt)vernors,  investing  them  with 
.'unple  powers,'"*  and  forthwith  organized  his  govern- 
ment/'^ He  drew  resources  from  Matamoros,  where, 
in  consequence  of  the  civil  war  in  the  United  States, 
an  active  traile  was  carried  on. 

The  most  active  measures  were  at  once  adopted 
for  an  energetic  struggle  in  defence  of  the  sovereignty 
of  the  country  and  its  republican  institutions.  iJoth 
the  general  and  state  otticers  used  their  best  endeav- 
ors to  organize  military  forces;  and  by  the  latter 
})art  of  June  there  were  concentrated  in  (^)u('i'etaro 
about  12,000  men  of  all  arms.  We  are  assured,  how- 
ever, that  even  at  this  critical  period  intrigues  wer'e 
going  on  around  Juarez,  who  was  led  by  Placido 
W'ga,  it  is  saitl,  to  believe  that  Ogazon  and  Doblado 
had  placed  a  lunnerous  army  under  General  Alarquez 
(le  Jjeon  to  overthrow  his  government.  The  result 
was  that  Ogazon  threw  up  his  office  of  governor  of 
Jalisco.     Doblado  rect'ived    orders    to   surrender  liis 

I:^l(';>ias,  as  a  niciubcr  of  the  (illii  ial  circle,  was  cf  course  perfectly  acquiiiiited 
^\it!l  the  reiuiblieaii  jilaiis  ami  iiujveiiiciits,  ami  could  have  given  the  l>est  jios- 
iiihle  liistory  thci'eof;  ijut  the  arlicU's  Ikiii^'  (uv  ]iul)licati(in,  lie  evidently  durrd 
not  reveal  these  facts,  and  conliiied  himself  to  those  relating  toalready  Uu  avn 
campaigns,  and  to  one-siiled  statements  tending  t(j  awe  tlie  enemy  and  to  en- 
i'cnna;.e  republicans.  'I'ho  chief  contents  of  the  articles  are  reviews  of  forei'_,'n 
relations,  i''i'encli,  ]'ui;;lish,  Spanish,  anil  American  debates,  ami  iiojiular 
views  of  the  Mexican  q  iestion;  ironic  and  hitter  denunciations  anil  connnents 
on  the  imperialist  administration;  and  short  and  hasty  j'eviews  of  military 
movements  for  the  montii,  etc.  All  the  artieU's  are  compiled  with  little  re- 
garil  for  exactness  or  completeness;  many  arc  jiimljlcd  ami  full  of  empty  talk 
-  -repeated  in  tlio  varioi;s  letters — -on  foreign  atl'airs  ami  jiolicy.  The  material 
on  the  I'rench,  impvri.-d,  a)id  foreign  aUairs,  being  obtained  from  the  news- 
jiapers  of  the  time,  lias  its  value,  but  is  iniiiaii;-  I  l)y  hasty  eonc(iction  and  (tne- 
!<i.icdness;  the  otluM'  smaller  [lurtion  on  rc[iul)lican  movements  is  guarded, 
garlilcd  for  prudential  reasons,  and  .su|ierticial. 

'^  He  gave  tiiem  auUiority  to  act  in  urgent  eases  when  iinal)le  to  receive 
timely  instructions  from  the  government.  Diihlui/  and  Lirjino,  L((j.  Mex.,  ix. 
():2iJ-7;  d/i/c,  M(i.i.  IIucicihUi,  1870,  580;  La  Voz  dc.  McJ.,  July  11,  18li;lj 
Li'jYrrr,  Doc.  Mitxim\l'iatio,  i.  'ITiA). 

'^llis  eal)inet  ministeia  then  were;  Juan  Antcmio  do  la  Fucnto.  of  icla- 
tions;  .Icsus  Teran,  of  justice;  JoS('' lliginio  Xune/.  cf  the  treas.ry;  Felipe 
r>.  ]!errio/ahal,  of  ^var,  who  was,  Aug.  I8tli,  succeeded  by  t'oinonfort.  Fuento 
being  tiiiit  onji  foreign  mission,  .Manuel  l)oblado  took  Ins  place  from  Sept. 
lid  to  lOtli,  when  he  vas  snceeuded  by  Sebastian  i.erdo  do  'i'ejada.  Terau 
ri'sij'ued  Sept.  1st.  'I'iie  cabinet  on  the  lUtli  was  formed  with  Lerdo,  Jos6 
Maria  Iglcsias,  Nuficz,  and  Cotnoufort. 


m 


Di:rEXCK  OF  THE  ri:pudlic. 


73 


ino,  settiiifT 
ipital.  He 
J  tliein  with 
Ills  govuni- 
•ros,  when;, 
ituci  States, 

CO  adopted 
soverei^'iity 
3ns.  Jjotli 
est  eiideav- 
tlie  lattiT 
(^hieretai-() 
sui'ed,  liow- 
•iijfnos  were 
by  Pliiciilo 
id  Doljladu 
\\  r»lar(juez 
The  result 
governor  of 
render  liis 

:tly  aci|iuiiiitt'(l 
'11  the  lii'st  i}(i.s- 
iilcntly  (land 
ruiidy  kiiuuii 
my  iiiid  to  cii- 
iL'w.s  lit'  fi)n.'i';ii 
;niil  popular 
iuiil  (Miinim'iit.s 
.s  i>(  military 
uitli  little  10- 
)f  oiiijity  talk 
'J'hi;  iiiati'lial 
)m  tlio  iK'Ws- 
clioii  and  diic- 
.1  is  guuidcd, 

lo  to  rcL't'ivo 
/.';/.  J/m.  ,  ix. 
uly  11,  JSIili; 

ciitc,  of  icla- 
s..iy;  Fclipo 

flirt.  Fiicnto 
!  from  Si'pt. 

Jada.     Tcraii 

li  Lurdo,  J{j!i6 


rommand  to  Antilloii,  and  3Iarqucz  had  to  turn  over 
his  to  J.  M.  Artea<jfa.'*« 

In  a  eireukir  of  the  minister  of  war  to  tlie  gov- 
t'liiors,  after  sj)eaking'  of  the  evidences  of  liatred  to 
the  invaders  dis[)layed  on  the  journey,  ami  of  the 
mressity  of  forgetting  party  dissensions  to  think  only 
nf  taxing  the  eountr}',  they  were  reniincUsd  thai  au- 
thoi'ities  set  up  by  the  forei<>'ii  bayonets  were  spurious 

1  v  CD  t,'  1 

and  did  not  constitute  a  government,  the  government 
both  tie  facto  and  de  jure  being  in  existence;  and 
therefore,  the  re})ublic  could  not  and  would  not  be 
l)ound  by  any  treaties,  c()ni[)acts,  or  pledges,  or  by  any 
acts  of  commission  or  omission  of  those  functionaries, 
so-called.'''  The  governors  replied  with  assurances  of 
tln.'ir  unswerving  iklelity  to  the  re[)ublican  govern- 
iiicnt.°^  Several  of  the  states,  San  Luis  I'otosi  at 
tlicir  head,  having  contemplated  ;i  coahtioii  for  their 
common  defence,  to  which  Zacatecas  refusetl  her  as- 
sent, the  president  disap[)roved  the  scheme  as  uncon- 
stiUitionai.'*'^ 

The  reactionists  at  the  capital  lost  no  time  in  their 
invparations   for  coming  events,   their  action   being 

■'"M)iililad()  advised  Marqnez  to  obey  witliout  a  nuirnuir,  usiii.s,'  these  words: 
'  I)rje  \'.  i;ue  se  pierda,  la  .Hituaeiuii  liajo  la  re^^pl)ll.sillilillad  d(!  estiis  Rentes; 
11  I :');n)i  la  levaiitareiiios  iiiaa  tardi;.'  A/nrijinr:  di-  J, inn,  Mini.  I'u-^t..  -VIS., 
■_MI  :'  'J'lie  icpiililicaii  eaui<e  had  now  to  inoiirii  the  di'atli  of  one  of  its  moist 
t.^l^ty  adherents,  (ieii.  I,;iLlave,  which  oioarredoa  Ihe'Jod  <if  June.  Funeral 
liniior.'s  were  ]iaid  lii.s  remains  on  the  "JTth.  Mix.,  Col.  /,■*».<,  hStJU-T,  i.  'M'r, 
J.a  \\r.  il,i  MiJ.,  All-.  S,  -Jl),  KS(;;i. 

•'" The  eireiitar,  wliieh  is  dated  .Tune  K!,  lsi;;i,  t'lntlur  says  that  all  Mexi- 
i;nis  exereising  fiinetions  derived  from  the  I'nneli  soiiive  aie  utreiidirsairainst 
till  lawsi'f  the  eiuuitry  and  liable  to  severe  punishment.  Jjuid/tn  and  l.i>:ano, 
J.':i.  Mi.i:,  ix.  (i-J7-S;"j/'.,..,  rol.  /.(.//o-,  lMi;{-7,  i.  l;{-l.-..  On  the  -J'.ith  of 
Si  ]iti  ihIh  r  of  the  sainii  year  ^[exieaus  were  forbidden  to  hold  oUiee  under  a 
f  Ml  i   n  piverninent.   Jil.,  I4()-S. 

"It  was  eviijriit  that  with  the  (\oepiion  uf  '  nn  nii-^i'i'ablr  |)iinailo  do 
t';iiiliiirs '  the  whole  eoiiiitrv  rejer!.  d  the  Kreiieh  interv  enlion.  /•,■/<  m'k.s, 
/.'■/■(•.,  ii.  !l. 

'"  I'nder  article  III.  'Ministei  l.;t  Fiieute's  oiivularwas  dated  .Imie  '-'Ttli. 
J/'V.,  Cot.  Lii/is,  l,S(;;!-7,  i.  -.ISU).     A  fev»    davs  pieviousis,  on  the  L'-M,  the 


dent  had  to  decree  the  state  of  J)i 


ii.uiyo  under  mar 


tiul  la 


ii-eatuso  o: 


riiihtary  eiiieute  headed  bv  (.'ol   lonias  IJurre.'o.     (ieii.  .Iiw  M.  I'atoiii,  the 


ciistitntional  governor,  Wis  leinstutoil.  Ihiblun  and  Ao^e 


'•y- 


Max.. 


IX. 


71 


FREXCU  OCCUPATIOX. 


Hi!    .1 


I! 


il|!*i^ 


:K       jiVi.: 


Ml 


directed  by  General  ])i'nii()  Auiiilar.  On  the  first  of 
Jun(>,  at  a  public;  meetinu,'.  tlirv  jido])tecl  a  prejunble 
and  resolutions  to  accept  the  aid  of  and  submit  to  tin; 
foreii^'u  intervention. °'*  Jose  Mariano  Salas,  the  ex- 
jiresidcnt,  assumed  ad  inleiim  the  military  command 
ol'  the  city.  Bazaine's  division  of  the  invading;'  army 
entered  it  on  the  7th  oi'  June,  occupying  the  main 
entrances,  ami  tendering  protection  to  the  reactionary 
party  against  the  enroged  |)c>pulaee.  The  recej)lioii 
of  tlie  French  in  jNIexico  has  been  rejiresented  by 
Forey  and  ("thers  as  so  full  of  enthusiasm  that  it 
almost  verged  on  delirium.^^  It  is  niore  than  likely 
that  the  iiiterventionists  had  prepared  beforehand 
some  exhibition  of  the  kind." 

A  committee  of  reactionists,  presided  over  by  Juan 
N.  l\'reda,  laid  the  aforesaitl  preaml)le  and  rt'sohi- 
tions  before  Forey,  who  rode  into  the  city  of  ]\lexici> 
(111  the  10th  of  June,  with  Almonte  on  his  right  and 
tSalign}'  on  his  lelY,  and  immediately  after  made  Lieu- 
tenant-colonel De  J.\)tier  commandant  of  tlio  district. 
A  local  go\ei'nment  was  organized ;'''  a  press  law  \vas 
enacted,  claimed  to  Ijc  libcial,  but  in  icalitv  verv  re- 
strictive,  inasmuch  as  no  discussion  was  pcrmittL'd 
upon  the  laws  and  institutions,  and  much  less  upon 
religious  tonics,     Sales  of  ])ro})erty  by  liberals  alb 


ire 


•"'"Tho  resolutions  Mcic:  ]^t,  clicrifully  ncccp'iii'^'  tlic  generous  Jiiil  of  tln' 
French  (.111  icror,  they  [ilaecil  themselves  uiuler  T'orey's  prulecliuii;  "Jd,  l'\)iv\- 
\\;is  ii-skei'i  to  call  ;i  iiieiiiiij.',  the  must  luiineroiui  jiossiLle,  to  repres-'iit  ;i!l 
claSL-es,  and  tiie  iiitevo^ta  of  |  artics  willini,'  to  reeoL'lii/.e  the  iutci'veiitinn,  th' 
most  jiroininent  for  seieiiec,  njurality,  ami  jiatriotisni,  eonsuUii!!,' Aluionti'  iu 
the  ehoiee;  .'id,  the  board,  tlieii  given  the  name  of  Junta  t'aliiieadiria,  was  t' 
asseinblo  on  the  tliird  day  fix.  i  ii.s  eonvocation,  nnd  vithiii  eight  daya  to  lU 
cide  on  the  form  of  government  tlio  nation  was  to  he  iiennaiiciiily  placr  1 
under;  and  to  elioosc  ;i  jirovisional  goveriuiie'it  to  hold  power  till  the  pcniia- 
iient  re.Liinie  should  liremm^  installed.  Ail(t,  li'  Ion  Tmidon  i,  in  La  E'<>r(Ua  ''■• 
ih'chl.,  July  '21,  isn;!;  liiirra,  Gob.  dv  Mi  x.,  (j;>7;  1  toini'mch,  JlisI,  dit  Mex.,  iii. 
120-7. 

"  Hidalgo,  thi^  ni'Miarehist,  say.s  that  the  tnjops  were  almost  covered  with 
flowers.  A]>in!tiK,  170-.'i. 

••-It  has  been  asyt  rted  that  the  flowers  thrown  at  the  feet  of  the  soldien 
were  paid  for  with  Fi  i  luli  money.  J.ij'crn',  J'uc.  Maximdinun,  i.  "JSO-l;  J/i.c, 
Loll  tin  Ln/rn,  ISO.'J,  •(■"). 

•'"Sec  decrees  of  June  FIth  ami  lltli,  appointing  an  nyuutaniiento,  and 
Azcdrate  as  prefect.  Jhx.,  Bulitbi  Lri/.,  1SC;>,  37-9. 


FRENCH  ADVICE  AND  PROMISES. 


78 


the  first  of 
a  pn-ainblc; 
biiiit  to  tilt; 
las,  the  ex- 
y  cotnmaiid 
adiiig  arinv 
l;'  the  main 
reactionarv 
0  rc'eo])li()!i 
osontod  by 
sii!  that  it 
tliaii  lilu'ly 
bclbrchaiid 

er  b}'  Juan 

md   resohi- 

of  Mcxic'n 

^  rio^ht  and 

nado  Licni- 

lio  districl. 

ss  low  \vas 

fcv  vcrv  n- 

permitted 

K'ss  u])()n 

crals  after 


•ous  ail]  of  tlii' 
ii)ii;  "Jd,  Foivv 
>  repros^'lit  all 
crvcntinn,  tli'> 
iiig  AliaonU'  in 
uldia,  uaa  t" 
j;lit  days  to  I'u 
anciilly  iilaci'.l 
till  tiio  pcniia- 
Lit  E--<i)\Ua  '''■ 
it.  (In  1/t'x.,  i.i. 

t  covcrcil  ■with 

Df  the  KoMii  IS 
2S()-1;  .!/,.<•., 

itaiuiento,  .-iini 


a  certain  date  \vere  annulled,  the  object  of  which  was 
a  sort  of  moral  suasion  through  the  pocket  of  the 
individual."^ 

Forev  issued  a  loner  iiroclamatiou  on  the  12t]i,  de- 
claiing  the  military  occupation  an  accomplished  lac(. 
'J'lie  iOth  of  June,  he  said,  must  have  caused  all  de- 
lusions to  disappear,  convincing  the  late  government 
(il'its  impotence  to  retain  the  power  it  had  made  sueji 
a  wretched  use  of°^  About  the  political  question  he 
i^ave  tlie  ^Mexicans  much  advice,  I'reely  using  the 
Words  'fraternity,  concord,  and  true  patriotism';  they 
were  to  be  no  lomi'cr  liberals  oi'  reactionists,  but  lie- 
eiiine  ^Mexicans;  meaning,  it  is  pn^sumed,  that  they 
should  be  of  (^ne  mind,  and  cheerfully  acce})t  the  inter- 
vciiiion,  which  would  make;  them  all  very  ])ious  con- 
MiAalives.  He  ])i'()inise(.l  much  that  he  knew  he 
(Miild  not  accoini)lish,  lu'vertheless  he  found  many  to 
bi  lieve  him.  The  country  had  be'ni  disturbed  so 
many  years,  and  I'uin  luul  overtaken  so  many,  that 
theie  Were  not  wanting  some  wiio  were  really  dis[)osed 
to  accej)t  anything.  'fliei'e  wcm'c,  however,  certain 
wni'd.s  in  the  address  \\hieh  i)ro<;hieed  disagreeable 
iniju'essions  on  the  ulti a  conservatives  and  elericals,'^'^ 
wlio  saw  in  them  the  true  inwai'dness  of  Napoleon's 
instructions  to  Forey  on  the  religious  question;  he 
was  to  show  much  deference  for  reliLiion,  and  at  tin; 
same  time  give  assurance  to  the  possessoi's  of  national 
•  ■states.  TJius  the  peo])le  of  jNlexico  were  soon  made 
.•iware  that  the  policy  of  the  French  government  was 
wholly  at  variance  with    the  national    thought    and 


'''  r.utlin,  till!  financial  man,  tlins  c\)ilai!ie<l  it:  '  I'ara  volvcr  il  tiaor  A  iiic- 
j"ics  M  iiLi\iiit'iitoci  li:icia  su  ]iropia  patii.i'  iho^o  wliu  were  scrviii.L,'  in  llu' 
ii'li'ililiLan  ranks.  Mtx.,  JloUiiii  L< ij.,  lS(.i;f,  ;Ki-47;  I'lriud.  Oiiv.  Jinj:  Mu., 
Mm.  4.  180:5. 

'■'M(KC,  E.rpal.  (Ill  ^r<x..  -JS'      0;  JA  .-.,  /,'o/  //,;  £■;,.,  1S(>;!,  up.  4S<)  <.)■.]. 

''''  l)<in;i,  title  |inic-liasci's  of  uationali/iil  cstati's  WDuld  lie  ji!ot(,'iii'il  ill  their 
]iiis>es.-iiun,  lint  tiandulent  sales  would  lie  siilijeet  to  revision.  'J  ho  ealiiuhi! 
riliL;iiin  wnidd  Ix!  jiruteetcd,  and  the  lii.--lio|i:i  recalled  to  their  dioi'e.es.  '.Ii' 
cii'is  i)Uc  TKnipcreur  verrait  avec  jilaisir  (|u'il  fht  possihli'  an  government  do 
]>  "tlamer  la  liljert(5  dcs  cnltcs,  co  grand  principu  dea  ^ocietOs  niodernes.' 
yi,u:,  LV-pCd.  lIii  J/f.c,  HOO-'J. 


'  -i. 


li 


70  niKXCII  OCCUPATION. 

traditions.  IIo  rciiuirked  luithcr,  that  the  courts 
Avniild  l)o  orn-aiiizod  so  that  they  should  iu  futuro  ad- 
iniiiistci' justice  uprightly,  and  not  sell  it  to  the  highest 
bidder."' 

'^^' In  tliis  coiiiipction,  says  ArraiiLtoiz,  M('J,,  iii.  1  lO-'JO,  Foroy  knnw  not 
vliat  lie  siuil,  an  un  otlicr  ocoMsiuns  lie  liail  liluiuknd  in  lii.s  .'iayin;,'s  anil  do- 
in|;s,  and  tlioiuliy  liail  done  soiious  ■hiniai.'o  to  the  ec;nservativ(!  Jiaity.  Airun- 
gdi/  denies  tliat  justice  was  sold  iu  Mexico,  unless  iu  as  rare  instances  as  iu 
any  other  country. 


I 


ic  courts 
uturo  atl- 
0  highest 


oy  knew  not 
yinj,'s  mill  ilo- 
uty.  AiTuii- 
istanccs  us  iu 


CHAPTER  IV. 


MONARCHISM. 
1803. 

GuVKUVMENT  MkASURES— JU.VTA  StlPERIOU  DF.  GOBIERXO — PrOVISIONAIv  Ex- 

ixTTivK— Fdrmv's  Acts  Lr.i;Ai.i/i:i)— Oiider  of  GrADALri-E — A.samiu.ka 
hi:  \otai!I,ks — Its  Isai  (iiRATius  and  ScnsEUViESCY— Cueation  (ik  a 
'riiijONi;— Ir  IS  Offkueu  to  Feiidinand   MAxniiLiAS  of  llAi'siicud  — 

ItEflF.SCYOF  TIIK  .MkXICAN  K.MI'IRK — MoN  AUC.llIAL  SciIEMF.S  IN"  MkXIC  i — 

TiiF.v  .\uv.  Continued  in  ]';i-i;iii>f. — ruENCii  Puevahu'aiion.s— Spanish 
Aims— Sklection  df  Maximilian— IFow  Effected — JIis  Past  ]li;riiKi) 
— AcrioN  OF  the  xVrsiuiAN  JI.MiM-.udU — Policy  of  the  L'ni:  kd  Si'ati;s. 

The  work  <»f  estalilishiii^^  a  govcrnmoiit  iiiidur 
I'lcncli  supervision  was  initiated  with  Forey's  decree 
n\'  June  1(),  ISGo,  autiiorizing  tlie  nomination  l)y  the 
I  iiiperor's  minister,  Sahgny,  ot'tliirty-tive  Mexican  <-iti- 
/.i'!is  to  I'orm  a  Junta  Su|»erior  de  (iobierno,  that  i-;  {<> 
-;iy,  a  g'ov(M'nmental  board, Ho  elect  by  ahsohdc  major- 
l:y  three  citizens,  who  were  to  form  tlie  chief  e\ecuti\  e 
•mlhority.'  The  junta  was  likewise  clothed  with 
]ii»\v{>r  to  choose  215  Mexican  citizens,  without  dis- 
iiiiclion  of  raidv  or  class,  aged  twenty-live  years  and 
upwards,  and  in  full  possession  of  all  their  civil  rights, 
\\\\o,  associated  with  the  junta  superior,  were  to  t'on- 
stitute  an  Asand>lea  ile  Notables.     The  duty  of  this 

'  The  junta  was  to  meet  two  days  after  the  publication  of  the  (Iccrcc  of 
ir^f  appoiutment,  presided  over  l)y  tlio  senior  in  ago,  and  tlie  two  junior  niem- 
lii  "s  wiretoact  us  seeieturies.  MCx.,  Bulrtiii  Leij.,  ISO.S,  48-54;  Xiox,  L'.i/nJ. 
il't  Mix.,  •J!»'-'-:{. 

'^Twii  sii|)lintes,  or  substitutes,  were  also  to  lie  chosen.  Among  otlier 
ibities  of  the  junta  were  to  constitute  itself  into  several  seetioiis  fnrdelib- 
ei:itiiig  (111  allairs  of  the  various  ch'partnieiits  of  frovennnent,  such  as  rela- 
tiMii--.  treasury,  war,  etc.;  when  called  up'ri  l^y  the  executive,  to  sit  a.i  a 
i-i-'iieral  assembly  to  treat  of  matters  of  lilg!i  iiuiiort. 

(") 


wk 


MONAIICIIISM, 


a.ssi,'iiil)ly  was  to  cU'cido  upmi  a  (Icfiiiitlve  form  of  gov- 
criiinciit,  l)y  the  voles  of  at  least  two  thirds  of  the 
iiiriiihci's.  ir,  after  tliree  clays'  l)alIotit)^,  the  re(]ui- 
site  majority  had  not  heeii  obtained,  then  the  junta 
sn|)(,;ri')r  was  to  dissolve,'  tlie  asseiulily,  and  eall  other 
21.")  eitixens,  with  the  privilcj^e  of  reelecting  some  of 
tli(j  inenihei's  of  the  preceding  one.  Alter  deterniin- 
iiig  tlie  form  of  government,  the  asamhlea  ^vas  to 
L!'i\(!  its  attention  to  sucli  all'airs  as  mi'dit  he  brou'-'ht 
helori'  it  hy  the  executive.  The;  lirst  session  of  this 
hodv  was  to  hist  live  davs,  the  executive  haviuLT  the 
})rivilege  of  extending  it.  Its  work  was  to  he  done 
in  secret  session,  hut  its  resolutions  or  acts  authenli- 
cated  hy  the  j)resident  and  seci'etai'ies  might  be  given 
to  the  jtress.''  The  mendiers  of  the  executive  were 
I'eiiuired  to  distribute  anioiiu'  tliemselves  the  six  oov- 
ernment  poi'tl'olios,  a{)j)ointing  and  removing  their 
subordinates.  They  were  jointly  the  executive,  and 
as  sucli  might  |i;-onndgate  or  \ett),  as  they  deemed 
proper,  the  resohitions  of  the  a;iamblea  de  notables; 
and  their  functions  were  to  cease  innnediately  upon 
ihe  installation  of  tlie  delinitive  government  pro- 
claimed by  said  assembly. 

l\n-suant  to  that  organic  statute,  Foroy,  on  the  18th 
of  June,  confirmed  the  nominations  nuule  by  Saligny 
to  constitute  the  junta  superior  de  gobierno.*  This 
body  became  installed  on  the  JSth,  and  on  the  2lst 
elected  tlie  three  ])ersons  who  were  to  constitute  tin; 
executive  authority,  namely,  Juan  Xepomueeno  Al- 


nioi 

sul' 
y 

ilat> 

of 

The 

of 

ma! 

piou 

I'or^ 


Ji 


and 


'Xi.ithcr  the  in('nil)cv3  of  the  junta  supei-ior.  nor  those  of  the  asaiiiLIca, 
wore  to  rccci\  o  any  jiay. 

■■Ainoii!.;  its  ineinlj'.is  wore  some  wli')  hail  jiroiiiiiiciitly  (ii^'ured  in  th(; 
country's  p.ist  hisloiy,  such  as  .lose  I'^iiaoio  I'avon,  .Manuel  I)iez  do  ]]oni!!a, 
Teodiisio  Lares,  Franeisco  Javier  Miranda,  gcnerjils  Alora  y  \'ilhunil  and 
Adrian  Woil,  reruamh)  .Man','i!ii>,  .fuan  llierro  Maldonadn,  (ii'neral  Santia^'o 
l>lauci>,  and  oUiers.  J/e'.i,'.,  IJulrliii,  Li  >/.,  ISO.'!,  .j.")  0;  Ptrlud.  Ojic.  Imp.  Mt.c, 
July  "Jl,  ISii."!;  Lf/f'nr,  hoc.  Ma.riinilidiio,  i. '_'S:)-1;  Zarro,  L<t,l nntadv  loi  o'l, 
in  La  Estrilla  de  Orrld.,  Sept.  11,  isOli.  This  last  autiiority  positively 
a.sscrts  tliat  npwards  cf  six  out  of  tiu;  .'!d  were  beggars,  '  vivian  do  pi'dir 
liinosna,'  wliieii  guarantreil  tiieir  ehrislian  luimiliiy,  and  stamped  the  new 
order  of  things  witli  an  ahnost  deir>ocratic  origin;  there  were  also  among  tlieni 
a  number  of  deorcpit  men  and  imbeciles. 


THE  TRIUMVIR ATR. 


70 


lc;i, 


iiii)tit,i>,  ]\rarIaiio  Salas,"  iiiul  Prlan'Io  Antonio  (\r 
Lahastida  v  J)iival()S,  archbishop  of  ]\[fxi('o.  For 
>ul)stituti's  were  chosen  Juan  JJautista  do  Ornuiofhoa 
V  ]']rnaiz,  hislioj)  of  Tulancinj^'o,  and  Josd  I;j;iiacio 
I'avon.  The  executive  eh'ct  (|ualilied  on  the  same 
(l.ite,  IJisIioj)  Oi'Uiacchea  filHng  [)Vo  teni[)ore  the  chaii- 
it' Archhishop  Jjabastida,  who  was  absent  in  lOui-ope.''' 
The  triumviri,  on  assumiuL,^  their  functions  the  -Jith 
of  June,  issued  an  eminently  conservative-cK-rical 
manifesto,  wliich  for  the  time  brou-^ht  peace  U])on  tlm 
pious  souls  that  had  been  so  greatly  disturbed  by 
j'ony's  proclamation  of  the  12th/ 

Juan  Xeponiuceno  Almonte,  thus  made  a  niendjcr 
nnd  actually  chief  of  the  triumvii'ate,  was  re[)uted  to 
bi'  a  son  of  the  illustrious  priest  ]\[orelos.  Tlu;  nam(; 
Almonte  came  to  him  in  this  wise:  His  father,  when- 
i\er  a  battle  was  impendinjj^,  would  order  tlu;  boy 
carried  itl  iiwnte,  that  is,  to  the  woods,  and  thus  he 
was  reared  on  the  battle-Held  durinL>'  the  wars  of  in- 
(Ie[>endcnce/  for  which  reason  his  military  record  was 

■'  A  biograpliicnl  sketch  of  his  cai'ly  hfe  was  given  in  this  work  at  the  time 
lie  l:u  aino  ])rcsiiloiit  of  the  iTpuhlic. 

''Tlitro  i-i  no  cviilonco  th;it  I'avon  had  any  part  in  the  acts  df  administra- 
linii.  The  following  jicrsons  were  appointed  inider-sei;-rctMries;  Jose  Mi,L;iiel 
.\n'eyo,  for  l'orei:^n  alhiiiv^;  .lost'--  l.naeio  Anievas,  Felipe  liaygosa,  Jii.se  Sala- 
;:,;!•  liaireu'ui,  Juan  de  l)ios  I'eza,  and  Martin  de  C'astdlo  y  Cos,  respfetivi;ly 
l.ip  govenuncnt,  jiiutiee  and  eei-losiastieal  adhirs,  fonieiito,  war,  and  treasiu-y. 
j->om'iiich,  lli^t.  da  Jlc.r.,  iii.  1J.">— 1;  ^Irnni'joiz,  Jltj.,  iii.  1'Jl';  Ljhsan',  Julcr- 
rci.rir:!!,  it.   l.")-"27. 

•  Forcy  had,  tin  the  "JImI,  announced  the  appointment  of  the  provisional 
<-!ii(fs,  thanking  the  peo|le  for  w  hat  lie  called  their  active  and  inti  lli'rcnt  co- 
ojn  ration.  The  triumvirate's  address  reviews  thi^  past,  and  [irouiis'  s  that  the 
i  r.'ineo-Mexiean  army  would  jiursue  the  constitutional  j^ovirnnient  till  it 
.surrendered  or  was  diiven  from  the  country.  As  to  the  religions  question, 
tiic  Roman  worshiji  was  now  restore  ind  free;  the  church  would  exercisi^  its 
authority  without  having  an  enemy  in  the  governmint;  and  'el  Kstado  eon- 
ecrliird  con  elki  la  nianera  de  resolver  las  graves  cuestiones  pendientes,'  or  in 
eiher  words,  pending  questions  would  he  referred  for  settlement  to  the  papal 
ioin-t.  Tlie  atheism  and  innnoral  anti-social  jiropagandi.-ni,  which  tliey  un- 
hlusliin:;ly  declared  to  have  been  under  a  cloak  estahlished  in  the  bchools 
and  colleges,  would  cetise.  'La  iustruccion  eatolica.  siMida,  y  mas  cstensa 
lio>ilile,'  would  engage  their  especial  attention.  l)itlicultics  with  forei'iii 
jiov.ers  wa)ul(l  he  arranged,  and  wiih  tlic  protection  of  I'ranec  and  the  other 
luiioiis  Mexico  would  lie  respected  aVroii. I.  Jlc.r.,  Jiole'hi  Lri/.,  1^,03,  .j'J-OO, 
a|'.  hilt-S;  I'vriod.  OJir.  Imp.  Mtx.,  July  '21,  Iht^;  La  Vuz  deJh'J.,  Aug.  'J7, 
Ibii;;-.  riiiit\t  Jlex.  v'lidd-  M(i..\,  4J-S. 

'To  amuse  him,  Morelod  organized  a  company  of  boy.s  of  his  own  age, 


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MONARCHISM. 


made  to  date  from  1815.  He  was  educated  in  the 
United  States,and  the  principlcs.both  social  and  politi- 
cal that  he  acquired  there,  influenced  a  considerable 
portion  of  his  public  career.  A  resolute  enemy  of 
the  Spaniards,  he,  with  many  other  prominent  Mexi- 
cans, saw  in  them  the  constant  disturbers  of  Mexico's 
peace,  and  heartily  joined  Guerrero's  supporters.  In 
1830,  when  serving  in  the  national  congress,  he  be- 
came an  object  of  government  persecution,  and  had 
to  conceal  himself.  About  that  time  he  was  chief 
editor  of  El  Atleta,  and,  with  others,  accused  Presi- 
dent Bustamante's  administration  of  permitting 
foreign  intervention  in  Mexican  affjiirs.  The  paper 
succumbed  under  the  heavy  fines  imposed  by  the  gov- 
ernment, till  the  press  and  type  were  sold  by  auction." 
In  1839  his  political  ideas  had  become  nmcli  modified, 
as  a  member  in  the  cabinet  of  a  conservative  adminis- 
tration; but  he  still  had  faith  in  the  ability  of  the 
country  to  recuperate  itself.  It  was  then  that  he 
proposcu  that  all  persons  encouraging  foreign  power 
in  Mexico,  or  the  dismemberment  f  her  territory, 
should  be  declared  guilty  of  trea  and  the  measure 
became  a  law.  Almonte  was  in  in  40  and  later  one  of 
the  most  pronounced  enemies  of  monarchial  schemes 
for  his  eouiitrv.  In  1841  he  was  accredited  as  minis- 
ter  plenipotentiary  to  Washington,  and  held  the  posi- 
tion till  1845,  during  which  period  he  exerted  himself 
to  ward  ofl^"  a  war  between  the  two  countries.  The 
annexation  of  Texas  bcinij  authorized  bv  the  Ameri- 
can  congress,  he  went  back  to  Mexico,  where  he  con- 
tinued to  fill  important  positions,  invariably  opposing 
measures  against  the  clergy.  It  is  said  that  in  1846 
he  persuaded  President  Paredes  to  seek  European  aid 

which  was  known  as  tho  'coinpanfa  tic  los  emulantcs,'  of  which  Ahnonte 
was  made  captain.  Tho  boys  used  to  appear  at  tiic  intrciicliments.  One  day 
they  triumphantly  brought  in  a  dragoon  as  prisoner,  tiiough  tho  !..ttersaid 
tliat  ho  was  on  his  way  to  surrender  to  Morclos.  Alamnii,  llltt.  Mfj.,  ii.  628. 
•  He  aocompanied  Santa  Anna  to  Texas  in  18.3(5,  iml  was  taken  prisoner  at 
San  .Jacinto  on  the  'ilstof  April.  Conveyed  with  his  cliicf  to  the  U.  S.,  they 
returned  tngetlier  tho  next  teb.  on  tlie  num-of-war  Pioneer.  Ho  coutinued in 
tho  military  service  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  general  of  division. 


PRESIDENT  ALilONTE. 


81 


a_c::ainr>t  tlic  United  States.  lie  was  then  appointed 
iniuister  to  France,  but  did  not  go  there/"  and  it  has 
been  charc^ed  against  him  that  ho  never  accounted 
lor  $20,000  that  had  been  advanced  to  him." 

During  the  war  with  the  United  States  Almonte 
served  part  of  the  time  as  secretary  of  war,  and  per- 
iormed  other  important  work  in  defence  of  the  country, 
but  docs  not  seem  to  have  done  anything  on  the 
battle-field.  His  name  figured  at  one  time  as  a  can- 
didate for  the  presidency.  He  had  some  disagree- 
ment with  Santa  Anna,  and  resigned.  His  candidature 
for  the  executive  office  was  again  brought  forward  in 
1S49,  to  be  defeated.  Presidential  aspirations  became 
a  passion  with  him;  disappointment  soured  him,  and 
(Very  opponent  was  looked  on  as  an  enemy."  During 
Santa  Anna's  last  dictatorship  Almonte  took  no  part 
in  political  affairs.  After  its  overthrow.  President 
Couionfort  sent  him  in  1 85G  as  minister  plenipoten- 
tiary to  London,  where,  neglecting  his  proper  duties, 
lie  devoted  himself  to  the  promotion  of  foreign  inter- 
vention and  monarchial  schemes.  His  course  was 
such  that  upon  Comonfort's  downfall  he  was  accredited 
hy  the  succeeding  conservative  administrations  as 
iiiiiiister  in  Paris,  and  later  also  in  ^ladrid.  His 
participation  in  the  European  schemes  has  been  partly 
alluded  to  (.'Iwewhere,  and  the  rest  will  appear  in  tlio 
course  of  tliis  history.  Almonte  was  the  first  to  write 
a  treatise  on  the  geography  of  Mexico. 

Archbishop  Labastila  was  born  in  the  city  of 
Zamora  and  state  of  Michoacan  on  the  21st  of  March, 


'"Arrived  nt  Ilabana,  ho  found  Santa  Anna  was  on  the  point  of  returning 
to  Mexico,  and  came  back  witli  him. 

"Tlio  tact  iiiippiircd  in  a  manuscript  record  of  107  pages  found  in  Maxi- 
luilian's  private  oliico.  Tlio  ifolcs  to  the  manuscript  are  in  I^'rcnch,  many  of 
tluin  in  Uic  liiiiidwritiu!;;  of  Felix  Eloin.  'J"ho  tlocumcnt  was  later  lodLied  in 
tliu  foreign  oliico  of  Mexico.  Lr/i'rre,  Dor.  Mn-nmUlKiio,  i.  'MS;  Traidonn 
jiiiiladoH  por  nl  7ii!stiiori,  in  Libra  Sirrilo  dc  Mdx'unil.,  1-2. 

"It  lias   lieen  saiil  against  Almonte  that  ho   dcnieil  recognition   to  his 
inotlier,  and  never  otlered  her  any  assistance  though  she  lived  by  alms.  ViJjc- 
'-tit,  Los  'J'rii  M(dtlitos,  in  Ln  EstrtUa  de  Occid.,  Dec.  '2o,  lblJ3. 
UiBT.  Mex.,  Vci,.  VI.    Q 


82 


MONARCIIISM. 


1816."  Having  been  nominated  by  President  Santa 
Anna  as  the  successor  of  Bishop  Beccrra  at  Puebhi,** 
his  ])reconization  took  place  the  23d  of  March,  1855; 
and  on  tlie  receipt  of  his  bulls,  he  took  the  constitu- 
tional oath  before  the  president,  and  was  consecrated  in 
the  catiiedral  church  of  Puebla,  by  his  friend  Bishop 
Munguia,  on  the  8th  of  July.  The  new  diocesan  prel- 
ate devoted  himself  vigorously  to  the  duties  of  his 
office,  aj)plying  his  exertions  especially  to  the  acqui- 
sition of  sisters  of  the  sacred  heart.  Two  months 
later  he  started  upon  a  pastoral  visit  of  the  diocese, 
which  was  presently  interruj)ted  by  the  annulment 
by  political  events  of  ecclesiastical  privileges.  It  is 
unnecessary  to  repeat  here  the  particulars  of  his  ex- 
patriation, which  have  been  set  forth  in  narrating  the 
occurrences  of  that  ])eriod.  Suffice  it  to  say  that  it 
is  believed  the  motives  pronjpting  his  action  were 
pure,  and  in  keeping  with  the  good  qualities  of  his 
heart  and  mind.     He  did,  or  allowed  to  be  done. 


"  His  parents,  Manuel  Luciano  do  Labastida  and  Luisa  Ddvalos  y  Ochoa, 
vcrc  (if  pure  wliitc  Idootl,  in  gnod  cociul  etauding,  and  possessed  a  niodiTato 
fiirtunc,  which  was  inlieritcd  by  their  son.  In  1S.'{I,  after  a  course  of  pn;- 
paratory  instruction,  young  Labastida  entered  the  ecclesiastical  Honiinary  of 
Morclia,  where  by  liis  supeiior  talents,  application,  and  amiable  cliitractcr  bo 
soon  won  himself  a  distin}j;uishe(l  place.  At  the  consecration  of  liishop  I'or- 
tufjal  lie  was  airordcd  tlio  opportunity  for  a  display  of  his  attainineuta  in 
philosopiiy,  mathemiitics,  and  bellesduttres,  beinv;  rewarded  tlierefor  with  a 
Bcholarsliip,  to  m  hicli  was  added  permission  to  study  law,  tliough  it  liad  hven 
founik'tl  exclusively  fort  Iiat  of  theoloj^y.  On  the  1 8th  of  July,  1SH8,  hereceivod 
the  order  of  Kubdeacon,  and  th  j  next  year  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  About  this 
time  lie  was  appointed  professor  of  grammar,  belles-lettres,  and  philosopiiy,  a 
jwsition  tliat  iiad  been  <leclined  by  Clemente  de  Jcsiis  Mungufa,  who  later  ln'- 
cunie  bishop,  and  first  nrchiiishop  of  Mielioacan.  Tlicsc  two  pers(mages  boi-.- 
for  (!ach  otiier  a  lifedong  friendslup,  and  in  tiieir  career,  botli  literary  .ukI 
ecclesiastical,  advanced  side  i)y  side.  Tliey  not  only  iiekl  professort.hips  in 
their  alma  mater,  but  also  important  ecclesiastical  ofliccs  in  their  diocese. 
They  became  preliendaries,  and  five  years  after  canons.  Finally  thi'y  were 
proposed  together  for  the  mitre  of  Miehoacan  at  tlie  death  of  Bisliop  I'ortugjd. 
^linigufa  l)eeame  tlie  liisliop,  and  liad  I>abastida  with  him  as  his  provisor, 
vicjir  of  nuns,  and  in  liis  absences  left  hiui  as  guardian  of  tlie  diocese.  'J  lie 
lattei-  «'as  also  proposed  for  the  new  mitre  of  San  Luis  Potosi,  wliieh  was  not 
conferred  on  him,  as  it  seems,  lie  was  reserved  for  higher  places.  Sosd,  KpUf. 
Mi.,\,  •2-_'9-:i-2:  Mm.  Cnlrud.  Gnlvmi.,  18(54,  47-50. 

'■  For  what  it  may  be  worth,  reference  is  made  tea  report  circulated  at 
this  time,  that  lie  paid  the  pope's  legato  400  doubloons,  or  §0,400,  for  liis 
mitre.  Lijrrrr.  Dor.  .MnximiUniio,  .'IIS.  Tills  statement,  together  with  other 
things  not  creditable  to  the  archbishop,  was  secretly  communicated  to  Maxi- 
milian. Maury,  L'w'j.  tit  Moiuenor  Labcutidu,  53-0'J. 


ARCHBISnor  LABASTinA. 


S3 


() 


what  ho  considered  proper  in  defonco  of  the  interests 
f  religion  and  the  church,  thoujjjh  alwaysj  endeavor- 
ing to  avoid  conflicts  with  the  civil  authority.  During 
lii.s  ten  months  residence  in  Puebia,  and  notably  during 
the  siege  of  1856,  he  gave  proof  of  pastoral  purity, 
charity,  and  zeal,  as  well  as  of  fortitude  and  abnega- 
tion." The  bishop  sojourned  in  Ctiba  till  he  obtained 
leave  of  tlie  pope  to  reside  in  Rome.  In  this  forced 
absence  from  his  native  country  he  visited  the  chief 
cities  of  Europe,  Palestine,  Egypt,  and  India.  Mira- 
iiion's  government  accrcidited  him  as  minister  pleni- 
potentiary near  the  papal  court.  On  the  llth  of 
October,  1803,  he  arrived  at  the  city  of  Mexico  as 
jirchbishop."  Labastida's  acts  as  a  member  of  the 
government  created  under  the  auspices  of  French  bayo- 
nets will  appear  in  describing  current  events.  It  will  bo 
well  to  say,  however,  that  though  S(mie  of  his  acts  laid 
liiin  open  to  severe  criticism  on  the  part  of  a  large 
jtortion  of  his  countrymen,  not  even  his  political  oppo- 
nents failed  to  hold  him  in  respect,  both  as  a  man  and 
})ielate,  and  certainly  no  one  ever  accused  him  of  being 
an  enemy  to  his  country.  After  liis  separation  from 
political  complications  he  was  engaged  exclusively  in 
his  ])relatic  duties.  In  1 8G7  he  attended  the  ecumenical 
council  at  Rome,  and  was  on  the  committee  of  eccle- 
siastical discipline.  In  May  1871  he  was  back  in  his 
diocese  attending  to  its  affairs,  ever  deserving  to  bo 
classed  amonj?  the  most  distinjjuished  of  Mexico's 
ecclesiastics. 

Juan  13.  D'Ormaechea  had  been  a  member  of  the 
junta  of  reactionary  notables,  and  for  his  services  iu 
the  cause  of  reaction  had  jjcen  rewarded  with  the 
newly  created  mitre  of  Tulancingo.  He  was  more 
<liplomatic  than  his  metropolitan,  whom  he  represented 
in  the  triumvirate. 


'*Snch  is  the  character  generally  given  of  him.  .9o»a,  Episc.  Mi-x.,  231. 

'*  He  had  been  so  prochiimed  March  19, 1803,  and  together  with  his  friond 
Munguia,  received  the  pallium  on  the  next  day  at  the  hands  of  Cardinal  Anto- 
iiLiIi.  The  cplicincrides  of  his  private  and  public  life  may  be  seen  in  La  Voz 
de  Mvj.,  July  8,  »,  10,  1S81. 


u 


MOXARCHISM. 


The  executive  gave  the  force  of  law  to  all  of  Foroy's 
decrees  to  the  25th  of  June,  including  one  to  outlaw 
malefactors  and  bring  them  to  trial  by  a  French  court- 
martial."  This  act  displeased  a  large  number  of 
citizens,  who  could  not  see  the  propriety  of  Mexicans 
being  tried  by  French  officers.  The  fact  is,  that  tho 
triumviri  forming  the  executive  were  controlled  by 
tlieir  French  superiors.'^  The  order  of  Guadalupe 
was  restored  by  decree  of  June  30th,  on  the  plea  of 
respect  for  Pope  Pius  IX.,  who  had  sanctioned  it,  and 
for  the  foreign  sovereigns  and  distinguished  person- 
aijes  on  whom  it  had  been  conferred.^'' 

The  junta  superior  appointed*'  the  so-called  nota- 
bles who  were  to  constitute  the  assembly,  and,  con- 
jointly with  the  above-named  body,  were  to  meet  on 
the  8th  of  July,  to  determine  tho  future  form  of 
government.  It  is  hardly  necessary  to  say  that  the 
.so-called  notables  were,  with  a  few  exceptions,  who 
also  called  themselves  monarchists,  the  mere  tools  of 
t  he  reactionary  plotters. '^^  Teodosio  Lares  was  chosen 
l)resident,  and  Alejandro  Arango  y  Escandon  and  Josd 

'•  Decrees  of  Juno  20th  and  July  1st.  Mez.,  Boletin  Ley.,  18C3,  57-8,  95-0. 

General  Fojry,  Colcccion  Completa  de  loa  Decreloa  Generalea  E-cped'dlon  jior 
. .  .Mexico,  180H,  8vo,  pp.  40,  contains  a  coUcctiou  of  decrees  issued  liy 
<  Icneral  Forcy,  tho  principal  of  which  order  a  reduction  of  import  duties,  tho 
couliscatiou  of  tho  property  of  persons  tiiking  \ip  arms  against  tho  iVcnch  in- 
tervention, tho  appointment  of  acommis:jiuu  to  regulate  the  matter  of  niunici- 
]inl  property  sold  at  inadequate  prices,  as  also  the  privileges  of  the  press. 
Others  relate  to  tho  organization  of  tho  governineut  and  the  establishment  of 
courts-martial  for  tho  suppression  of  banditti. 

"Forey  was  at  tho  head  in  military  matters,  Saligny  in  political  affairs, 
and  Budin  in  financial  matters. 

"Instituted  by  Iturbide  in  1822;  abolished  after  his  dethronement;  ro- 
vived  by  Dictator  Santa  Anna  in  I8d,3,  and  again  definitively  suppressed  by  his 
^  ucccssor  in  18.")o.  It  is  here  revived  a  second  time,  and  its  grand  cross  cuu- 
ferred,  perhaps  pensioned  with  $2,000  a  year,  on  Forcy  and  Saligny  by  their 
creatures.  Lefdvre,  Doc.  Maximiliano,  320-1;  Mex.,  Dertcho  Intern.,  3d  pt, 
005-700;  Arrantjnh,  M6J.,  iii.  123;  Mix.,  Boktin  Ley.,  1803,  91. 

"'June  29th,  Mix.,  Boletin  Ley.,  186S,  CO-8. 

-'  It  Iina  been  asserted  tliat  tlic  clothing  with  which  some  of  the  members 
presented  themselves  was  bought  with  French  money.  Lefcvre,  Doc.  Maxi- 
miliano, i.  327.  This  has  been  denied,  aud  pronounced  '  la  calumnia  do  un 
icpublicano  francos.'  Ai-ranijoiz,  Mi'j.,  iii.  124.  Henry  M.  Flint,  who  in  lii.-j 
work,  Mexico  under  Maximilinn,  approves  the  acts  of  tho  French  and  tho 
M'holo  affair  of  placing  Mexico  under  a  monarchy,  assures  us,  on  pago  C5,  that 
tho  assembly  of  notables  comprised  tlic  men  who  had  in  1843  and  1849,  and 
again  in  1800,  'implored  the  United  States  to  save  Mexico  and  givo  her  a  good 
government,'  which  is  quito  possible. 


THE  ASSEMBLY  FARCE. 


)roy  3 
utlaw 
court- 
ier  of 
s.icauH 
it  the 
ed  by 
Jalupo 
plea  of 
it,  and 
)ersoii- 

l  nota- 
d,  cou- 
teet  oil 
orra  of 
lat  tho 
IS,  who 
tools  of 
cliosen 
d  Josd 

;7-8,  95-0. 
|ecZ((io.9  ]ior 
]issUL'd  \>y 
lutics,  tho 
'rciich  ill- 
jf  miuiici- 
the  press, 
jhnicut  of 

affairs, 

Iment;  to- 
^ed  by  his 

by  their 
3d  pt, 


I  members 
he.  Maxi- 
ma, dc  un 
kio  in  his 
]  and  tho 
J  55,  that 
1849,  and 
ler  a  good 


Maria  Andrade  became  tlie  secretaries.  The  comTiiit- 
1(0  named  to  report  on  the  form  of  government  to  bo 
adopted  consisted  of  Ignacio  Aguilar,  Joaquin  Velaz- 
(jiioz  do  Leon,  Santiago  Blanco,  Teolilo  ^larin,  and 
( 'ayetano  Orozco.*-  Alter  the  assembly  had  been 
thus  constituted,  the  triumviri,  who  had  arrived  at 
llio  i)alace  midst  the  lintjing  of  bells  and  tho  thundor 
« if  artillery,  were  introduced  into  tho  assembly-cham- 
l)L'r  by  Bishop  Ramirez,  Doctor  Sollano,  generals 
Marquez  and  Mejia,  and  two  licentiates.  Almonte 
and  his  colleagues  and  Lares,  the  president,  toolc 
j^cats  under  the  canopy.  Forey  and  Saligny  sat  opjM>- 
s\tQ  the  table.  The  under-secretaries  of  state  were 
mixed  in  with  the  members  of  the  assembly.  Oen- 
erals  Bazaine,  Douay,  Castagny,  Andrade,  and  Iler- 
lan,  with  their  aids,  occupied  tribunes  reserved  for 
representatives  or  the  army.-* 

Almonte,  speaking  for  the  executive,  frankly  set 
fortii  the  gravity  of  the  situation,  and  of  tho  action  tho 
assembly  was  to  take  in  deciding  upon  the  future  of 
^[exioo.  He  laid  stress  on  the  calamities  of  the  last 
forty  years,  abstaining,  however,  from  suggesting  any 
particular  form  of  government.  Not  so  Lares,  >vho, 
assuming  to  know  the  proclivities  of  the  body  he  pre- 
sided over,  in  his  answer  to  the  executive  set  down 
conclusions  significant  of  a  preconcerted  declaration 
in  favor  of  rnonarchism.  It  was  now  clear  that  it 
liad  all  been  arranged  beforehand.  Tho  holy  ghost 
had  been  invoked,  with  prayers  and  masses,  for  itsaitl 
in  a  not  particularly  holy  business.  For  several  days 
before  tho  farce  was  played  every  one  of  these  nota- 
bles know  tliat  his  part  in  it  was  to  proclaim  a  mon- 
archy, with  Maximilian  of  Austria  as  the  pup[)et 
ruler.  Barrbs,  editor  of  VEstafctte,  was  instigated 
to  say  that  if  a  foreign  prince  was  not  called  to  tlio 
throne,  tho  French  troops  would  go  away,  and  leave 

'*  Tlie  three  first  named  wcro  ministers  during  Santa  Anna's  dictatorship. 

Mai  in  held  the  sumc  position  under  Miramon,  and  all  were  rank  reactionists. 

'''  The  tribuuca  were  tilled  witii  spectators,  amou^  whom  were  many  women. 


M  MOXARCIIISM. 

the  interventionists  to  their  own  resources.'*  After 
listenin<^  to  Ahnonte's  and  Lares'  remarks,  and  look- 
ing into  Forey's  and  Sah^j^ny's  faces,  tlie  assenihly 
went  into  secret  sosijion.  Tlie  coininittec  on  the  10th 
made  their  report,  which,  it  is  said,  was  rea<l  amid 
great  a[»plause.-'^  Its  author  was  Ignacio  Aguilar,  the 
person  who  [)lanned  the  plebiscit  for  Santa  Aima,  and 
gave  him  the  title  of  'alteza  surenfsima.'  His  |)icture 
of  the  evils  Mexico  ha<l  under<jone  from  the  year  of 
independence  till  1857  was,  to  say  the  least,  liighly 
colored.*''  It  did  not  in  all  its  points  meet  with  the 
a[)[)i<)bation  of  those  calling  themselves  the  oldest 
and  firmest  monarchists;  hut  in  consideration  of  the 
idea  pro<.'laimed,and  of  certain  paragra[)hs  they  deemed 
trutiiful,  it  was  accepted  as  a  whole.  The  document 
terminated  with  the  following  propositions:  1st,  the 
^lexican  nation  adopts  lor  its  form  of  government  a 
moderate,  hereditary  monarchy,  with  a  Roman  cath- 
olic prince;  2d,  the  sovereign  will  nssume  the  title  of 
'emperor  of  Mexico';  J3d,  the  imperial  crown  of  Mexico 
is  tendered  to  his  imperial  and  royal  highness  Prince 
Ferdinand  Maximilian,  archduke  of  Austria,  for  him- 
self and  his  descendants;  4th,  in  the  event  that,  owing 
to  circumstances  impossible  to  foresee,  Archduke 
Ferdinand  Maximilian  should  not  take  possession  of 
the  throne  tendered  him,  the  Mexican  nation  appeals 
to  the  benevolence  of  his  majesty  Napoleon  III.,  em- 
peror of  the  French,  to  nominate  another  catholic 
prince.*^ 

We  arc  told  by  the  friends  of  the  scheme  that  the 

'•  /ijlcsinn,  Inter)'.,  ii.  45-C.  The  proceedings  of  this  memorable  day  were 
fully  ilusciibed  in  L  Esta/ctit;  Sa'igny's  organ. 

''■>  Hidalgo,  Apiintin,  174,  assures  us  tliat  it  stirred  a  deep  enthusiasm,  and 
was  afterward  read  with  nnicU  inierest  and  appreciation  in  Europe. 

'■""Arrangoiz,  Mr/.,  iii.  '.'i3,  declares  it  exaggerated.  Of  course  the  con- 
Btitutiou  of  iS.")7  and  the  •cfonn'aws  were  the  reactionists' cye-sorc,  and  made 
their  i)atriotic  hearts  blc>  <1.  Tliey  alleged  that  Mexico  had  been  during  forty 
years  ruled  by  robbers,  vagabonds,  and  incendiaries,  forgetting  tiiat  their 
own  party  hail  ruled  tl'o  greater  p:i.rt  of  that  time,  and  that  some  men,  now 
members  of  the  asaml  lea  de  notables,  had  committed  the  worst  outrages  re- 
corded in  Mexican  arnals. 

'^''  Chynoweth,  Fell  of  Max. ,  43-4,  gives  a  translation  of  the  propositions 
as  they  were  passed. 


DHAMATIC  EFFECT? 


propositions  wcro  received  with  the  wannest  satisfac- 
i  ion,  by  an  immense  concourse  of  ])eoj)le  of  all  clus.ses 
tIironiL!;ing  the  galleries  of  the  chamher,  the  spacious 
corridors  and  courts  of  the  government  palace,  and 
the  great  plaza  of  the  cathedral.  There  is  no  doubt 
of  it.  The  theatrical  exhibitions  prepared  to  grace 
snch  occasions  have  been  applauded  often  enough  in 
Mexico  and  other  places.  The  populace  is  lickle; 
money  properly  distributed  will  work  wonders. 
French  rulers  and  Mexican  reactioni.sts  well  knew 
liow  to  nmnipulate  such  cvolutions.^^  The  }»ropo.si- 
tions  having  been  approved,'^  they  were  on  the  1 1th 
published  by  edict.  The  assembly  gave  a  vote  of 
thanks  to  several  persons  for  their  labors  in  fav(»r  of 
a  monarchy.*'  On  motion  of  Bishop  Ramirez,  Jose 
yi.  Andrade,  and  Secretary  Aran<j:o,  it  was  resolveil 
that  a  copy  of  the  proclamation  of  a  monarchy  should 
be  forwarded  to  the  po[)e,  beseeching  his  blessing  on 
the  work  now  inaugurated,  and  on  the  prince  chosen 
by  the  nation.  On  the  13th  a  committee  of  the  as- 
sembly waited  on  the  triumviri,  and  placed  in  their 
luiiids  the  record  of  their  resolutions,  among  which 
was  one  adopted  on  the  llth,  on  the  title  to  be  borne 
by  the  executive,  namely,  that  of  Ilegencia  del  Im- 
po'io  Mexicano.^^ 

-'Tlio  minister  of  relations  of  President  Juarez  called  them  'demostra- 
eioncs  do  jiilnlo  arranwidas  por  obra  <le  la  j)olicia.'  />iili/an  tiiul  Lozcoio,  l.i'j. 
Ml  I-.,  ix.  UIj.  Strange  tliuugli  it  may  appear,  notwitiistanding  the  lepcated 
(jc'casion.s  otlered  since  the  landing  of  tiio  Frcncii  expedition,  neitlier  tiie  men 
wlio  tiiua  truckled  to  Forey  and  Saligiiy,  nor  even  the  most  iiardcncd  con- 
scivatives,  had,  till  the  arrival  of  the  expedition  at  the  ca])ital,  made  any 
pulilic  demonstration  in  favor  of  the  monarchial  form  of  government. 

-"The  lirst  hy  'I'lW  ayes  agaim^t  2  nay?';  tlie  second  and  tliird  unanimously; 
th'- fourth  by  1.M1  against '.(.  Arrangoiz  has  it  that  only  l.j  of  the  niembera 
lailu<l  to  sit.  Lcfcvro  makes  it  I!);  llie  former  asserting  that  sonu!  were  j)re 
\  ciited  by  .sickness,  and  the  greater  number  belonging  to  the  moderate  lilienil 
jiiirty  iiad  kept  away  from  fear  of  losing  a  cointortable  position,  rather  than 
h-oni  political  conviction.  Tiio  truth  is,  that  those  persons  declined  tiio 
douljtt'ul  honor  of  belonging  to  such  a  i)ody. 

_  ^^ Xapoleon  and  Kugenie,  Forey  and  the  I'ranco- Mexican  army;  Saligny; 
Vv'aguur,  minister  of  I'ru.ssia;  t'Kint  do  Hodcubcck,  charge  from  I'.elginm; 
I'adie  Miranda,  (iutierrez  de  Estrad:i,  Andraile,  Hidalgo,  and  others.  In 
t'.ieir  modesty,  they  actually  omitteil  to  thank  tliemselves.  It  was  al.so  de- 
cn;e  I  tliat  a  bust  of  Napoleon  III.  should  be  placed  in  the  hall  nf  ccingress. 
Arniixjoiz,  Miij.,\\\„\',\\i;  Hiilal;io,  Ainm/rx,   IT.VO;  Xior,  L'^ind.  dit  Mex., 

"To  ludt  till  the  sovereign's  arrival.  Mix.,  Ijoktiu  Lei/es,  l'25-O. 


w 


MOXARCIIISM. 


After  tliispronunci.'unionto — to  use  a  favorite  ^Tex- 
ioaii  word — arranj^eiiients  were  made  to  obtain  adinr- 
enco  thereto  hy  cities  and  towns  not  occupied  hv 
republican  forces.  The  acts  of  acceptance  were  du'y 
forwarded  to  the  monarch  elect  in  Europe.  The 
asamblea  de  notables  then  addressed  a  communication 
to  Forey,  congratulating  him  on  the  series  of  victo- 
ries which  had  brought  him  and  his  army  to  the  cai)i- 
tal,  and  assuring  him  Mexico  would  ever  remember 
liis  name  with  respect  and  gratitude.  The  notables 
wished  his  name  to  be  accompanied  in  history  with 
the  unanimous  testimony  of  their  warm  acknowledg- 
ment." 


If 


Archduke  Ferdinand  Maximilian  of  Ilapsburg,  or 
Fernando  Maximiliano,  as  he  was  known  in  Mexico, 
second  son  of  Arclidukc  Franz  Karl  and  Archduchess 
Sophie,  and  a  brother  of  Franz  Joseph,  emperor  of 
Austria,  was  born  in  Schoenbrunn  on  the  Gth  of 
July,  1832.  After  completing  a  classical  education 
aiul  masterinjjf  six  lan.<j:ua<]fcs,  he  devoted  himself  to 
the  study  of  branches  required  for  the  naval  jirofes- 
sion  which  he  had  ado[)ted,  and  with  the  view  of 
acquiring  a  practical  knowledg(.>  of  its  duties,  he  made 
several  voyages.  He  also  visited  some  of  the  most 
j)rominent  countries  in  Europe  and  the  Orient.  In 
1854  he  was  summoned  to  Vienna  to  assume  the  com- 
mand in  chief  of  the  Austrian  navy.  In  185G  he 
travelled  in  northern  Germany,  France,  and  Holland, 
and  was  in  Paris  a  fortnight  as  the  honored  guest  of 
Napoleon  III.,  who  placed  at  his  disposal  the  palace 
of  Saint  Cloud.  It  was  then  that  the  most  friendly 
relations  were  established  between  Napoleon  and 
Maximilir.n,  destined  to  be  subsequently  interrupted 
by  events  in  Mexico.     The  latter  paid  a  visit  in  1857 

•*Tho  document  concludes  with  the  following  words:  '  Acepto,  pues, 
V.  E.,  cstc  voto  do  grucias,  que  en  medio  do  los  mas  vivos  apluusoti  Ic  di!-if,'e 
la  asninhica,  y  con  Ol  el  liomoiiiigo  <le  iiuestro  iTspcto.'  Tl»o  signatures  of  Tc- 
oddsio  Lnrcs,  president.  Alejimilro  Arango  y  I'scaudon  and  Josci  Maria  Au' 
dmde,  secretaries,  are  aliixtii  thereto.   Tovur,  IJid,  I'arl.,  i.  'M'^. 


MAXIMILIAN. 


to  Knijlind,  and  a  second  one  to  Bi'li^ium,  \vli(>ro  ho 
WL'ddrd  tlio  piincesa  ^Taiio  Cliarlott*;  Aniclii;,  after- 
ward known  in  ISrexico  as  Carlota,  a  danL^htcr  of 
Kin'^''  Jicopold  I.  and  Iiis  quoon,  Louiso  of  Orleans. 

On  tlio  arrival  of  the  .younj^  couple  at  Milan,  Sc|)- 
t(Mnl)er  1(>,  1837,  tlioy  were  tiio  objects  of  a  j>()|)ular 
ovation.  Tliey  visited  to^jjether  Sicily,  soutliern 
Si)ain,  the  Canaries,  and  Madeii-a,  the  hride  sojourn- 
inLj  at  the  last-named  island  till  her  hushand's  return 
from  a  voyage  to  Ijrazil.  ^laximilian  afterward  in- 
troduced many  improvements  in  the  Austrian  naval 
service,  directed  the  construction  of  a  navy -yard  at 
]\ila,  and  the  rebuildinj:;  of  that  town.  IJy  his  orders 
the  IVigate  Kovura  made  a  voyage  round  the  world, 
and  the  sloop  of  war  Carolina  a  scientifio  one  to  the 
coasts  of  South  America. 

At  this  time  the  emperor,  his  brother,  desiring  that 
he  should  take  part  in  civil  affairs,  ap[tointed  him 
governor-general  of  the  Lomhardo- Venetian  king- 
dom, retaining  at  the  same  time  the  comu)and  of  the 
imperial  navy.**  His  two  years'  tenure  of  office  was 
at  a  stormy  period,  a  violent  commotion  then  raging 
ajnong  the  Italians;  but  by  his  liberal  and  concilia- 
tory spirit,  Maximilian  won  their  esteem,  even  though 
they  were  earnest  in  their  resolve  to  throw  olf  the 
Austrian  yoke,  and  link  their  fate  with  a  united  Italy. 
It  was  said  at  the  time  that  the  Austrian  govern- 
ment, then  among  the  most  despotic  in  Europe,  re- 
lieved him  of  the  office  because  of  his  liberalism. 
Whether  true  or  not,  the  world  gave  jMaximilian 
ci-edit  for  his  good  administration."'  After  his  relea>se 
from  the  cares  of  state  he  fixed  iiis  residence  in  the 

"  Uo  was  a  liard  worker,  often  licgiiining  the  day  at  5  o'clock  in  tho 
niorniiig. 

"Tlio  British  government  testified  to  it  in  a  dcspatcli  of  Jan.  12,  IS.'tO,  to 
Lord  Loftus,  nnibaasador  at  Vienna,  baying  that  it  acknowledged  wilii  un- 
fei;,'iicd  satisfaction  tho  liljeral  and  conciliatory  sjiirit  shown  by  ♦liu  Lom- 
biinlo- Venetian  government  while  it  was  in  ehnrgc  of  Archduke  I'-rdinand 
Maximilian.  (Jntirrrvzil):  Latrudn,  Fern.  Max.,  Aoii:  />io;/., '21-7.  See  also 
M(u-}m.  y  Carl.,  Advcn,,  11-17;  liivcra.  Gob.  de  Mi'x.,  ii.  04-i-o;  Muximil,, 
Docs,  53-4. 


00 


MOXARCIIISM. 


pirtnrt'squo  pulaco  of  Miraniarc,  furiiisliinf*  it  with 
nia<ciiiiic(!iicc  and  ta.sti',  aii<l  thtio  dovotim;  iiuicli  of 
his  time  to  Hciontitic,  artistic,  and  htorary  luliors. 
Several  works  arr  witnt^Siscs  of  his  iiukistry;  namely, 
JSkctchcs  of  Triictl,  V(tij<t(ji's  to  JJnizil,  A^thitr'isinx,  Md' 
rine  Ohjt'cts,  AutttrUui  Xari/.  Two  vohnuus  of  hia 
political  compositions  were  Hkowise  pubHshed. 

The  (juestion  to  be  now  elucidated  is  how  t!u;  plan 
of  a  monarchy  for  Mexico  canio  to  be  considered,  to- 
Li^ether  with  the  unrounds  for  its  authors'  convictioiis 
that  it  could  be  carried  out,  tlrndy  and  permanently 
settinif  up  a  throne.  When  we  consider  tin;  wars  for 
natioijid  independence  which  culminated  in  Iturhide's 
defiM-tion  fi-om  the  roval  cause,  the  throne  raised  for 
him,  and  from  which  he  was  hurled  in  a  few  months, 
the  efforts  m;ule  to  restore  him  to  that  throne  tenni- 
natiiin"  with  the  (uitastrophe  at  Padilla,  we  should  I'eel 
that  AFexico's  monarchy  was  a  myth  but  for  the  fact  of 
its  endini^  with  a  bloody  episode,  which  ))roved  that 
the  republic  coidd  not  forgive  even  the  liberator  for 
having  dared  to  wear  a  crown.  The  occuri'ences 
which  lilled  the  country  with  sorrow  for  all  time  to 
<'ome,  the  subsecpient  persecution  of  the  liberator's 
fi'iends,  and  of  the  Spunianls,  who  were  suspected  of 
plotting  to  restore  the  Siianish  king's  domination  over 
Mexico,"'  ought  clearly  to  demonstrate  what  were  the 
feelings  of  the  masses,  and  of  the  thinking  class,  on 
the  nuitter  of  the  I'orm  of  government.  Afterward, 
amid  the  direst  calamities  of  civil  commotion,  through 
a  long  period  of  years,  there  never  was  any  iutlica- 
tion  that  the  Mexican  pco[)le  desired  a  monaichy.''" 
There  was  nothing  to  make  the  jjeneration  living 
forty  years  after  the  exi)ulsion  of  that  system,  when 

'•■Soc  IUxl.  Mix.,  vol.  iv.,  tliis  sories. 

"There  wus  no  reiisou  why  tliry  should.  The  Mexicans,  tho  few  that 
visited  Spain  only  excepted,  hud  never  iinown  their  nionarelia.  Tiiey  iiad 
merely  seen  tlie  vi.uToys,  who  ruled  aeeording  to  their  own  judgment,  rr- 
epectin^  tlu;  mannera  and  customs  transmitted  from  remote  times.  The  mon- 
iirehy  left  on  Mexican  soil  neither  the  iutcrestu  of  a  bccular  nobility,  nor  oveu 
a  moral  interest. 


TIIK  MEXICAN'S  NOT  MOXARCFIIsTS. 


01 


it  was  fop'^otten,  and  republican  life  and  lanj^uajL,'*' liiicl 
ln'couioa  part  <»1'  Mexican  nature — tiicrc  was  notliing, 
I  .say,  to  awakifii  in  tlu-so  lattcr-tlay  Mexicans  a  <!e- 
siic  lor  tliu  !'estoration  of  an  order  of  thinirs  which 
thi'V  never  •  'd  known,  anil  never  hud  been  tauyht  to 
vcnrrate.'' 

Turninj^  to  the  earlier  years  of  the  repid)lic,  and 
noting;  the  deadly  animosity  existinj^  between  tlie 
fscocesj  or  centralist  party,  and  the  yorkint»,  or  tcder- 
iilist,  it  will  be  rein«'njbered  tiiat  tin.  " mnants  <»f  the 
Inrnier  in  their  efforts  to  rally  and  btcj  their  oppo- 
iiiiits  alwavs  showed  tiniitlitv,  becau^e  a  hated  name 
lioii!  them  down — that  of  nionan  i  sts,  cis  the  peojile 
insisted  on  calling  them.  At  last,  w!ten  a  writer 
•  •.tl'jd  them  constrvadores,  they  clutcheJ  at  the  new 
name  that  should  enable  them  to  make  recruits,  and 
they  again  became  a  [jolitical  party;  but  it  was  a  re- 
publican l>arty,  ami  as  such  was  sometimes  in  powr, 
and  at  (tthers  in  the  opposition,  but  under  no  cir- 
cumstances pretending  to  advocate  numarchism."'"* 

In  September  1840  Joso  ^laria  Gutierrez  do  Es- 
tiada — the  nian  so  prominent  in  the  events  of  18(Jl 
and  subse(pient  yi'ars  connected  with  the  nionarchial 
schi'me  —  returned  to  Mexico,  after  an  absence  of 
some  years  in  Europe,  when  the  expediency  of  a 
ciiangt;  in  the  constitution  was  publicly  discussed. 
J)eclining  a  [)osition  in  thii  cabinet  and  a  seat  in  the 
senate,  Gutierrez  availed  himself  of  the  opportunity 
to  brinjx  forward  the  ideas  he  had  become  imbued 
with  in  his  European  travels — the  establishment  of  a 
monarchy  in  Mexico.  In  a  pamphlet,  accompanied 
with  a  letter  to  President  Bustamante,  he  endeavored 
to  show"^  that  Mexico  woukl  never  enjoy  peace  and 

"  I'rim  wrote  Napoleon  III.,  March  17,  ISO'J,  that  there  wore  few  men  in 
Mexico  imbued  witii  nionarcliial  sentiments;  that  a  few  ricli  men,  possibly, 
would  aeci^it  a  foreign  monarch,  who  \i;^lit  retain  his  throne  as  long  as 
French  bayoncta  supported  him;  but  those  men  could  do  nothing  tor  him 
alter  the  supporting  force  had  left;  he  must  t!iei<  fall.  Viritn-i,  Xhhvcm 
Jiijlx.  t'lirxt.  I'miHO-Mir.,  IKi-lS;  LijY-cre,  Dor.  Marimiliniio,  i.  'JDi. 

^■^ The  old  leaven  still  worked,  however,  anionic  a  limited  nundwrof  the 


party,  who  showed  their  hand  in  1.S44,  as  will  be  made  to  appear. 
"*  lie  ubly  displayed  the  best  records  of  i\h 


rlie  monurchial  tsystem,  and  de- 


OS 


MONARCIIISM. 


1 


i- 


i 


Avolfare  till  she  discarded  the  republican  form  of  gov- 
ineut*'*  and  accepted  the  moiiarchial,  with  a  foreign 
prince  for  the  first  occupant  of  the  throne. 

The  publication  of  such  a  document — at  a  time  of 
popular  excitement,  when  the  people  wanted  to  do 
away  with  the  central  regime  existing  since  1835,  and 
to  restore  the  federal  constitution  of  1824 — may  well 
be  imagined.  The  government  did  not  prevaricate  on 
that  occasion.  The  author  was  treated  as  a  political 
heretic;  his  letter  and  pamphlet  were  condennied  as 
scandalous,  offensive  to  the  nation,  and  in  the  highest 
degree  unconstitutional.*'  During  his  subsecjuent 
residence  of  many  years  in  Europe  he  did  not  lose 
sight  of  his  pet  scheme.  Its  introduction  in  Mexican 
])olitics  was  again  tried  during  Ilerrera's  administra- 
tion in  1844,  the  remnants  of  the  monarchists  coming 
totxetlier  and  resolving:  to  strike  a  blow  at  their  fed- 
eralist  foes."  A  revolution  broke  out,  headed  by  Gcn- 
iral  Paredes,  which  is  fully  detailed  in  the  proper 
j»lace.  If  we  are  to  believe  Gutierrez,  Paredes  was 
the  active  instrument  of  the  monarchists."  Whatso- 
ever their  number — anil  it  could  not  be  large — they 
certainly  had  no  strength  to  elfect  the  transformation, 

l)icU'il  the  rcpuliliciiii  calamitips  of  Mexico.  Outkrrnde  Enlrada,  Carta  dirij. 
.  .  .Pirnid.,  '.\-Q(j.  (liitienez  <lo  Estrada  real ly  hail  coiiio  to  bdicvo  that  i\ 
iiionarci'y  was  llio  only  leiiicily  for  Mexico's  ilia;  ho  can  scarcely  bo  called  a 
traitor.  J)i(r.,  Jia/os  liioj.,  MS.,  (J7. 

'"lie  said  it  Wii;'  unsuited  to  the  manners,  customs,  nt»d  traditions  of  tho 
Mexican  jicoplc,  for  everything  in  tho  country  was  monarchic. 

*'  'I'lie  coiiiea  offered  tor  sale  were  gathered  in  and  suhnutted  to  the  action 
of  tho  criminal  court,  which  had  declared  tho  i)riidnctiou  snliveisive  and  .se- 
dit'ous.  Seo  order  of  tho  minister  of  the  interior,  Oct.  21,  1810,  to  gov- 
ernors, etc.,  in  J/('.r.,  Col.  Ley.  y  Dec,  18;!9-10,  79(»-7.  In  n  pi-oelamalion 
the  president  called  Outicrrez  a  traitor  and  political  transfuge,  who  had  gono 
to  Europe  a  republican  and  come  back  a  monareliist.  Several  political  leaders, 
amon^  them  Santa  Anna  and  Aliuoute,  ])ubliMhcd  strong  protests  against  tlio 
l)amprdet.  Indeed,  its  arguments  were  treated  with  scorn;  nnd  the  author'^ 
countrymen  heaped  reprobation  on  ids  head,  and  he  was  obliged  to  (juit  tho 
country  as  a  public  satisfaction.  On  tho  other  hand,  European  monarchists 
liighly  commended  his  cllbrt.  But  though  his  personal  friends,  relatives,  and 
former  political  associates  wore  often  afterward  in  power,  no  udmiuist  ration 
dared  to  give  him  permission  to  return.     lie  became  an  old  man  in  exile. 

"It  was  the  most  favorable  opportunity  they  could  have  desired  to  carry 
out  their  views.  Gutierrez  de  Estrada,  Max.  y  liuropa,  33-4;  liivra,  Oub.  de 
Miix.,  ii.  28_'-.3. 

"  It  will  1)0  remembered  that  Paredes'  manifesto  reminded  tho  people  of 
thu  beuelits  they  had  enjoyed  during  the  Spanish  domination. 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  PLAN. 


98 


iiotwitlistaiuling  Gutierrez'  assertion  tliat  they  com- 
jirised  tlio  lirst  men  in  the  country  for  their  social  stand-  * 
iiii:^,  tlie  {greater  portion  of  the  clergy,*'  and  all  who 
liad  changed  their  ojiiisions  as  a  result  of  their  past 
experience'.  It  was  quite  evident  that  without  Euro- 
pean aid  the  so-called  monarchist  party  was  poweiless.*^ 
Coming  now  to  tlic  French  intervention  i)eriod, 
witli  Juarez'  triumph  over  Miranion,  the  ascenilency 
of  liberal  republican  principles  was  for  a  time  consid- 
ered as  permanently  secured.  But  it  was  not  yet  to 
he  so;  for  the  reactionists,  though  in^  a  hoju'less 
minority,  and  without  means  to  push  their  pretensions, 
would  not,  as  wo  have  seen,  give  up  the  contest. 
Hopes  were  held  out  to  them  from  abroad.  The  plan 
id  continue  tiie  civil  war  was  adopted  at  Tlalpan, 
January  18,  18Gi,  under  the  leadership  of  Leonardo 
]\[arqucz.  It  was  to  be,  they  said,  a  fight  for  law  and 
order.  At  tlie  same  time,  a  number  of  their  afliliated, 
residing  in  Paris,  went  to  work  at  the  French  court 
to  obtain  help,  and  later,  through  the  influence  of  the 
exiled  l)ishops,  the  pope  favored  their  j)lans;  but  it 
appears  that  at  first  they  only  hoped  for  aid  to  restore 
their  strength,  without  any  thought  of  the  EurojK'an 
])owers  entertaining  the  idea  of  a  monarch}'  in  I\rexic(>. 
'fhe  thought  was,  most  probably,  put  into  their  heads 
by  Napoleon  HI.,  who  saw  his  opportunity  in  the  dis- 
turbed political  condition  of  the  United  States,  and 
especially  after  the  latter  refused  to  take  [)ai't  in  the 
intervention  proposed.  The  reactionists  in  ]\Icxico 
hatl  no  idea,  at  least  ex[iressed,  of  any  form  of  govern- 
ment other  than  the  re[)ublican,  as  was  made  evidiMit 
in  their  organ.*"     Then  aijain,  wo  have  the  evidence 

"And  yet  the  codosiastical  chaptpva  refused  fiiml^  for  tli(!  Mijiport  of  I'ti- 
re<le3' iirmy,  tliough  the  cathedral  of  MoNieo  had  heen  hsUcmI  oidy  tf)  hiaii 
it'iiy.OOO  iiiouthly  (luriug  one  year,  that  is  to  say,  $2,400,0(ti>  from  all  tho 
dioceses. 

*"' Gutierrez  Kstrada  in  1810  laid  lipforo  the  Tritish  and  I'remh  K'>vern- 
ineiitg  a  nieinornndum  contaiiiinj^  his  views  on  the  necessity  of  their  aHi>i(hn'^ 
Huch  aid.  I'lxtracts  from  that  doeumrnt  were  gi^eii  to  tlio  i)\v<>\  \>y  hini  iu 
1S4T,  Franciiiio  .Javier  iMiraiula  hoin?  tho  responsiijle  cilitor. 

*''T1  y  had  sot  up  what  tiicy  ealh'd  a  miprcuio  govoi-ninent  at  Zininpan, 
iu  the  present  state  of  Hidalgo,  and  liad  an  orj^an,  tho  IJul(  tin  iijk'ial,  vvliich  in 


u 


MOXARCIIISM. 


of  one  of  the  most  prominent  leaders  of  the  party, 
Jose  Maria  Cobos.  In  his  manifesto  publislied  at 
Sain.  Thomas  ho  clearly  gives  the  views  of  his  party, 
after  the  French  had  invaded  the  country,  and  they 
were  republican.*^ 

It  has  been  asserted  that  the  same  persons  who 
invited  foreign  intervention  had  hoped  for  aid  from 
the  United  States  government;  and  when  it  failed 
them,  raised  a  laru^e  fund — not  less  than  eight  million 
dollars  from  Mexico  alone — and  proposed  to  a  number 
of  influential  men  in  the  United  States  to  join  them 
in  establisbing  a  stable  government  in  Mexico.  It 
has  been  further  stated  that  a  immber  of  the  most 
distino-uished  officers  of  the  United  States  armv  weio 
enlisted  in  the  cause.  A  government,  with  probably 
an  Iturbide  at  its  head,  but  with  the  administration 
of  affairs  in  the  hands  of  United  States  citizens,  was 
to  bo  created.*^ 

The  Mexican  monarchial  scheme  was  not  taken  up 
at  hap-hazard  and  at  the  eleventh  hour  by  the  French 
government.  Billault,  the  minister,  denied  that  it 
had  originated  with  his  government.  In  a  speech  of 
June  27,  18G2,  in  the  French  chamber,  he  stated  that 
numerous  Mexicans  *^  had  declared  themselves  in  favor 

its  first  number  said  that  the  conaorvativo  party  abliorretl  and  rejected  every 
Bchuine  tending  to  diminisli  or  imperil  tlio  national  independence.  Ill  tlio 
second  nuniijcr  it  advocated  centralism  in  tlie  form  proposed  in  ISo.'i;  and  in 
the  sixth  the  language  was  most  explicit:  '  picusa  (juc  conviene  al  pais  la 
forma  do  gobicrno  republicana,  representiva,  popular,  central.'  Veritas, 
Aiietiax  Itfjhj-.  VitrM.  Fraiico-Mi'X.,  Ill   12. 

*'  Ho  iii'oposcd  to  Almonte,  then  [ilaccd  in  power  under  French  influence, 
to  shape  his  policy  on  a  conservative  basis,  '  sin  mezcla  dc  mouarquia  cxtran- 
jcra,  porla  quo  nadio  opinaba.'  Romero,  Intrii/.  Enrop.,  4l>-7. 

■**  These  facts  were  divulged  by  Sylvester  Mowry,  who  added  that  a  docu- 
ment embodying  the  statistics  and  jilan  of  the  enterprise,  prepared  by  a  lead- 
ing man  of  New  York,  .assisted  by  Oen.  McClclian,  C.  V.  Stone,  himself,  and 
several  of  the  first  men  for  talents,  influence,  and  wealth,  was  laid  before 
Na^ioleon  III.,  who  perused  it  with  pleasure  and  profit.  Success  was  certain; 
but  tlio  U.  S.  government,  whoso  neutrality  had  been  asked,  interposed  its 
authority,  and  the  project  was  reluctantly  abandoned.  Flint's  Mrx:  under 
Mux.,  34-0.  Mowry,  liko  Arrangoiz,  wouh'  Iiavctlic  world  believe  that  only 
the  conservatives  and  their  clerical  allies,  with  perliaps  a  few  of  the  less  ob- 
jectionable liberals,  had  anything  at  stake  in  Mexico  worth  protecting. 

*'  (Jutierrez  Estrada,  I'adre  Miranda,  .lose  Iliilalgo,  Mufloz  Ledo,  Almonte, 
and  others.  Most  of  tlicni,  if  not  all,  had  buen  in  Vavh  a  long  time,  and 
knew  little  or  nothing  of  the  real  state  of  ulTaira  in  Mexico,     They  wero  not 


CHOICE  OF  A  KINO. 


95 


of  monarchy  as  tlic  only  form  of  government  capable 
of  restoring  order  in  Mexico ;  that  several  presidents'^" 
had  intended  to  open  negotiations  in  Europe  toward 
f<ccuring  it  for  their  country;  that  several  statesmen'^ 
believed  it  the  only  recourse  to  end  the  anarch}^  kept 
up  by  a  few  hundred  men,  who  to  hold  tiie  central 
j)ower  were  ruining  the  people;  and  finally,  that  it 
was  thought  a  foreign  prince  would  be  more  accept- 
able than  a  Mexican  one,  as  he  wouhl  awaken  less 
rivalry,  better  control  the  situation,  and  present  a 
stronixer  and  more  lasting  arrangement.  Ijillaulb 
added  that  Archduke  Maximilian  would  be  the  best 
qualified  prince  for  the  position."'^  Be  it  remen)l>erud, 
tiiat,  according  to  this  minister,  the  matter  had  been 
broached  in  a  diplomatic  conversation,  as  a  suggestion, 
sul)ject  at  all  events  to  the  will  of  the  people.  It  was 
said — after  the  Frencrh  reverse  at  Puebla,  but  before 
the  arrival  of  Forey's  army — that  Billault  was  care- 
ful to  avoid  even  a  semblance  of  rivalry  between  the 
allied  powers,  and  was,  therefore,  very  reticent  as 
to  the  real  motives  prompting  the  choice  of  ^lar.imil- 
ian  over  other  princes  equally  entitled  to  be  candi- 
dates.'"''' 

true  representatives  of  their  country,  and  hart  no  authority  to  speak  for  it. 
What  tlicy  wanted  was  to  conu;  back  supiKH'tod  by  f  )roi^u  bayonets. 

"''Referring  no  doubt  to  Santa  Anna,  Zuloaga,  and  Miniinon.  The  latter 
may  liavo  a:iked  for  intervention  for  his  own  purposes.  Zuloaga's  oiiiniun 
ou  tlie  subject  was  t!ie  siiriie  as  t'obos'. 

•''  The  French  ministers,  and  Mon,  the  Spanish  ambassador  in  Paris. 

•''■' Domenech  tliought  liim  milit  for  it.  His  words  arc,  'il  crut  i^ue  lo 
^Icxiipic  dtait  une  succursale  de  hi  Louibardie,' and  tliat  liy  enacting  good 
laws  lie  would  bo  Mexico's  l)enct'ae(or.   //(.v^  dn  Mcx.,  ii.  .'?(».'{. 

'''Spain  had  her  projects,  tliough  iier  govoinment  made  a  denial,  t'alde- 
run  Collauces,  minister  of  foreij,'n  ati'airs,  ou  the  ".»th  of  .Xpril,  isO'J,  at  nn 
iuterview  wit'i  Arrangoiz,  exhibited  much  displeasure  at  the  selection  of  an 
Austrian  instead  of  a  Spaniard.  He  prctemled  igiMrance  of  the  ]>lau:  but  it 
was  mere  pretence,  for  Almonte  had  divulgocl  it  to  him  in  Dec.  IStil.  CoUan- 
tes  thought  it  was  yet  time  to  projioso  tlie  Spanish  ]irincess  I,-abel,  marry- 
ing her  to  the  reigning  prince  of  Itouiuania.  ]U\t  as  .she  v  as  a  mere  (  hilil,  he 
next  mentioned  the  bister  C'f  (Jueen  Isabel  II.,  ami  her  husb.nnd.  Hidalgo 
asserted  that  the  monarchists  had,  through  (Julierrez  and  him-elf,  tendereil 
the  crown  to  Isabelo  brotherindaw,  the  due  do  Montpensier,  who  neither 
accepted  nor  declined  it.  Arrangoiz  wrote  to  I'aris  toascertaiii  ir  any  ehango 
could  be  brought  about,  and  the  answer  was  published  in  J. a  I-'; ma,  of  .Nla- 
drid,  on  the  "J.'M  of  April,  18(i'2.  Hidalgo  ami  the  others  believed  in  Maximil- 
i:in's  friendship  for  Spain,  which  tliat  prince  was  inanifcsliiig  at  tiiis  lime, 
but  iu  ilic  course  uf  uveuls  they  diauuvured  their  niiatako.     I'rim'a  abuudun* 


96 


MONARCniSM. 


Napoleon  had  said  that  ho  had  no  candidate  of  his 
family.  Mexico  would  not  for  a  moment  think  of  a 
British  protestant  prince.  As  for  Spain,  a  large  por- 
tion of  the  Mexican  people  would  look  on  tlio  selec- 
tion of  a  Spanish  prince  as  a  rcconquest  of  their 
country.  Moreover,  the  three  allied  powers,  it  was 
decided,  should  be  left  out  of  any  combination  by 
which  cither  of  them  would  have  an  undue  advantaufo 
in  IMexico.  Maximilian  was  then  selected  and  ac- 
ce}»tcd  by  France  and  England.  Hidalgo  has  it  that 
Gutierrez  do  Estrada  ha<i  ascertained,  early  in  Octo- 
ber 18G1,  that  the  archduke  would  accept  tlie  thiDne 
on  two  conditions:  1st,  that  Mexico  should  sponta- 
neously ask  for  him  ;  2d,  that  the  support  of  I'Vance 
and  Enn^land  should  be  ijfiven  him.  It  was  on  tlieso 
conditions  that  ^Maximilian,  on  the  Hth  of  l)econil)cr, 
in  a  letter  to  Gutierrez  do  Estrada,  answering  one 
<lated  October  PMh  from  several  Mexicans,  gave  in 
h's  acceptance  of  the  crown."  The  question  would 
remain  unsolved  but  for  certain  circumstances  that 
throw  light  upon  it,  showing  that  the  treaty  of  poiico 
at  VillaiVanca  between  Franco  and  Austria  might  be 
mixed  with  Mexican  affairs. 

An  article  in  the  Italian  journal  Nuova  Italia  said 
that  one  of  its  friends  had  seen  in  the  office  of  Count 
Gavour,  Picdmontcsc  minister  of  foreign  affairs,  an 
Italian  map  wherein  the  island  of  Sardinia  and  Li- 
guria  were  indicated  as  possessions  to  be  ceded  to 
France,  the  formei  in  compensation  for  the  abandon- 
ment of  Gaeta  and  the  recojxnition  of  the  new 
kingdom  of  Italy,  and  the  latter  in  exchange  f  )r  the 
Lombardo-Venetian  kingdom.^^     The  latter  exchanyfo 

ment  of  Mexico  put  an  end  to  Collantea'  schemes.  Arravijoh,  Mt'J.,  iii.  7-8, 
17,  8'2-t:  llhlnhjo,  Apuntex,  50,  71-4,  80,94. 

"Miixiiiiilian'a  lettiT  \v;i3  forwardeil  by  Gutierrez  to  Ignncio  Aguilar  for 
the  buiiclit  of  tlicir  ncconiplices.  Guliirrez  dc  E-^trada,  Mex.  y  cl  Arc/iiif.,  IS; 
Domenerh,  Il/st.  dii  Mix.,  ii.  ;J04-9.  The  subject  occuj-ied  tlio  I'tteiitiou  of 
tlio  Spaiiisli  ministry  and  congress.  COrten,  Diario  Scuado,  ii.,  up.  no.  S,'), 
84-8;  /(/.,  CoiK/rco,  ii.,  no.  4."),  747-0'),  iii.,  no.  .'54,  9.j3;  vi.,  ap.,  i.,  no.  ISS, 
58,  84-8,  no.  l;Vj, '2772-5,  no.  140,  '2789-91,  no.  141,  2813-17,  no.  142,  2S.3S-1). 

''^Tho  first  part  of  tho  programme,  it  is  said,  failed,  owing  to  IJritisli 
agencies. 


POLICY  OF  AUSTIIIA  AND  FRANCE. 


97 


\vas  supposed  to  be  connected  with  Mexico  in  t'uls 
way:  the  republican  government  was  to  be  destroyed, 
and  replaced  by  an  Austrian  archduke,  Mith  the  lio[)o 
ol'  ne^'otiatinji;  afterward  w'ith  his  brother  the  cession 
of  Louibardo-Venetia." 

We  must  now  ascertain  when,  how,  and  by  whom 
the  projiositions  were  made  in  Vienna.  The  (juzcftc, 
ix  sL'Uji-oliicial  orL,fan  of  the  Austrian  government, 
s;iid,  in  August  1803,  that  in  the  autunm  of  I8GI 
both  the  chief  anrl  representative  of  the  ^lexii-an 
monarchists,  then  in  l*aris,  coniidentially  asked  if,  in 
the  event  of  an  initiative  l)y  France,  with  England's 
sanction,  an  Austrian  archduke  were  invited  to  oc- 
cii])y  the  throne  of  Mexico,  s[)ecially  naming  Ferdi- 
iKiiid  j\Iaximilian,  there  would  bo  good  reason  to 
;i;»prehcnd  a  repulse.  It  was  then  assei'ted  that  the 
archduke  wouki  not  refuse  the  crown  if  his  brother, 
the  emperor,  approved  of  the  arrangement.  The 
answer  was,  that  no  such  proposals  could  be  considered 
unless  conditioned  upon  guarantees  of  success  to  secure 
llio  dignity  of  the  archduke  and  of  the  imperial 
li>»use.  The  Austrian  court  resolved  to  maintain  a  pas- 
sive attitude,  without  apjiroaching  France  or  England 
(Ui  the  subject,  and  quietly  awaited  the  formal  tender 
on    the   basis  of  the  conditions   it  had  demanded. °' 

"*  This  [ivoviiice  was  to  l)c  convcyoil  to  Italy  in  imymont  for  Lignria,  wliicli 
M.'is  to  boconiL'  Fieiicli.  Parisian  ooiTcsiioiulcnce  of  L'Lm'uk/,  Aug.  I(>,  ISlJIt. 
'I'ho  Prunevi  Vienna,  wiUiout  a  clear  explanation,  nisospoUoof  a  ikinand  iu 
(Minpensation  as  of  a  very  j;  ibablc  thin;^,  declarin;,'  bcforiliand  tliat  tlio  Aiis- 
i  ti"  gvivorniuent  would  not  assent  tliercto.  Lr/crrr,  Dee.  MdxUnHhino,  i. 
,  JiOiHcro,  Litr'ij.  Europ.,  Wi.  Ili(labj;o,  ApUKirs,  7-,  jironouncu'i  tlio 
(-..o'.iaii^c  of  Vo!:ico  for  Mexico  u  'client  j  iiiw  iitailo  jiur  la  malicia.'  It  nuiy 
l::iVO  been  a  <li:;lit  of  imagination,  but  .-.s  Jlidalgo  from  liis  own  interesl'il 
ni:)t:>e3  liaa  intlnlgcd  in  such  Uiglits,  hidas.eriionsare  not  entitled  to  credciKc 
iniles.-i  corroborated  from  reliable  and  unbiased  sources. 

■'' Tlio  document,  as  semi-ollicial,  <()uld  not  be  explicit.  As  a  matter  of 
l:iet,  it  said  too  mueli  and  too  little:  the  former,  inasmuch  as  it  .staled  tli;it 
livioio  the  signing  of  tlio  London  convention  nf  Oct.  lil,  l!l(Jl,  IIk;  Austii  n 
;''\crnment  bad  I  een  confidentially  approached  to  ask  if  Maximilian  would 
a  xi  pt  a  thnjnc  iu  Mexico,  if  calLd  thereto  by  France,  with  Eunland's  sane- 
tim;  tho  latter,  because  the  article  spoko  only  of  tlio  chief  autt  lepreaenta- 
ti\o  of  the  Bo-called  monarcliial  parly  of  Mexico,  who  could  bo  no  otiicrs 
tli:iii  (Juticrrcz  and  Almonte,  and  these  ])crsoii3  had  no  authority  to  .speak  for 
:i  party  not  existing.  It  is  clear  that  thi'  overtures  emanated  from  some  ])er- 
SNiiagu  occupying  a  higher  plane  in  the  ofiicial  world.  Lcjerrc,  Doc.  J/aari- 
ludiiiiio,  i.  '2U!)-;J00. 

Hmt.  Mbx.,  Vol.  VI.    7 


98* 


MONARCIIISM. 


Another  Austrian  organ,  Le  M^moriid  Diplomxdique, 
confinnod  tlio  forei^oiiig  statcinetit,  adding  tliat  Em- 
peror Franz  Joseph  had  left  to  his  hrothcr  the  right 
of  accej)ting  or  not  the  profl'ercd  crown  at  tiic  pi'oper 
lime.  However,  he  sent,  immediately  alter  the  re- 
tript  ol"  tlie  confidential  overtures  from  the  French 
couit,^"^  Count  do  llechberjx,  his  minister  of  foreio-n 
tilrairs,'''  to  ]Miramare  to  apprise  Maximilian  of  wliat 
was  in  reserve  for  him  on  the  successful  issue  of  the 
Frencli  intervention,  and  tlie  expression  of  the  will 
of  the  Mexican  people,  together  with  the  personal 
benevolent  feeling  of  Napoleon  HI.;  and  it  was  It  ft 
to  ^laximilian  to  decide  for  himself.  The  archduke 
a[)peared  much  moved  at  this  manifestation  of  good- 
will on  the  i)art  of  the  French  emperor.  Now,  this 
semi-ofTicial  statement  does  not  ajxrec  with  llidalufo's 
version,  and  never  having  been  contradicted  by  the 
impeiial  government,  it  must  be  accepted  as  the  true 
one,  even  though  it  overthrows  Billault's  and  Hidal- 
go's stories,  as  well  as  Thouvenel's  sincerity.  There- 
lore,  it  would  seem  that  it  was  Napoleon  himself  who 
made  the  connnunication  to  Fi-anz  Joseph,  and  that 
Ahnoute  went  tf)  Vienna  as  a  bearer  of  confidential 
desijatches."' 

Amidst  id'  that,  Billault,  on  the  2Gth  of  July, 
18()2,  in  a.isworing  Jules  Favre,  aflirmcd  that  the 
Freni-h  army,  on  marching  ui)on  Mexico,  would  ap- 
peal to  the  people  of  the  countiy  to  ascertain  if  they 
wished  or  not  to  sup[)ort  what  he  called  the  tyranny 
of  Juarez;  and  when  hard  pressed  by  his  opponent, 
declared  that  if  the  nation  reelected  Juarez,  the 
Fivncli  government  would  acquiesce  without  demur. 

^^  Mons.  'J'liouvrnel,  French  miiiistor  of  forci^rn  afiairs,  bciiit;  asUuil  liy 
Lord  Cov,  ley,  Jiriu.^li  anil)assailor.  (leniii'il  it;  that  u  to  say,  he  did  not  deny 
that  tliiTc  wi'vo  ncgotia'.ionrf  v.'i.li  the  eniirt  of  \'ieima,  !;;it  [irctendul  that 
tluy  were  carried  on  Iji'tweeii  that  court  and  some  ^luxicans.  V6rU.-<,  JJlario 
Scii'i'lo.  ii.,  np.  no.  .S.'>, ;{. 

^"  !^Ia>;iniilian,  in  hi-'  nicinorial  to  (!cn.  Kscobedo,  ^fay  20,  IWT,  s|icak3  of 
it,  without  iianiin;;  the  individual,  as  a  'persona  do  alta  frerar(|uia  de  Austria.' 

"'it  ii  at  ka.  t  cert -'u  th-t  the  French  rendered  secret  aid;  and  it  is  also 
»  fact  that  t!ie  nc'ctiationa  between  I'aris  and  Miramaro  lasted  ei''lit  montiis. 


POLICY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


09 


Salii:jny,  on  the  contrary,  resorted  to  no  subterfuLjos. 
J  [o  .said  ])lainly  that  the  object  of  the  intervention 
was  not  to  find  out  the  opinion  of  tlie  ^ft^'xieans  tm 
: lie  form  of  government,  hut  to  fix  in  tlie  family — 
that  is  to  say,  among  the  conservatives — the  basis  <»f 
the  estabhsliment  that  ^Mexico  anxiously  exj>ect''d 
from  the  fiiendly  interposition  of  the  thii'd  Xapohou. 
The  official  newspapers  received  ortlers  to  prepare 
jiiihlic  opinion  fi)r  this  nmch-desired  monarchy,  and 
.Vlmonte,  on  his  return  from  Vienna,  sailed  (or  Vcia 
Cruz,  where  he  arrived  early  in  ^larch  I8G2.  AVe 
h.ive  already  seen  what  he  did.''' 

While  the  aforesaid  proceedings  were  going  on  in 
Europe,  which  culminated  in  ^Mexico  as  1  have  (k-- 
tailed,  the  government  (jf  the  United  States,  being 
occupied  with  its  internal  war,  was  siin]>ly  a  lookeT-on, 
jiui-suing  a  prudent  course.  Sec-retary  Seward,  <tn  the 
LHli  of  J^ecember,  18G2,  wrote  Mati'as  Romero,  Mex- 
ican representative  at  Washington,  that  as  war  ex- 
isted between  France  and  ]\Iexico,  the  Unitt'd  States 
must  "act  in  regard  to  it  only  on  the  })rinci|>les  which 
have  always  governed  their  conduct  in  similar  cases."' 
Upon  Juarez'  abandonment  of  the  capital,  the  min- 
ister of  the  United  States,  Corwin,  declinc.cl  his  invi- 
tation to  follow  him  to  San  Luis  l*ot()si.  This  course 
was  approved  by  Seward.  On  the  2Gth  of  Se))tem- 
her,  I8G0,  the  rrench  being  in  jiossession  of  the 
capital,  and  a  crown  having  been  teuderiMl  to  Maxi- 
milian, Seward  wrote  the  ministers  of  the  United 
States  at  Vieima  and  Paris,  and  on  the  2od  of  ( )cto- 
Ixr  to  the  minister  at  the  British  court,  that  the 
American  government  would  puisne  a  policy  of  strict 
neutrality.''-^     From  the  words  and  si)irit  of  the  seci-e- 

*'A  Colonel  Garcia  surrcndcrcil  Almonte's  eorrrspoiidcncc  to  tlio  Mcxie.iii 
governincnt;  liencc  Ddbhido's  roiincst  to  tlic  alliinl  jiloiiiiioteiitiMiiis  fur  Al- 
innnto's  pxpulsion,  and  the  latter  being  taken  under  the  [iruteetiun  ot  Lureu- 
CCA  and  iSaligny. 

''-To  tlic  minister  in  Vienna  lie  said:    'The  United  States  arc  not  indif- 
ferent to  tiio  events  whioh  are  oeeiirring  in  Mexico.     Tliey  are  rejrarded, " 
huwever,  as  incidcuta  of  the  war  between  Franco  and  Mexico.'    To  the  niin- 


loo 


MOXARCniSM. 


tary*s  correspondence,  it  appears  that  if  an  imperial 
government  were  firmly  establislied  in  JNIexico,  by  the 
consent  of  the  Mexican  people,  the  United  States 
government  would  hold  friendly  relations  with  it,  as 
it  was  doing  with  Brazil.  But  the  course  of  the 
Washington  cabinet  toward  Maximilian's  government, 
and  its  continued  recognition  of  that  of  Juarez,  made 
it  evident  that  in  its  estimation  the  empire  lacked 
stability,  and  its  fall,  after  the  French  intervention 
should  cease,  must  follow. 

later  in  Paris  he  stated  tliat  the  U.  S.  '  have  neither  a  right  nor  a  disposition 
to  intervene  hy  force  in  the  internal  affairs  of  Mexico,  whether  to  establish 
and  maintain  a  rejjublic,  or  even  a  domestic  government  there,  or  to  over- 
throw an  imperial  or  a  foreign  one,  if  Mexico  chooses  to  establisli  or  accept 
it.  The  U.  S.  have  neither  the  right  nor  the  disposition  to  intervene  by  force 
on  either  side  in  the  lamentable  war  wliich  is  going  on  between  France  and 
Mexico.'  To  Minister  Adams  he  used  these  words:  'The  U.  S.  can  do  no 
otherwise  than  leave  tlie  destinies  of  Mexico  in  the  keeping  of  her  own 
people,  and  recognize  their  sovereignty  and  independence  in  whatever  form 
tliey  themselves  bliall  choose  that  thissovereignty  shall  bo  manifested.'  Much 
discussion  was  had  in  the  U.  S.  congress  and  press  on  the  Mexican  question, 
tnany  seeing  in  the  European  proceedings  a  violation  of  the  Monroe  doctrine; 
but  a  perusal  of  Monroe's  words  will  clearly  show  that  there  had  been  as  yet 
no  attempt  at  violating  that  principle.  U.  S.  Oovt  Doc.,  Cong.  37,  Seas.  '^, 
House  Ex.  1,  307-411,  passim;  Id.,  vol.  vi.;  Id.,  House  Journal.  101;  //., 
Cong.  33,  Sess.  2,  Sen.  Ex.,  11,  33;  Id.,  Foreign  Affiairx,  1802,  193,  338-40, 
aW-T,  377-8,  334-5,  392,  400-5;  Id.,  18G3,  pta  i.-ii.,  038-702,  133J-4I;  /(/., 
18G4,  pt  ii.,  710-11,  930;  U.  S.  Govt  Doc,  Cong.  37,  Sess.  3,  Sen.  Jouni., 
578;  Id.,  Sen.  Miscel.,  13;  Mex.  Affairs,  in  President's  Mess.,  June  10,  1804; 
N.  Am.  Rev.,  ciii.  137-42. 


CHAPTER  V. 

MAXIMILIAN,  EMrEROR  OF  MEXICO 

18G3. 

iNiiF-nKN'T  Idea  op  E.MPinE — Montezhma,  lTi;i!nii>E,  Maximilian— Foucio 

AdHESIOXiJ — C'lIAUACTKUOFTlIE  UeGENTS— Dl.l'UTATloN  Tl)  MAXIMILIAN 

— lli.s  AccEriA.NCi;— Maximilian  and  Cii\i;Lorn;,  tueiu  Ciiakactkb 

AM>    PeUSONAL  AlTEAilANCE — ImPKUIaLIST    .Si  CCESSKS—MuVLMlMS   DP 
TIIeJlAUISTS — AUIUVALOFTIIE  AllCUltlSIIor— UaZAINK  — EiiEXCU  roLIOY 

— Attitude  uf  the  United  States — Fall  ok  Mokelia — Death  ok  Co- 
MONFOUT — FciauER  FlUlITINa. 

The  prospects  of  a  stable  government  could  not 
fail  to  a[)peal  widely  to  the  peoi)le,  even  if  introduced 
under  the  hateful  though  ini[)osing  ausi)i('es  cf  French 
armies.  Property  holders  had  everywhere  .sutlured 
greatly  from  ravages  and  f(jrced  contributions,  and 
the  ellbct  of  this  extended  also  to  a  wide  rircle 
around  them,  which  otherwise,  with  true  i\li!xican 
volatility,  was  ready  to  welcome  any  change,  espucially 
j'or  the  pomp  and  glitter  of  a  court.  The  cause  of 
I'cligion  found  naturally  a  large  following,  inlhiunced 
in  ])articular  by  the  women,  who,  seeing  little  in  war 
hut  its  horrors,  naturally  preferred  a  jirince  of  ])cac:e 
of  fair  features  and  glittering  paraphernalia  to  the 
more  logical  and  patriotic  liberalism.  As  for  the 
Indians,  living  for  themselves  and  clinging  rather  to 
the  })ast,  the  revival  of  the  empire  struck  in  son)e  of 
them  a  sympathetic  chord,  whicli  set  in  vibration  the 
memories  of  recent  colonial  times,  with  their  sub- 
stantial privileges  and  exemptions,  and  above  all, 
traditions  of  the  golden  ante-Cortdsian  period,  as  re- 
called in  the  imperial  coat  of  arms,  with  its  eagle  ou 

(101) 


Id-' 


MAXIMILIAN,  KMri:i:OU  OF  MKXiro. 


Ilic  so!i-<^ii't  iiojial.'  Consrrvativc  on^ajiH  ko|»t  before 
tlic  ])i()jil('  tlicsc  mid  otliiT  iK'iiclits,  and  \\lni'cvcr 
Kiriich  Hway  prevailed,  the  new  t)rder  of  tliiiiiLjs  fumid 
icady  aeeejitanee,  and  acts  of  adhesion  to  tlie  ein|>ire 
dowed  ill  fn-ely."  Not  that  all  this  was  s|)(»iitaiieous. 
TIu!  ])rovisioiial  n'ovi'rniiiciit  did  not  fail  to  preserve 
the  orii,anals  of  such  acts.  Thus  we  find  that  J.  M. 
Arroy(),  undi'i'-seeretary  for  foreiu;n  aliliirs,  on  the  7th 
of  AuLfUst  re<juested  his  colleaL^iie'  of  the  lionio  dc- 
p.'irtnieiit  to  furnish  liim,  for  the  use  of  the  rei^ency, 
ail  doeunieiits  oeariii'j;'  on  tli(>  sul»jeet,  duly  indexed. 
Those  re(N>rds  showed  that  from  June  TJth  to  Aut^ust 
7tli — that  is  to  say,  nineteen  months  after  the  laiid- 
iiiLif  of  the  alli(>d  commissioners,  sixtetui  months  after 
Lorenci'z  occu[»ied  Orizaba,  in  o|»en  violation  of  tho 
pi'eliminaries  agreed  u^ton  at  Soledad,  and  nearly 
tlirei!  months  after  Forey  himself  entered  Puehla — 
there  Were  just  forty-fiV(^  acts  of  adhesion  to  the 
enipir(\  amoni*"  wliieh,  if  we  excejit  tho  ca[)ital,  only 
fi\e  towns  were  I'eally  important  ones,  and  that  the 
numher  of  inhahitaiits  %\  ho  suhscrihed  to  the  proposed 
ehann'e  were  1  54, 51)2.  Not  even  these  had  heen  sj»on- 
taiu'ous  acts.  Tlie  important  towns  alluded  to  were 
(V)rdol»a,  A'era  Cru/,  Orizaba,  ]*ucbla,  and  Toluca:  the 
three  first  named  liad  been  under  the  control  of  the 
Freiicli  ai'ins  from  the  first  days  of  the  military  op(>ra- 
tioiis;  tli(>  fourth,  liaving  been  taken  by  assault,  had 
to  submit  to  the  will  of  tlu^  conqueror;  and  the  fifth, 
situated  oiilv  sixteen  leaijfues  from  j\[exico,  had  ever 

'  l)osign;it('(l  liy  Maxiniiliaii's  lUscreo  of  Juno  IS,  1804.  M(.r..,  Bohiin  Lt')/., 
1S<!4,  IVJ.  Tli4'  ariiin  issued  by  tlio  rt'tjcncy  difriTud  in  Tiiaiiy  res}>et'ts  with 
lUiirc  iiiiirki'd  allusidiis  to  tliu  ciniiiri.'.s  nf  ltiii'l)ide  as  uuU  as  Mdiituziima. 
Tin;  i'a;:lo  ua.s  I'ldwiicd,  and  tlui  aii;;ular  sliiild,  Hiiriii(puiitt'(l  \>y  tin;  Aztco 
ci'owii  witli  even  IralluMs,  had  on  eitluT  side  a  cliristiaii  sci'iitri'  and  tlio  liand 
(if  jiistiLX',  wliili!  Iii'low  jirotrudL;  Ihu  uativo  i/tli  swonl  an<l  (|uivi'i',  holding  the 
I'oUar  of  Iturldilo'.s  onlur  of  (iuadalupu,  ontwini'd  hy  Imrcl  and  oak  sjirigs. 
Tills  rustud  witliin  an  orniinedinud  iiijicrial  mantle,  lilted  at  tho  coriieri  l>y 
a  hand  of  green,  white,  and  re<l,  the  national  eolors,  on  whieii  was  iuserilied, 
K  ligioii,  Iude|iendeui'e,  and  Union.  The  decree  for  this  was  dated  Sept.  'JO, 
lSo:{.  /./.,  i.  'J!ir)-0. 

-As  may  he  .seen  from  the  lists  jiresented  almost  daily  in  Periud.  (yir., 
.fuly  1S():{  ot  se(j.,  ami  other  journals.  J:i  Mix.,  l'i>t.  /.ci/r.i,  lS().'{-7,  i.  7J>  f'l, 
l."l-'_',  etc.,  may,  besides,  be  found  formal  and  early  notices  of  prominent 
Juarist  desertera. 


VAIN  KKFdllTM  OF  JUAUi:Z. 


m 


sliaivd,  nolens  voK'iis,  tlio  fati;  of  tlK>  ca])!!!!!.  Tlusf 
jiiul  sul)si'«|U('iit  acts  were  umilo  to  ai)[)car  as  the  will 
of  tlu'  !Mi'xican  jumijiK'. 

Only  too  fiTijuciitly  the  oath  was  taken  with  apa- 
tlutic  ohcdicMict'  to  the  authoritv  in  control,  and  lihi  ral 
journals  wcvc  tilled  with  notices  of  forced  compliance.^ 
Anionjjf  tlio  notahle  adhei't-nts  was  Miratnon,  who  had 
made  his  way  from  Matan»on»s  to  ^Mexico  throuj^li  tht; 
heart  of  the  constitutionalist  country.* 

The  Juarez  i^overnment  did  its  best  to  CfMinteract 
im])erialist  inlluence,  hy  olfers  of  pensions  and  otiices, 
which  circumstances  ])revented  it  from  I'ultillinj^;  hy 
threats  of  confiscation  and  ih'ath,  which  were  carried 
out  only  in  the  rare  places  where  it  manai^ed  to  regain 
a  tiMnporarv  control;''  and  bv  amiullini''  the  a<'ts  of 
the  imjH'rial  administration,  empty  di-darations  which 
could  not  he  enforced.  In  the  circulars  issueil  to  local 
authorities  and  foreign  jiowers,  the  new  j^overnment 
was  hraiK.,'d  as  a  cloak  to  cover  French  designs  to 
transform  Mexico  into  a  colony.  It  was  a  cjross  in- 
iVino'iMuent  upon  national  riju'hts,  at  first  attempted 
under  ])retence  of  Himsy  claims  like  Jecker's,  and  (»f 
paltry  debts  which  the  re[)ublic  liad  offered  to  pay. 
The  acts  of  adhesion  to  the  empire  were  forced  and 
fictitious,  and  emanated  from  an  insiL,aiificant  por- 
tion of  the  country;  for  the  republicans  held  jtossession 
of  nearly  all  the  territory.  The  })eople  were  stirred 
against  the  invaders  by  enumerations  of  outrages  on 

^Confiriiicil,  indeeil,  l>y  peroinjitory  onlcrs  in  Id.,  i.  SCL'-.I,  siicli  a.s  IioMiiig 
(iwiuT.s  (if  country  estates  I'esiKiiisilile  fcir  tlieir  liiliorors.  I't'ii'n/.  '>jii'.,  Aut;. 
II,  \S[',:i.  See  also  L'/rrir,  Dnr.  Mii.iiiiiiliniKi,  i.  I?l.'7,  4()7-lS;  ICc  -^lij-,  Nov. 
JO,  \St')'A.      Hrilu's  ill  tlie  shape  of  oltiees  ami  [lensioiis  wvn;  aNo  ti'iicleicii. 

*  ill  a  letter  of  .Inly  ;?()tli  to  <  ieii.  Forey,  lie  exjiresses  liiiiiself  in  tavor  nf 
tlie  nionareliy,  as  tlie  only  means  to  savi:  the  eoiintry.  I'l  ihnl.  i{lii\,  An;LC.  li, 
IS(i;{.  In  Aiif,'.  several  .liiarist  ehiet's  ;:ave  in  ailiiesion,  as  Col  Manuel  I'rieto, 
iliiilrignez,  Kolilan,  Castillo.  Forey  aiiJ  others  loinlly  iiroelaiiiied  that  the 
adliesioiis  llowing  in  from  every  ]il:iee  a.<  oeellliied  hy  r'reiiih  ariiiics  wee 
snlheieiit  ]iroof  of  jiojmlar  aiiindval  of  liie  enipire.  His  letter  t>  Nai>olean 
of  Sept.  l4tii.   Arniiii/iiiz,  Ml  J.,  iii.  l."(). 

"'liio  ilecreea  to  this  end  are  given  in  Mir.,  (^tl.  T.<ii<.-<,  ISCi."?  0,  i.  41 
40,  '.):{-('»;  Jhnr/in,  Intern.  Mix.,  pt  iii.  817-4;  l>nhlnit  ami  Lmmo,  /.<;i.  Mt.r., 
ix.  Gr)-J-4,  (MO-d.');  Jh'irio  D,h.,  7th  eonv!.,  i.  'J">S.  'JliS,  :;!)(»,  :{7i'>,  4-_'S,  4.")ti, 
4S'.)-<.)(),  1L'71;  Mi.i:,  Jiohtlii  Liif.,  ]S(,:i,  •J(il>  70.  No  otiicials  were  permitted 
to  remain  in  jilaees  occupied  liy  the  foe.  Even  indirect  favoring  of  the  im- 
perial cause  involved  the  penal  lied  imposed  ou  traitors. 


104 


MAXIMILIAX,  EMPEROR  OP  MEXICO. 


in 


i5n 


Pli 


k"T), 


Kacred  institutions,  on  fu'cl)lo  women  nnil  clefoncelc'ss 
prisoners;  and  rtinindutl  tiiat  as  tlio  Spanish  armies 
had  heen  (hivon  from  the  soil,  so  could  tlie  loss 
numerous  French  forces — already  liuuibled  by  their 
inglorious  defeat  at  I'uebla." 

Amoncf  <ho  first  acts  of  the  regency  was  to  appoint 
n  commission  un<ler  the  presidency  of  Jose  Maria 
(luticrrcz  do  ]Cstrada,'  lo  convey  to  Maximilian  the 
jTsoJution  of  tlie  assi-mblv,  and  offer  him  tlie  crown. 
'i'his  was  formally  done  at  Miramare,  on  October  3, 
18G3;  the  archduke  replying  that,  flattered  as  he  felt 
by  tilt'  pr(M.likction  of  the  ^Ie\icans  for  his  house, 
descended  from  Charles  V.,  yet  he  rccoiriTucd  that 
"ilie  monaichv  can  be  I'eiistablished  on  a  leijlfimato 
and  solid  basis  only  by  a  confirmatory  vote  of  the  en- 
tire iialiv)n  freely  ixftressed.  On  the  result  of  this 
general  vote  of  tlie  country  must  thcreibru  depend 
tile  jicceptance  of  flie  i)rofl'cred  throne.  .  .  Jn  case  the 
election  of  the  noble  ^lexican  peo[)le,  as  a  whole,  falls 
upon  my  name,  I  sludl  be  ready,  with  consent  of  the 
august  chief  of  my  family,  and  with  reliance  on  the 
aid  of  the  Almighty,  to  accept  the  crown. ""^ 

'Soo  jiroclanii.ti<iii3  and  (Ifsp.-itcliis  in  .!/'>.,  Col.  Lri/e",  ISGtJ-",  i.  53-07, 
(lalcil  July'J'Jil  ;'.ii(l  'JStli.  (iovcriKpra  (if  statid  is.-iucil  tiiuiliir  or  ii(UU;ii)Ual 
ni);:i';:I.'..  Aiiiuiig  mliir  acts  ut'  iliiaivz  \vi  ro  llio  witlnlijiwal  df  .^]cxic.lll  I'dii- 
s'.iis  Uoin  I'l alloc,  ami  the  onki"  for  I'lvmli  a;,'i'iit.s  to  Ivavo  ^Mexico.  Suvcral 
o'.licr  cniisul.s  IVU  iiiidfr  tciiiiiorary  or  in'ipL'tual  ban.  Govciiior  Tapia  of 
.^'iJ.ii'ac '.a  i-siittl,  July  \'2th,  a  i. 'ciio  loiilisiatiiiL;  tlio  jrujuriy  of  all  ad- 
ln'icii  s    f  tlio  tiiipiri',  in  ease  tlio  irgfiicy  did  yo  wii.li  ivpul>lic;ia  I'ollowcra. 

'  \\  i  liad  tigimil  i  ^  iiiiiiisN'r  oi  statu  ami  envoy,  liko  t.uvcral  of  liia  col- 
k'at^i'.c:;  The  tjlluiH  v.tii;  \'i  lazniu;'.  do  J.ioii,  c\  minister  of  fomenti)  and 
(rr(ctti\  '  tln>  ihiiiiiiL;  lollt'L't;;  ]:;iia(.in  Aizuilar  y  Murocho,  and  Francisco  J. 
M  i:  aii<li,  K  niiiiistcrs  <  f  justice;  Cicn.  Woll,  io  pioniiiu:i  j  military  uiiin;  .losiS 
lIiilal.;o,  •cliaij.c  d'allaiics;  Suaiez  I'ciido,  condo  del  Vailo  and  Joso  J.onda, 
lauded  1  :  riictois;  Antonio  l^scandoii,  banker;  and  Ang(  I  Iglesias  y  Doiiiin- 
j;iiez,  reel  ary  of  the  eoinniission,  a  descendant  of  tlio  famous  corrcgiilor  of 
y  leretar^  Kulriuliy  /lisriirtio,  I.  Zaiincois  ad<l.i  Toinua  Murphy,  and  Doine- 
iieeli  onii  two  of  t!ie  names.  ]']stiaila  and  thrco  others,  then  in  Europe,  w  ero 
j  lined  iheri!  by  tlio  re>t,  who  kit  N'l.iu  Cruz  Aug.  18th,  tho  party  reaching 
Trieste  en  Oct.  1st. 

•"He  eoiiehided  by  jiroinisin;,'  to  follow  the  example  of  liia  brother  hy  open- 
ing to  tlio  country  tlio  wide  lead  of  iirogrcss,  under  a  constitutional  rtJgiiiic, 
ba--ed  en  iiiiK'rand  morality.  ;r:il^u  ded  liy  eipiity.  Parties  must  forget  their 
(jiiarrels,  and  unite  to  place  .'hxieo  in  the  eminent  posiiioniunong  nations  for 
which  sho  is  destined,  lie  aliiided  to  tho  glorious  initiative  of  the  French 
emperor  that  hud  made  this  regoueration  possible.     The  full  text,  delivered 


■    !.,:.i 


AT  MIUAMARE. 


103 


XotwitlistiviHliiij^  tho  fltarly  oxprcissctl  condition  of 
nccuptanro,  Arrangoiz,  ainonjjf  othurs,  intimates  that 
^^a\ilIlilia^  wvr  inanit'ostoil  an  extronio  eat^ornoss  for 
till' j^littorinjjc  l)aul)lo  from  Antlhuac.  Such  was  not, 
lioui'vor,  tlie  imnrossion  loft  on  the  connnission,  lo 
jikIi^(!  I'roni  tlioir  letters,  filled  with  the  most  glowinn^ 
iiceounts  of  the  wealtli  and  mamiificenco  .^^nrroiindinLi: 
the  archduke.  For  a  hrothcr  of  one  of  the  leadni^j 
f-overi'I^^ns  of  th*.  world,  with  a  certain  claim  upon 
the  Austrian  crown,  with  great  palaces  and  estates — 
I'or  .such  a  man  to  abandon  this  loftv  position,  and 
lave  behind  the  centres  of  culture  and  society,  for  an 
insecure  throne  in  a  remote  and  half-barhario  couii- 
tiv,  torn  by  civil  war  and  oll'erinj*' comparatively  I'ewer 
cniiiforts,  this  seemed  to  them  a  t-acrilice."  lUit  tiiey 
)'Mr;_;ot  i'or  the  moment  the  hollowness  of  much  of  the 
])(»uip  spread  before  them,  that  poverty  lay  behind  in 
the  shai»e  of  pressing  debts,  and  that  i'amily  discord 
iiiiK'd  ambition. 

^Miramare,  the  residence  of  tho  emperor  elect,  was 
(•(  itainly  worthy  of  the  i)raise  lavished  upon  it.  Ui)on 
a  tiny  [)roniontory,  not  far  from  Trieste,  rose  tho 
castle  out  of  the  waters  of  the  Adriatic.  Behind  ex- 
tended the  gently  sloping  hills,transformetl  from  craggy 
lucks  into  a  paiii(liso  of  lawns  and  groves,  flower-beds 
iiiKJ  gi(»u[»s  of  rare  plants,  with  fountains  and  brooks 
i'rd  from  tho  wooded  crests  above.*''  Tho  place  had 
hccn  made  additionally  attractive  to  the  Mexicans  by 
smujituous  ban(jU(;ts,  during  one  of  which  they  beheld 
ill  1111  the  sea  the  palace  and  grounds  illuminated,  with 
a  [iredommance  of  Mexican  national  colors  in  various 


(ic.-,igns." 

Personally,  tho  archduke  impressed  them  with  his 
majestic  bearing,  and  tall,  imposing  figure,  six  feet 

JM  I'reiicli  on  l)otli  sides,  jimy  bo  found  in  Mcx.,  Lolctin  Lnj.,  ISIi.'il,  541-7; 
Lh-tuht,  Di'iritrso,  '.i-'2-i  \iox,  Expid.  du  Mex.,  32G-8,  etc.;  Jliranuir  d 
Ji\:r.,  7-1:!. 

'•'hcUcrs  in  Znmncoi.t,  lll^t.  Mij.,  xvi.  759,  770,  777-8. 

'"A  pleasing  vi  w  of  the  placu  is  given  in  J/iramar  a  Mfx\,  14. 

"  Doiiienicli,  III"'.  Mfx-.,n.  \u\,  snocia  ut  'euipk'omiiuii',' aa  prevalent 
uuiuu^-  tlio  coiuuiidsion.     AiTau^jOi^  wralhiiy  oLjcctd.  J/y.,  iii.  150. 


106 


MAXnilLIAX,  EMrF.nOH  OF  MEXICO. 


ihi, ) 


m<' 


two  inches  in  height,  lii.s  liiL^h  forehead  and  clear, 
blonde  complexion,  witli  llaxen  hair  and  full,  glossy 
beard,  both  j)arted  in  the  niidiile;  gentle  bkie  e^-es, 
and  the  frank,  intelligent  ex[)rcssion  denoting  both 
the  zealous  student  and  the  active  sailor-prince,  the 
latter  character  marked  by  more  than  one  trait,  such 
as  walking  with  hands  behind  the  back.  The  jieculiar 
Hapsburg  underlip,  thick,  ])rotruding,  and  seiiii-cleft, 
stamped  his  lineage,  and  kindness  and  refinement  his 
every  movement. 

With  the  archduchess,  Marie  Charlotte  Amelie, 
the  commissioners  were  even  more  pleased.  Tall  and 
dignified  like  her  husband,  with  the  same  gentle,  (>i>eii 
face,  oval  in  form,  curved  at  tlie  temples,  and  n-adily 
moved,  the  expression  had  something  more  spiritual, 
impressed  also  by  the  infantile  sweetness  of  the 
mouth;  while  the  l)rown  and  Hashing  bright  eyes  and 
corresponding  hair,  heavy  and  deep  auburn,  were 
features  that  could  not  i'ail  to  win  sympathy  anioii^- 
IMexicans.  The  rcadilv  distended  noistrils  oi'  the 
slightly  aquiline  nose  denoted  a  brave  as  well  as 
emotional  nature,  confirmed  by  a  certain  firmness 
about  the  chin.  A  dauu^liter  of  Leonold  of  Uclniuiii, 
the  Nestor  of  kings,  she  had  with  the  Bourbon 
blood  of  her  grandmother,  the  holy  queen,  wife  of 
Louis  Philip[)e,  deiived  a  gravity  of  manner  in- 
creased by  a  too  strict  companionship  with  persons 
of  mature  years. ^^  She  seemed  as  one  in  whom 
joyous  childhood  had  been  stunted  amidst  the  cold 
rigidity  of  the  palace,  ami  a  strained  precocity  Ibs- 
tered  under  constant  and  severe  lessons.  She  ap- 
p(>ared,  moreover,  as  one  weightetl  with  the  scholarly 
talents  of  the  lather,  who  sought  to  peri'ect  her  at- 

'•'^Shd  was  born  Juno  7,  \^iO,  at  Jjnolccn  ]>alacc,  near  Brussels,  nnd  1\'- 
ccivcd  at  the  font  tlie  iiaines  ^laiiu  niarlottu  Vinulio  Aiij/iisti-  \'icti)iru  Clciii- 
eiitiuo  L(5opolilino.  IJur  nuitlicv,  (,)uci'm  Loiiiso  ^>f  Oiloaiis,  ilioil  in  l!S."i(), 
leaving  two  other  children,  JA'jpoIil  J  [.  ami  l'liili[)iie,  ("uunt  of  Fhindci-.-i.  An 
n  child,  Charlotte  was  oceupied  cliielly  with  reliLiitni  and  (Kii|nett-e,  iiaviiig  l>iit 
little  recreation.  Later  she  rarely  attended  balls,  and  then  javo  hei'  hand 
only  to  mou  of  royal  Mood.  JIall'.i  Lj'e  M(U.,  '2l-',i,  3j  et  seq.;  Edrada,  M<j., 
40-2. 


CHARLOTTE. 


107 


tainnicnts  by  adiiiitting  licr  even  to  the  ministerial 
council-chamber.  I;i  185G,  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  she 
met  Maximilian,  who,  passionately  fond  of  travelling, 
liad  fi'om  Egypt  drifteti  through  France  in  this  direc- 
tion. It  was  purely  a  love  affair;  yet  not  altogether 
displeasing  to  the  king  from  a  diplomatic  standpoint, 
lor  he  readily  granted  his  consent,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  they  were  united.  As  consort  of  the  gov- 
ernor-general of  Lombardy,  she  gave  ample  evidence 
of  her  training  in  state  matters,  and  became  the  ad- 
mired counsellor,  while  the  })ractice  of  christian  vir- 
tues endeared  her  to  the  people. ^^ 

Meanwhile  affairs  in  Mexico  continued,  with  French 
cooperation,  to  unfold  an  ever  more  and  more  liattor- 
iiig  aspect  for  the  imperial  cause,  Jucrist  guerrilla 
iorces  hovering  in  and  around  the  lake  valley  wei-e 
(!( leated  one  after  another,^*  antl  the  laru^e  command 
under  Lejoa  was  routed  on  the  road  to  Cuernavara 
l)V  General  Vicario,  with  a  loss  of  nearlv  three  hun- 
(hod  men  and  a  large  quantity  of  stores.  This  was  fol- 
loVvcd  on  July  2i)th  by  the  fall  of  Cuernavaca,  a  natural 
stronghold  captured  by  a  well-calculated  chaigv.^^ 
The  rejHiblicans  v.itli  indomitable  energy  formed 
;iiu;\v  after  cverv  defeat,  and  during  the  followiuLf 
i.MMith,  irto  September,  we  lind  Fragoso,  Ugalde,  and 
ether  chiel's  descending  now  on  one  place,  now  ou 
auitlher,  sacldng  and  burning,^"  or  attacking  some 
ciiiivoy  and  harassing  larger  forces.     When  a  place 

''  Sl)o  ,i('ooin[,.inio(l  hor  Imsbaiul  on  several  trijis,  ono  taking  Iiiin  to  Brazil, 
wills.' sho  Ht;iyeii  lit  Jludt'ii'a.  tliu' rcoolloL'tiolis  (if  vliich  jilico  she  unihodii d 
ill  /'/)  \'"i/(iii<%  in  lii;f  vcrniu-ular  Frcnoli,  (li<iil:i\  iiij,'  Irt  cultlvati-il  n.iiiil,  In  r 
ri'll-cliv  ilis[i(isltii)ii,  uiul  lu'r  roliiii'il  taste.  Mie  was  ijuii-k  hi  learn,  ami 
Cdiild  speak  and  write  (iernian,  Enylisli,  Sjianish,  and  Italian.  Jui/lani  z, 
V-iirl  Mij:.,  r.d. 

"  Fiauosi)  and  tlie  priest  Doniincjuez,  v.itli  (300  eavalry,  \m"c  ]iut  to  l'i;:!;t 
en  .\pani  ]ilaiiis  liy  ]..arrauii;  'rulancin'.'it  was  evacuated;  attacks  un  Zuin- 
I'aiii,'!)  and  ( )/undia  wcio  ri  llu!^■ell  by  tiie  inlial)itants. 

''The  del'ender,-i  (lelista  and  Vaseo  wore  nut  well  ()r';anizeil;  Ik  nei'  t!io 
main  reasiin  I'm'  tiie  I'asy  laiiture.  A  I'reneli  eoUiniu  under  (.'ul  Lelevm  cu- 
(ipeiiited,  anil  a  triiiniplial  entry  was  lieid  July  .'ilst. 

'"Sueli  Ub  v'Uapa  do  Mcjtu  mul  Tepeji.  An  attack  ou  I.\tlahuaca  waa  re- 
pulsed. 


108 


RLVXIMILIAN,  EMPEROR  OF  MEXICO. 


was  once  occupied  by  the  French,  the  Juarists  re- 
garded it  as  fair  prey;  and  the  inhabitants  were  con- 
feoquently  obhged  in  self-defence  to  aru:  against,  even 
if  their  sympathies  might  under  other  circumstances 
have  turned  toward,  the  republican  cause." 

Pachuca  and  Tulancingo  were  entered  by  Franco- 
Mexican  forces  already  in  July,  to  serve  as  radiating 
])oints  for  other  advances.  A  part  of  Mejia's  division 
won  a  fight  on  the  road  to  Guanajuato,  and  another 
was  gained  in  Puebla.^^  Not  long  afterward  the  garri- 
son of  Chalchieonmla  gained  Perote,  and  some  French 
vessels  from  Vera  Cruz  took  Tampico  on  August 
1  Ith,  preparing  thence  to  enter  the  surrounding 
district.  Yet  these  were  after  all  petty  operations, 
although  the  last  blow  was  severe  in  its  effect  on 
Juarist  supplies.  The  French  were  only  waiting  for 
tlie  end  of  the  rainv  season  to  advance  against  the 
main  forces  of  the  republicans.  As  it  was,  the  im- 
perialists claimed  in  the  beginning  of  August  to  hold 
over  sixty  towns  and  hamlets  alon<x  the  line  from 
Vera  Cruz,  and  to  control  a  circuit  of  fully  twenty- 
five  leagues  round  the  capital.  Two  months  later, 
when  tlie  French  main  body  was  only  preparing  to 
set  out,  the  actual  gain  was  not  much  greater,  but 
minor  and  advance  forces  were  keeping  up  the  fight 
with  alternating  advantages  in  all  thu  central  prov- 
inces iVom  Jalisco  and  San  Luis  Potosi  into  Oajaca.^' 

Undismayed  as  ever  by  the  gathering  storm,  Juarez 
strained  every  nerve  to  fortify  himself  against  it, 
mainly  with  regard  to  obtaining  funds  to  sustain 
armies,  l"or  men  could  readily  be  had.  On  July  31st 
a  contribution  of  one  per  cent  on  all  capital  above  five 


'■This  happened  otOzumlia,  Ziiiupiingo,  Izi'icar,  Cholula,  Tohuacan,  and 
other  jiLieus,  several  towns  miitint;  at  times  for  defence  while  awaiting;  aid. 

'^'llie  former  hy  Chavez  over  U'iloran;  tlio  latter  resulted  i:j  the  taking  of 
San  Jiiau  de  los  LUiiios  Ijy  Rodriguez. 

'*  Details  concerning  tlie  operations  maybe  found  in  Peridil.  OJic;  Estrrlln 
fir  OcciiL;  Sodi'ddil;  Voz  do  Mej.;  JJ'ild/dfi ;  and  other  nowa[iaper8  of  the 
period,  .l'.so  in  Ziimwoix,  ll'tst.  Mij.,  xvi.  0--  et  scii.;  Jtinra,  IliM.  Juhjxi, 
V.  nS'J  et  seip ;  Xiujc,  J.'t/h'd.  dn  Mc.c,  '2SC),  etc.;  Jlcx.,  C'ul.  Lci/c.i,  1803-7,  i. 
1241-00;  Laurent,  (.iuvrrc,  79,  etc. 


FIXAXCIAL  WARFARE. 


109 


hundred  pesos  was  ordained  througliout,  iho,  countiy, 
to  cover  the  budget  for  .six  months;-''  also  an  impost 
on  nfoods  enterin<ij  San  Luis  Potosi,  the  actual  head- 
quarters  of  the  republican  government.  Another 
source  was  the  severe  sequestration  decree  of  August 
inth,  applied  to  all  adherent'-^  of  the  empire,  and  di- 
recting llic  innnediate  sale  of  their  property  to  the 
host  bidder,  the  product  to  be  divided  betwern  tlie 
republican  treasury  and  those  injured  in  body  and 
estate  by  the  war,  as  well  as  active  adherents  of  the 
cause.^^ 

The  imperialists  sought  to  counteract  this  l)y  de- 
claring atmulled  any  sales  or  gifts  bj'-  the  Juarists, 
and  by  affirming  a  former  decree  of  confiscation,  yet 
explaining  that  it  would  be  applied  only  against  those 
hearing  arms  against  the  empire,  other  seizures  being 
provisional,  to  withdraw  resources  from  the  enemy. -^ 
This  was  certainlv  a  less  exactinnf  measure  than  tliat 
of  Juarez,  at  least  on  the  face;  and  a  still  more  effect- 
ive order  was  the  suppression  of  forced  levies,  whicli 
was  intended  to  conciliate  the  Indians  and  lower 
classes.  Yet  contributions,  fixed  and  casual,  liad  to 
1)0  continued,  although  they  were  less  burdensome 
than  tho.se  enforced  by  the  other  side,^''  owing  to  the 
llow  of  funds  from  France;  and  retaliations,  often 
most  terrible,  were  exacted  by  either  side  upon  towns 
1111(1  districts  which  had,  under  pressure,  yielded  alle- 
u'ianco  to  the  other." 


'Tfiyiililc  in  two  instalments.  ^fAi•.,  Col.  Lcijci,  lSO.^-7,  i.  "•'>-7  For 
cn'orts  to  niiso  loans  in  the  U.  .S.,  see  Lcjnr.  Mcx-.,  VXi  et  s(i(\. 

■'  Tliu  sulo  money  from  city  propi'i'ty  to  l)0  (liviilcHl  into  tlirce  co.'.al  parts 
—for  the  treasury,  for  wonndcd  and  widows  and  orphans,  and  for  iiidcinnify- 
ing  those  who  had  suQcrcd  contiscation  iit  the  handsof  the  er,  niy.  Of  coun- 
try projicrty,  (nie  half  was  to  budistrilmtud  among  activo  r('puhlii.aii  r.dhcrcnta 
lit  the  district  concerned,  and  the  otiicr  half  sohl  and  divided  as  aiiove.  J)u- 
tails  follow  as  to  tho  classes  embraced  in  the  confiscati'/n,  and  other  ]ioints. 

"  Decree  issued  AugnstlMst.  Mcx:,  lloh'in  Lri/.,  ISOit, '240-'2.  On  Oct.  8th 
tho  conliseation  decree  against  Puebhi  rcpublicent'  was  net  aside  out  of  pity  for 
theh'  families. 

^^Tho  unusual  quota  from  industrial  establishments  ordained  in  .July  may 
serve  as  an  indication. 

-'  Forey  inlliclrd,  Aug.  27th,  a  heavy  fine  on  Tlalpan  for  the  murder  there 
of  a  French  »oldier,  and  threatened  to  kid  onu  prumiucnt  hostage  for  every 


110 


MAXLMILIAX,  EMPEROR  OF  MEXICO. 


Owing  to  difreronccs  of  opinion,  duo  mainly  to  a 
senseless  outcry  against  the  nianagcnicnt  of  allliiis,  a 
now  Juarist  cabinet  was  organized  September  1st, 
with  Governor  Doblado  of  Guanajuato  for  minister  of 
relations,  Ex-president  Comonfort  for  war,  and  Sebas- 
tian Lerdo  de  Tcjada  for  justice,  Nuilez  remaining  in 
chai-i-e  of  the  treasury.  Doblado  could  not  auree 
upon  certain  fundamental  points,  however,"^  and  re- 
signed within  a  week,  whereupon  Lerdo  assumed  his 
])ortftjlio,  Josc3  Maria  Iglesias  re})lacing  him.  Among 
reasons  for  the  })reference  shown  Dobhido  was  his  iii- 
ihuniee  in  Guanajuato,  with  its  vast  resources,  and  his 
diplomatic  skill.  Otherwise  doubts  were  cast  on  his 
fidelity  to  Juarez,  although  nothing  could  be  said 
against  his  loyalty  to  the  cause  in  general.-*' 


iil' 


Wl 


Even  greater  changes  were  about  the  same  time 
taking  place  among  the  imperialists.  Archbishop 
]jabastida  arrived  at  Vera  Gruz  on  Septendjer  17th, 
the  day  after  the  national  festival,  attended  b}^  the 
j)relates  of  Michoacan  and  Oajaca.  His  advance  to 
the  ca])ital  was  a  tiiumphal  march,  evoked  partly  by 
his  long  absence,  but  due  more  to  his  character  as 
joint    regent,   and  above    all   to  the  victory   by  the 

imperial  ndluTcnt  who  might  ho  assaisiiiateil.  Even  tlic  fiioiidly  journal 
I'ujiiro  ]'(  nic  raised  aii  (n'.tory  aifainst  tliis. 

-•'On  the  )irL'SL'rvatiim  of  iiiiTo  juivilogos  for  deputies  ami  otlier  high  func- 
tionaries. Vrj(t,  Doc,  i.  Al.  Ziimacuis  atssunu'S  tliat  Dohlado'.s  sus))eusic)U  of 
tlie  Hul)siilio.s  granted  to  Z:ireo  and  Zaniaeona,  editors  oi  JJiario  Olii: in/  and 
Jiidi'/iriitli  iici((.  ereated  a  l)rcezo  w  hieli  resulted  in  his  separation.  Jlifif.  J/'./., 
x\i.  GSU-'.ll.  Zarco  w as  [Hesident  of  tlio  chamher  uf  depuiies.  L>iar!o  iJchab  -, 
lid  Cong.  '2d  Se.ss.,  !'.'>-[). 

"''  \otv\  itlistamling  tiic  momentary  suapieions  roused  hy  his  peculiar  tac- 
tics against  lliu  foe,  Iglesias  vouches  for  liiui.  Jicrifildn,  o'J.  Hu  resumed  Jiis 
govcrn(jrsliip  Nov.  'Jtii,  iUxh'iguez  li.iving  riianiigcd  it  meanwlulo.  Z.icateeas 
Mas  at  tlio  time  ruled  by  (an.  Ortega,  Miclioacan  being  on  Oct.  SOLli  trau.^- 
ferred  to  Uerriozabal  iiy  (Jen.  Uiaga,  who  liad  shurtly  before  succeeded  Co- 
monfort here,  and  wiio  now  to(jk  control  in  Colima,  Jalisco  licing  in  chargi;  of 
Ccn.  Arteaga.  E<lr<:ll(i  Vrcid.,  Jan.  1,  IfStll;  Itoinero,  in  Jtiarrz,  Vida,  t'.l. 
Vega  seems  bitter  against  I)oldado.  />oc.,i.  ITo-T.  Tlie  southern  states  were 
reorganized  by(ien.  Diaz  after  Oct.,  Cul  liallcsteros  reccivingchargc  of  Oajaca, 
Col  (iregoiio  iMendcz  of  Tabasco,  Col  i'antalcon  Dominguez  of  Chiapas,  (jen. 
I'eraza  of  Yucatan,  and  (Jol  I'ablo  (iareia  of  Camiieeiie,  Gen.  Garc;a  remain- 
ing in  Vera  Cruz,  (ion.  FernancK)  Maria  Ortega  in  i'uebla,  and  Antonio  Rojaa 
in  'I'lascala.  Diaz,  /iioij.,  AIS.,  lUo;  Mc.c.,  Cul.  Lci/ih,  18U3-7,  111-1"J.  Gen. 
I'utuni  had  char^'o  of  iJurungu. 


CIILTvCn  PROPERTY. 


Ill 


^■t 


f'liurc'h  over  libcrali.sm  personified  in  lils  appointment 
and  arrival.  Arches  covered  the  approaches  to  proin- 
iiunit  ])laces,  llowers  were  strewn  along  his  path, 
gorgeous  jirocessions  met  him  at  every  turn,  and 
vivas  rent  the  air.  The  prelate  took  his  seat  among 
the  regents  October  18th,  hitherto  filled  by  Orniae- 
cheti,"'  I'csolvetl  above  all  to  protect  the  interests  of 
llie  chni'ch,  with  a  zeal  fortified  by  a  long  residence 
ill  the  holy  city,  and  regardless  of  political  exigencies. 
Thi>  more  <li[)lomatic  Ormaechca  had  prevailed  on 
Ills  colleagues  to  suspeni^l  the  circulation  of  bonds  and 
iH>les  issued  by  the  Juarez  government  against  con- 
liseated  and  sold  church  property,  and  to  stay  build- 
ing operations  thereon  by  new  holders.  So  vast,  how- 
r\or,  was  the  proportion  of  foreign  interest  in  these 
estates,  held  actually  or  nominally  by  Frenchmen  in 
jKirticular,  that  Almonte  an<l  Salas  were  p"rsuaded 
liy  the  new  French  commander  to  repeal  this  act,  and 
very  projieily  recognize  all  sales  so  far  made,  till  ^[axi- 
milian  himself  should  decide,  after  eonsulting  with  the 
p'litiit'  and  council.-"*  Labastida  protested  against 
t!iis  legalization  of  church  plunder,  as  he  termed  it,'^ 
and  finding  that  he  could  not  be  persuaded,  the  other 
it'gcnts,  under  French  stimulus,  ignored  him  and  his 
I'luthcr  protests  against  the  legality  of  acts  issued  by 
r.ii  incomjilete  regency.  The  sui)remo  tribunal  also 
taking  the  latter  view  regarding  this  body.  Almonte 
and  his  C(.)lleaguc  soon  after  removed  the  judges, 
including  Pavon,  their  president,  and  substitute 
rcu'eiit."''     This   created  a  stron'.jf  feeling,  which  was 

-' Aiiioul;  now  appointments  wore,  for  ])iefi'ct  of  tlio  capital,  Vilhir  y  Bo- 
c;uic<,'i'ii,  anil  for  chiot'  of  police,  C'>1  (J:irl):ij:il  E.spinosa,  a  liislmiiin  of  Mexico. 

-'  'Las  Viiitas  licelias  eonfornie  a  la  ky  (luei'.araii  saneiunaila.s  y  linicamentc 
sujetos  ;i  rovi.-iion  lo:j  cimtnitus  fraiidukntos.'  Mc.\,  Lolrliu  A'//.,  ISO!!,  IJI 
1  Ic.     This  was  tlio  result  of  a,  conference  held  Oct.  'JOlli  between  the  regent^ 
ami  llizaine  anil  Ijudiu,  comirissioncr  of  the  treasury. 

-'••Arguing;  tliat  tiie  sales  were  all  fraudulent  in  l)cin;^  made  cither  privately 
or  secretly,  or  at  so  low  a  rate  that  o'.ily  too  nften  a  rentiil  iuv  tliree  years  suf- 
liced  to  cover  the  price.  Tiie  annuUiuv;  of  sales  could  alleet  only  a  small 
inuiiker  of  Iiolders — dillerently  csliniutod  hy  conservatives  at  from  2,000  to 
'J.OX) — while  tlieir  lejali/ation  world  alienate  tho  dovotiou  of  millions.  Sec 
journals  already  (pioted,  for  Oct.  ami  Nov. 

''And  eleven  others.   Mljc.,  /julciiu  l.<  j'.,  ISGt,  23-4,  30-2,  giving  also  now 


112 


MAXIMU.iAX,  EMPLPvOR  OF  MEXICO. 


fostered  by  the  clergy,  and  manifested  jiartly  in  flam- 
inor  circulars  ajjainst  the  French  and  their  adherents 
or  tools.^*  It  also  caused  a  split  among  the  conserva- 
tives into  progrc^ssionistsand  retrogrussionists,  the  lat- 
ter joined  by  the  devout,  and  by  such  men  as  Anievas, 
assistant  government  secretary,  who  now  resigned, 
and  later  by  Estrada,^^  but  the  former  readily  winning- 
over  a  host  of  republicans,  owing  to  the  liberal  policy 
pursued  with  regard  to  church  alfairs,  leniency  in  con- 
fiscation, and  other  matters. 

The  French  policy  toward  the  country  had  lately 
assumed  a  decided  tone.  The  sequestration  decrees  of 
Forey,  which  had  created  wide-S2:)read  dissatisfaction, 
and  indu(;ed  the  Juarists  to  issue  even  more  severi; 
retaliative  decrees,  and  the  clerical  tendency  of  him- 
self, as  well  as  Salign}'^,  which  threatened  also  French 
interests,  were  not  to  the  taste  of  Napoleon.  The 
recall  of  both  reached  JNIexico  in  August,  tempered, 
especially  in  Forey 's  case,  with  a  semblance  of  jire- 
fermcnt."^      The    latter    was    replaced    by    General 

judges.  The  appeal  against  tliis  act  is  presented  in  San  M'l'jxti'l,  Expos. ,  1  -  '^^2. 
No  sutjstitute  was  called  to  lill  Labasti.la'd  place,  which  gave  further  c.uiso 
lor  protest;  but  since  Ijotli  sul)stitute.s  t\-cre  strong  churchmen,  they  were  not 
(lesiralilc.  Iglesius,  Jlccin/'m,  ii.  lSj-7,  laughs  at  tlie  illegal  regency  manna- 
vred  Ijy  the  French  general.  It  ia  stated  tliat  the  sutistitutes  were  oiierrd 
Laliastida's  seat,  butileellncd.  Edlirlla  Occid.,  Dee.  18,  ISG.'J. 

^'  Tiic  government  found  it  necessary  to  come  forth  in  .a  proclamation 
n;:ainst  the  unjust  iusinuationsmade  regarding  its  motives.  J/<  .i;.,  IJih  tin  L' ;/., 
]S(j;j,  41!)-'J1.  l)a;'.ai'ie  was  roundly  accused  of  iiaving  a  jiersonal  interest  ia 
church  property,  and  it  was  stated  that  he  had  orders  to  dissolve  the  regency 
unless  it  obi-yed  liini.  This  \v;is  unliUely,  iiowever,  for  Napoleon  would  hardly 
venture  to  take  autocratic  measures  that  would  strengthen  tlio  .Juarez  ])arty 
and  rouse  tlic  watchful  U.  S.  while  tuKleruiining  the  basis  fur  the  cni))ire. 

^-As  an  instance  of  deep  religious  feeling,  Zamaeois  relates  that  a  circus 
maiuigcr  lost  a  fortune  by  using  a  conliscatcd  convent  for  the  peiformancc. 
'Ni  una  sola  sciiora,  ni  una  sola  faniilia  deecnte  lleg6  &  pisar  el  circo.'  Jliit. 
J\l('j.,  \\i.  8H.     Arrangoiz  denies  a  split.  Mi/.,  iii.  177. 

■'■■'  Forey,  now  marshal  of  France,  ]iassed  with  a  diplomatic  mission  through 
Washington.  Frank  and  unpretending,  he  possessed  a  kindness  of  heart 
which  V as  strikingly  manifested  in  his  treatment  of  cliildren.  His  farewell 
address  of  Sept.  IJUtli,  in  i'ir'i<i:L  OJlc,  Oct.  .'!,  18G;{,  etc.,  expressed  a  hope  for 
the  union  of  jiartics,  which  had  been  ids  aim.  While  nuiny  conservatives  re- 
gretted his  departure,  that  of  Saligny  drew  forth  numerous  tiiougii  vani 
remonstrances,  as  in  Lc/cvir,  Doc.  Mu.rimiliaiio,  i.  3i!9-.'U.  He  left  Mexico 
^■aly  at  the  close  of  Dec,  with  tlic  young  wife  tliero  taken.  The  prospect  of 
a  seuatorship,  held  out  to  him  by  Do  Morny,  was  not  fulfilled.  Arramjui:, 
Mcj.,  iii.  13U;  Croniola,  Aug.  '28,  iSO.'i.  Uoldia  Ojic.  (Fuebla),  Aug.  129,  lb(j3. 


n    I 


BAZAIXE  IS  COMMAND. 


113 


t;*' 

M 


Bazainc,^*  \vlio  assumed  command  on  tlio  Ist  of  0(;to- 
ber.  The  instructions  givo!i  liim  by  Drouyn  do 
Lhuys  express  clearly  enough  the  course  now  intended 
to  be  ]tursu(id,  reiterating  as  they  do  the  contradictions 
and  fallacies  that  France  aimed  at  no  conquest,  colon- 
ization, or  s[)ecial  privileges,  but  merely  to  secure  the 
payment  of  claims  and  the  possession  of  guarantees 
for  the  future,  in  tlie  regeneration  of  the  country  from 
its  hitherto  anarchic  condition — a  rcLjeneration  left 
wliolly  to  the  gof)(.l-\vill  and  patriotism  of  the  pe()j)le, 
and  ])Ui'cly  seconded  by  Fi'aiice,  in  the  interest  of 
themselves  and  of  Europe  generally.  Bazaine  must 
accordingly  take  steps  to  let  the  ti'ue  |)opular  vote 
regarding  the  proposed  government  find  expression, 
and  promote  the  lair  election  of  otficials,  for  the  exist- 
ing institutions  of  the  country  appeared  satisfactory 
enough.  The  emperor  deplored  the  sequestrations, 
outlawing,  and  restrictions  hitherto  imposed,  and  I'or- 
Ixule  also  any  reactionary  or  exclusive  policy  that 
iiiight  prevent  the  conciliation  of  parties.  The  army 
should  be  reorganized,  with  honoiable  prominence  to 
native  troops,  and  steps  taken  to  hasten  the  object  of 
the  intervention,  so  as  to  shorten  the  French  occu- 
])atioii. 

Vvhile  this  document  b^'  no  means  disclosed  several 
ultimate  considerations,  includiu'''  financial  matters, 
Sonora  colonization,  and  the  like,  it  served,  aside  IVoia 
its  direct  object,  in  allaying,  for  a  time  at  least,  many 
rising  doubts,  notably  in  the  United  States.  Napo- 
leon recou'nized  that  the  struufule  in  the  northern  re- 
public  must  soon  end,  and  that  however  weakened,  it 
Would  have  surplus  armies  enough  to  render  itself 
Ibrmidable.  He  evidently  did  not  believe  wholly  in 
the  confederacy,  or  he  would  have  recognized  it. 
Then  again,  by  observing  neutrality,  he    hoped   to 

"lie  was  a  man  of  fifty-two  years,  tlescemlcd  from  a  military  family,  and 
li.iil  won  Ills  earliest  laurels  in  Africa,  distinguishing  liiaiself  later  ia  the 
'  rimea  and  in  Italy,  as  general  of  a  division.  A  knowledge  uf  Spanish  ac- 
'|iiiied  in  a  campaign  against  the  Curlists  served  greatly  to  favor  him  in 
ikxico. 

UuT.  Mex.,  Vol.  VI.    8 


I  II 


lU 


MAXIMILIAN,  E.MPEnOIl  OF  MEXICO. 


secure  a  similar  attitude  toward  himself.  ^Meanwhile, 
he  sought  to  open  the  way  for  a  graceful  retreat  by 
declarations  like  the  preceding.  Unfortunately,  the 
very  eagerness  to  save  appearances  carried  operations 
in  Mexico  upon  fictitious  ground,  to  the  discomiiturc 
of  many  calculated  plans  for  the  material  ])restige  as 
well  as  Mexican  regoneraticjn.  For  the  present,  the 
deferring  of  the  churcli-property  question  gave  rise 
to  conflicting  doul.)ts;  the  upholding  of  the  incomplete 
regency,  without  appeal  to  the  assembly,  was  arbi- 
trary; and  i)roniiscs  and  reports  were  made  to  create 
illusions,  many  of  them  bitterly  shattered  already  at 
the  outset,  Ijy  neglecting  to  protect,  against  the  ven- 
geance of  the  Juarists,  towns  and  districts  tluit  hail 
been  induced  to  swear  allegiance  to  the  empire.  Thesj 
and  other  acts  served  to  rouse  distrust,  even  to  create; 
enemies,  and  to  neutralize  more  or  less  the  liberal  and 
conciliatory  policy  which  promised  to  win  adherents.'^^ 
Bazaine's  direct  share  in  shaping  the  new  policy  was 
manifested  in  a  proclamation  of  October  8th,  promis- 
ing to  sincerely  carry  out  the  programme  of  June  1 2th, 
by  causing  the  sequestration  decree  of  Forcy  against 
republican  adherents  in  Puebla  to  be  annulled,'"' 
and  by  effecting  the  re(»rgani;^ation  of  the  Mexican 
army  I'or  more  thoroughly  cooperating  in  the  ensuing 
campaigns.  One  of  the  princi[)al  reforms  was  to  for- 
bid the  demoralizing  presence  of  women,  who  accom- 
panied almost  every  corps,  embarrassing  operations^ 
plundering,  and  spreading  vice  and  disaffection.  The 
regular  army  was  [)laced  under  Marquez,  and  the 
auxiliary  under  Meji'a,  Vicario,  and  others. ^^     These 

"The  fact  that  the  movement  was  led  by  a  foreign  power,  hated  for  its 
superiority  and  success,  must  operate  against  it  to  sonic  extent;  .ind  sunn- 
Btition,  class,  and  race  feeling,  and  party  spirit  and  nmhiiion.  were  still  tuo 
strong  for  imUilging  tlie  hope  that  a  voliuiLary  fusion  might  he  ellccteil,  like 
that  under  the  plan  of  Igiiala.  Napci  mi  wrote  decisively  against  any  ic- 
actionary  policy,  .-dlhough  not  ohjccting  to  temporizing  in  order  to  keep  t'.io 
clergy  in  good  humor.  Comments  in  iJoincnvflt,  IIUl.  Mex.,  iii.  93  et  6e(j.; 
/i/.'inidx,  Lilcnrii.,  ii.  184-(ll!);  Ki  inlry,  Ma.v.,  H'j-S. 

"".l/.-r.,  ]Jnleihi  Loj.,  ISU;!,  :}8G-7. 

^'  For  rcgnlutions  and  leading  generals,  see  Id.,  .304-14.  The  decree  was 
issucil  Sept.  2Jtli,  so  that  Forey  contributed  his  aid. 


'^  Tlioso  01 
mill  pensions, 
Ott.  .SM.     ijp, 

stM^ngholds. 

«■'"•  lasted.  l\ 

'''i'Jieoriui 

-G^pt.^1< 

*J''-/.     J  Iocs 

"'UI13  band  am 

""■IcrColDui, 

Ljri-re,  Doc.  1 

.  "  Tljc  abov( 

"'-•lUi,'  alluded 


THE  OPPOSING  FORCES. 


118 


troops  were  not  numerous,  and  forced  levies  being 
suppressed  for  reasons  of  policy  as  well  as  militaiy 
c'lHciency,  a  militia  was  created,  under  the  term  Guardia 
Civil,  for  the  defence  of  towns  and  districts.  It  em- 
braced all  able-hodied  Mexicans  between  the  age  of 
rij^hteen  and  hl't}-,  and  was  maintained  by  re<^uluted 
contributions.^^  An  appeal  was  also  made  to  the 
Indians  in  Aztec,  rousinuf  their  superstition  in  behalf 
of  reli;^'ion  outraged  by  libei-als,  and  stati'-g  that  the 
I  in[)ire  was  spreading  fast  over  the  country."^  The 
i'rench  forces  consisted  at  this  time  of  34,700  men, 
including  1,700  cavalry,  2,270  marines,  3,100  artillery, 
antl  3,500  belonging  to  the  conunissary  and  other  de- 
])artments,  with  8,700  horses  and  mules,  80  cannon, 
;nid  a  number  of  trains.  The  troops,  mobilized  at  the 
opening  of  the  actual  campaign  in  Xovember,  arc 
placed  at  14,000  Trench  and  7^000  ^Mexicans.'"' 

The  Juarist  forces  embraced  al)out  this  tinie  five 
divisions,  under  the  direction  of  Comonfort,  minister 
of  war,  the  eastern  of  about  3,000  men  under  Poriirio 
J)iaz,  another  under  Governor  Doblado,  who  had  over 
four  thousand  n)en  and  large  means  in  Guana- 
juato, Jesus  Gonzalez  Ortega,  the  defender  of  Puel)Ia, 
Uraga,  Arteaga,  Negrete,  and  Berrioziibal  rankinij 
among  the  other  leadimx  ijfenerals.  In  Duran-jfo, 
(/ov<}rnor  Patoni  was  actively  providing  I'esourees, 
with  the  cooperation  of  Chihuahua  ami  ISinaloa;  and 
ill  Puebla  and  TIascala,  and  other  directions,  Iresli 
troops  were  forming,  altlKHigh  to  a  great  extent  by 
levies.^'     The  minister  at  Washington  was  meanwhile 

'''Those  ou  duty  alouc  vccciveil  ii;iy.  Aiinaimtit,  iiioiliciuo,  instructions, 
aiul  pensions,  if  the  fiinil  pcruiittcil  it,  were  com'IccI.  I'lio  deun  c  is  dnUnl 
Ori.  ;]d.  Kegulatioua  were  .ilso  issued  for  nmintainini;  the  ellicii'ncy  of 
t'iioii^'iiolds.  The  country  was  [jlaced  under  French  nulilary  laws  u  iiiii;  tlie 
^va^  lasted.  Rules  in  Id.,  43'.'-S. 

^'The  original  text  is  preserved  in  Zamarob,  I  lid.  Mi'j.,  xvi.  10."il-'2. 

'"Cajit.  Kiox  of  thcstalfj^ivi'scxact  details  in  his /.'.lyct/.  <la  M<j\,  IVJS-.IO, 
o.'!.V7.  lie  estimates  the  Mexican  troops  at  about  l;!,0(IO.  A  small  hut  i.i- 
luuus  band  among  the  l''rencl>  was  tho  guerrilla  party,  ojieratiug  in  \'eia  (,'rnz 
iiiiJcr  Col  Dupin,  mIiosc  doels  are  recorded  by  Keratry  and  otheis,  and  in 
L'h'i-re,  Doc.  MaximUidvo,  i.  410-3;]. 

"  The  above  apportionment  underwent  certain  changes,  however,  Antillnu 
being  alluded  to  shortly  after  aa  commanding  the  second  divL-tion.  L'stnlia 


110 


MAXIMILIAX,  I:MP"II(H1  OF  MEXICO. 


prcpariiijjf  to  obtain  loans  and  aniiauionts  In  fho 
United  Status;*-  hut  to  oI>taiii  any  active  sympathy 
from  the  j^ovciuiuiont  was  lio])eless,  ior  it  could  not 
venture  to  inci-easc  complications  while  enLiaiii'd  in 
its  exhaustive  stru<To|(j  \vith  tlie  reoellious  southern 
states."  Even  arms  bouj^ht  in  the  United  States 
had  to  he  smUL;;j;led  out  of  tlirm,  so  as  not  to  ex- 
pose the  authorities  to  complaints  on  the  part  of 
France." 

There  was  need  for  (>xertion,  Ixx-ause  the  fiuhtin"-, 
althoU'"h  still  of  a  desultorv  nature,  was  as  a  rule  uii- 
I'avoi'able  to  i-epui>lican  arms,  !^[ejla  luul  taki'ii  Acto- 
l>an  in  M(\\ico,  and  several  other  leverses  followed 
in  this  state.^'     So  alsi>  in   Puebla.*''     In  Vera  Cruz, 

Orriil.,  XdV.  i:?;i.i.l  Aug.  7,  ISG:?.  Niux,  K.rjicd.  dii  Jf'.r.,  ;r>n,  cstiiimtcs  tlir 
foi'ctsjit  y, OIK)  uihIlt  Ni'grc'tc,  IjLtwc'C'u  Sail  Luis  I'litosi  aiul  I'iK'Inica;  4,0111) 
lunlLr  Liag.i,  in  Mii-liuacaii;  1,(101)  uinlir  Al\aie/,  iu  Huiimimo;  ami  ."i.Oi);)  tin- 
(li  r  J)ia;:,  to  raovi;  iutu  I'uilila  an. I  soutliwanl.  Scoulliorcstiiiiatt  s  in  Li  ii'fn\ 
JJoc.  M<uiii)ltiano,i.  3S4-7;  !>;/«,  Uo'-.,  i.  Ml, -Jll,  I'lS-li),  -JJIM;  iHdrio 
Ojic,  Out.  ','),  lbij;t,  etc.     Miu.\  caliuiatc.j  tiiu  ivimhlicaii. 

*'-A  new  uiini.stiT,  Fiuntc,  iuid  left  in-  W;; -li;n;,'tuii  in  Sept.  Mr.r.,  Col. 
Leyrs,  18;i;>-7,  i.  Hit.  Knnieio  nevertiieloss  li:,Mircs  tiu'tmglioiit  a.s  .luaiist 
INipiesenlalive. 

*''T1r'  main  fear  was  naturally  (i,  rcciK.'nitinn  df  tlic  eont'eilcraey  liy  rranci; 
ami  other  jioweis,  wliieli  might  at  hesi  lead  to  leentureements  tor  tiio  sou;h- 
orn  Htate.s.  'I'lie  eaution  of  Sew  ml  ii  well  iM.'5tanee<l  liy  a  lettei'  to  MiuiiUr 
Coi'w  in  i:i  ^lexieo,  who  had  taken  I'lussians  anil  other  loiH'ig'.i  residents  I'lu'c  r 
Ilia  proteetion,  eautioiiing  him  not  to  runse  thi'  suseeptiliililies  of  the  '^ovi  i;i- 
liicut.  7'/. ,  '.KS-il;  i'ri  ii/ii  Ajiuir.-'.  l-'J,");!,  .'iStii  ( 'ong.  "Jd  Se-ss.  The  eniistuieiit 
of  men  for  tlic  .luarez  army  had  heen  forhidden,  in  a  special  note  from  Siw  ■ 
anl  ()f  Oct.  "JsHli.  An  agent  from  Souora  and  adjoining  states,  of  more  tl.au 
douliU'ul  iiilliu'ni.c.',  MUiglit  aliout  tiii.s  time  to  arrange  ^\ith  tlie  \Vashuig:"U 
government  for  ii  cession  of  tiieso  states,  in  \iew  of  the  French  ;id\;uicc. 
Liittlo  aLlention  was  accorded  to  him.  \'u'j  MiJ.,  Fel).  'J,'},  18(i-t.  Soutli  Aia^  i- 
ican  states  w ere  not  illilieral  with  .'sympathy  for  Juarez,  hut  that  was  all. 
See  corres]>ondciKo  in  /</.,  Aug.  l-\ov.  ."t,  KSU.'J. 

^^In  the  aulunui  of  ihis  year  (lov.  ^'ega  of  Sinatoa  went  to  ("alifornia  ti 
l)Uy  arms,  the  amount  draw  n  from  (he  c',i.-itnm-hou.se  of  .Mazatlan  for  the  p  n- 
post!  Iieiiig  over  1?_'I).),()0.).  For  documents  of  in.struction,  vouchers,  and  in- 
voices, see  I  (.'/',  J>oc.,  MS.,  i.  7  et  kjij.;  AnUuiio,  Cuii.ln,  MS.,  1-17.  J  !iu 
trouble  and  detention  with  tht:  1 1.ODOrilles,  etc.,  a.n-  related  in  V<  ja,  Ihjxixi''. 
MS.  Subscriptions  were  also  ncciv  ed  in  ( 'alifornia  for  campaign  and  prisoneis' 
fund.    ViizMij.,  Feb.  "JtS,  18u;{,  and  following  numlii'rs. 

'■"The  force  holding  Aetopan  amounted  to  1,300  men  under  ilerrera  mid 
Cairo.  Cabrera  was  among  the  gueirdlas  elsew  heic  defeated.  In  return,  one 
party  under  Martinez  and  otlieis  gained  a  temporary  advantage  at  Tlali'im 
by  descending  from  tho  Ajuseo  Itiinge,  and  in  the  following  month  of  Nov. 
they  captured  a  convoy  for  (.'uernavaea.  A  few  days  later  tiiron,  Frago'-o, 
and  liomeio  were  routed  ne.Lr  (.)luinba.  J'l  riail.  Ofic,  Se]it.  10,  Nov.  '_'4,  -.i, 
Dec.  1,  10,  1-.',  10,  180,),  etc.;  Voz  Mej.,  Oct.  15,  Nov.  10,  Dee.  10,  18(i:!,  Jan. 
5,  1H04,  etc. 

'"Where  Visoso  of  CUautla  gaiuud  aJvautagcs  over  republican  guerrillas, 


1  Si 


JALAPA  AND  TAMTICO. 


117 


-Tiilapa  was  surroMdciccl  to  tlic  iiu[»('ii;ili;sls  by  Luciano 
l*iietc),  iil'tor  viiiii  cll'ort  oii  the  })art  of  the  Juiiiist 
j^rovci'Mor,  Miron,  who  liad  warning'  of  tlio  trcaclii'i-y, 
t.i  capture  tho  j)lacc.'''  llij^hcr  U]>,  in  T:unauli|)as,  tlio 
French  liud  gaiiicil  a  foothold  hi  'J'aujiiico,  as  it  lalcd, 
iiiid  wore  pressing;"  tho  Juari.sts  to  cxtrcnu;  measures, 
such  as  declariiii;'  the  })roNiuce  in  a  state  of  sie^t'. 
This  roused  the  di.scoiitent  «»f  the  garrison  at  ^lata- 
iiioros,  and  caused  a  pronuiicianiieiito  a_L,'ainst  (gov- 
ernor lluiz,  wh(.>  thereupon  took  tiie  lield  against  his 
rival,  Serna,  regardless  of  the  cause  ho  was  iinjx'i  illing. 
The  latter  ])revailed,  but  the  condition  of  aliaiis  re- 
mained doubtful.*'* 


CaMPAIGN    in    MlCIIOACA.N 


imtl  Cavito  rcliovcil  Couynca  bosiej,'(,'il  hv  llii-in.  /'<  r!iiil.  Ojii:,  Sept.  1'.',  19, 
Xuv. -Jli,  180;>;  La  \'o-:il'<-  M<j.,  Xov.  IJ, '|S(i.!. 

".Mimii  retired  with  liia  S(iO  mcii  t'lwuiil  ( 'iit;istl;i.  Tiiis  (iceiirrt  il  in 
the  latter  p;i:  Lot"  Oct.  Tlic  French  jriu  rrill;is  iimler  l)ii[)iii  weiv  kt  riiiii.;  t  leiir 
till'  vi'.iiiity  of  Vera  Cruz  eity.  /•/.,  Oct.  l;>,  1."),  Ih-c.  ■^-,  ISOI!.  la  Taijiis-co 
Were  :ils()  certain  movements.    //.,  Oct.   l.l. 

•^  Jijlrxitm,  Hcvixtat,  ii.  '22't.  Thi.s  iiiciileiit  h'll  to  a  .■<inL;iih»r  conservative 
f.ascn.  Josti  Mari'a  Cobo.s,  ft  Sjjani.-ih  ailvcnturer  wiio  hail  risen  from  a  contia- 
haiiil  trader  to  tho  ranU  of  general  under  /uloaua.  was  at  tiii.s  time  a  refu;iee  in 
Texas.  His  rank  and  antipathy  toward  the  French  cau.sed  liiui  to  be  summoned 
!isa  haderof  the  movement.  Jleaccepted,  and  without  luiiy.soundinj,' tliedis- 
]e>iti()uof  the  ])ronunciados,  prepari'd  to  forma  revolution  a:;ain>st  the  .IiKirist 
J.'  Aeinnient.  This  was  more  ihan  (Jortina,  the  commandant  of  tin;  gan  i.-im, 
I. ad  bargained  for.  lie  promptly  seized  the  unsn.->peeting  t.'eiios  ;ind  h.id  him 
shut,  and  thereupou  reported  to  Juarez,  declaring  his  loyalty,  but  demamliug 


118  MAXIMILIAN',  EMPEROR  OF  MEXICO. 

The  Imi)ei"ialists  won?  uiakiiij^  rapid  strides  in  dif- 
fcrciit  diri!C'ti(His,  IJazaiiie  hiiiiscir  si.'ttiiiLj  out  from 
^K'xico  oil  Novoinhcr  I'Jtli  to  Aciiiiiharo,  wluMicu  In- 
tlespatc'lied  jManjiU'/i  with  liurthier  against  Morelia, 
(Nt'r  Olio  of  the  main  positions  of  tin;  r('[)ul)rK'aiis. 
Tlio  city  had  hecn  loiij^  prcpariiij;"  lor  this,  yet  ]]ir- 
rioziibal,  coimiiandiiijx  there,  thoiii^ht  it  pi'iuk'nt  to 
evaeuato  on  Noveniher  oOth.  The  onoiiiy  entered 
the  sanio  day  amid  a  KtiUdned  demonstration.  Tin; 
pros|)ective  U)ss  of"  so  rich  a  province  as  Michoacan 
(;ould  not  be  quietly  eiKhired,  and  reenfoi'ccmeiits  \ver«.' 
n    sent,    which    raised    the   Juai'ist   armv    here   to 


SOO 


about  0,000  men.  Under  th(!  leadership  of  Ura'^a, 
lire  was  opened  against  the  city  on  December  17th, 
several  of  the  points  commandiiiL;'  it  being  secured,  al- 
thoUL"]!  th(^  impci'ialists  had  made  efforts  to  streiiu'thcii 
their  position.      On  the  following  day  a  general 


sau 


It 


was   uiK 


lertal 


■cell,  aiK 


1  altl 


iou''li  sevi-ra 


1  ad 


as- 
vaii- 


tages  were  gained  at   difierent  points,  the  skill   aiid 
activity  of  ^lartjuez  prc^vailed,  and  Uraga  found  him- 


self oblio'od  to  retreat  southwai'd,  with  a  1 


OSS  o 


f  alxiut 


l,.'iOO    killed  and    captured,  and   the  dispersion  of  a 
large  jiortioii  of  his  foi'ce."'''' 

.Still  more  severe  was  the  effect  of  im])erial  opei-.i- 


eua,  in   union  with 


tions  in  the  central  provinces.      jMej 

a  French  colmiiii  under  ])ouav,  was  allowed  to  eii((  i 


itiiiv 


)ii- 


Queretaio  .hi  November  17tli  without  striking  i 
than  a  pjts^ing  blow  at  some  guerrillas,  the  repul 
cans  rot;ti;ig  into  (jruanajuato,  where  Governor  .1  )e- 
blado  v>  a.5  making  [)reparat  ions  for  resistance.    Flushed 

the  confii'mation  of  Scrii.a  n.s  governor,  and  the  removal  of  tin-  siege  jirorla- 
iii.itiiiii.  .lu;ii-<'/.  oI)j('cti'il  to  tlu'  ailiilriiry  o\ ertlirow  iui;  uf  Jiiiiz,  ami  th  ■) 
giivi' iunnilsc  to  the  iiaitv  war  now  iiiuU'ital;t'i\.  Jiixirin  Ojic,  ^ky.  !.">,  1^  .'i, 
etc.;  J)}(r.,  /;/(../.,  MS.,  VM:<;  Li  L'slnta  (/<■  (hrid.,  Oct!  1.'!,  Dec.  18,  iMi:!. 
Ill  .I/'.c,  Cu/.  i.ii/ct,  lN()."!-7,  i.  l.S'J-'.IK,  iKt;ivcii  the  uliicial  coitc.siioihIciri  . 

'"  .Mai(iucz' iviHirt,  1-"J7,  ami  list.s  ciiuinciatiii,' ">"  I  kil!'.';l,  ami  other  do- 
tails.  A.'(  !'(,:  (/.  .)/(;/.,  .Ian.  7.  1-'.  Hi,  KS(U,  etc;  Pirlo'/.  Oji<:,  iVe.  12.  |m 
Z.iiaacois,  J/lfit.  Mij.,  >:vi.  M)4-'.I'J(),  natmaily  coltir.s  tiii^  stury  in  favui 
Marijue;^;  and  I;j!e.sias,  !!(  ris  itfi,  \\.  •jr.?-'.'],  in  t'asor  df  I'laua.  .\iraiiL;" 
Mij.,  iii.  ISI,  placetj  tlie  luss  at;  l.TiOO  piisoners  and  1 1  pnns,  hcsiiles  "JltO  kill' 
Maiiinex  w  a.s  wounded.  Xio\  .^iay.-;  (lOilkdled  and  ;;s  manv  inismiei's.  I.xi" 
da  M<x.,  ;il4;  CuMill'i,  Unttqiuii,  1-lti,  wita  desciiplioii  ot  town. 


;:t. 
..f 


with  succes.s 

main  army  u 

was  advaiici 

now  proceedt 

I'iiiding  it  ui 

commanded 

.•ind   the  enei 

J''our  days  jal 

I'oction  of  Si) 

celebrate  in   '. 

llie  indc^pendc 

The  apj)roa 

iiccosity  f,)i- 

J^ccvinber  2'2t 

Sail  Luis  Pot( 

"f  Coahuila. 

doubtful  attiti 

moi'sof  iiegotii 

"latle  tjiis^  iiia( 

e;iine  changes  : 

<'f  Xunez,  wli 

liiiance  portfoli 

t''i'  of  war,  in  ;i 

Jiis  tv\i)  to  Gi 

•'led   the  ex-pi-i 

^h(!  constitutioi 

fentring.     A^ac 

I'lilt'i',  l)ut  as  n 

""'"il,  ids  chara 

I'l^tre,  and   Jiis 

I'edeeming  trait 

I""  The  division  of  i\ 

C'J"  d  lic.o  liavo  bwclle 

ilechiicl  to  enciind)er  1 

"  I'liu  '.•us.sas.siuatioi 

-Molna.  ,Io  s„ria,  under 

;;.?'  "f  tlie  -small  .seo 

1 110  lM„ly  wa.s  buried  a 

"ds  ami  the  army,  JA 

•'-■'iixleereedin  l>S(JN,  7 

"!:■■•  to  transfer  tlie  ren 

■'-•"•«,  Gob.  J/c-.i-.,ii. 


SAN  LUIS  TO  SALTIT,LO. 


119 


Avitli  .success,  aiitl  ivlyiiiLj  on  the  close  viciiiil  v  of  tlio 
main  army  under  JJaziiine,  who,  rejoined  !)V  lierthier, 
was  advanciniL(  l)y  way  of  Celaya,  .Meji'a  and  Doiiay 
now  pi'oci.'eded  through  AlK'ude  ayainst  (Uianajnato. 
I'iiiding'  it  unsafe  to  attempt  holding'  a  city  so  leailily 
commanded  Uy  surrounding^  liills,  Doblatlo  withdrew, 
and  the  enemy  took  possession  on  Decembei'  'Jth.'" 
Four  days  hiter  Mejia  pursued  liis  march  in  the  di- 
rection of  San  Luis  Potosi,  haltinuf  on  tlie  KItii  to 
cclel)iate  in  lliihdij^o's  own  town  tlie  anniversary  of 
the  inde[)en<lence  there  cradled. 

The  approach  of  so  formidable  a  foe  pointed  to  tlio 
necessity  for  new  repubhcan  lieadrpiarters;  and  on 
]J(!cember  2'Jd  Juarez  and  his  government  abandoned 
San  liuls  lN)tosi  for  tlie  nM)re  distant  Saltillo,  capital 
of  (\)ahuila.  Monterey  had  been  proposed;  but  the 
doubtful  attitude  of  Governor  Vidaurri,  and  tin;  ru- 
niois  of  negotiations  between  him  and  the  imperiahsts, 
made  this  inadvifcabh.',  as  will  be  seen.  Jn  aihhtion 
c;uiie  changes  in  the  cabinet,  owing  to  the  I'esignation 
oC  Xuiiez,  who  had  so  long  and  worthily  held  the 
iinance  portfolio,  and  the  killing  of  Comonfort,  minis- 
ti'V  (>!'  war,  in  an  ambush  laid  by  inji)crialists  tluring 
his  tri[)  to  Guanajuato,  on  November  14th.  Thus 
died  the  ex-pi"esident,  to  whom  belongs  in  a  measure 
the  constitution  round  which  the  great  struggle  was 
centring.  Vacillation  had  marked  his  course  as  a 
nilci',  but  as  minister,  the  subordinate  of  a  stronger 
luliid,  his  cliaracter  and  talents  shone  with  a  blighter 
lii>lre,  and  his  humanity  will  ever  stand  forth  as  a 
redeeming  trait,  even  among  his  opponents.^^ 

''"The  division  of  Miramon  and  Taboada.  wliicli  lipd  advanced  to  Irapuato, 
could  Ikic  liavo  suollod  tlioir  lanUa  wiih  fully  ;{,000  voluuteera;  but  Ijazaine 
di!ilin(-d  to  encuiiibcr  liiinaelf  with  such  men. 

'•'^  The  'assassination,'  as  republican  writers  unjustly  term  it,  took  ))laco  at 
MiilJMo  do  Soiia,  under  the  lead  of  Col  Gonzalez.  ALTuine,  who  als)  killed  sev- 
i"al  (if  the  small  escort  and  captured  some  funds  and  vahiablo  documents. 
'I  ho  liody  was  buried  at  AlUnde,  and  a  nine  days'  niourniu.,'  impose<l  on  oUi- 
li.ilsancl  the  army,  Mex.,  Col.  L(i/ei,  1SU3-7,  i.  18G-0,  funeral  honors  being 
njaiii  decreed  in  IStiS,  Dnhlaii  and  Lor.uiio,  L",i.  ^/(X.,  x.  '2(t~.  wluii  Juartz  was 
iil'li"  to  transfer  the  remaina  to  San  Fernando  eenu^tery  at  Mexico.  .See  also 
lila ni,  Gob.  Mex.,\\.  i^'■i\•,  Zanmcoig,  IliU.  Mij.,  xvi.  Stil-.");  La  I'ozde  Jlej., 


120 


MAXIMILIAN,  EMPEROR  OF  MEXICO. 


52 


General  Uraga  succeeded  him,  and  Iglesias,  minis 
ter  of  justice,  assumed  charge  also  of  the  treasury, 
which  had  just  been  swelled  with  the  proceeds  from  a 
forced  loan  in  each  of  the  three  states  of  Zacatecas, 
Guanajuato,  and  San  Luis  Potosi,  and  from  the  sale 
of  sequestrated  imperialist  property — a  timely  meas- 
ure, since  these  provinces  were  now  doomed.  The 
day  before  abandoniofif  San  Luis  Potosi,  congress 
issued  one  of  tlie  usual  exhortative  and  bombastic 
proclamations,"^  the  more  needful  to  sustain  the  peo- 
ple in  face  of  the  cautious  attitude  of  the  adjoining 
republic,  the  extension  of  the  gulf-coast  blockade  by 
French  vessels,  and  the  failure  which  soon  became 
manifest  of  the  leading  campaign  plan.  This  was  to 
avoid  encounters  with  the  imperialist  armies,  j^et  to 
hover  near  enouii:h  for  takini>'  advaiitaixe  of  anv  nesj^lect 
or  weakness.  Doblado's  retreat  had  for  an  acUtitional 
or  main  object  to  draw  pursuit,  while  other  I'orces 
united  for  a  descent  into  tlie  lake  valley  and  upon  the 
cajiital,  cliietly  for  the  purpose  of  distracting  the  en- 
emy and  giving  a  fresli  impulse  to  the  cause  in  a 
moral  as  well  as  material  point  of  view.  The  effort 
of  LJraga  and  liis  compani(jns  ai^ainst  Morelia  was  the 
opening  of  the  latter  movement,  and  its  disastrous 
i'aihirc  nipped  the  whole  project.  DoblaJo,  nevert'ae- 
less,  continued  his  tactics,  enteriiig  into  negotiations 
with  the  enemy  *o  gain  time  and  to  dispose  of  mining 
interests,  yet  ever  keeping  at  a  distance  safe  enough 
to  escape  a  disadvantageous  conflict,^*  retiring  before 

Doc.  10,  180;];  '  killed  l>y  malefactors,  led  Jty  the  Troncosos,'  says  a  letter  ia 
La  /■MrdladeO'-rid  ,  iKc  l.S,  "J.j,  lS(i;{;  Period.  Ojic,  Xuv.  ^l,  180;i. 

'•'' Jllle^lax,  Ix'evitilaK,  ii.  197,  --5. 

'■'■*  Doclaiiniiiy  iij.^uiiisl,  the  Frrnch  us  marauders  and  assassins,  who  proposed 
the  enslavement  of  Mexico,  and  pointiiii;  out  L'uit  the  more  tliey  si)rea<l  tin; 
V(;:dter  they  would  become,  and  a  sure  prey  to  tlic  valiant  republicans.  Diario 
J)  b.,  3d  Cong.  2il  Se-s.,  oD-OI.  Tliis  is  ssigned  by  IW  de|)uties,  headed  |jy 
tlieir  president,  Airiaya.  The  former  f>esKion  liad  closed  on  May  31st,  tho 
preseit  was  Hunuiioneil  for  Sept.  oth.   .l/(.i'.,  CW.  />'?/(•-■,  lS(il{-7,  i.  lO.S-4. 

»* '  I'arecfa  destinado  Dobladod  cngafiara  todos  los  diplouiiilicosy  lo3  gen- 
eralcs,'  exclaims  Arraiigoiz^  tartly.  Mvj..  iii.  1>S2.  Bazainc's  object,  says 
a  French  writer,  was  to  win  on cr  Doblado  and  place  him  in  tho  regency.  '  Do 
joter  on  bas  Almonte  et  Sal. is,  on  tout  au  uioins  lo  dei'uier. '  Mex.  L'fut'iT. 
Fran:-.,  '204;  Pirhid.  Ojic,  Dec  10,  17.  1!).  lS(i:j,  Jan.  12,  1SG4;  La  Voz  de 
Mij.,  Deo.  12,  1S03,  etc.;  Niox,  Expal.  du  Mtx.,  341-3. 


NEGRETE'S  DEFEAT. 


121 


the  pursuit  from  Leon  to  Lagos,  and  thence  into 
Aguascalicntcs,  where  ho  was  joined  by  Chavez  and 
by  (j^ovcrnor  Ortega  of  Zacatecas.®^ 

The  approach  of  Meji'a  to  San  Luis  Potosi  had  led 
to  its  evacuation  hy  General  Ncgrete,  who  com- 
manded in  this  section  for  Juarez.  Two  days  later, 
on  December  25th,  the  imperialists  took  possession; 
but  thi.'y  were  not  to  be  left  undisturbed.  Negrete 
obtaineil  reonforcements,  and  sought,  on  tlie  27th,  to 
regain  the  city  by  assault.  Mcjia  liad  sufficient 
warning  to  throw  up  a  few  intrenchments;  nevertlie- 
less,  the  republicans  penetrated  to  the  i)laza,  and  but 
for  the  bravery  of  the  imperialist  leaders,  the  ad- 
vantage might  have  been  carried  further.  The  rally 
by  the  latter  came  so  unexpectedly  and  with  such 
force,  as  to  wholly  overwhelm  the  assailants;  and  they 
were  completely  routed,  leaving  200  killed  and  nearly 
900  prisoners,  together  with  all  the  guns  and  war 
material.'"'  The  disaster  was  no  less  severe  than 
that  of  jMorelia,  depriving  the  Juarist  government,  as 
it  did,  of  its  chief  and  immediate  bulwark.  Foi-tu- 
nately  Mc^ia  was  not  strong  enough  to  venture  in 
j)ursuit.  One  result,  however,  was  the  voluntary  sur- 
I'endor  shortly  after  of  the  generals  Aramberri,  Par- 
rodi,  and  Ampudia.  besides  a  host  of  lesser  chiefs.^''' 

'•'  Arteaga  and  Rujas  wc  fj  expected  to  join  Uraga  with  8,000  men.  lylenias, 
J!iri</,i.'<.  ii.  •_>_'4. 

'^(  lulanli  and  AloaMc  led  two  of  the  thi'oe  cliargiiig  columns.  The  fail- 
ure was  attributed  to  a  lack  of  accord.  Igletiias  (Units  that  reenforcemonts 
liad  l)ceu  receivei'.  J'evi^ta :,  ii.  '22',i.  Niox  jjlaccs  tiic  combatants  ut  'J,."iOO 
;ui(l  .'■», 000  respectively.  Ex/xd.  da  Mcx.,  34(1.  Zaniacois  raises  tlio  number  of 
prisoners  to  I,;i00.  ll'iM.  Mc'J.,  xvi.  0_'0.  The  false  alarm  of  French  reen- 
Inreenu'nta  for  AJcjia,  had  led  Ncgrete  to  evacuate  the  city.  \'<na,  Aiitiit. 
i'oinis.,  ill  Veija,  JJoe.;  Peridd,  OJic,  Jan.  IJ,  1804;  L<i  Voz  de  M4j.,  Feb.  0, 
1SG4,  etc. 

*' I'arrodi  was  born  in  Ilabana,  Anipudia  in  Spain.  Arramjoh,  }fi'J.,  iii. 
i'  'Ihiii  author  IS  freijueu'ly  wrong  in  dates.  Mix.,  Col.  Lcyi'H,  18Uit-(»7, 
1.  J.'io,  -SO-7,  alludes  feelingly  to  the  killing  of  Goveruor  Viilanueva. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

ARRIVAL  OF  THE  IMPERIAL  SOVEREIGNS. 

1864. 

MnjTABT  Movements — Juaeez  Declines  to  Resign  —  He  Rettus.--  .n 
Monterey — Tampico  Campaign — Imperial  Gains — Proceediki^i  •>• 
Europe — Formal  Acceptation  of  the  Mexican  Crown — Imperial 
Visit  to  Rome — Arrival  of  the  Sovereigns  at  Vera  Cruz — Recep- 
tions AT  C6RroB'»,  Orizaba,  and  Pcebla — Entry  into  Mexico  — 
Grand  Demonstration — New  Order  Cp^ated. 

Bazaine  himself  met  with  equal  success  in  the  west 
by  occupyinj^  the  important  city  of  Guadalajara,  on 
January  5, 18G4,  without  a  blow,  General  Arteaga  re- 
tiring southward,  joined  by  the  Rojas  and  other  guerril- 
las. General  Mariano  Morett  was  appointed  prefect  of 
the  new  department,  and  several  other  distributions  of 
offices  took  place.^  Political  affairs  calling  the  French 
commander-in-chief  back  to  Mexico,  he  left^  Colonel 
Garnicr  in  charge,  wit);  a  garrison  of  2,000  men. 
This  withdrawal  was  no  sooner  known  than  the  Juar- 
ist  generals  Uraga  and  Ortega  prepared  to  move 
against  the  city  with  respectable  forces,"  but  no  reso- 
lute operations  were  made,  Garnier  taking  the  offens- 
ive and  distracting  the  somewhat  scattered  forces, 
till  Douay  arrived  on  February  25tli  with  strong  rc- 
enforcenientg.  Ortega  now  retired  toward  Fresnillo, 
and  Uraga  westward.     The  lancer  had  been  unfor- 

>Zf?  Vozde  M^J.,  Jnn.  15, 1864,  etc.;  Perldd.  OJic,  Mar.  3,  1864;  Zmna- 
cois,  lliM,  MvJ.,  xvii.  10-12. 

"Ho  pursucil  buinc  Iiura»s;.ug  guerrillas,  and  placed  small  forces  at  La  Pic- 
dad  and  Zamora. 

"Niox,  Exped.  du  Mex,,  3J3,  places  their  strength  at  5,000  ami  2,000  ii- 
Bpectively. 


MICHOACAN  AND  JALISCO. 


123 


tunate  ever  since  the  defeat  at  Morelia.  After  several 
vague  movements  his  supphes  had  been  cut  off,  and 
his  forces  so  disorganized  that  on  retreating  into  Ja- 
hsco  in  the  beginning  of  the  year,  he  found  himself 
reduced  to  Uttle  over  2,000  men,  although  this  num- 
ber was  here  quickly  increased.  Michoacan  remained 
after  this  comparatively  quiet  under  the  administra- 
tion of  Marquez.* 


French  Operations  in  Jalisco. 


Uraga's  retreat  had  been  mainly  due  to  Douay, 
who  thereupon,  in  conjunction  with  Castagiiy,  went 
northward,  captured  Aguascalicntes,^  and  continued 


'Ouerrillas  hovered  hero  as  elsewhere,  however,  directed  in  part  by  Caa- 
iiiafu),  Juariat  goveinor.  La  Voz  de  McJ.,  Juno  28,  18G4;  Veija,  J)oc.,  ii.  Iti 
May  Sorvin  was  surjiriscd. 

^Defended  by  about  'iOO  men.  Three  chiefs,  Jauregiiy,  Mendoza,  and 
Uamirez,  were  executed  for  brigandage. 


124 


ARRIVAL  OP  THE  IMPERIAL  SOVEREIGNS. 


his  march  against  the  rich  mining  town  of  Zacatecas, 
which  was  occupied  without  a  blow  on  February  7th. 
Hero  Castagny  was  left  in  charge,^  while  the  former 
hastened  to  the  relief  of  Gamier  at  Guadalajara,  and 
began  in  this  region  a  campaign  for  driving  out  Jua- 
rists.  He  was  encouraged  at  the  outset  by  the  adlie- 
sion  of  General  Lozada,  v/ho,  at  the  head  of  the 
In('i.ins  in  Tepic  district,  had  affected  independence  of 
the  '  ,'  '(tending  parties/  Going  south  in  pursuit  of 
the  gu  las  Gutierrez  and  Rojas,  he  inflicted  a  severe 
defeat  Oi^  the  former,  and  destroyed  two  factories  for 
arms  and  powder  near  Cocula,*  A  little  later  he 
entered  Colima,  pressing  closely  General  Uraga,  who 
had  here  sought  to  recuperate  himself." 

Meanwhile  detachments  were  penetrating  north- 
ward, a  garrison  being  placed  at  Cuquio,  on  the  road 
to  Zacatecas.  Colonel  Potior,  on  May  13th,  took  by 
assault  Nochistlan,  one  of  the  chief  republican  strong- 
holds,^'^ which  was  obstinately  defended.  He  tliere- 
u]ion  entered  the  mountains  in  pursuit  of  the  guerrilla 
chiefs  Sandoval  and  Cadena,  and  after  more  than  one 
victorious  encounter,  managed  to  restore  tranquillity 
for  a  time  in  the  valleys  above  Juchipila."  The  upper 
portions  thereof  had  been  cleared  three  months  before 
by  Castagny 's  men,  who  on  February  IGth  surprised 


'  Transferred  soon  after  to  Querdtaro,  Gen.  L'lli^riller  took  command  hero. 
Niox,  ExpM.  dii  Mex. ,  308. 

'  He  accepted  subsidies  for  his  troops,  which  were  phiccd  at  3,000,  iuclud- 
in'^  1,000  mounted  men.  The  arrangement  waa  effected  March  lJ)th,  through 
Rivas,  tho  licut  of  Lozada. 

8  At  Tula  and  Tlapalpa,  on  March  20th  and  27th. 

"lie  had  been  levying  on  cattle  and  grain.  Governor  Ramon  de  la  Vega 
had  left  some  time  ago  for  Acapulco,  La  Entrdla  de  Occid.,  Mar.  1 1,  1804,  Julio 
( iarcia succeeding.  La  Voz  de  M('J.,  Juuo  28,  1804.  By  dcreo  of  March  31st, 
Ui-aga,  as  commander  of  tho  central  division  of  tho  army,  received  extraordi- 
nary powers,  which  served  him  little  however.  Mcx.,  Col.  Leyes,  18C3-7,  ii. 
17;  Diiblnii  and  Lozmw,  Lc(j.  Hex.,  ix.  070-80. 

'"Held  by  Josus  Mcji'a  with  nearly  500  men.  Mejia  fell,  with  most  of  his 
oiliceis  and  about  200  men. 

"Niox  claims  some  valiant  deeds  hereon  the  part  of  Courcy's  division. 
'Le  peluton  de  chasseurs  A  cheval,  ruduit  A  treizo  hommcs,  aborda  sans 
hc.iiter  plus  do  trois  cents  cavaliers.'  Exphl.  dti  Me.r.,  309.  Tho  superiority  of 
French  iirnia  and  the  prestige  of  constant  victories  were  powerful  auxiliaries. 
Coin-,y  lisid  j  rcviously  driven  Sandoval  from  Colotlun  district.  Both  tho 
chiefs  surrcndereil  not  long  after. 


DOBLADO  AND  MEJIA. 


123 


btecas, 

y  7th. 

former 
-a,  and 
t  Jua- 
)  adhe- 
of  the 
lence  of 
[isuit  of 
I  severe 
)ries  for 
atcr  he 
ga,  who 

'   north- 
tho  road 

took  by 
\  strong- 
'c  there- 
guerrilla 
than  ov»e 

nquillity 
|he  upper 

IS  before 

;urprised 

imand  here. 

1,000,  inclutl- 
3th,  througli 

„  de la  VcRa 

[,  1804,  Julio 

"March  31st, 

ill  cxtraonli- 

18C3-7,  ii- 

,  most  of  lii3 

|y  8  division. 

aborda  sans 

iperiority  of 

auxiliaries. 

Both  tho 


Colotlan  and  took  four  score  prisoners,  including  Gen- 
eral Ghilardi.  The  latter,  being  a  fugitive  from  Puebla, 
after  the  capitulation,  was  shof  A  similar  fate  be- 
fell Chavez,  the  late  governor  of  Aguascalientes,  who 
during  the  following  month  made  a  raid  on  Malpaso 
hacienda,  and  allowed  his  followers  to  kill  a  number 
of  women  and  children.^^  A  detachment  pursued  him 
to  Jerez,  and  captured  the  place  with  considerable 
slaughter.''* 

In  tho  >i.  OS  district,  eastward,  several  guerrilla 
bands  were  driven  back  into  the  Sierra  Hermosa, 
where  Ortega  was  holding  forth  with  nearly  3,000 
men,  gathering  tribute  from  mines,  and  awaiting  the 
opportunity  for  eflfective  demonstration.  This  he  lost 
by  failing  to  cooperate  with  Doblado,  who,  in  tho 
middle  of  May,  descended  from  Monterey  upon  Mate- 
huala,  where  Mejia  had  been  stationed  since  January. 
Advised  of  the  movement,  the  latter  obtained  French 
rcunforcements  under  Colonel  Aymard,  commandant 
at  San  Luis  Potosf,  and  Doblado  met  with  a  recep- 
tion as  unexpected  as  it  was  hot.  Within  a  few 
hours  he  found  himself  completely  routed,  with  a  loss 
of  nearly  1,200  prisoners  and  all  his  artillery. ^^  The 
Wow  overthrew  all  Juarist  plans  for  a  while,  and 
Doblado  felt  it  so  severely  that  he  left  the  country 
within  a  few  weeks  for  the  United  States,  where 
he  died  a  year  later. ^^     Mejia  was  gratified  by  the 

'-  Tic  defended  Acapulco  in  Jan,  1803,  against  Admiral  Bouet,  and  fought 
at  San  Luis  I'otosi,  aa  wo  have  seen.  'Ascsinato'  is  the  term  a[ipUud  by  re- 
liublioaus  to  his  execution.  Lcjcvrf,  Doc.  Maximiliano,  i.  .".34. 

'•*  I'crtain  republican  sources  will  admit  only  that  the  place  took  lire  dur- 
ing the  attack,  and  charge  that  tho  Mexican  rabble  in  tho  Frcncli  wrdio  did 
sn.li  deeds  at  Jerez,  whither  Chavez  retired.  La  Edrclla  <le  Ocrid.,  Juno  10, 
ISGI.  Zamacois  assumes  that  the  deed  was  committed  by  a  rebellious  baud 
of  his  party.  Jlist.  Mfj.,  xvii.  111.  Of  course  tho  Peridd.  OJic,  April  3,  1S04, 
paints  it  stronger. 

' '  A  wiilely  signed  petition  was  presented  in  his  behalf,  pleading  his  ago, 
family  connections,  and  great  services  for  his  state;  but  in  vain.  Seven 
otiicrs  were  likewise  executed. 

'-' Tlie  victors  place  Doblado's  forces  at  6,000,  with  18  cannon.  Xiox, 
Expi'd.  da  Mcx.,  371.  Iglcsias  reduces  them  to  '2,000.  U' vinlas,  300.  The 
buttle  took  place  May  17th,  Antillon  leading  tho  troops,  assisted  by  Carbajal. 
J/'C,  Col.  Lri/cM,  IS0;i-7,  47-il;  L't  Vozde  Mej.,  May 'J.',  Juno  7,  1804. 

"'June  lt>,  1805.     He  remained  ever  true  to  the  cause,  as  m.iy  be  judged 


126 


ARRH'AL  OF  THE  IMPERIAL  SOVEREIGNS. 


receipt,  sliortly  after  the  victory,  of  the  cross  of  the 
legion  of  honor,  sent  by  Napoleon.  San  Luis  Potosi 
remained  after  this  comparatively  quiet,  save  in  the 
northern  districts;  but  even  in  the  more  southern 
department  of  Guanajuato  and  Queretaro  into  !Mex- 
ico  and  Puebla,  guerrillas  rose  now  and  then,  -svith 
little  success,  however.^^ 

The  only  important  exception,  so  far,  to  the  suc- 
cession   of  republican  disasters   is  furnished  in  the 


'^ 


State  of  Oajaca. 


campaign  of  General  Diaz.  At  the  head  of  the  east- 
ern division  of  the  army,  consisting  of  about  3,000 
men,  with  a  few  cannon,  organized  mainly  by  hinisoli', 
ho  swept,  early  in  the  autumn  of  the  preceding  year, 
through  Queretaro,  Michoacan,  and  Mexico,  into 
Guerrero,    driving   Valdes    before    him,    and   laying 

from  his  indignant  return  of  a  pass  procured  for  him  from  the  imperial  au- 
thorities. Zamacoh,  ll'iM.  Mi  J.,  xvii.  r)lG-18. 

"  For  dctaila  concerning  preceding  operationa  in  the  nortlicrn  and  western 
regions,  see  La  Voz  i/e  Mej.,  Jan.  to  Juno  1804,  passim;  Period.  Ojic,  Id., 
Zamacoii,  Hid.  Mi  J,,  xvi.  OJS  et  sccj.,  xvii.  7  et  aeij.;  Ljksias,  Eevistas,  ii. 
2ol  et  acq. 


CAMPAIGN  OF  PORFIEIO  DIAZ. 


127 


sic2fe,  on  October  26th,  to  the  small  tbou<xh  strongr 
town  of  Tasco,  celebrated  since  Aztec  times  for  its 
silver  mines.  The  militia,  headed  by  Toledo,  made  a 
vigorous  resistance,  but  were  compelled  to  capitulate 
three  days  later."  On  the  5th  of  November  Diaz 
moved  against  the  brigade  of  Vicario,  who  took  retVi<Tu 

•  ••1 

within  the  historic  Iguala;  but  rcenforcements  com- 
iii'j:  from  Mexico  and  Michoacan,  the  siecre  was  aban- 
(loned.  Diaz  now  proceeded  southward  and  into 
Onjaca,  receiving  continual  additions  to  his  forces, 
which  soon  after  were  estimated  as  high  as  8,000 
men.''  Ho  assumed,  also,  the  political  control  of  the 
states  from  Vera  Cruz  southward,  and  took  measures 
tor  counteracting  imperialist  movements.  Guerrero 
ivmained  in  charge  of  the  valiant  ex-president,  Juan 
Alvarez,  practically  the  sovereign  in  this  region, 
whose  advanced  age  had  of  late  obliged  him  to  sur- 
icnder  active  pursuits  to  his  son  Diego.  He  died 
vSt'ptember  28tli.  Pinzon  assisted  in  the  defence  of 
the  state,  which  found  protection  in  the  unhealthy 
climate  of  certain  coast  districts. 

In  Chiapas  the  imperialists  had  as  yd  obtained  no 
sure  foothold,^  and  their  position  was  further  imper- 
il'.od  by  the  fall,  on  the  27th  of  February,  of  San 
Juan  ]jautista,  capital  of  Tabasco,  after  a  siege  of  six 
weeks.  It  was  defended  both  by  garrison  and  French 
vessels;-^  but  the  ready  water  couununication,  the 
large  rcenforcements  sent  by  Diaz,  and  the  hostility 

"Surrendering  271  prisoners,  Ljlcsia-'f,  Hefista/t,  ii.  19.").  A  previous  at- 
ti  lupt  liy  gncrrilkis  upon  Tcloloapan,  near  bj',  liiul  failed. 

'"Niox  placed  them,  in  Oct.,  at  (»,000.  Jiilesiaa  raises  this,  a  little  later, 
to  7.000;  and  Vega,  Doc,  i.  .310,  hazards  8,(X)0;  whilo  LnE>trrHa  <!>■  Ocriil., 
.1 !!  1 V  8,  1  S(j  t,  .swells  the  number,  in  May  1  .S(i4,  to  1  •_',000.  La  ] 'oz  de  Mtj. ,  Mar. 
•J-',  .ruuo  9,  ISO-t;  P>r!6(l.  Ojir.,  Jan.  10,  ISO  I. 

•"Tiicir  forces  under  Ortega  wore  in  the  beginning  of  the  year  holding 
torth  near  the  Tabasco  frontier.  La  KMrdla  de  Occld.,  April  "21,  1804;  La, 
Vo-  ('■  MJJ.,  Dec.  2-2,  1803,  May  10,  18G4. 

'-'  tJov.  Sierra  places  the  imperial  force  at  GOO,  with  4  steamers,  1  schooner, 
aiiil  '2  small  craft.  Six  canmin  were  captured.  JjU  Eatrdlade.  (Arid.,  Apr.  'Jl, 
•July  1,  1804.  Xiox  allows  only  a  garrison  of  '2i)0  ^lexrcans,  and  alluilea 
iiieiclyto  one  French  vessel.  L'-rju'd.  du  Mcx.,  374.  Mendez  gives  an  elaborate 
re|iort  of  the  siege  oiierations  dirccteil  by  him.  lieiuHa  <>li'-.,  '-'0-44.  Fortifiea- 
tiiiiis  wt'ro  erected  to  secure  tiio  iilace.  /(/.,  47-."il;  J'aji.  I'ar.,  civ.,  pt  5. 
Mendez  was  soon  after  rewarded  witii  the  governorsliip,  replacing  .Sierra. 


128 


ARRIVAL  OF  THE  IMPERIAL  SOVEREIGNS. 


of  the  people  made  it  both  useless  and  expensive  to 
attempt  holding  this  state,  so  remote  from  the  centre 
of  operations.  The  French  accordingly  restricted 
themselves  for  a  while  to  a  not  very  etfoctual  block- 
ade of  the  river  mouth.  The  republicans,  on  the 
other  hand,  were  so  encouraged  by  their  success  as 
t )  advance  into  Vera  Cruz,  under  Garcfa,  and  lay 
siege  to  Minatitlan,  which  surrendered  March  28th." 
These  advantages  were  neutralized  by  French  suc- 
cesses in  Yucatan.  A  strong  party,  headed  by  Gen- 
eral Navarrete,  had  pronounced  for  the  empire,  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  state,  and  incited  by  district 
livalry,  they  seized  the  pretence  for  invading  Cani- 
pcche,  which  upheld  Juarez.  Captain  Gloue  assisted 
with  a  naval  force,  and  the  city  yielded  on  January 
22d  ^^  Navarrete  could  not  be  induced  to  join  in  a 
Tabasco  campaign,  but  the  imperial  control  over  the 
Turminos  region  served  in  a  measure  to  sustain  the 
faction  lately  rising  in  Chiapas. 

President  Juarez  had,  meanwhile,  been  so  pressed 
by  troubles  nearer  home  as  to  find  little  time  to  de- 
plore the  disasters  overwhelming  him  in  the  centnd 
and  western  provinces.  Discontent,  as  we  have  seen, 
was  roused  in  many  quarters  against  several  of  hU 
acts,  invested  as  he  had  been  with  dictatorial  power; 
yet  the  feeling  could  be  traced  chiefly  to  personal 
jealousy,  which  seized  upon  military  reverses  for  the 
purpose  of  casting  discredit  upon  the  executive.  At 
this  time  the  term  of  the  supreme  judges  expired,  and 
conjjress  not  belncf  in  session,  and  an  election  diflicult 
to  make,  Juarez  assumed  the  responsibility  of  appoint- 
ing others.  This  gave  fresh  cause  for  outcry  against 
a  president  whose  prestige  was  obscured  by  flight. 

^Teridd.  OJic,  April  14,  18G4,  etc.  Niox  places  Garcia's  force  at  3,000. 
Alatorre  was  carrying  the  war  fartlicr  into  tliia  state. 

"The  Miuifllaii  was  Oloiio'a  vessel.  Among  the  trophies  were  a  score  of 
cannon,  iucluiling  French  pieces  of  the  eighteenth  century.  On  the  SOtli  tlio 
Frencli  troops  agreed  to  retire,  only  a  part  of  Navarrete's  remaining.  La  £<■ 
trella  da  Ocdd.,  July  29,  1SG4;  La  Voz  de  Mi}.,  March  24,  1804;  iVaciouul, 
March  21,  1864. 


L."  '  {_ 

'•''ntrollod 
pustom-ho 
^'>  Juarez.' 
■ijjonfc  to  t: 
^  idaurri's 
••'!id  with  ( 
(iaurri  mac 
'.'ecidod  res 
^-tli,  amidt 
t'liiorcemon 
^'Jo  rcbclJio 
^'^  roAh-Q,  ai 
I'f'udent  to  1 

'' TJicse  reasot 
fi'tiiat  French  ii 
;«  Plausible,  fro, 
stoo(I  suspected  oi 

Hisr.  Mej 


-Kli'f  a  » tSn  to  sS"v^»"'> J"  -.Kl  Ortc '! 
rented  to  compj     on  j  ,.    ''"° ',"  *''''*  effect.   J  ,„S^ 

"It  '>oui,<l  to  niaintiin  I,:         •,'."-'••  "istitutioi,.s  |„ 

"'I'c-.l.ate  a  large  elemcn    hi    ?  ,<^o"stitution  so  Ss  to 

ti  '!™'J  d'fwrd,  prevailed  «itl,nn '',''""'  '^'^  '"'^'^ii'o 
^ot  so  ,v,tl,  Vidiurri,  who  bad  ^""';''?  '"«'  Ortega. 
,'  I'e  jieldiu.v  of  (.,     '  ;,*'°  "a«  Joined  m  the  outc?v 

l->-'Uitfle,!.„ddet.fer"-"''   ''™  ^  «W    'is 
'■-^toration  to  the  governmcn  T;';','"''"''  "^  "»'''"=<-'  the 
vvcnue  so  l„„g  afa„do™eTt„  L^Zr^'S  "^  '"'■^'^^ 
'''"  ^""^o  Loon  and  Coahu;N  ^    f?"'     ^^"^  '''^^''''-ed 
s  >aro  those  means  nn.l  •    .•        *'""'''  "ot  at  the  tl,,,, 

«  -out  to  transfer  liisseof  nf       ^^  seating  that  he  Avas 
^-f^urfscapitaUttoTcl^^^ 

f  ^I  ^\'itli  General  Arit'C  , 7.1  '  ^'"^^^  o^Boblado 
t'"T\n^acIe  some  premTat  1     f^P'^'^^^^^*^^       Vi 
:;-'-l  resistance,  ff  J^a  ez^^^^    ^^^^  "^^  ofi^' 
;"'>  amidst  the  sullen  sHenee  nf  Tf  "^  "^^  ^^^^"^^7 
'"^"I'ccmonts  were  nn,..      ,^^^  of  the  people      T?o 

f '0  rebellious  gov^Srwho  h?d''°"'-'4  '"  ^"^^ 

■'  ';«t«o,  and  t°yo  days  lltvil   l'°'''''!'''t'ecl  Doblado 

l^Jent  to  return  to  S^^iilo  ''      '  '"°'''^«'"  ''""■'d  it 

21  T"!  * 


180 


ARRIVAL  OF  THE  IMPERIAL  ROVERKinXS. 


mi 


Deeply  Incensed  at  the  liumiliation,  Juarez  at  onco 
took  steps  to  restore  his  presti;^'e.  ]  )t)blaclo  was  (h'aw  ii 
closer  by  promises,  and  Uraga,  ()rte<^a, and  G<»vtriini' 
Patoni  of  ])uran<xo  were  ordered  to  send  aid.      \  i- 


NuEVo  Leon. 


daurri  had  resolved  to  break  with  the  republican 
authorities,  bidding  the  state  officials  to  ijjnore  tlk'ni. 

rigi-ccmcnt  to  retire,  rogiinllcss  of  Juarez'  wishes.  La  Estrella  de.  Ocrid.,  April 
L),  1804.  etc.;  Pendd.  OJic,  March  31,  18G4,  etc.;  M6x.,  Col.  Lajea,  liMJ3-7, 
i.  'llb-m. ' 


VIDAURRI'S  FALL. 


131 


Personal  ambition  was  the  main  object  with  him,  and 
fiiiihng  from  the  preparations  of  Juarez  that  this  miglit 
111'  iiii)>erille(l,  lie  entered  freely  into  the  negotiations 
.ijHiied  b}'-  Bazaino,  who  held  out  both  threats  and 
jiromises.  Not  venturing  to  give  in  his  adhesion  to 
the  empire  without  the  consent  of  the  people,  ho 
(inlered,  on  March  2d,  that  their  votes  should  be  taken 
(111  the  matter.^ 

Aware  of  the  negotiations,  Juarez  had  (m  the  2Gth 
(if  February  issued  a  decree  dissolving  the  union  of 
('naliuila  and  Nucvo  Leon,  formed  by  the  and)itious 
A'iduurri  a  few  years  before,  and  declaring  them  in  a 
state  of  siege.  A  week  later  he  issued  a  proclamation 
iiii])()sing  the  penalty  for  traitors  on  all  who  obeyed  the 
siiiiiinons  to  vote  issued  by  Vidaurri,  now  virtually 
(•(iiisidered  as  removed  from  his  government.'^'^  This 
tl.ivat,  sustained  by  the  gathering  Juarist  forces,  in- 
timidated the  people  from  voting,  and  signs  of  defec- 
tion appearing  among  the  troops,*'  Vidaurri  sent 
(Diiiniissioncrs  to  Juarez,  offering  to  retire  into  private 
WW'  if  the  past  were  overlooked.  The  president  re- 
j)lic(l  that  submission  must  be  unconditional.  Vidaurri 
luul  prepared  for  defence,  and  would  agree  to  no  such 
tonus;  but  on  learning  that  the  troops  marching 
an'aiiist  him  numbered  about  7,000,  under  Miguel 
X('j,rete,  minister  of  war,  he  abandoned  the  city  with 
a  force  of  over  1,000  men.  These  soon  abandoned 
him,  and  he  fled  into  T'^^xas.  Tlie  Juarists  or  rrjied 
Monterey  March  29th,  and  the  government  iii  .l.dled 

'■"Tlio  vote  to  be  registered  before  the  local  .luthoritics  in  two  books,  'uno 
Will  el  titulo  lie  votaciou  por  la  paz,  y  el  otro  con  el  de  votacion  por  la  gucrra.' 
Jiiili/iiii  and  Lozano,  Laj.  Mex.,  ix.  G79.  Additional  documents  bearing  on  tiie 
iiuitiulo  of  V'idaurri  may  be  consulted  in  M^x.,  Col.  Leyes,  1803-7,  i.  '2G3 
tt  !si(|.,  ii.  lO-Ui;  La  EMrella  de  Occid.,  April  8,  1804,  etc.;  Period.  OJtc, 
Mar.  ."),  1804,  and  other  journals  of  the  day. 

■'■'Tlie  last  decree  is  dated  March  oth.  Mcx.,  Col.  Lrycs,  lSO.3-7,  ii.  9-10; 
l'i:>'lnn,  ix.  073-4.  The  separation  of  the  state  was  contrary  to  the  constitu- 
tiiiii  of  18.")7,  and  Minister  Lerdo  sought  in  a  circular  to  excuse  it  on  the 
jinmnd  of  Vidaurri's  tyrannical  and  treasonable  acts.  Lozano,  in  Vvja,  Dor., 
i.  44,')-4,  expressed  a  wide-spread  sentiment  tliat  Juarez  should  have  loft  Vi- 
iliiirii  to  bo  judged  by  the  nation,  and  not  imperilled  the  cause  by  drawing 
tiuips  from  exposed  provinces  for  the  sake  of  lighting  him. 

'Vidaurri  had  only  2,000  men,  of  whom  only  those  under  Colonel  Quiroga 
could  be  relied  upon. 


133 


ARRIVAL  OF  THE  IMPERIAL  S0VERKIGN3. 


ii-.M" 


itself  tliLTo  a  f(!W  (Inys  later,  suinnionin!^  the  connfross 
to  meet  Iheru"^  under  protection  of  the  army,  which 
Mas  imposing  enou'ijh  to  keep  in  check  tlie  French 
forces  in  San  Luis  I'otosf,"'^  by  its  movements  in  th(j 
northern  part  of  that  state,  till  Doblatlo'a  crushin^,^ 
defeat  at  Matehuala  reduced  its  proportions.  Mean- 
while it  also  assisted  to  restrict  imperialists  in  Taiii- 
pico,  although  Carbajal  was  driven  IVoni  the  district 
Oil  attempting  to  encroach  too  closely  upon  the  groum  I 
held  by  the  French  guerrilla  chief,  Dupin,  imperialist 
governor  of  Tamaulij)as,  a  daring,  but  cruel  and  greedy 
soldier."^  This  reverse  by  no  means  quieted  the  region, 
and  in  order  to  obtain  submission,  he  caused  the  town 
of  Ozuluama  to  be  burned  for  a  refusal  to  surrendt  r 
arras.  The  effect  was  to  hasten  the  evacuation  ^t 
Pdnuco,  by  the  Juarist  Pavon;  but  ^forced  from 
Iluasteca,  he  retook  the  town  not  lo  jcr.^ 

The  preceding  review  of  military  operations  shows 
that  as  the  time  approached  for  Maximilian  to  take 
possession  of  his  throne,  the  most  important  part  <if 
the  country  had  been  practically  brought  under  his 
sway,  embracing  the  vast  extent  of  rich  raining  and 
agricultural  provinces  from  about  latitude  18°  to  '!'■'/, 
containing  two  thirds  of  the  population  and  the  chief 
manufacturing  and  trade  interests.  In  some  of  these 
provinces  republican  guerrillas  still  hovered,  notably  iu 

"  iWa;.,  Col.  Lcyts,  18G^-7,  ii.  lS-21,  238.  The  evacuation  by  Vklauni 
took  place  between  March  2Gth  and  29th.  lie  spiked  tlio  abandoned  guiiii. 
Q'liroga  followed  liim  in  hia  flight.  La  Estrella  do-  Occid.,  April  21,  May  (), 
1804;  La  Voz  de  Mcj.,  April  30, 1SG4;  Ve'ja,  Doc.,  i.  338. 

"  An  intercepted  letter  from  Baron  Ayinar,  commanding  there,  places  his 
force  toward  the  end  of  April  at  2,500  Frenchmen  and  4,000  Mexicans.  A;t 
Entrcllade  Occid.,  July  1,  1864. 

*^  Called  the  Tiger  of  the  Tropics,  for  his  wanton  cruelty.  Traits  instanced 
in  Edward's  Shelby's  Exped.,  43-5.  He  besieged  Temapacho,  and  was  llioro 
defeated  April  18th,  with  a  loss  of  over  150  men,  says  Niox,  who  places  liis 
force  at  1,200,  and  Dupiu's  auxiliaries  at  about  300.  Expid.  dii  Mcx.,  ST'i-^- 
The  Juarists  embraced  a  proportion  of  North  American  frontiersmen,  far- 
bajal  retired  to  Ciudad  liodrigo,  placing  himself  in  commnnication  with  llio 
Juarist  governor,  Cortina,  commanding  at  Matamoros.  Iglesiaa,  Jievintat,  412. 

'*  In  the  autumn.  Dupin  forced  him  to  evacuate  May  22d,  and  allowed 
several  outrages  on  persons  and  property.  Le/evre,  Doc.  ^fazimiliano,  i.  31-- 
6;  La  Estrdla  de  Occid.,  Sept.  9,  Nov.  11, 18,  18G4;  La  Voz  de  Mi'j.,  May  I'J, 
June  30,  Aug.  25, 1864. 


perial 
(JrUcVl 

rcctio 
Jirccar 
tliev  s 
"f  Sir 
Xuevo 
iu>]  of 

cu.stoni 
s'Uith  i 

I 'III  war]. 

and  the; 

"'"  its  s 

l'''''S  an 

Tjjo  r 

-"^I'-xican 

!'iil;Iican; 

above   al 

carefully 

the  other 

''}'  I'atrio 

'-■r;dly  pre 

fi'ainfno' 
dior.s  from 
^''''-I'o  deh'c 
\vc]l  n.s  qu 
opposing  c 
fa  II  si  nor  tJi 

'■I'll  0  sued 
liavo  been 
tii'^played  a 

/'■'J'Jio  officia 
Dais  of  tJiG  (lay, 

fmih  till  Au- 
""""y>i. ;«,-,,  ;■ 

'""e.aiulthuioi 


PROGRESS  OF  FRANCO-MEXICANS. 


133 


Midioacan,  Jalisco,  ami  southern  rucbla,  but  flic  iin- 
jicrialists  were  about  to  onpture  Aoapulco  and  reduco 
(uiorrcro,  to  invade  Sinaloa  and  advance  in  otlici'  di- 
rt ctions,  so  that  the  position  of  the  rornier  part y  was 
]ii-i. carious  indeed.  At  the  close  of  IMay,  howcvfr, 
tli(  V  still  held  the  rather  scantily  iuhal)ited  [)rovin<-cs 
of  Sinaloa  and  Sonora,  Duranj^n)  and  Chihuahua, 
Xucvo  Leon  and  part  of  Taniaulipas,  includin<j^  coii- 
ti(^l  of  sonic  rich  niinini!;  districts,  and  two  valuabK) 
custom-houses  at  Matamoros  and  jMazatlan.  In  the 
south  they  occupied  (Guerrero,  Uajaca,  Tabasco,  and 
Chiapas,  where  Diaz  loomed  as  the  only  forniI(lal)le 
liiilwark ;  for  the  northern  arnii<  s  were  about  shattered, 
1111(1  their  territory  protected  j^reatly  by  the  spai'sencss 
of  its  settlements,  with  the  attendant  lack  of  sup- 
lilits,  and  hardships.^' 

The  reason  for  the  rapid  advance  of  the  Franco- 
Mexicans  was  due,  not  to  superior  valor,  for  the  lo 
piil^licans  fought  well,  but  to  discij)line  and  arms,  and 
above  all  to  a  better  organization  of  troops,  and 
cari'Tully  studied  manoeuvres.  The  Juarist  forces,  ou 
t!ic  other  hand,  were  largely  of  raw  recruits,  attracted 
l)y  patriotism  or  a  desire  for  plunder,  or  more  gen- 
erally pressed  into  service,  and  little  able  from  lack  of 
training  and  disposition  to  withstand  the  regular  sol- 
diers from  European  and  Algerian  battle-fields.  Th<^y' 
wrro  deficient  in  armament  and  outfit,  in  quantity  as 
well  as  quality,  and  discord  reigned,  one  jealous  lender 
opposing  another,  or  refusing  to  act  in  accord,  and  so 
causing  the  failure  of  the  best  plans. 

The  successes  of  the  Franco-Mexican  columns  might 
Iiavc  been  made  even  more  elTective  had  the  regency 
displayed  any  proportionate  energy  in  organizing  the 

''I'lic  official  organ,  Peridd.  OJic,  Nov.  12,  1SG3  ct  spq.,  and  other  jour- 
nals of  the  day,  contain  lists  of  adhesion  and  tlio  niiuistcrial  report''.  A 
Very  acceptable  compilation  thereof  is  given  in  Mar.  y  iJurlnta,  Ailreii..  01- 
Uki,  and  in  Zamacois,  Hist.  Mej.,  xvii.  470-SO,  showing  the  gains  month  hy 
moikh  till  Aug.;  yet  many  of  tlio  towns  and  districts  enumerated  turned 
I'ack  to  the  republic  whenever  pressure  was  applied.  In  LefCvre,  1>0'\  Ma.cl- 
Hi  !tuii),  i.  o.'i"),  ;!S4-7,  is  given  the  republican  version  of  territory  held  at  thia 
time,  and  the  torces  therein. 


lw\  ^Hl, 


-  li':' 


im 


til    .,  J     u 


1' . 


ilijiii 


134 


ARRIVAL  OF  THE  IMPERIAL  SOVEREIGNS. 


adniiui.stratlon  and  carrying  out  reforms.^"  The  ]\rcx- 
ican  imperialists  clung,  above  all,  to  the  coiiservati\u 
jirlncii>les,  and  the  liberal  ideas,  as  exhibited  in  church 
(juestions  and  other  respects,  were  generally  due  to 
French  compulsion.'''  To  the  same  source  Juarists 
ascribe  the  popular  adhesion  to  the  empire. ^^  Thcro 
is  no  doubt  that  the  largest  proportion  of  the  poo[»lu 
in  the  occupied  provinces,  including  the  steady  artisan, 
the  settled  farmer,  the  trader,  and  })ropcrty  lioldci, 
the  substantial  people  of  the  country,  gave  in  their 
alleuiancc,  c)r  .'i.ll,,\VLd  the  local  authorities  to  do  so  in 
their  name,  mainly  for  the  sake  of  peace,  admittiuLf 
probably  that  this  appeared  ttj  be  best  insured  under 
a  strong  central  gnvernmcnt,  like  the  empire,  U[)ht  Id 
by  such  i^jwerful  elements  as  French  armies.  Utit 
many  had  suffered  so  severely  from  unprinci})]c(l 
guerrillas  as  to  abhor  the  term  Juarist;  others  saw  in 
tlie  federal  republic  only  a  faction-torn  illusion;  and 
a  still  larger  party  was  influenced  wholly  by  the 
clergy,  to  whom  the  empire  promised  wealth  and 
l)ower. 

Knowinij:  as  we  do  tlie  national  characteristics  of 
ind')Ieiice  -'in.d  improvidence,  impetuosity  and  vanity, 
M'e  can  readily  understand  how  the  ^)ne  might,  in  cei- 
tain  cases,  inihience  submission,  \vhile  the  otliei's 
Avould  prom])t  to  [)atriotie  efforts,  regardless  of  [ler- 
sonal  condbrt  ur  pi'ospects,  Tlie  fact  that  French 
armies  idloted  ili^  new  li-overnment  was  enouu'h  to 
modify  every  success,  as  instanced  by  the  constant 
eflbrt,  of  land-hokiers  at  least,  to  tender  neutrality  in- 
stead of  submission,'"'^  and  the  repeated  springing-up 

30  1  c<i  cp"x  (Ic's  Moxicuiiis,  (pii  so  ilisaiont  impt'rialistes,  (.usscut  sui\  i  Ks 
exeniiilfs  do  tli'voiK-iiant  it  il"aljiu\^atioii  iloiuu.s  )iai'  le.s  troiijius  fruiivaii-. 
ri']iiii>iru  niL'xicaiii  out  I'tc  foiuK','  says  Niox,  Exful.  da  Mix.,  ','>~l,  soiucwint 
coiii|ilai('iitly.     T!iid  a|i[ilic'.s  to  civil  as  well  an  military  oiieratioii.s. 

•"  Jii  a  litttT 'v.itti'u  tu  Aliiioiitc  ill  l)i.c.  1S0;{,  Napoluou  uiaiiifcstcil  ili- 
ploasiiii'  at  tlio  coust'ivativo  spirit  of  his  liarty,  ami  tleclareil  that  ho  wuuM 
allow  no  Miiul  reactiou  that  uiiyht  coiiipioniisc  the  future  and  disgiiui  tli^ 
Froiioh  haiiiior. 

""Am  iiistaiiucil  liy  .statcinontsiii  Ziyl-c/r,  IIm.  MuxitiuUano,  i.  409-11;  /- ' 
EKtnlliiih:  OakL,  Sojit.  10,  l.S(J4. 

'*Truc,  thia  was  ^lurtly  pronijjtcd  by  fear  of  avenging  gucrrillaa.     Tat  sub- 


MAXIMILIAN'S  FINANCES. 


135 


of  i'rv^h  opponents,  oven  in  the  cciitral  provinoos. 
^'ieto^ies  hy  I'oieign  soldiers  could  hardly  please  even 
the  most  rabid  conservative;  and  to  others  they  aj)- 
jicaivd  in  more  sombre  aspect  as  being  'achieved  i'or 
the  sake  of  installini^  a  foreiirn  prince,  perhaps  a  mere 
a'T^cnt  lor  French  desitjns.  Every  severe  act  by  such 
liauds,  as  the  execution  of  bandit  chiefs  or  guerrilla 
Icadi  rs,  tended  to  intensify  dislike  under  the  incentive 
(if  republican  proclamations. 


40 


At  the  opening"  of  the  year  the  Franco-Mexican 
fillers  had  overrun  the  most  important  part  of  the 
niuiitry,  and  m  February  there  were  adherents 
(.nougli  to  represent  the  majority  of  the  provinces, 
and  })resumably  of  the  population.  Kegardless  of 
the  sincerity  of  this  vote,  the  rcgenc}^  hastened  to 
st^ud  the  returns  to  the  connnissioners  in  Europe. 
This  unwarrantalie  haste  must  not  be  censured  too 
severely,  however,  for  Maximilian  himself  appears  to 
have  been  eager  lo  grasp  at  almost  any  illusions  that 
uiiglit  excuse  his  acceptance  of  the  coveted  crown.*' 
He  had  lonsx  regarded  himself  as  cunperor,  holdini'- 
councils  and  arraiging  private  affairs  with  that  view. 
Tlie  latter  called  him  to  Brussels,  and  receiving  there 
tlie  report  of  the  |)lebiscit  in  Mexico,  he  hasteiunl 
to  Paris  to  arrange  for  guarantees. 

With  the  cooperation  of  English  bankers,  a  loan  of 
£S, 000,000  was  placed,  which,  after  deducting  the 
modest  discount  of  thirty-seven  ]jcr  cent  and  tlie  ^:\- 
])  ■uses,  yielded  less  than  half  the  amount.  Of  this 
-Maximilian  obtained  about  ten  per  cent,  and  most  of 
the  remainder  was  absorbed  i'or  interest  on  the  ]>resent 
and  previous  loans.     So  much  for  the  lir^L  ImaiKial 


mi  •■■^ion  tendered  through  IoliiI  authorities  proved  no  burden  on  tlio  um.- 
Kiionco. 

*  As  iiistnucod  in  'Jint  by  Con.  Uragft  of  ^larch  28,  1SG4,  from  San  M.ir- 
CDS.   La  L'siri'/ld  </.'  (''•chl.,  iM'iy  "JT,  18(i4. 

*'  'Sc  piulo  ccliiir  lie  vor  1  ih  desens  f|UO  tenia  S.  A.  de  ser  empcnidor,'  says 
Anan'^oi/,  iiistanein;^  his  iiuxiety  and  agitatiuu.  Mij.,  iii.  I67.  Kveuta  jus- 
tify thia  slatenieut. 


liSi 


m 


J  :i' 


130 


ARiaVAL  OF  THE  IMPERIAL  S0VEREIGX3. 


operation  of  the  onipirc.*'  The  guarantees  were  satis- 
factorily arranged,  as  will  be  seen,  althougli  not  with- 
out some  trouble,  owing  to  Maximilian's  decided  re- 
fusal to  let  France  absorl)  Sonora/'^ 

After  a  series  of  brilliant  receptions  at  Paris,  the 
archduke  and  his  consort  crossed  to  Enu'land  to  hold 
an  interview  with  Pahncrston,  leading  to  no  bettn' 
I'esults  than  before.  Ex-queen  Mario  Anielie,  grand- 
mother of  Charlotte,  living  at  ClareuKjnt,  expressed 
herself  decidedly  opposed  to  the  enterprise.  She  had 
experienced  the  dangers  and  illusions  connected  with 
a  crown,  and  in  a  country  more  stable  in  cidture  and 
politics  than  Mexico.  Uut  nothing  could  now  chanc:i' 
the  resolution  tahcn. 

Ixcturning  to  Miraniarc,  where  the  Mexican  depu- 
tation was  awaiting  him,"  Maximilian  prepared  to 
formally  a(?cept  the  throne.  There  was  a  serious  hin- 
derance,  however.  One  condition  cx|)ected  by  the  Mex- 
icans, and  demanded  by  Emperor  Francis  Joseph,  was 
that  he  should  renounce  his  riij'ht  of  succession  to  t\w, 
Austrian  throne.  But  the  sacrifice  appeared  greater 
as  the  time  approached  for  making  it.  There  was  but 
one  young  son  of  the  em})eror  between  hiui  and  tlial. 
mighty  object,  and  the  manner  in  whitdi  Francis  Jn- 

*-All.houc;h  tlic  Englisli  vrcro  Liiljecl  with  a  imymnnt  toward  prcvio'M 
noLjlectctl  loans,  tlio  nioucy  was  substrihcd  mainly  in  Fi'aiico.  Niaily  "J" 
millions  remained  unplaced  out  of  the  total  nominal  sum  of  'JOl  million  fram-, 
which  at  ();?  per  cent  equalled  li'T  millionH  to  ho  received.  Tiio  netrcsul:, 
let's  expenses,  was  i);i,7-t>,  119.  Tlic  English  obtained  iVoni  tlii.s  '2',^  niihi<v  i 
against  old  dividends.  Interest  on  the  actual  loan  fi.ir  "J  yenid  tr  ok  Jl  ii]!:- 
lions  at  G  per  cent  on  the  nominal  f;um.  Maximilian  received  S  million  •, 
and  the  French  managed  to  seize  a  part  of  the  Kmall  remainder.  M<., 
Afrni.  Jlac,  \s~0,  (id'J-;}.  Kio\,  Exp'd.  dii  J/e'.-:.,  .'!U;),  is  sonu  what  loose  i 
his  figures.  Arramroiz  grcnvls  at  the  sum  taken  liy  tlic  emperor,  and  so  di.  s 
TglcKias.   HcvUna,  ii.  •!la-l',),  ;ii;!-S,  377-89. 

*''A  p')int  U';ed  aftiTwavd  as  an  argument  f'lr  dofc  .  '>.  Seo  M<ix.,  Drfcnm, 
fiO.  It  was  rumored  at  this  time,  that  a  kingiioin  might  ho  formed  from  tli': 
pvovinee.T  souih  of  lVluianti-]irc  isUinui'j,  iuciuding  Yucatan,  Cuateniula,  a:.  I 
llouduras,  Avilh  the  count  of  Flan<ler=i  i'\v  ruler.  L/'/irir,  J)oe.,  Moxiiniliano, 
4ll-'_*,  Mexicans  .«onglit  to  opp0:-o  Maximilian's  visit  to  I'aris  in  his  then 
yielding  mood,  hut  Na|ioleo;i  expressing  a  ileeided  wish  to  i<ec  him,  he  dai'  1 
not  delay.     Ho  arrived  at  I'ixris  ^lareh  ."itli. 

*'  Consisting'  of  nearly  the  same  number  as  before.  Miranda  had  retuim  1 
t;j  !Me';ieo,  and  there  divnl  Mai'eh  71-h.  lie  w;m  a  zealous  churchman,  a  <  '■,. 
Btanced  by  Id.i  Heveral  writings,  one  of  wlueh  J  possess  in  autograpii,  enthl'  d 
J. a  I'iila  u  la  Min-iie,  M.i.,  lSo7,  UO  leaves. 


THE  THRONE  ACCEPTED. 


137 


scpli  liunself  had  gained  the  sceptre  held  out  alluriiii^ 
h(  ipos  for  .similar  accidents.  The  archducal  pair  wished 
Id  retain  their  right  at  least  in  behalf  of  descendants, 
and  a  decided  coldness  sprang  up  between  the  broth- 
ers on  this  point,  Charlotte  displaying  her  agitation  by 
casy-llowing  tears.  Mexican  history  for  the  last  half- 
century  presented  by  no  means  a  reassurnig  pros- 
pect to  rulers.*^ 

Finally  the  emperor  came  over  to  Miraniare  and  the 
matter  was  arranged,  Maximilian  signing,  on  the  9tli 
of  Api'il,  the  desired  renunciation  in  behalf  of  himself 
and  his  descendants.*'  On  the  following  day  lie  re- 
ceived the  ]\Iexican  deputation  in  the  niiilst  of  a 
lirilliant  assemblage.  Their  president,  Gutierrez  do 
Estrada,  was  spokesman,  and  announced  that  the  Aotc 
of  the  assembly  of  notables  had  been  ratified  l)y  an 
immense  majority  of  the  people,  through  the  nmniei- 
pal  authorities  and  other  popular  boch'cs.  They  ac- 
cDrelingly  came  to  ask  him  for  a  full  and  deiinito 
aceeptancc  of  the  ^lexican  throne,  from  \vliicli  to  ad- 
xiuwo  the  glorious  destiny  of  the  country.*'  The  arch- 
duke re[)lied  that  a  careful  examination  of  tho  acts 
o\'  alletjiuncc  fdled  him  with  confidence  in  the  I'atifi- 
cation,  80  that  he  could  regard  himself  as  the  right- 
f;il  elect  of  the  people.  The  French  cm})cr(M"  had 
given  the  necessary  guarantees  for  enabling  the  new 
cuipiie  to  establish  its  independence  and  welfare  on 
Mijid  bases;  and  the  chief  of  his  family  having  con- 
f-Liit;;d,  he  now  solemnly  accepted  from  the  Mexican 


*''r!io  Mexican  dopntation,  so  far  kept  waiting,  found  'nl  nrcliiduquo 
pasi':'iUilose  agitaOo;  4  la  arcliiJuqucsa  lloiosa.'  Anavjoh,  M].,  iii.  I'JJ-.'i. 
>umi' (,f  tlio  newspapers,  Accioii  and  La  L^lrella  de.  VrrhL,  ^cpt.  'J,  ISO  I, 
>aliii/  ,■  tlio  d  putatioa  as  iuvc-strickcn  in  the  prcsciict:  of  royalty.  Charlotte 
i-"ii^!it;  vaiuiy  in  a  s|iecial  interview  with  the  emperor  to  make  liim  yield. 

^''No  lon;^  as  a  male  descendant  of  any  of  tbo  arclidukes  rcniaiiied  alive, 
liis  ov,u  could  lay  no  claitn,  not  even  to  guardianship  over  a  nuuur  heir  to  thu 
throii".  Ho  also  rcsigni'd  Ida  claim  to  the  juopcrty  pertaining  to  the  areli- 
'liical  iionae,  except  nuder  certain  remote  conditions.  Au  essential  change  iu 
lii^  pi  '^perts  would  entitle  him  to  a  share,  however.  Full  text  in  Arraiujoiz, 
-1/',;.,  ill.  ]<J,'i-9. 

'•  \\  idle  promisin;^  '  endless  lovo  and  inaUcraldc  fidelity,'  tlicy  added  the 
siviii:^  I'hiu.so,  'wo  cannot  say  that  the  enterprise  will  bo  easy.'  'Nunca  io 
Uii),  ni  loseni  jamas,  lafuudaeiou  do  un  impcrio.'  Mex.,  Uoklia  Ley.,  IbQi,  8. 


138 


ARRIVAL  OF  THE  IMPERIAL  SOVEREIGNS. 


^f 


m 


nation  the  offered  crown.  He  assumed  the  power 
conferred  on  him,  but  "would  retain  it  onl^^  till  ordor 
could  be  reSstablishcd  in  Mexico,  with  wisely  liberal 
institutions."  He  would  "hasten  to  place  the  mon- 
archy under  constitutional  laws  so  soon  as  com[»leto 
pacification  had  been  attained."  The  oath  was  thei\  - 
upon  administered,  followed  by  a  triple  viva  to  tlio 
new  emperor  and  empress,  in  whose  honor  the  imjK  - 
rial  Mexican  Ha<x  was  hoisted  amidst  salvos  from 
battle-ships  and  batteries.  During  the  te  deum  ser- 
vices in  the  chapel,  Maximilian  wore  the  Guadalu[)3 
order.     A  banquet  concluded  the  ceremonies.''^ 

The  same  day  were  issued  decrees  dissolving  tin,' 
regency,  and  appointing  Almonte  lieutenant  of  the 
empire,  to  govern  for  the  emperor;  sedate  old  Joarniiii 
Velazquez  de  Leon  minister  of  state;  Arraiignix, 
Hidalgo,  and  Murphy  ministers  plenipotentiary  tn 
Belgium,  France,  and  Austria,  respectively;  Wdl 
adjutant-general;  and  a  number  of  foreign  and  Mexi- 
can noblesand  gentlemen  as  officers  of  the  imperia! 
household,'"  several  of  whom  were  decorated  wit! i  tli' 
order  of  Guadalupe,  now  restored."'"  The  em[)rL>? 
was  declared  reii-ent  in  case  of  accident."'^ 

A  more  important  transaction  was  the  signing  <>( 
the  convention  with  Napoleon,  whereby  it  was  agreed 

*"Tho  speeches  and  ceremonies  are  recorded  in  3fd:c.,  Boletiii  Lri/.,  IsiH, 
3-12,  tonctlior  M'itli  nanien  of  tiioseatteudini;.  Tlio  ceremonies  are  iiiitc  ii'.lly 
(leseiilied  ill  J///v(/»a/' a  J/' .f.,  1-1-  etseij.,  with  portraits.  lOstrada  Iciult  t" 
kiss  tlio  liaiid  of  tiic  cinpirur,  'en  senal  de  homenage,' says  tiiia  and  dtlur 
^Mexican  authorities,  whereat  repiihlieans  wax  wrathy;  but  Arrangoi/,  dni't.'i 
it.  '  iMitiiusiastie  tears  were  shed'  hy  Mexieans;  'tlio  enijicror  was  too  innvcl 
to  attend  tl;o  hamiuet,'  and  8o  fortli.  See  also  An'iiii'jor:,  Mvj.,  I'.l'.',  api'.  '.'S 
ctRe(i. ;  I'urilic,  Ji'lcnrn.,  S'>-AO;  Hall's  Lij'n  Max.,  li)-H',\;  DommKcli,  ll'i-'. 
J\/i\v.,  iii.  17;3-(i.  In  Max.  y  Variola,  Advi-n.,  10o-'J4,  is  a  tull  aceount,  luni- 
piled  from  letter.s  and  periodicals. 

^'' Count  de  Zii-liy,  prund  master  to  the  empress;  Count  de  ]>onibr!li.s 
ehanibirlain  to  tlic  emperor;  Marquis  de  Corio,  chamberlain  to  the  e^lllI^■-^; 
('ouuselor  Scherlzenlechner,  director  of  the  civil  list;  Angel  Iglesias,  provi- 
ional  secret:  ry  of  the  cabinet;  Ontiveros,  ScliiiiTer,  (iiinncr,  adjutants;  aii'l 
several  otiiers  for  the  private  service  of  tiio  emperor,  Eloin,  secretary,  acijuii- 
ing  great  inlluence.  Sec  jl/«,r.  y  Variola,  Aihrn.,  l'_",)-30;  Mtx.,  Jiolelin  L'll-, 
ISOI,  llJ-b").  Leon  was  very  ugly,  but  polite  and  refilled;  IglcSias,  an  at- 
tractive man  of  mistrusting  disposition. 

'"Decree  and  names  in  /(/.,  15-18.  The  order  was  divided  into  five  clis-iS 
Gutierrez  receiving  the  grand  cross,  as  did  the  geuerals  Manpiez  and  Mi  jiu. 

'"' J/to;.,  Vol.  LtijiS  Iitip.,  1.  17. 


C  ' 


FRENCH  RELATIONS. 


139 


to  reduce  the  French  troops  as  soon  as  possible  to 
'J 3,000,  iiicludinij  the  foreijTju  Icii^ion.  This  bodv.  scrv- 
iii^-  to  insure  the  object  of  the  intervention,  should 
L'vacuate  the  country  as  soon  as  the  forces  could  Ijo 
oig-anized  to  take  their  place;  yet  the  foreign  legion 
(if  8,000  was  to  remain,  if  required,  for  six  years  after 
iIkj  above  withdrawal,  sustained  from  this  timo  by 
the  Mexican  government.  The  trans])ort  service  for 
French  military  supplies  must  be  i)aid  Ijy  the  same 
government  with  400,000  francs  for  the  round  trip; 
likewise  the  cost  of  the  French  expedition,  iixed  at 
1270,000,000  francs  for  the  whole  time,  till  July  1, 
]S()4,  with  interest  at  three  [)er  cent  per  annum. 
After  this  date  the  expenses  of  the  Mexican  army 
ivsted  with  Mexico,  which  had  also  to  give  1,000 
I'iancs  for  the  maintenance  of  each  French  soldier, 
]iav  included.  Against  these  sums  the  ]\[exican  gov- 
el  lunent  had  to  pay  at  once  GG, 000, 000  in  bonds  of 
(lu;  late  loan,  at  the  rate  of  issue,''"  and  25, 000, 000 
ill  specie  ammally.''^  A  mixed  coujuission  of  three 
Frenchmen  and  three  Mexicans  was  to  meet  at  ^Texico 
V  ithiii  three  months,  to  adjust  the  claims  of  French 
eitizens."*  All  Mexican  prisoners  of  war  held  by  the 
French  were  to  be  released  as  soon  as  Maximilian 
entered  his  states.  In  additional  secret  artieles,  ]\Iax- 
imilian  approved  of  the  Freneh  policy  as  outlined  in 
i'orey's  proclamation  of  June  II,  18G3,  and  subsc- 
([Ueiitly  through  Bazaine  and  the  regency,  and  ho 
inomised  to  so  express  himseU"  in  a  manifesto  to  the 
pi'ople.  Napoleon  promised,  on  his  side,  that  the 
1  leiich  force  of  38,000  men  should  be  reduced  only 
gradually,  28,000  thereof  remaining  in  18G5,  25,000 

•'-Of  which  51,000,000  to  go  against  the  dobt  of  270,000,000,  ami  r2,00(),- 
000  a.'.-iinst  claims  of  French  citizens. 

"■■To  ho  credited,  first,  a^i,'ainst  transport  service  and  niainto'iance  of 
tiiiops;  next,  interest  and  capital  of  deht;  and  lastly,  claims  of  French  eiti- 
noiis.  'Die  sum  needed  for  maintenance  of  Freneh  troops  to  lie  paid  at  tho 
close  of  e\  cry  month. 

^' A  revisiouary  commission  had  afterward  to  meet  at  Paris  to  lif|uid.ito 
tlu'  claims  admitted  by  tho  body  at  Mexico,  deciding  upon  any  left  in  ubcy- 
ii'i.e, 


ij 

i 


140 


ARKIVAL  OF  THE  DIPEPJAL  SOVEREIGNS. 


'\\   i> 


ill  18GG,  and  20,000  in  18G7.  The  officers  of  the  foi-- 
cii;'!!  legion  inckidecl  in  the  above  force,  serving'  as 
they  did  also  French  interests,  were  to  retain  the 
right  to  promotion  in  the  French  arniy.*^^ 

Tlic  secret  clauses  were  loudly  decried  afterward 
as  a  deception  on  the  people,  ministering  wholly  to  the 
andjitious  views  of  the  contracting  parties,  and  in 
direct  opposition  to  what  had  been  intimated  t(j  tln^ 
deputation  from  Mexico.  The  trip  to  Paris  had 
greatly  modified,  or  rather  defined,  the  plans  of  Maxi- 
milian; yet  the  conservatives  should  have  learned 
I'roni  his  administration  in  Lorabardy  that  his  ideas 
were  decidedly  liberal.  The  clause  for  the  main- 
tenance of  a  larger  French  force  than  mentioned  in 
the  first  article  shows  how  little  confidence  the  new 
emperor  had  in  the  'immense  popular  majority'  which 
elected  him,  a  doubt  expressed  also  in  the  demand 
ior  frequent  demonstrations  on  the  coasts  by  Frendi 
v(^ssels,  and  in  his  reluctance  to  surrender  archduc;il 
rights.^^  The  financial  part  of  the  agreement  was 
denounced  by  the  Juaristsas  an  outrageous  impositif)ii, 
like  the  article  referring  the  final  adjustment  of  Freneu 
claims  to  a  commission  at  Paris,  there  to  be  influenced 
by  Napt)leon.  The  subordination  of  Mexican  olHcers 
of  whatever  rank  to  the  French,  when  associated 
on  garrison  or  field  duty,  was  a  humiliation  which 


!iM' 


^■'TliiB  document  was  signcil  at  Miramare,  April  10,  18G4,  by  Hcrbct,  f  r 
rraiicc,  and  by  Maximilian's  newly  appointed  minister  of  state,  Vclaztiucz  ■! ; 
Li'on.  It  jontaincd  21  articles,  3  being  the  secret  clauseij.  By  articles  4  an  I  "> 
the  now  cni|icror  and  the  French  general  wore  jointly  to  determine  on  tlie  jilai  i 
to  bo  occupied  by  French  troops.  Wherever  tlic  garrison  was  not  cxcliisiwly 
!>h'.\icaii,  French  officers  sliould  hold  the  chief  command;  so,  also,  in  case  d 
j'lint  expeditions;  but  they  could  not  interfere  in  administrative  matters, 
French  naval  stations  in  tlie  Antilles  and  Pacific  should  send  frccjucntly  vcj- 
si  Is  to  display  the  tri-color  in  Mexican  ports.  Mexicans  naturally  ol^jcci-cd 
to  ii;i\o  their  oiliccrs,  often  of  superior  rank,  subordinated  to  the  French. 
'J'lio  full  text  of  the  document  may  bo  consulted  in  Max.  y  CarJota,  Adv  ii., 
l-7-'J;  Ari-'titijotz,  Mi'j.,  iii.  200-4,  etc.  A  proposed  cession  of  Sonora,  as  ;ir- 
rauucd  with  the  regency,  was  objected  to  by  5laximilian.  Niox,  Exped.  dii 
Mcx.,  745. 

■''' '  I'higauaba  A  Napoleon  haci(5ndolo  crccr  quo  accptaba  do  bucna  f c  el  troiio 
do  ^Ii''jioo,  euando  si'ilo  qucrfa  quo  Ic  sirviera  do  teatro  do  cstrcno  para  d  ii-o 
A  e:inocer  a  los  ultraliberales  austriacos.'  Arraiiijoiz,  AlcJ.,  iii.  '204.  Zarca  is 
eipially  severe.  Convencion;  La  Eilrella  de  Occid.,  July  8,  1SG4. 


MAXDIILIAX  AT  ROME. 


141 


served  to  rouse  conservatives  from  the  beGfiniiina'.''^ 
Another  not  very  agreeable  feature  was  the  eiircl- 
];ioiit  in  Austria  and  Belgium  of  volunteers  to  servo 
as  nuclei  for  the  imperial  army,  and  also  as  standing 
tokens  of  distrust,  sources  for  bitter  and  dangerous 
j(  alousies.'^^  Thus  far  alone  went  the  support  given 
liy  Francis  Joseph,  who  in  other  respects  made  it  un- 
derstood that  he  felt  himself  in  no  manner  responsible 
fur  or  connected  with  the  plans  of  his  brother. 

The  preparations  of  Maximilian  for  his  journey  had 
already  been  made,  and  on  the  fourth  day  after  ac- 
cepting the  crown  he  and  his  wife  embarked  at  Mira- 
mare  on  board  the  frigate  Novara  for  Civita  Vecchia," 
c  11  route  for  Rome,  there  to  confer  with  the  pope  on 
points  already  imparted  by  Aguilar  y  Marocho,  the 
newly  accredited  minister  at  the  Vatican.  It  was 
understood  that  Maximilian  would  exert  himself  to 
runiedy  the  evil  suffered  by  the  church,  and  to  restore 
the  respect  due  to  the  clergy/-'  After  a  stay  of  two 
days  at  Rome  he  continued  his  voyage  April  20th, 


''The  expression  of  the  Juarist  minister,  Iglcsias,  ' El  llamado  cmpcrador 
moxicaiio  lia  pasaJo  porla  humillacion  dc  conscntir,'  HevUta.i,  ii.  JJtO,  is  taken 
i;[)  Ijy  Zaniacois,  Arrangoiz,  and  others  devoted  to  tho  conscrvativo  side. 
].(ou'a  conduct  is  stamped  by  them  as  'culpable  debility.'  Commandant  J. 
M.  llodriguez  was  sent  on  April  12th  by  way  of  France  to  carry  the  news  of 
these  jnoceediugs  to  Mexico. 

'^'"'llie  Austrians  to  consist  of  three  battalions  of  infantry,  a  regiment  of 
lius;ai'3  and  ulans,  a  battery  of  artillery,  a  company  of  pionecra,  aiid  .'iOO 
fuiloi:!.  The  force  not  to  exceed  0,300,  and  tho  Belgian  not  over  2,000.  Tor 
tcxt<if  agreement,  bco  JJcrccho,  Intern.  M<x.,  pt  ii.  3o2-l)"2. 

"'■' Accompanied  by  his  brother  Luis  Victor,  Gen.  WoU,  Leon,  Count  do 
Zichy,  his  chamberlains  and  secretary,  and  countesses  Zichy  and  Kollonitz, 
1 .  Ii.  s  of  honor.  Arrangoiz  adds  Eloin  and  Fiiar  Gunicz.  Several  vesac's  at- 
t.  ii'li  J  for  a  distance,  the  frigate  ThanU  to  escort  to  Vera  Cruz  on  bciialf  of 
t.o  1  Vench  emperor.  Deputations  from  Trieste  and  other  places  came  to 
Miniiiiare  to  bid  tliem  farewell.     Details  in  Mux.  y  Carlota,  Adrcn.,  13U-S. 

'''The  imperial  pair  called,  April  19th,  on  Pius  IX.,  who  returned  tlio  visit 
m  tho  following  day.  Mass  in  thr.  Sixtine  cliapel  was  attended  by  an  allo- 
c'ltiou  on  the  duties  of  sovereign ■■  '  1  by  communion,  and  followed  by  break- 
ii',<  in  tho  library.  The  pontifical  blessing  was  liestowcd  during  the  return 
visit  at  JIarcscotti  palace.  Visits  were  also  exchanged  with  tlie  king  of 
Xaiik's.  Details  in  Miramar  d  Mexico,  43-52,  and  I^ardi,  I'isita  ddC  iii- 
]'■  m'l.r'',  lloma,  1804,  1-22.  In  a  bull  iaaued  April  28th  was  given  the  form  of 
I  rwisi  to  be  said  for  the  sovereign  in  Mexican  churches.  M^x.,  Boletia  Ley,, 
hu-,,  23G-3. 


142 


ARltlVAL  or  THE  IMrEPJAL  SOVEREIGNS. 


m  :! 


ml 

Hii'.i:'  :  (■ 


M  : 


touching  at  Gibraltar"^  and  Martiniquc,^^  and  reach- 
ing Vera  Cruz  on  the  28th  of  May. 

The  lliemis  arrived  a  few  hours  in  advance,  to  give 
the  people  notice,  and  bringing  to  them  a  proekiuui- 
tion,  wherein  Maxiniihan  promised  to  consecrate  liim- 
self  to  their  liappincss,  by  maintaining  inviolable- 
justice,  equality  before  the  law,  open  path  for  all  to 
every  career  and  position,  personal  liberty  and  protec- 
tion of  property,  development  of  national  wet^lth  and 
trade,  and  the  free  unfolding  of  intelliLrence  in  all  its 
relations  to  public  interest.''^  Almonte,  having  conui 
down  from  ^[exico,  presented  himself  on  board  to 
tender  welcome,  and  introduce  a  nund)er  t)f  represent- 
ative men.  In  suiTendei'ing  the  supreme  conunaiid, 
he  received  the  appointment  of  grand  marshal  of  the 
court  and  minister  of  the  imperial  house."* 

Early  the  following  morning  the  sovcrciijns  laiKb'ii 
amid  a  vast  concourse  of  enthusiastic  jieople,  eager 
to  behold  ijcrsonaijes  so  distini^uished,  the  hio'liest,  as 
the  European  world  goes,  that  had  ever  come  to  tlir 
counti'V,  and  allied  too  in  blood,  the  one  to  the  actual 
Bourbon  family  of  Spain,  the  other  to  the  gi'cat 
Charles  for  whom  Cortes  had  occuj)ied  Andhuac  three 
centuries  and  a  half  before.  In  this  very  month  and 
on  this  very  spot  the  I'amous  captain  had  received  tlio 
homage  of  Montezuma's  subjects,  and  conceived  iliu 
project  of  seizing  the  throne  now  offered  by  his  liber- 
ated descendants.  A  glittering  |)rize  it  was,  envied 
by  all  Europe  in  thf)so  semi-barbaric  days,  and  not 
least  by  Francis  I.,  who  consoled  himself  by  captui'- 

®'Thc  goTCrnor,  Lord  Codrington,  extending  and  receiving  hospitalities 
during  the  stay  from  April  "J^th  to  "27 th. 

"^  On  May  IGth.  Here  were  confined  a  number  of  Mexican  prisoners,  to 
several  of  whom  were  granted  pardon  and  aid,  the  rest  being  promised  spciily 
consideration. 

^  To  tiie  empress  lie  left  '  tho  enviable  task  of  consecrating  to  the  country 
all  tho  noble  sentiments  of  christian  virtue  and  all  the  devotion  of  a  ttmlir 
mother.'  '  UnAmonos,  para  llcgar  al  objcto  comun;  olvidemos  las  sonibras  \<a.- 
sadaa.'  Mir.,  Bolctin  Ley.,  1804,  'JSO-Ol. 

"*  Almonte  had  entered  on  his  office  of  lieutenant  of  the  empire  on  May 
20th.  For  proclamations,  sec  Mex.,  BuletlnLeii.,  1SG4.  The  first  person  iwm 
tho  shore  to  bo  received  was  John  Lainc,  captain  of  tho  port.  Eco  dd  Coin, 
(v.  G),  May  31,  18G4. 


itself,  m 

f]uerors  f 

fi'^mopoJ 

^■vcry  qm 

clabJu  sea 

soverei(Tnj 

drove   thi 

and  bunti 


AT  VERA  CRUZ. 


H3 


iiiL?  iconic  of  the  Aztec  treasures  wliilc  ('Xj)ressiiig  a 
(Irsire  fur  their  sources.  And  now  France  hi'ld  pos- 
session, as  a<^«jnt  for  restorintjj  them  to  a  descendant 
of  the  original  and  envied  hohlcr,  but  in  another  ^'arh; 
;i  liew-horn  race  had  sprunj^  up  beneath  a  transoceaine 
rultur(>,  and  ujifolded  fresh  resources  and  vaster 
in(histries  and  intercourse. 
The  type  of  progress  lay  presented  in  Vera  Cruz 


i  REEF  OF 

\        LA  OALLEOA 


Xs**®."^* 


©^ 


Light  //(iwAJtr-CvKtn'i  >^ii"  •I'm" 
■  <lu  riiia 


Vera  Cruz  and  Harbou. 


itself,  risen  out  of  the  sandy  plain  where  the  con- 
querors first  encamped  in  tents,  and  ^rov;n  into  a  fine 
cosmopolitan  city,  with  a  port  visited  by  vessels  from 
every  quarter  of  the  world,  and  protected  by  a  formi- 
dable sea-girth  castle.  The  first  impression  on  the 
sovereigns  could  hardly  have  been  displeasing,  as  they 
drove  through  the  streets  decorated  with  fiowers 
and  bunting,  and  pompous  with  arches  and  festoons, 


lU 


AP.IUVAL  OF  TITi;  IMPERIAL  SOVKREIGNS. 


Mi 


while  cheors  and  salvos  appealed  to  every  ear  and 
heart." 

0\vin<:j  to  the  unhcalthincss  of  the  season  at  Vera 
Cruz  the  sovereigns  were  [)ersuaded  to  hasten  direct  to 
the  railway  station,""  The  road  was  open  as  yet  onlv 
i'or  a  distance  of  fourteen  Icaijues  to  Lonia  Alta,  and 
from  here  the  party  proceeded  by  coaches  to  Cordoha. 
Two  mishaps  occurred  on  the  way,  which  struck  the 
superstitious  as  ominous.  One  was  the  breakiiiL,'  nf 
the  axle  of  the  imperial  coach,  and  the  other  a  rain- 
storm which  extinguished  all  the  torches  of  the  escort. 
Cordoba  was  astir  and  brilhantly  illuminated,  although 
the  imperial  suite  arrived  before  three  o'clock  in  the 
morning.  The  whole  of  May  80th  was  spent  in  fes- 
tivities, and  in  receiving  deputations,  among  them 
one  from  Indians,  who  in  their  humble  attire  came  V) 
tender  honuiGfe,  bringinsf  as  tokens  the  nosegays  that 
from  time  immemorial  had  served  to  welcome  the 
honored  guest.  "Thou  comcst  like  the  rainbow  to  di:^- 
sipate  the  clouds  of  discord;  sent  by  the  Almighty, 
may  he  give  thee  strength  to  save  us!"°^ 

In  this  allusion  to  a  heaven-sent  being  crops  oiif, 
the  ancient  tradition,  connected  with  Quetzalcoatl,  nf 
a  white-bearded  man  wdio  should  come  from  the  land 
of  the  rising  sun  and  rule  the  country,  bringing  peace 


to    ill] 
jirincij 


ill 


"^nivcrn,  Ilisf.  Jalapa,  v.  COS,  maintains  tliat  tho  ovation  was  ilcvoiil  "f 
entiiusiasin  ami  due  to  curiositj',  but  qualilica  by  adding:  'No  podia  liii))-r 
ni  carifio  ni  auior  por  unaa  pcrsonas  que  no  crau  couociiTas.'  'La  poblaoioii 
rccibi6  tan  friamcnto  d  SS.  MM.,  que  la  Einpcratriz  ec  afcct6  liasta  el  piiiita 
do  llorar,'  says  Arrangoiz  more  strongly.  M(j.,  iii.  210.  So  also  Lrf^vrc,  ih^'. 
JIaximiiiano,  i.  .SS.3.  Zamacois  attributes  these  tears  to  tlio  absence  of  a  depu- 
tation from  tho  ladies  of  the  city,  Hist.  Mdj.,  xvii.  283;  due,  sa5's  tlio  /v  -, 
May  ,31,  1SG4,  to  their  being  'poco  habituadas'  to  royalty.  Tiicro  was  no 
doubt  something  lacking  in  certain  directions,  for  tho  city  had  long  h'  ou 
devoted  to  Juarez,  who  there  planted  his  seat  of  government  a  few  years  before 
For  details  concerning  the  reception  and  journey  of  tho  party,  sec  Max.  y  L  '(.'-■• 
lola,  Adveii.,  150  et  acq.,  and  Mtramar  d  M^x.,  ."jG  ct  seq,  with  extracts  from 
letters  and  journals;  J\1l'x.,  Dokliii  Ley.,  18G4,  104-8,  289-95,  with  spceclii  3 
and  addresses;  Domencch,  lH.<t.  Mex.,  iii.  18.3-C;  Tornel,  Discurso,  \-\-; 
llaWa  Life  Max.,  107-0;  Flint's  Mcx.  under  Max.,  00-3;  Peridd.  OJic,  June 
2,  18G4,  etc.     The  keys  of  tho  city  were  delivered  on  a  silver  platter. 

''"  Leaving  a  promise  to  return  at  a  later  date. 

•"Tho  Aztec  for  tlic  last  half  reads:  'In  senhulitini  mitztitlania,  niJV 
ychuatzinmitzmochicahuiliicatitechraaquixtis.'  Mix.,  Boletin  Ley.,  1SG4,  oO.'; 
Max.  y  Car  lota,  Adven.,  108. 


'  ■  /lida/f/o, 
.'""!•  Has  ,1,.,  J 
><i-<l  (o.liiiio  ;i 
Mvic  iclcasc'd 


RECEPTItH  AT  rUEULA. 


145 


find  prosperity.  It  was  to  this  l)Lliur  that  Corttis 
(i\V((l  inuiiy  ot'  his  successes,  and  Ins  heutenant,  AI- 
varado,  received  the  ei)ithet  Tonatiuh,  the  sun,  from 
his  fair  hue,  wliile  tlie  conquerors,  as  a  rul(>,  were 
known  as  the  chikhvu  of  the  sun.  IMaxiniihan  was  a 
decided  bh)ndo,  with  a  commanding  stature,  and  tlie 
still  lingerinfT  myth,  applying  strikingly  both  to  his 
person  and  niissit)n,  found  ready  application.  Nor  did 
liis  gentle  expression  and  suave  condescension  fail 
to  impress  favorably  even  those  whose  republicau 
jirinci})les  impelled  them  to  discourtesy.  It  is  related 
that  ]\[aximilian  on  entering  Orizaba  noticed  four  [)er- 
sons  j)lanting  themselves  conspicuously  in  front  of  the 
iTowd,  to  display  their  opposition  by  remaining  there 
lixed  and  solid,  lie  saluted  them  pointedly,  raising 
his  hat,  and  with  true  Mexican  politeness  the  four 
iiieii  acknowledged  the  compliment."' 

The  reception  at  Puebla,  entered  on  June  5th,  was 
particularly  brilliant,  correspon.ding  to  the  greater 
t>ize  and  wealth  of  this  city.  The  arches  and  decoi'a- 
tions  were  finer,  and  the  festivities  more  elaborate  and 
fi'uy.  The  emperor  in  this  vicinity  displayed  his  fine 
hoiscmanship  in  a  manner  that  pleased  a  largo  class.''^ 
All  j)receding  demonstrations  were  eclipsed,  however, 
by  those  at  the  c;-pital.  On  approaching  the  town, 
centring  round  the  shrine  of  Guadalupe  they  found 
iia  immense  throng  lining  the  road,  along  which  came 
to  meet  them  the  leading  pco[)le  of  the  country,  in 
carjiacjes  and  on  horseback,  prominent  bein-'-  three 
liuiuired  of  the  representative  youth  mounted  in 
costly  array  on  spirited   chargers.     At  a  signal,  all 

"' ///(/a/'/o,  Apunte:^,  219;  Pnmeda,  Hint.  Gwr.,  110-11.  At  t'lis  place  a 
toui'  u;i3  luuile  of  tlio  hospitals  nnd  puljlic  iilaccs  duriiiL;  tlio.  nX:iy,  fnim  M;iy 
liisi  tu  Juno  ;iil,  and  iiallaiind  baniiuots  wcro  givdi.  A  nunilier  of  ])iiaoucr3 
Wire  111  cased  in  honor  of  f  ho  occasion.  Mex.,  Bob  I'm  /.'>/.,  ISOl,  L;D-.'!t). 

'"l-Aicijont  S.daa  was  hero  rewarded  with  the  grand  cross  of  CJnadalupe, 
I'lX'tict  Pardo  and  several  otlicra  receiving  lower  grades.  'J'ho  onipress  ad<led 
litre  two  tu  lier  list  of  ladies  of  honor.  Descriptions  of  tho  archc-i,  tho  sol- 
I'liiii  mass  at  tlie  cathedral,  and  other  features  aro  fully  given  in  tho  sjiccial 
h'.'ociiiu-c,  Max.,  Jircrr  2\oi.  d'l  Jiecib.en  I'nrhla,  l-.'Jt!;  also  Miramanl  Mi:r., 
'•'T-'J'i,  and  ollicrs  alreaily  referred  to.  Tho  festivities  reei  ivcd  an  addi- 
tional interest  from  the  birthday  celehration  on  Juno  Ttli,  in  honor  of  Char- 
'"i-Le.  Chohdii  and  its  famous  pyramid  were  Tisitcil  cii  the  fuUowuig  day. 
Uisi.  Hex.,  Vol.  VI.   10 


IIG 


AiinivAL  01'  Tirr.  iMriiniAL  sovr.ni'KiNs. 


um 


M'-H 


(li.siiiouiiti'(l  or  ,st('})])c;(l  liv  111  lluii'  vclilclcs,  ;iml  iiiiilst 
a  lloral  fshowi-r  itiiL  (In.-  air  witli  vivas.  Ncun-r  l!n' 
town  aj»j>c'ai('(l  the  arfhl)islio|)  and  several  other  jtii - 
lates  with  the  caiioitv,  both  of  the  .soveri'i^iis  lus>ia^r 
the  ring  of  the  priniato. 

The  entiy  into  ^[exico  took  i)lacc  on  the  I'Jtli, 
amidst  great  entliusiasni.  The  principal  streets  weic 
profust'ly  draped  in  gala  attire,  and  wind(»ws  had  heen 
rented  at  fihulons  jiriees  for  the  occasion.  "' *.  th<' 
iialaco  waited  IJazaine  and  other  leadin<j:  •'enerals  and 
offK-ials,  inchuling  ^lejfa,  fresh  from  his  victory  in  the 
north  over  ])ol)lado.  Ap[>ointe(l  s[K)kesman  hy  th  • 
knights  of  (jiuadahipe,  the  rough  soldier  manifested 
some  trepidation  hel'ore  the  brilliant  assend)ly,  wlierc- 
iipon  ^laximilian  took  the  paper  fi'oni  hi.s  hand  and 
embraced  him,  saying:  "  I  care  not  fo.*  words,  but  lor 
hearts.      I  know  t'.at  yours  belongs  to  me.''"' 

Among  the  provincial  peo))lo  at  the  recu[)tio;:  .  itii 
attendant  balls,  banquets,  illuminations,  and  iMiter- 
tainments,  were  departmental  de[)utations,  to  whi<  !i 
great  atteiition  was  })aid.'^  Decorations  Meie  iVedy 
dispensed;'^  and  not  content  with  the  order  of  Guada- 
lupe, a  new  one  was  created  not  long  after,  called  the 

'"The  empress  was  given  l)y  Icadinj,'  ladies  a  maL^iiilicciit  toilct-talile  \vi:li 
a  profusion  of  silver  oriiainci  t.s  incrustcil  and  in  relief.  It  wiis  also  deciilcl 
to  erect  a  inar)>k!  arch  in  her  linnor  at  the  entrance  to  the  I'ieilad  Jivcuu  ■, 
henceforth  to  he  called  after  her.  An  illustrateil  description  if  the  dillcn  ut 
nrches,  decor;iti(.ns,  and  ceremonies  on  the  oci.'asion  may  Ik?  found  in  Ma.c.  // 
('arlula,  .-I'/cr//., 'J5'_',  and  pas.sim;  !,<'  Sii'nil,  ilucrre,  llo-lIS.  Anion;,' miccial 
brochures  on  tiie  Ruhject  are  Vcijn,  Pnajfaiiia,  1-10;  M'.c,  IC.<iio-<.  tSi  uthiu  :!., 
1-G;  Max:,  < 'dill.  I'octic'iK;  /'a/K  !'<(/•.,  .\ev.  pt  iv; /Vr/ti7.  (>/('c,  Juno  !■_',  lJ>(il, 
ctse(|. ;  also  the  hooks  referred  to  in  connection  with  Vera  Cm;;.  Festivities  ia 
other  cities  are  deserihed  in  donipos  Port.,  18(i4,  1-.'il;  (Jtdtanlo,  l)!-icrrri. 
Leon,  18(i4,  l-.'JO;  Ziimora,  E.r/ion,,  \~\'t;  (.liiatlaL,  Sci.i  dr.  Julio,  1-127;  )'"(•., 
Dlsriirsd.,  1804,  l-IU;  Pdjaro  Vcrdc,  El  CroiiiMUyEsliif  ta,  Snciflud,  La  I'.: 
di'  Ml  J.,  and  otlier  journals  cjf  Juno  l.'Jtli  and  eubsequent  dates.  I'oetry  is  Kciil- 
tei'cd  throU!,'hout  these  puhlications.  I'ayno  growls  in  later  republican  lina:u  o 
reports  at  tlie  e.\trava,L;ance  of  the  emperor  with  bampiets  and  o..herentt.- 
tainnients.  Ciinil'tn,  6'rr.sVo.s',  (i9S-700;  and  Lefevrc,  J)oc.  UJic,  i.  .'570-81,  j  i- 
stances  expenditures  by  local  autliorities,  those  of  Vera  Cruz  ain)un;in:,'  t) 
§r>4,!)r)4.  buring  the  trip  from  this  city  to  the  pal-ico  at  Mexico  the  empeiur 
passed  nnder  1,500  triumpiial  arches,  accordin;^  to  .Juarist  vc.'sious. 

"  I'"orli.st  of  these  and  tiieir  speeches,  see  J/(M.\  !/(  arlota,Adnii.,  .■)17  tt  se  [. 

'-Arranyoiz  criticises  this  prodigality,  especially  in  the  direction  of  Karojx.', 
'A  individuos  desconoeidos.  <iuc  nada  hab.'an  Iiecho  por  el  pais.'  McJ..  iii.  '-'  •5- 
A  list  (if  decorated  personages  may  Ije  found  in  Almanaquc  Imp.,  18Gu,  -10, 
etseq. ;  Alex.,  Uuktid  Lei/.,  i8vJ4,  JJ-l. 


"•rnrh 

'"'•-icrcnt 
.  ^'I'orn 
J"iii'!ia!..j  of 

'■O.'i.Jtl 
'  'i'his  w 

Si'ciuiiy  iV,j, 

'"'•n...,  on  po 

J""''!'-,  pt  I. 

■■Ju/',W 

t'>":-i^' accept; 
.  '^Vlar-e 
"I*,'  ;-'i'eat  Jia 
:tl!,jnl  tiicin  i 
'J^''a-^iunal  ;.-n 
'■^;-l  fo  t!iei: 

Slll.HTipi;o;is 

'-•'^'ed  State 

:'T]x"rulc 
^    ''Vthereat 

l^'^'  -Vv.,  iii. 


9  ill 


IIONOn.S  AT  MI'XICO. 


w 


]l,inlo,  wlilcli  was  jilarcd  alxtvc  ilio  otlior,  and  ;.;iv(>ii 
\'>  a  ciimiiarativtly  small  iiuiiilxT,  to  the  <fvvi\t  disMtist 
(if  a  larn'i'  class.'"'  A  special  order  was  iiistitiit<Ml  lor 
V. miieii,  the  San  Carlos."'  An  anmosty  for  jtolitical 
<  li'iices  appeared,"  and  authorities  woi'o  bitldon  to  hlofc 
(III  injurious  j)arty  terms,  and  leave  unmolested  any 
(.jiponent  of  the  Imperial  cause  who  ehose  to  lay  down 
arms  and  live  in  peace.'"  S[)ecial  appeals  were  besides 
liiade  to  leadinLj  re[)ul)licans,  ivsulting  in  the  adlu  r- 
(  ace  of  such  men  as  Vidaurri,  who  became  councillor 
if  state,  and  General  Cortina,  who  soon,  howevei', 
i^noivd  this  allegiance,  as  did  m.any  another  wIhmi 
opportunity  or  inducement  drew  them  ai^ain  to  tlu* 
Juarist  side."  Among  those  ligurcd  prisoners  who 
li  id  been  sent  to  France,  and  who  wore  released  (ju 
giving  in  their  allc'dance.'^ 

Freeilom  of  the  [)ress  was  bestowed,"'"  and  arj'ange- 
iiiruts  were  made  i'or  granting  public  audiences,  Sun- 
d  ly  being  selected  as  most  convenient  fcjr  the  peoj)le."' 
To  this  direct  appeal  to  the  masses  he  added  the 
habit  of  (jccaslonally  a[)pearing  in  the  national  dress, 
iwitably  the  short  jacket  and  tlie  slashed  trousers  lined 
with  buttons.^^     In  connection  with  the  audiences  for 

"  I'or  liy-lawa,  sec  Mi'x.,  C'oL  Li  i/.  Imp.,  ii.  fl-I4.  In  18(i.')  Almontu  ami 
Jk'jia  aloiio  liilil  the  ^'raiiil  cross  in  Moxicn.  Collars  of  tlic  order  were  hunt 
tj  ili-Ibrcnt  sovoruign.s. 

"'For  ink's  ami  m-'nibors,  soc  LL,  Ahuaiiuqii<:  fnip.,  ISOO,  "J."?!),  etc.;  al.su 
jiiurjiuls  of  tin;  day.     Tlio  list  for  ladies  of  lionur  was  iidduil  to  at  intervals. 

''On  July  (Itli,  tlic  Ijirtliday  of  M;i\iniilian,  when  a  distribution  of  §j,OOJ 
vas  also  given  to  the  pijor.   Md.i:.,  Jiol<-t';i  A//.,  18  il,  4'J,  .">7-S. 

'' 'i'iiis  was  on  July 'JOtli.  In  Dec.  prefects  ^\cre  forbidden  to  exact  any 
seciniiy  from  such  persons.  Mdc,  Bolctlii.  L/;/.,  ISO  J,  190,  -1!!,  'JSS-!)8.  Com- 
iiiciu.i  ou  policy,  in  Manscran,  Progruma  Imp.,  1-34;  .S\  Lnis  Put.,  Mem.  In- 
j'.'r.iir,  pt  1. 

•'  \n  Pi  riijd.  Q/ir.,  ^lar.  29,  1SG4,  and  later  days,  arc  given  the  names  ^f 
tlii's'j  accepting  anuiesty. 

■"A  lar^te  ir,imb(,'r  refused  to  sign  the  allegiance,  and  remained  true,  snfler- 
iui;  ;:reat  hardsln'ps,  for  the  Juarist  government  was  too  sorely  pressed  t ) 
alN)id  them  much  aid.  In  P^njiiQ,  C/iditas;  7-'!4,  etc.,  is  given  an  account  of 
ui.- 'asional  yumi  remitted.  Jfiicrta,  Apniile-'',  Mcx.,  1SC8,  1-02,  u  .speciaiiy  de- 
vutcil  to  their  fate.  Ilucrta,  himself  the  loading  prisoner,  sought  to  obtain 
snlHcriptio'.is  for  their  relief.  Iglcsias  refers  to  a  number  of  refugees  in  tlio 
Uni led  States.  Pm. it rt'^,  ili.  107-0,  131. 

■'■'  Aujust  7th,  with  rcstiictions  only  against  rousing  party  bitterness. 

'"i'lio  rules  governing  admission  are  given  in  J/c'c. ,  C',!.  Lc;/.  li:ip.,  i.  10. 

'' V\'!iereat  Arran,'oiz  takes  oficnei',  inti:nating  that  this  pertained  tt)  the 
■b;Mri •'.  ;,'.icrril!a3 and  peasants,  and  was  discounteuunce.l  by  ' respcciable '  pco- 
I'l'.'.  .7.;.,  iii.  •-'•-'2. 


H 


•I- 'I 


i4a 


AF.K.VAL  OF  THE  IMl'ERIAL  SOVEREIGNS. 


in- 


redressinfj  wronijs  came  a  revision  of  tribunals,  and 
the  tippointmeat  of  a  visitini^  inspector.*^'  Conciliatovv 
proceedings  were  above  all  to  be  used,  and  no  costs 
levied  in  verbal  suits/^  The  empress,  on  her  side, 
ministered  to  charities  and  othe?-  benevolent  institu- 
tions. As  an  instance  of  respect  for  popular  relicjious 
customs,  she  and  the  emperor  one  day  descended  from 
1  heir  carriao'o  and  knelt  in  the  street  on  nieetini*'  th(^ 
host.  On  the  other  hand  came  an  order  for  keepii 
public  ofiices  open  during  the  forenoon  of  Sundays; 
and  loose  remarks  on  toleration  were  broucjht  amiiist 
^tlaximllian  by  conservatives,  as  well  as  the  absence  of 
the  cross  from  the  imperial  crown,  and  of  the  phrase 
'by  grace  of  God'  in  connection  with  his  title.^^ 

'■'Tho  revision  was  intrusted  to  a  committee,  leading  meanwhile  to  .t  n- 
organi;::Uioii  of  iiiiiifir  court.!,  rc.iilinuinL,'  the  dcci  -ions  of  intervention  jud';-;, 
etc.  iVcx.,  B'.lclla  Lc;/.,  I8G4,  lll-i:},  -jll,  ir.l,  170,  IS2,  310. 

'■'  Save  0  per  cent  on  the  aniouiu ,  and  not  even  this  for  th    very  poor. 

'*  iKnucd  June'JS;h,  for  the  sidcotjf  jiroiiiofinc;  tlic  disentanglement  (fatTairs. 

*■*  Many  wonhl  liave  preferred  hi.i  lir^it  name,  Ferdinand,  aa  more  Spani-h. 

Co/n.','('i")  I'anhi  Kolloidtz,  Th  ■  Cuiirt  <■/' Mcy'ico.  Translated  by  J.  E.  (  ili- 
vant,  M.  A.  Balliol  Col!e:;c,  Oxford.  London,  18(37,  8vo,  pp.  xix.  ."):(.  T!..- 
nnthorcsM  of  llu3  volume  \va3  lady-iii-waiiin^  to  the  Eniprrsfi  Charlotte,  ai.d 
slie  narrates  iu  it  the  voyapo  from  Tdirainaro,  and  her  travcliin;,'c.\;'cricncc  i  iii 
JL'xico  durin'j' the  years  loOt  an, I  IS').").  Jler  ob.'^crvations  on  the  <'ur;to:::.i 
and  iiabita  of  the  Jleriioans  arc  cnjoyalilo  reading,  though,  as  she  renir.rk;, 
Ihc  exceptional  position  win-jh  .slu'  oeciipied  during  her  journeying  itiudcri  il 
iier  from  oLtaiuin',' diH'p  insight  into  the  relations  and  circumstances  of  tin; 
country.  Tiie  work  contain::,  ah;o,  many  trenchant  remarks  about  I'romiiiciiC 
pcr.son-i,  and  the  imprc:«ions  of  t!io  countc.!  of  Miramon,  Mcjia,  and  I'a/.uiao 
arc  extremely  intercstincr.  In  chap.  ix.  ;i  rcvie\/  of  Mcy.icau  history  i.^  /;ivcn, 
in  wluch  attention  is  paiil  to  the  war  of  independence.  lier  book  was  iavoi- 
alily  reviewed  by  tiio  critics. 

Miraimtrd  Mexico  —  Viajc  (hi  Km/icrcvhr  MaximiUano  >/  dc  la  EinperrJr',:, 
etc.,  Oii/alja,  iSGt,  8vo,  pp.  411.',  II.  "J,  wiJi  lithogi'aphs,  cont.ains  an  accoimt 
of  .Al;;xiniili:uvsaccept.-incnof  the  throne  of  ^Icxico;  his  journey  from  .Mi;  am. iro 
to  the  capital;  and  ;i  description  of  iiis  reception  and  celcbialionrt  pMlio  diiltr- 
cnt  citii.'s  on  his  route.  Copies  are  inserted  of  tiie  .addresse:'  delivered  on  tho.u' 
occasions,  and  of  odcsi.  hymns,  and  poems  composed  iu  honor  of  him,  v.ith 
copious  extracts  from  t!ie  pcriodicalsof  tlu^  day.  The  bookojiens  widi  ahiitf 
tiiiiumaiy  of  events  in  Mexico  from  the  f.ill  of  Pucbla,  in  May  18(J.'l,  and  chi.scs 
with  biograpldes  of  the  emperoi-  and  euiiircss.     Tiio  author  is  anonymoa'. 

AilvnlinknlQ  (lc.  Sy .  MM.  II.  Ma.iim'i'vino  y  Ccr'ofd  al  Ti'oiio  dc  Mi.ch-o 
— IJorn  .  cnlu.-i  Rvlath-d.i  i/  Xdrracio^i  d(  (  \'if/je  dc  .Xacstro.i  So!icr((iio.'i  d('  Jlhv- 
iii'ir  ('i  r<  rdcnizi/  del  Jlcci'ihnli iifoqitcsc  Ic^  /ii~.o,  etc.  Edicion  de  '  LaSi)cicila'l.' 
Mexico,  1;;GI,  8vo,  pp.  :!ti.;,  wiih  portraits  iind  plates.  'J'h'.s  work  contains 
important  documents  rel.it  ing  to  t  lie  hi.jtory  of  Mexico  during  tiioperioil  I'  ill  - 
(il.  In  it  the  political  event.s  from  tiic  inception  of  the  tripartite  alli.'cice 
to  M.iximilian's  arrival  and  reception  iu  the  capital  arc  fully  described.  '1  Ho 
'.ditors  reganlcd  Maximiliano's  <  levation  to  tlio  throne;  by  the  wisli  of  the  iia- 
tion{l)  as  the  stepping-stone  of  ^Mexico  from  anarchy  to  order. 


m 


CHAPTErv  VII. 

MAXIMILIAN  IN  MEXICO. 

18G4. 

CoNciUATiNO  Policy  and  Conseuvative  jEALorsv— Gi;o\nNo  Dislike  op 
THE  FuENCU — Maximilian's  Weakness  of  Cuakacter — Reohcaniza- 
■HON  OF  ri'E  Army — ExcriisioN  to  tue  Interior,  and  Maximilian's 

]  NKKRENCKS  TUEliEKilOM — ( JuERKILLAS  TeRMEO  BRIOANDS,  AND  ORDERED 

Hinted  down — Ciiurcu  Qcestion — Nuncio  in  Mexico— Commission 
TO  Rome — Property  Confiscation — Juarist  11evei;se3. 


Measures  so  far  were  directed  in  particular  to  con- 
ciliate the  people,  and  thereby  to  counteract  the  inliu- 
oiieo  of  and  win  over  the  liberals,  who  relied  mainly 
(111  tile  masses.  In  doing  so,  Maximilian  paid  perhaps 
too  little  attention  to  the  conservatives,  to  whom  he 
ovvril  his  election.  At  any  rate,  they  expected  recog- 
nition and  reward  for  their  services,  and  all  could  not 
be  satisfied.  As  we  have  seen,  party  spirit  in  JMexico 
had  early  drifted  into  personal  currents,  intent  on 
offices  and  other  spoils,  and  regardless  of  principles 
and  the  common  good.  They  refused  to  see  that 
tlieir  own  and  the  national  weal  demanded  for  the 
jnesiMit  a  conciliatory  policy  toward  the  contending 
llutioiis,  in  order  to  place  the  empire  on  a  sure  basis. 
It  was  to  their  interest  to  forbear  a  v»'hile,  but  they 
would  not.  One  pressed  the  other.  Individual  and 
party  jealousies,  and  the  insensate  selfishness  of  the 
clerical  element,  quickly  created  obstacles  to  block 
their  path.^ 

'On  Iiis  return  from  Miramare,  after  Maximilian's  preliminary  acceptance 
of  tiiu  ciuwn,  Miranda  expressed  feara  that  a  wrong  choico  had  been  made, 
'I'incci'.i  honihre  <lo  cardcter  ligero.'  Arrainjoiz,  MdJ.,  iii.  218.  This  doidjt 
wiu  aiuused  mainly  oil  the  question  of  church  i-iL'hts. 

( 149 ) 


i.-o 


MAXIMILIAN  i\  m:;xico. 


mm 


I  j. 


m 


IJlx'rnl-iiiiiulc'd  \>\  nature,  ^Maximilian  coal  1  not 
\vv]\  syinpathi/t!  with  1  Ikj  consoi'vativcs;  and  lii  I'Jl 
l<;s.s  and  Irss  inclined  to  yield  to  the  Freneli,  chalin'^ 
un(l<'r  his  dejicndenee  upon  tlieui  till  the  (eelin<^  liroke 
out  in  actual  hostilitv."  'J'his  jculinijf  was  shared  hv  a, 
numher  with  i'ej)ul)lican  teiidencii^s,  yet  consenting  Id 
an  eni])ire — men  wlio  may  be  termed  moderate  liberals, 


and  who  wt're  •jfamm'T  lavor  wi 


th  th 


e  enijx'i'oi 


lie  was  ready  to  l;i)  even  I'uj'thei"  in    his  ellbi't  to 
I'each  the  peopli-,  as  the  ibundation  of  his  eni[)ire,  and 


he  I 


)e!xan  l»v  a(Unittm<>'  ui 


to  tl 


](',  caomet  known  nituh- 


Jicaiis,  likc!  the  able  lawyer  and  scholar. Jose  Fernan 


J 


laimrez,   ant 


I   .J 


ua.n 


J 


eza,  as  colJeaufues  o 


11( 


.f  tl 


le 


,wo 


conservative     nnnister: 


jcon 


an 


1    ( 


;rOnzaleZ    de' 


A  e^a,  and  the  moderates  libei'als  Ivscudero  y  Kcliaiio\-i 


ind    JtobK 


ezuela 


4 


a    comiios 


■iition 


;oon 


iuill: 


er 


cnloi'cd  by  substituting  tlie  liberal  Cortes  y  l']spar/a  t'l 
A'ega,  and  strengthened  by  tlic  api'ointment  ol"  jir 


tect^ 
Tl 


an( 


1  other  otlicials  ol' similar  tendeucie.> 


le    use 


iul 


ness    ol 


th 


esc    nu'n    miLT 


ht    1 


lavc    been 


gi-eatly  i.ici'eased  had  tliey  not  been  j>lace(l  in  a  cer- 
tain humiliating  de[)endence  on  a  jirivate  cabinet  et" 
]»o]yglot  character,  under  th.e  direction  of  Felix  lilloin, 


Urh 


lan  mnun'''  engineer,  wlio  acquired  a  i)rei>onc 


1' 


d 


prep 


li.-i/uiiic  coinii 


troo) 


ililillCll    clf     tlu!    MttJ! 


if 


>   llO  Sllllli 


,  <iiily  tl 

il'.s  liatdii.     'J'l 


iK'd    l,v  tl 


il   olli 


tin\-: 


•il   tl 


lu  iiimisti'i'.- 


Aaiiol'.'iiii  cuiiao 


1.  ,1  1 


Ilia  \\ uii  11 


rowiiiu'  ilis'iiki^  to  tli(^  J'Vcinli   is  iiuiutoiUy  tulil  i:i 
Li  L'slrvll'Kle  (h-nl,,  Uuc.  ',».  l.S(n,  ami  A/o.r,  E.ci»I<l.  dii  Mir.,  :!ll_'.     Suoal-D 


(,'//•;,(',-<  Mr 


MS.,  -SM-X 


M. 


'riit.' coiiscrva'iivi's  WL-re  callc'il  liolli  ietn>'_rn'ssi()iiists  anil  men  of  I'liili[i  11. 


/il.^t.   h. 


•JliJ— I.      lidiniini'olfs   vicv  of  tliu   jiait 


I'  •(  savor.- 


raliia  saicasin. 


li 


in  >'l 


rliiili 


/,'•  Mij\,  'lu'i   it  srij.     A-  for  Maxi 


OH  Iraiici  ses  lu 


7" 


ps  .M'xioaiioH  fl  cin[)oi>i'ailoi'. '  /;//(~/  (,>i.  Hi  vislit^,  iii.  ID— 


irouii;  |.iiMiiing.s  VL'iy  coniiuon  w  itli  Mcxi' ans.     'J'lic  last  term  may  lio  icinlfii  1 


tin;  (k'ti'iiorator,  flic  lirst 


ilains  'Isflf.     Tli( 


1" 


iicss  liucuniu  t;ra( 


Inally 


cautions  in  olisirvatioiis,  .so  niiu'li  so  that  ii  clu'ck  had  to  lie  iilace'il  iiiiiui  ii. 

I'ominclltA  in  Lihifulisynn  y  khx  l^i' rlnn,   1-lt. 

'  Jtaniircz,  an  iionorahlu  lawyer  of  some  ahility.  hail  shown  himself  soIhls- 
tilo  as  to  vcfnsu  to  enter  tlieasscmhly  whieh  voted  for  ;ui  eni|iirc.     He  rfu-'  il 

il  pair.     [  diall  wuv 


to  d. 


itu  his  hou^o  d 


urn 


''  the  entrv  of  the  in 


moi'c  fully  to  his  litoiary  attainnients  elsew  lii'ic.      Ho  h.'eafue  minister  of  re- 


lations,     JVzii  to 


th 


iiaeion  ani 

(.ppoil,,'  ( 


justiu 


Ml 


ar  portfolio,  uuil  \'i\'!!i  and  l^scudero  tliose  of  ^oW-y- 


II 


IS(;4,  ;!!),   Ks-l-.'),  -IW      \lMi-A 


.lipoii,,' (I  to  the  fomento  department  <inly  in  Oet.,  when  Peza  ri'ceiviil 
l'iii:ially  tlu'  c  liai-,\'.'  he  had  so  tai-  attended  to  lu  assiataut  secretary,  Martia  'it; 
Lastillu  adininioLerinj^  the  treaaiuy. 


fi    '     I 


S     *' 

■s    1 

I 

10^ 

1 

I  ■ 

^ 

U  1 

. 

Ih 

^. 

U   ' 

A 

f    1 

f 

.1.. 

■1'- 

'i\ 

ol 

iu 

.le 

arciiidup::  and  r,MiT.o:^\DOR. 


151 


riiiiiL^  itifluouco  over  !Nraxiiiiiliun,  but  wlioso  ocasuless 
(  ;i(.iuy  iuid  [)laiis  ]a(;ko(l  practical  application.''  A.s 
I'll)'  his  coiurades,  iuiciit  mainly  on  their  own  pro- 
jects, and  liavinL;'  no  sympathy  tor  ^lexico,  these  I'or- 
ci^iiers  failed  to  understand  or  to  study  the  truo 
interests  ot'  the  country.  ]\[axiiniHan  hinisell' iud''i'd 
the  ])eople  from  a  wrong'  standj)oint,  eiitan^'Jed  as  ho 
\\;is  in  the  meshes  of  intri«,niers  and  llattei'ers,  and  Le- 
i.iiH'  possessed  mainly  by  theories.  Eneruetic  enoui^li, 
hut  without  I'orce  or  true  aim,  lie  wasted  time  on 
the  i)r;4'anization  of  the  j>alace,  and  on  tietails  which 

•pen(U;d  on  a  constitution  yet  to  be  framed. 
With  an  honest  desire  U)  })romote  tlie   true  inter- 

ts  i.f  the  country,  the  emperor  resolyed  to  increase 


(i( 


pel 

l;is  scope  of  observation  and  judgment  by  creating  a 
council  of  state,  under  the  ])rosidency  of  Jose  Maria 
Lacun/ii,  to  ))roject  laws  and  sit  as  a  tribunal  in  cases 


c(Micernm', 


hiiili   o 


tliciah 


ant 


1  t 


h 


o  L-ivc   advice   m  a 


dl 


Ilia 


tters  sidjmitted  to  it;   but  the  advice  had  to  suit 


the  mood  as  much  as 


the 


circumstance 


( 'ommissioners  had  been  aj)pointed  to  project  tho 
rini^nnizatioii  of  the  ditferent  dei)artmeiits,  notably 
thn>e  ol' justice,  iinance,  and  army.  In  tin;  former 
soiiuj  useful  reforms  were  outlined,  but  finances  be- 


came as  m\i)lved    as  ever, 


Th(!  reorgani/atiidi   pro- 
)his(mI  from  Franco   involved  the   imposition   of   \']X'>,h 


la: 


an 


d  al'raid  of  the  ditiicullies  these  miiiht  rou> 


'A  iii'Dtostaiit,  besides,  reconiiiKnidi'il  1>S'  J-rnimld.  IColloiiit/  jtraisrs  liiiii 
for  inidcoty  and  loyally,  ior  sense  <it  ju.^tice  jiml  fearless  fraiikiii'ss.  ('i)iirt 
.l/'.i'.,  "JIO-IT.  Kdiuenieh  iis.seits  tlial  In,"  owed  his  risi- wiidlly  to  eeitaiii 
taieiits  a-j  a  stjeiety  iiiau.  //(-/.  Mr.i.,  iii.  'JOl'-II.  Jiis  Im.stility  toward  tlio 
IVeiicIi  may  iiecuniit  for  «oiiio  of  the  coloring;.  His  eulleajiiie,  Si'lier/c  nlccli- 
ii>  r,   from   iluii;:ary,  former   tutor  of  Maximilian,  ;.iid  of  s-imiiar  tiiidi'ney, 

s 1  i]iuurelle(l  \\  ilii  liiin  and  left.     \io\,  J'^.r/njil.  i/ii  Mi .i .,  .'!-);>  4,  .\rran.;oi7, 

ii.id  others  aie  einiaily  .severe  on  the  foniuu  memlieis  of  the  (h'|iiirtni<  mI.i,  ua 
ri:  iV  hi,  und'  rstoud  from  tho  uaiinnal  jealoii.sy.  'I'hey  are  aeen.-ed  of  avariee, 
I'l  iii'iuiriu;^  into,  or  r^ither  nieddlini,'  wich,  eNfrytium.',  and  yet  aeidnnili.-^ii- 
in;  II  >tiiinu'.     See  also  I'lilli,    I'/a;/' /-o  ,1/f  .c,  :!'.)  (Id,  7Jo-."i(). 

'' it  was  to  eon-iist  of  a  preisident,  e;:ht  einnu'dlurs,  and  i'i;.d't  auditors, 
^i'li  'iuted  and  .snnnnoned  solely  l)y  tlie  empiror,  anil  jiaid  Sd.(KI0,  .-jl.doO,  and 
N^'.  .oi)  resell 'etixely.  'I'iie  eonneillors,  ai)|iointed  \h  e.  -1,  iMil,  inc'ndcd  I'ra^a 
■  lid  I'd'hoji  liamirez.  Mr.'\,  liuhi'ni  l.i 'I.,  IfSti  I.  -  l(i-S,  ■J^;!.  Honorary  inem- 
l.nwcio  addeih  and  \'iihiurri  reeu\ed  a  seat.  M>.c.,  Unjhi.  ('uin<-Jo,  1-12; 
I'lqi.  I'ur.,  ccxxvii.,  pt  xi. 


I  !1 


1.-2 


MAXIMlLIAls  IN  MEXICO. 


#';''* 


w 


if 


't  --y 


as  well  MS  tlio  reflection  on  liis  niannnfemciit,  Mnxi- 
luilian  preferred  to  econouiizc  in  a  difFei-ent  direction, 
and  believed  that  tliis  could  be  mo^t  effectively  done 
by  reducinjjf,  or  at  least  Uec[)ing  down,  the  costly  anu 
not  very  efficient  Mexican  army. 

This  ])roject  was  wholly  to  the  taste  of  his  Frencli 
advisers;  I'or  the  national  army,  instead  of  bein^-  [tlaced 
on  TiU  efl'ective  footinijf  corresponding  to  the  gradu;il 
withdrawing  of  French  troops,  met  with  every  jnjssi- 
ble  check  fiom  Bazainc.  In  a  letter  to  Maximilian, 
the  latter  declared  that  he  could  not  afford  to  lcav(; 
garrisons  in  the  towns,  but  recommended  the  forma- 
tion of  militia  bodies  to  act  in  accord  with  the  living' 
French  detachments,  which  were  deemed  be.'it  Inr 
oi)erating  against  the  Juarists;  yet  he  threw  obsta- 
cles in  the  way,  even,  of  arming  the  towns.  The 
explanation  for  this  lies  in  the  secret  articles  of  the 
compact  with  Napoleon.  It  is  readily  understood 
that  the  French  emperor  may  have  luu  reasons  i'or 
desiring  to  retain  control  of  the  country,  besides  the 
prestige  and  good  ]>ay  drawn  from  the  employment 
there  of  an  army;  and  this  is  evident  from  the  poruy 
outlined  by  Forey,  and  forced  upon  the  regency,  aim- 
ing, above  all,  to  secure  the  pecuniary  interests  ot 
France,  which  depended  greatly  on  confiscated  churcli 
pr()])eity.  The  conservatives  being  decidedly  oppose  I 
to  this  policy,  it  was  necessary  to  render  them  harm- 
less Ijy  reducing  their  power  in  civil  as  well  as  militaiy 
departments,  and  limiiing  to  narrow  proportions  an 
army  which  naturally  would  side  against  French  rivals 
and  intruders.  To  this  end  even  Miramon  and  .Mai- 
quez,  the  leading  Mexican  generals,  were  sacrificed  by 
honorably  exile.' 

In  Juno  1804  the  imperial  forces  embraced  "r),.")"'0 
French  and  20,280  Mexicans,  the  latter  distributed 

'Tlio  foiiiicr  to  r>crlin,  to  study  Prussiiin  army  organization;  the  otliLi'  (iii 
a  more  ilim.sy  religious  mission  to  Jorufsalem,  couiltiutHl  \vit4i  tiic  positiim  of 
in  iiisu'r  to  llic  I'orte.  'La  Ingliiterra  iial)ia  jnifsto  por  coiulicioa ])ara  el  ea- 
\io  (le  811  iiiiiiistro,  tl  desticrro  de  los  geucrales,'  says  Rivera,  IJiai.  Jul.,  '>: 


MILITARY  ORGANIZATIOX. 


153 


ill. 


ninliilj  fit  garrisons,"  and  in  A|)ril  of  tlio  followini^ 
y.ar,  wliilo  the  French  were  retluced  to  '28,000,  the 
.ATcxican  force  remained  undiminished.  The  rural 
guard  had  grown  to  8,500;  but  a  regular  cori^s  had 
iis(,'n  in  the  Austrian  and  Belgian  recruits  of  7,1500 
men.''  The  former  were  stationed  chielly  in  Pnebla 
and  on  the  Vera  Cruz  road,  the  BelLrians  farther  in 
the  interior,  and  both  roused  ill  feeling  by  their  pre- 
sumption.''^ The  creation  of  the  guaiil  proved  in  a 
seiisc  a  blow  to  the  regulars,"  and  afforded  a  plea  lor 
not  fully  carrying  out  the  measure,  thus  leaving  a 
rankling  injury  as  well  as  a  sad  delicieney.  These 
half- way  [(roceedings  have  been  the  bane  of  jNIexico. 
Early  in  18G5  was  announced  the  reorganization  of 
national  army  on  the  rather  theoretic  plan  pre- 
|)arud  l)y  the  conunissions,  having  fur  an  ol)ject  its 
limitation  to  31,200  men,  including  oilicers.  The  lat- 
ter, forming  a  host  of  ignorant  and  unlit  commanders, 
t'iilicr  sell-created  or  risen  by  favor  and  intrigue  dur- 
ing the  series  of  petty  revohitions,  were  to  be  reduced 
til  eighteen  generals,  with  a  fair  proportion  of  sul>or- 
dinates.  To  attempt  a  reform  so  swee})ing  in  the 
face  of  the  enemy  seemed  danu;erous.  Aside  from 
tliis,  the  ofiicers  were  not  likely  to  submit  humbly  to 
a  loss  of  j)ositi(ni  and  pn)S])ects  in  lile.  So  serious 
became  the  discontent  that  the  project  had  to  be  mod- 
ilied,'-  and  since  JJazaine  showed  little  desire  to  effect 

*  I A-eii  Marqnoz,  Mcjia,  and  Vicario,  \vitli  0.000,  S/JTO.  anil  1,870  uicii  lo- 
F]ii'i'livLly,  in  Mijlioai':iii,  San  Luis  rotosi,  ainl  soiitli  Mu\ico,  wvw  cliictly 
tiij.ii:iHl  ill  hoKlin;,'  tlioir  gioujul.  For  a  (Uainhiuiou  ot  liic  rest,  sue  A  (ou:, 
Aj/i'/.  (la  Max.,  ~tM. 

"Or  nearly  so.     'J1ic  last  dotacliincnt  arrived  May  .">,  iMio, 

'"  Luiuling  at  Ori/alia  to  a  bluuily  tuciumter  and  jiiinislmient  of  Mexican 
viiiter.-i  wIiIlIi  liiiLrered  in  their  lucmory.  A  ]5el!_'ian  n  Icmrl  liein;,'  [ilaeed  over 
lii.ulier  Mexican  i)llieers  in  Miciioacan,  remnnstrani'cs ensued  leailinL!  to  counter- 
oiili.T.s.  Tlic  l>el;iians  in  tlitir  turn  rut"'cd  to  subiiii;  Lo  Ml  ^i.;uns.  (  iianyea 
an  1  concessions  iiad  to  lie  made  ail  .\,und.  ISee  Lvjtrrc,  Doc.  Jlaxiiniiiami, 
ii.  '.'.".I,  etc.;  JJu»ie,i('r/i,  llisl.  Jle.r.,  iii.  ;U7. 

'' i>y  decree  of  Xov.  7,  ISUI,  with  Bubdc(iueut  modifications.  J/r.i*.,  Cut. 
L''j.  Jiiiji..  iv.  l.'!;i-lS. 

'-Scvi'ial  |>ronuncianiientos  vero  among  the  iiatuial  frature-,  /.'irira,  Ili.-f. 
JnLy  V.  (iliO,  and  a  numher  of  nien  jniiieil  tlic  i'e|iulili''an.s  at  iiU'-e.  'J'he  jiro- 
jfif  wouhl  have  aniounled  to  a  disbandnient  of  the  forces  on  lu'ljiiiary  l.st, 
wilii  a  gradual  reorguuizatiou  alter  llie  models  to  he  formed,     i'or  details,  see 


X'     i 


i"iiii 


1,-4 


MAX  I. MIL!  AX  IX  MEXICO. 


!:!;'-)i' 


it,"  tlit>  task  was  iiiti'Ustcd  to  tlie  Austrian  L^oiieial. 
Dv  'I'liiiii,  hut  with  so  little  cooperatit)!!  us  to  yield  im 
results."  ]\IaNiiniliaii  never  appreciated  the  aiiuy. 
and  its  discontent  diminished  both  his  estimation  ainl 
faith,  causing  him  to  rely  more  and  more  on  his  Au>- 
ti'ians,  to  tlie  disgust  of  both  ^Ii-xicans  and  Freiicli.'' 
Jlis  neii'lect  to  inci'ease  the  ^lexican  forces  created 
ncjt  alone  susj)ieion  and  ill-will,  bat  obliged  the  de- 
fenceless towns  Irom  fear  of  I'etaliation  to  favor  tli<' 
Juarists,  thir^  adding  another  strong  encouragement 
lor  the  guerrilla. "^ 

While  awaiting  the  result  of  the  labor  by  diii'ereiit 
connnissions  eiiLi'au'ed  in  ])roiects  for  the  reoriianizatiou 
of  the  [(ublic  departments,  Maximilian  decided  upon 
a  tour  into  the  interior,  to  present  himself  to  the  j)eo- 
])le  and  accjuire  personal  knowledge  of  the  country. 


m 


tlio  orLraiiic  l;i\v  of  tlr 


.1/ 


'•oL   Ln/.   I, 


V 


(Iccri 


in  Miix 


nj>.,  iv.  '-'7  i-'t  soq.; 


lS(it,  Oli-ISJ,  jiiisqiil,  1 


/.('./.,  isii-t,  7iJ-o,  liis-i),  ■_':;()-.->;  Id. 


juanii''  oil 


P''y. 


uiurtiiil,  (-•tc 


;iy 


;ui(l  torliKl'iui''  till 


]i;iivIi;iso  ly  oiLizcn.s  <il  soiilitTs'  anus  ami  t'lotliiii;.',  iiml  tlio  iiicurj 


loraiioii  I 


if 


ln'iMjiiL'is  ot  war  into  tlic  ai'iny, 


I'liu  latli.T,  so  coiniuoii  a  loatui'( 


waw  a 


tt(M'u;iril  allowL'J. 


tc'it  ami  [11 
Mi 


uireil  lovu-'S  liumg  su!i[ir(jss 


M 


roriii'iiiL,'  poor  s( 


Hi  ereat  n.L,'  disc 


old  I'  V: 


rL'coiiiiiit'iHU'il  const  riiitioii; 


Irit 


iximiiian  IraiHi,'  that  this  wotil 


not 


answer  in 


M 


;in: 


isH  ti'i'lin,',  the  111! 


iiuty 


L'Xico,  with  i;s  cas'.cs 


V.lJl 


'vsteni  was  nsivl  to  some  extent,  es'.ieei; 
1   f. 


tlie  rural  v;"aril,  and  also  the  deiiiaiid   tor  liiiuiiei|ialities  to  snpii'y  ;i  e.'Vliiia 


inimlier  of  men. 


'J'iit 


l.O'Oiii  iimn'ier,  of  whom  alKjiit 


e  new  anny  was  to  emiiraee  a  le'^imi  of  gendarmes,  ovii' 


hall  v.ei 


e  to  l>c  l-renul 


1,  at  a  liiu.i  paj'  " 


objectioiial lie  feature  to  Mexeans,  as  /ainaeois,  ll'i^t.  Mdj.,  xvii.  tsl!(,  ol 


Aihlitioiial  sourees  for  remilations  and  eoinments,  in  I/fiiii,  Qh 


\S--li;  !)• 


rh,  J/i 


.)/. 


i.".n-7!!;  !«//'■,  r 


•«;/'  )•■ 


}/r 


(;7-S!);  JJi 


I 


1-J, 'JS,  .Jiiiio  10,  Sejit.  S),   Dec. -Ja.  '2(i,    rui.'),  etc.;  l}nll:)i-k''x  M' 


iii/i 


.1,, 


J):i 


O'lirui/ht'f  lliir.,   1    "JS:  Ai'd'n 


minister;   /V(/),    !' 


elii.  pt  ."). 


T 


(/-•  7,s'o 
le    iia 


I--J1 


witli  ehaiyes  aixainsl  war 


V  al.- 


so  receivi.'( 


I  at 


leiitioii, 


d- 


wlioUv  on   paper.   J/(i.»:.,   Vol.   Liif.    Iniii.^  iii.  1-4,  '27-08;  JJiirio  Iiuji.,  Xov, 
"  ~    IS;'-."). 

Althonuh  lie  had  liotli  force  and  aliility  to  do  so,  .says  .a  l''reiic-h  o'licir, 


lie  eonlined  himself  to  1)1 


imui'. 


the  Mexieai 


ithorities  for  tliei 


Th 


h 


icrse'.f  write 


learly  on  this  jioint.  See  Jh 


ir  oiiiiosiuoii. 


null  II 


,■■/,.  //;-/. 


l2Sl-.").     Tin:  distribution  of  medals  did  not  serve  to  eonciiiate  tl 


A II  nil 


Orih 


'111  his  An-iiiii  (.liffhleii  in  .Vex..  .Sehonovsky  sIkiws  tliat  the  larj 


of  Austriaiis  w 


ere  raw  ami  univUaiile 


portion 
Italians 
Vohiiil.  Ij'i'tis,  tl.VlOL'.      See  also />/■ 


inelmliiiL'  I'oles,  11'. 


Uel. 


laiis  lormul  a 


Mard  of  honor  to  the  empress.    II, 


I. 


10,  Dec.   I,  1S(U. 
'  Uinnlilie.ans  eonime 


"/'■ 


111. ."),  I'.i,  I  Ml).: 


/' 


i./.  ijii'' 


iteil  liopefiiUy  on  this  ne^jleeLand  on  the  resohitii 


not  to  ineivase  tlie  stationary  foi-i'i!-:,  tiiercliv  renderiiiL;  sterilf  the  vietoii'S 


achieved, 
alas,  Iti.vlitii 


A: 


s  nil  sneno  iiiia^^iua! 
iii.  'Sio, 


le  bastarau  ."{0,000  lumbrus,' says  \'A 


')■'  ii  ■■■ 


rATrj;;Ts  i);:n,.\;;i::) 


:;-iTS. 


]'c. 


][.■  .set  out  on  the  lOlli  ol' Au_l;us|  IVoiii  ('li;i|»i;Ui'j)cc', 
\,  lii'i'c  he  then  residcii,  le;i\in^'  the  empress  in  char^o 
(  !'  .iirairs.  The  I'oiitt;  lay  through  ( >iiei'e'i,aro  into 
( iuaiiajualo,  piihhe  otiices  and  inst itul ions,  industr'ial 
islalthshmeiits,  and  jdaees  of  inti'i'est.  heiiiL;'  visited  in 


all   inlornial   inannei 


Appointments  weie  niai 
1 


le  of 


]  leh'cts   and   nnnoi'  othcials,  and   auchences  i^ran 
>i('ptend)er  IGth  was  appropriately  eelebrati'd  at  l)o- 
loirs,   (he  ciadle  of  indepciuh'nee,  the   enijteror  in  a 


licei 


h   lauding  the  heroes  of  that  epoidi. 


Ih 


re- 


lumed to  ]\Ie\ieo  at  the  elosc  of  Oeloher,  hy  way  of 
.Viclioaean,  convineed  "that  the  enijiiie  was  a  fact, 
lirinly  based  on  the  iVee-will  of  an  innnensci  majority  of 
the  nation,"  and  that  this  majority  anxiously  demanded 


iieace  and 


JUStl 


ee. 


11 


rs  tlutv  heniLf  to  <>rant  this  d 


ire  and  to  [)i'oteet  the  people,  he  could   no  longer  re- 
in indulgent  to  the  i)oliLical  adversaries  who  used 
lianner  mendy  as  a  pretence  for  r(.)hbing  and  killing. 


ria 


ami 


)idered   that  all    armed   hand 


s  overrunnni!'' 


tl 


le 


)untiy  and  creating  disorder  and   desolation  should 
l)e  ix'garded  as  bandits,  and  subjected  to  the  inexor- 


iw, 


able  severity  of  the  L 

In  this  document  are  revealed  two  mistakes  of  ^lax- 
iiiiilian:  lirst,  in  allowing  himself  to  be  deceived  by 
eiiihusiasm,  evoked  partly  by  flattered  ciu'iusity,  pailly 


hV  o 


ilicial 


nron 


ipt 


111 


o' 


am 


I  al 


onu'  a  narrow   cncuit   nt 


I'.vjiiii'ations   to  i-Lceivo    liiiii   lieiiig  forhiililon,  so  ;is  li^it  to  ImnUn  tlic 


I>ro|, 


c,  \\  ho  s 


till  felt  tlic  clFcct  (if  the 


Mr 


Holt  till  1,111.,  I^(i4,  !K) 


.liM>l 


oasfi 


At  (^hu'i'i  taro  tlio  absence  of  the  iiisliop  iliiriiig  siu'li  a  time  i 

iiiiliiiu  lii'^'li'.y.  Lf'/crri',  Doc.   M<i.c'niiUhiii<<,  i.  4;]7-40.     Intlainmatinii  n 


1  M; 


f  t! 


tliioat  (li. 


I  lliu  eiinjuror  for  a  wliilu  in  the  ininin.i,' stau,  as  di'l  the  \ku\ 


luail.s  ami  rainy  Wi'atiuT  tlirongiioiit  tlie  jmirni'y. 

'■"  Who  liail  iflcastd  the  oountrv  from  cenliuios  of  scrfiloni.     The  <(in.st'rva- 


tivcs  li:ii(llv  liliitl  either  alll 


anil  wiiters  with  Spanisli  tendencies,  liko 


/^itnueois  ami  Airan^oi/,  declaimed  atrainst  that  ot  .'■  [lanish  desi)otis!n.     At 


M. 


tlie  i 


ounilaU(in-j 


iastead  of   the  ( 


mo  iii'onii: 


tone  was  laid  fi 
icd   for  the  cr 


monument  to  the  ind 


/; 


L<!i.,  1S(14,  :{i---»,  io;)-Ki. 


ipri 


Ue 


(  piiiilenei'i 


ecrees  ot   eniperoi,  ni 


.1/. 


nail 


tary  and  civil  oliiiials  were  oi-cK 


tlic.a.   Dei 


;;i.iisio:is 


of  \. 

to  this  deci 


:f,  lSii4.    Mti 


JJo/ifi 


ind  to  the  tour  mav  lie 


to  pcrsecnte  ami  ainiilulate 

l,s(;4,   IhS-i).     fiirlher 

d  in  L'l  Voz  </-'  .Vij..  Oct. 


L 


'■■\  I^ii4.  etc.;  I'lriod.  0/i'<'.,  An;,'.  ISth,  and  tollow  Iul;  niiinlKTs.     (ieii.  Vahuz 


1' 


d  at  the  s.ime  time  to  ins)iect  t  he  frontiei' departnients.    ,l/i' 


llnl, 


lst!4,  );U;  Id.,  C„l.  L 
ISot. 


(//.,  J6lj;}-7,  ii.  lo7;  Aiinlx-',  dtl  l\ 


1;>C 


MAXIMILIAN  IN  MEXICO. 


tlio  centre  of  the  country;  second,  in  taking  so  extreme 
a  measure  as  to  treat  |)atriotic  opponents  as  bandits. 
He  may  liavo  assumed  the  sincerity  of  popular  alle- 
giance in  order  to  find  an  excuse  for  the  firmness 
/n'cessaiy  to  success.  However  that  may  be,  he  had 
bitterly  to  rue  the  step.  Aware  of  the  lawless  pro- 
ceedings of  many  guerrillas,  and  the  reflection  cast 
thereby  upon  his  own  party,  Juarez  had  taken  strict 
measures  to  check  them,  and  with  promising  results, 
so  as  to  gradually  regain  popular  favor,  with  a  conse- 
quent reaction  in  behalf  of  his  daring  bauds.'^'* 


I  I. 


'i 


I'WM 


No  less  serious  was  the  hostility  evoked  by  his  at- 
titude toward  the  church.  Aware  of  the  liberal  ten- 
dencies of  Maximilian  and  the  aim  of  Naj)()leon,  tlio 
])ope  had  preferred  to  await  developments  ratlur 
than  [)rccipitate  aflairs  by  means  leading  to  a  speedy 
settlement.  He  was  accordingly  reminded  that  meas- 
ures would  have  to  be  taken  independent  of  him  un- 
less a  representative  was  sent.^^  The  result  was  tho 
arrival  in  December  of  a  nuncio  in  the  person  of  jMoii- 
signore  Meglia,-'^  bearer  of  a  letter  from  the  pontilf 
with  complaints  of  Maximilian's  neglect  to  redress 
the  wrongs  of  the  church,  as  promised  by  him  whili' 
at  llome,^^  and  now  asking  him  to  revoke  the  laws 
which  had  been  oppressing  it,  to  reorganize  ecclesiastic 

'"'  f(l.  Ariaiigoiz  alluJes  to  Maximilian's  assumption  of  wido  adherence  as 
Miieiora  cfeoto  vn  Euiopa.'  .1/'./..  iii.  "J.'il.  lie  also  picks  up  a  trivial  incident 
at  Toliica  as  indicating  growing  unpopul.irity;  but  omits  to  state  that  iln; 
leccption  at  Mexico  was  everything  that  could  lie  desired.  The  E.-i'rrlla  il'' 
(Jo-id. ,  May  'J7,  lSli4,  already  relates  tlie  execution  of  three  guerrilla  chiefs  1  ir 
robberies  by  Jiiarist  generals.  The  mistake  was  made  by  French  coininamlei.-? 
in  several  ])laccs  of  imposing  lines  or  eontributiims  on  neutral  land  pnjprietm  s, 
V  ho  naturally  feared  to  openly  espouse  a  cause  that  exposed  them  to  tliu 
vengeauec  of  another. 

^'  'I'his  reminder  was  dated  July  22d. 

^'  Archbishop  of  Damascus  in  /arlibus.  Ho  reached  Vera  Crnz  Nov.  20th, 
and  the  capital  on  Dec.  7th.  Although  received  with  great  distinction,  sa\s 
Arrangoiz,  he  was  kejit  isolated  from  Mexic-ms,  and  'en  ninguna  parte. .  .^e 
hicieran  dcmostraciones oficiales.'  J)/<j.,  iii.2;i4;  La  Vozde  J/e/.,  July  iS,  1>M. 

^  After  signing  the  French  convention,  it  is  not  likely  that  MaximiHiiii 
made  any  deliuite  ])romises,  although  he  may  have  lett  impressions,  and  t-o 
his  minister  declared  to  the  ni;:icio;  yet  Arrangfuz  and  other.'  insrist  that  ilio 
earlier  promises  at  Miramare  wei'e  strong;  '  prcjuietio  el  re.stablecimiento  cuui- 
pleto  del  catolicismo,  con  sua  coniuiiiehidea  r^ligio.sas.'  JVij.,  iii.  2C:i-3. 


THE  rOPFS  NUNCIO. 


157 


affairs  with  the  cooperation  of  the  hiiiliops,  to  siir^  lin 
the  Roman  reH<jjion  cxchisivoly,  to  reci-^tahhsh  iunl 
icor<,fanize  tlic  rcli^'ious  orders,  to  protect  the  ])ati'i- 
iiiony  of  tlic  church,  to  let  pubhc  and  private  in- 
struction be  directed  and  guarded  hv  ecclusiastie 
authorities,  and  to  Hberatc  the  church  from  depend- 
ence on  civil  powers.*^ 

In  rejily,  ^laximilian  declared  that  duty  and  con- 
pcicnco  would  direct  his  measures.  As  a  basis  for 
arranr]jenient,  he  [troposed  reli'j^ious  tolerance,  yet  with 
special  protection  for  the  catholic  faith  as  the  state 
I'cliijfion;  the  expenses  of  the  latter  to  be  defrayed  by 
tht;  ])ublic  treasury,  the  clergy  hc'uyjf  supported  like 
civil  servants,  and  grantinj^  free  ministration  to  the 
p(,'()plo;  the  church  to  cede  to  the  government  all  the 
revenue  from  projierty  which  had  been  di-clarcd  na- 
tional during  republican  rule;  the  emperor  and  his 
successors  to  enjoy  rights  equivalent  to  those  con- 
ceded from  the  American  church  to  the  kings  of  Spain  ; 
conditions  U)  be  arranged  for  restoring  orders,  for  clei'- 
ical  jurisdiction,  and  cemeteries;  civil  registry  to  be 
];e[)t,  where  deemed  desirable,  by  priests  acting  as 
civil  functionaries.^'^ 

The  nuncio  answered  that  he  had  no  power  to  deal 
with  other  questions  than  those  indicated  in  the  papal 
letter,-'"  the  prospect  of  countenancing  Juare//  laws 
being  wholly  unexpected.  lie  nuist  confer  with  the 
^  atiean.  JNIaxiiiiilian  declared  that  he  c(uild  not  sub- 
mit the  course  of  justice  and  the  interests  of  the  peo- 

"Tliis  oinbr.ncod  entire  fi-podoin  for  l)isliop<j  in  thrir  pa<;tornl  duties,  .ind 
proliiljiiiciii  ot'  false  teaciiinL'S.  It  lias  l.ofii  iissiuiicil  in  some  (jnartcrs,  I'm- 
I  "la,  Jli<t.  Mij.,  \')\.  etc.,  that  a  threat  was  lielj  out  in  case  of  uon-coinpli- 
aiicf;  but  this  is  only  supposition. 

• '  I'arisliioners  w  ere  to  be  libcrateil  from  every  fee,  tithe,  or  otlicr  enioln- 
iiiunt.  Tlio  pontiff  to  desiLrn.ite  in  acct)rd  with  the  emperor  wluit  orders 
plmuld  be  ree.-lablislied,  liow  to  subsist,  ete. ;  exisliri,'^  eonunnnitifs  to  remain, 
hut  not  to  reeiive  noviees  until  conditions  were  settleil.  'I'he. civil  registry 
clause  was  iiKidilied  bj' decree  of  J)ec.  KS,  ISti."),  requiring  catholics  to  ful 111 
duireji  olilii.Mtions  ere  suhmittinj,'  to  tiie  civil  niari'iaye  rito. 

vi.  l>ietending  that  such  demands  were  startling  after  the  promises  held  out 
l.y  Maximilian:  yit  when  ))ressed,  he  declari.'d  tolerance  contrary  to  tlie  doc- 
truies  (jt  the  church  and  to  the  sentiments  of  the  Mexicans,  who  were  all 
cathilics;  the  clergy  as  well  as  ])e(ip!e  would  look  with  horror  on  support 
fruni  the  treasury,  preferring  the  charity  of  the  faithful. 


'  f 

\  ■     ;  i   ."    H 

i  ■  wSk  ' 

1.-8 


MAXnriTJAN  IX  .MEXICO, 


¥  I 


N'h' 


])lo  to  sucli  cl(!l;i3'.s,  and  ordered  liis  Tiiiiiistcr  to  proceed 
with  tli(>  i'evi,;ion  of  church  [)ro|)crty  sales  in  accord- 
ance with  tl  e  laws  under  which  they  had  tak(  ii 
|)lace.-'  Sev(;ral  prelates  joined  the  archhishop  in 
loud  protest,  only  to  receive  a  sharj)  re[)riinand  tVoin 
the  sovcrcMgn,'-"  and  the  luuif^'hty  nuncio  was  silenced 
by  the  observation  that,  while  ^[axiinilian  as  mcnibii' 
of  the  christian  community  inclined  submissively  be- 
fore the  spiritual  authority  of  the  [)0[)e,  as  emperoi', 
representinL;;  ^Mexican  soverei<4nty,  ho  recognized  un 
])ower  superior  to  his  own,*'  This  put  a  stop  to 
further  connnunications;  and  the  nuncio  soon  aftci' 
took  his  leave,"^  preceded  by  a  connnission  whicli 
should  seek  to  form  an  amicable  arranirenient  with 
the  holy  see.^^ 

Meanwhile  the  government  hastened  to  carry  out 
the  policy  outlined,  by  issuing  a  decree  for  religious 
freedom,  ordering  the  council  of  state  to  revise  tin; 
nationalization  of  church  estates,  confirmin-jf  sjiles 
legally  made,  and  subjecting  bulls  to  government 
ap[)roval  ere  they  could  be  issued.''-^ 

"  Ratifying  all  that  sccnu'd  legal,  ami  with  tolerance  principles.  Letter  it 
Dec.  'J7,  lS(it. 

-"Tlicy  knew  not  what  agreement  he  had  made  with  the  pontifT;  the  lit- 
ter hail  lu'cn  warnt'tl  i,Ire;uly  i.i  July  tD  .send  an  e(rL'ctiv('  icprescntativc,  iii:  1 
here  eauio  a  nuni'io  witliout  powe!';  he  could  nut  await  tlic  slow  procccdin  * 
of  the  Vatican.     Tlic  Ijishopa  h;,d  heen  nicddlin;,'  too  much  in  jioliiics,  aa  i 

wci-c  nci;!ectinL;  duty  hy  stayin;  awi.y  from  their  dioceses.     Tliej-  had  a  ^' I 

cxciiso  lor  absence  in  the  lac!;  of  pi'olection  f;om  the  .Jnarists. 

"*  Tile  nuncio  had  declared  th:!  pa;ial  superiority  .supreini!  in  tlio  matte:-. 

^  '  lie  iiroce<'lcil  to  the  Central  Aiiieric. in  republica,  tlicre  to  .".wait  ord' : -i 
fro;n  K  i;;ie.  lie  cmliarlied  at  \'er:i  Cruz  .June  "Jd,  receiviii'.;  every  attenti  i. 
For  detail.s  conccridu'.;  l.i.s  mission,  see  LjVvrr,  Doc.  Ma.rhitUiai:o,  ii.  ,")-.';.'; 
Zmiit'-ul-i,  //isf.  .l/cy'.,  xvii.  4!)1  etse;i.;  and  Avrainjoh,  ulnsup.,  wlierein  .';l' 
churcli  is  upheld.  Xiox  ta!:es  a  sensihlo  middle  conr.--.e  \n  Kx;i6l.  dtt  Jfi\, 
liU'-U):).  See  al.so  ]>,r,n<'iii rh,  lilt.  Mi.v.,\\\.'iy,\'d;  Vallr,  Vmirro  M,.:, 
117—!-.  Testory's  defence  of  Maxinnlian's  policy  in  fiitji.  y  (  Irro,  'S.\-\\. 
Counter-ar'.'iimcnts  in  /'/.,  Oh-^rrv.  Kohri',  1—17;  liu.ytitiiutiilc,  Citu'ro  Pati'.'ir  •>, 
S-IO.'l;  Arrtllii[iay(Jli.-i(  rr..  1-G7,  1-S7;  Piaart  ('oil.;  (JniHU'dvi,  E.i']io-<.,'.\  :'.h 

^'  It  consisted  of  the  plastic  \"ela::(|Ut  z  de  Lcnn,  tlie  onI\  Hn<l  noiui:)  1 
conservative  in  the  cabinet;  Joaijuin  iJerjor.ado,  a  hiwj'cr  with  repul)iic;;:i 
pi'iiiciples,  like  his  father,  tin;  late  .luarist  general,  and  Piisiiop  rkaniirc  f 
Tamaidiiias,  ap;iointed  imperial  almoni.rin  .luly,  M<'.r..  B'lliti,}  Lc;/..  1SC4.  ■'.', 
whom  Arranu'oi/  terms  an  i^;nor;int  Indian,  serving' with  his  oflieeto  givel  i:.o 
to  tlie  connnission,  'i'iiey  embarl;rd  i:i  rd).  following.  Minist'.'r  A;,'iii'  i' 
wrote  from  Home  in  Mareli  expressing  faint  hope  for  any  arrangement,  /. '• 
/ci'rc,  ]_):)!■.  .)l(u-imUiinio,\\.  "J  >-',(. 

"-"riie  latter  decree  was  iisued  in  time  to  stop  the  publication  of  an  euty- 


UB  ;I: 


Bis.UTi:cTrox  or  rin:  cuuncu. 


8ii,,-I 
;•'';;•'•  >y^'ar,le,|   itself",;;'] 


,  ,     ,  'IOC  Mil  to  111, I 


m 


t"  tlio  tl 

';isc.s  on  which  (I 


ll'OIIO. 


tri 


iniK 


an 


^'-'<;nhoch(nrh   I 
'«t  tlio  Juari'.sts.      7 


'<'  <'iii[)iro 


"tter  the  party 


"^•'",i,'-/-xaJtc.<l   .Afaxinn) 


;'^  y'K.rn  contrary  to  tl 
had  hf(.n  oj-,.,.f,..i   // 


laii 


'<'"i,i,'-  tho  c-!i"t.f 


'*'"  f'-wtecl,  tl 


lu 


.  t'H!  inain- 


'X'ts  wvis  to 


o 


I'ca.son  for  w 


I'l"':>vc"   their  iund 


w 


i;;;;  ,;„'■;:::  "''"."-gnWic.  J  tl 


:ir 


iiiKMital 


-'iriiu.'.s  of  (/,t 


;:;  ;r;;,':'::"':'i'';^'"r -i.i..i, ,; 


i<-'ii-  can 


Sl' 


an> 


'"•^'''^•'1  that  tl 


^■'"|.n-o  u-crc-  ivr],t 


^.aj)oI 
iiiaii(|,.(l  th 


(Oil,    wh 


'^'  V"'P'^"^'  I'ad  I 


111" 


it 


"'  national 


'^■^o    vjcu-s  and 


•-■■^o  (MiactniciH 


*  .""""7;'  '^'^  ^■xrcedin-  tj 


ts.      Tho  tol 


'^'''"  ^''-t'ato.livallvi 
'"••tonal    interests'  d 


'.y 


<'i-ance  deei 


''"'-'i™--' It  u-.,;;i,;':'!;:':L"'':'i''^''"^  •■'■'' 


ce  Avus 


:^'tueen  tho  races  of  t] 


tv  t( 


)  ca.s 


•to  d'lii 


'o  country,  and 


on: 


^' ^'"iy  stron.r  bond 


^■■'^^^''•niination.      Wind 


^;neesU.atnii^htJcad 


^;ivo  an  inten- 


ts 


'^   in    accord   u-itJi    tl 


'  a  \^•ar  of 
^•cner;d 


•'^•tion  so  nholl'^J    V^^^^^ 
!"-'<'-lthatits^.-f^^":;""'.^^'l^^''^-tin   itself 


■"xiod  that  it,^ 
I'ostrieted   t 


lor  a 


'  ■^""   to  pronioi 
o    cn-v,,i;,.,:.  ..•  , 


;;  '«'so  not  to  see  1 


co-reli"'i 


'^'  I'nmigration  should 


Ji''"TaI  'u\ 


iU 


xv 


,cas,  and  that  tl 


'"\\'  irresistihl 


onists.      Tl 


'0   coiiscrvativ 


^'  ^vas  the  ad 


VH 


TIk,  cl 


"';'y«-ab,.i';'!;™-;r;?'""^",<;""''i 


-'■;0' were  .stirred  to  actLutll,; 


^'  iiievitahle.^^ 
wtilitv 


vaiice  o 
J^erve   t 


4 


(J 


M-   ,,  — .' >  nienaciii'r 


-""SI  sv- 1SVS'£ '^^^^^^^^^ 

"'■"."  '  "^-  of  I.SU,-..   K  -  J  "  '■■^  ■™'"^»  of  the  .lee roc      '^l'"Y^'''^'  '■si'cd.IIy 


160 


MAXIMILIAN  IN  MrXICO. 


Ifr 


tho  ercduloiiB  ■with  tlie  angor  of  tho  cliun.li,  ami 
usiiii^  other  moans  that  created  a  \vi(U}-s[)read  IVu'lin'^ 
at^'aliist  tlio  oin])ire,  and  coiisequenily  hi  I'avor  of  tliu 
rc'j)ublicans."'  Tlio  emperor  wa«  (hiven  hy  bent  as 
\voll  an  circumstances  toward  the  liberals,  yt;t  I'ailini:,^ 
to  gain  more  than  tho  lukewarm  adherence  of  a  small 
fraction,  the  gn-at  majority  being  repelled  by  the  cle- 
iiiontH  sustaining  him,  and  enraged  by  reason  of  every 
step  taken  by  him  in  securing  bis  own  interest. 
^Moreover,  while  missing  the  main  party,  tho  repub- 
licans, and  losing  his  own,  ho  was  even  estranging 
himself  from  the  French,  by  whom  the  throne  was 
u[)held. 

The  conmiission  to  Rome  had  not  succeeded  in 
effecting  anything,  as  might  have  been  expected  aflir 
the  independent  and  radical  enactments  of  ])Juxiiiii!- 
ian,'"  and  intercourse  was  practically  broken  off,  ^liii- 

'*7n  tho  French  journal  L'EMcfelle,  at  Mexico,  Sopt.  21,  ISO  I,  nnd  suIikc- 
qiieiit  ilutca,  iii'c  ^,'iviii  somewhat  colored  accounts  if  Innibloj  v.iAi  cliuixli 
iiroiiorty  IioMlts  in  I'ucbla.  In  Lr/cvir,  Doc.  M'lxuiiiiiaiin.i.  .". 'J, 'l.'!.j-7,  nrc 
insUincea  of  prics'i.;i  withholding  tlio  sacrament  to  compel  obcdiunco  ti  tlitir 
wi.slius.     Maximilian  wag  accused  of  k;l  liii;,'  journals  rail  nj^aim^t  tho  tic  r,"'/. 

'■"Tho  commission  arrived  at  Romo  in  April;  and  aUhou';li  tho  pope  c  'ii- 
Bidercd  it  noUiin^;  liut  pro[ier  to  ignore  it,  in  \icw  of  tliu  step.!  taken  to  c:iriy 
out  t!ic  \ei'y  mea-iures  .'uihmittcd  lor  consiilcration,  yet  a  conciliatoryatti.il  lo 
v.as  decided  upon.  Minister  Aguilar  understood  lliia  to  ho  dao  to  i'rcneii  i,i- 
lliicncc,  uhieli  suayed  not  witli  love,  for  tho  pope  knew  AVell  t!ie  .source  I'jr 
Mexican  church  policy.  On  .July  (!th  wa3  issued,  not  an  aniwcr  to  the  mo- 
moiial  presented,  for  that  could  not  bo  entertained,  liut  a  fewf^enerid  consid- 
erations upon  llio  course  of  tho  aiiostolic  Kco  with  rc;,'ard  to  such  proposal'. 
It  stood  charL^cd  by  (lod  to  sustain  tho  church,  not  to  destroy,  and  owed  it  tJ 
tho  faithful  to  disapprove  everything  hostile  to  catholic  interests  iuu\  priiiii- 
pics.  Maximilian  had  been  called  uiion  to  repair  the  ills  RuU'cred  by  iiio 
church,  inst^'ad  of  which  he  had  undertaken  to  encroach  still  further  up'  u  iti 
timedionoicd  claims.  Its  principles  permitted  no  civil  intcrl'erenco  witli  itj 
rights.  Tlic  aulliority  of  Spanish  kings,  colonial  patronage,  nnd  other  nrit'er 
had  been  usurped  or  extorted,  and  could  not  l)o  viehled  to  Maximilian;  nur 
the  restriction  of  ecclcsiastio  tribunals  to  spiritual  affairs.  It  was  lacpo.^tir- 
oiis  to  surrender  to  the  government  all  ccclesiasticid  jiropcrty,  ineludiiig  .-.ay 
future  acquirements,  and  to  enslave  tho  cler;.'y,  as  dependent.^  on  the  stai ',  by 
letting  them  accept  its  bounty  like  civil  ofTicials.  After  demanding  of  tlmii 
nil  these  material  sacriliccs,  v,  ithout  the  least  odor  of  eompentjation  for  prop- 
erty already  alienated,  they  were  further  expected  to  abandon  titlics,  fees, 
nnd  alms.  '  Tiio  faithful  should  at  least  be  permitted  to  recognize  with  pi  ;u.-i 
ofTorings  tho  extraordinary  privileges  whicii  they  rcc;'ivc  from  tho  aposLnlij 
ministration  of  their  pastors,'  such  as  'marriage  .nnd  other  acts  of  grace  ;.iul 
favor.'  Tho  abscnco  is  noted  of  any  allusion  to  episcopal  right  of  free  iiit.f- 
c:nn'sewie!i  tho  holy  see,  of  supervising  education, '>f  censoisliip  over  ini;  io;i3 
or  innnoral  books,  etc.  In  conclusion,  tho  Mexican  cler;ry  and  [leople  ate  ex- 
horted to  resist  cncroachmeut,  declaring  that  the  lirmnessof  sacred  pabtuib  m 


"  .va  pn 
•  '''/•'//■/(,/■■ 
,  ■■•lla.  i^, 
''man,  alii 
•"'"in,  tho  li 
•^hi(iii,l,  ivp 
Kniiiiido  i\j 
'iceid,  ,1  PVui 
;ny  IMJO.     1 

"I'iKiiiitnient 
'•ill,  wlio  was 
''"  '''I,  acting 
,^'"11  eoinitric 
i'liilicyandC 
','  eoiiiiiicrcc 
J.-'i-andnii  J,el 

'  ""itCiuidoi 

'  ''-'"I'lK'il  Nca 

•>i'ir(juis  do  la 

P''''ircd  I'epi'c.'-e 

'■■"'';  iJiKs-ia,  ii 

|"-Vlb(Mi., 

"Hiad  tluToii 

"''"'••^t''rsabro;i 

f'<U'UO  fur  ex 

'';"'^ '"  •l/c.v., 

■'^^•■,  JJoU/in  J 


*>  i) 


DTAZ  A\D  URAOA. 


lei 


i-tiT  Acruilar  liaviii''  round  it  nccessiirv  io  iiifdrniMlK' 
iiirc.  aViraii^oiz,  ii  stout  couservativc,  liMstciicd  to 
1  -i'^ii  liis  uiissiou  to  the  courts  of  iMiijflaiKl,  l]('l;^iuiu, 
,iiiil  llollaiid  for  the  sauio  reason,'"' yet  ri-latioiis  with 
ihrso  countries  reniainetl  aniicahlu,  as  they  (\'u\  with 
other  Kuropoun  status,  nearly  all  of  which  had  recog- 
nized ihe  empire."' 

The  year  18G4  had  continued  to  brinj^  (Hsastor  on 
tlie  Juarlsts.  Only  two  res[>ectal)]e  armies  u[)lu'id 
their  liaiiners,  untU-r  Diaz  in  the  soutli,  and  under 
l'i;iL;a  in  Jalisco.  The  rest  of  their  adiierents  weio 
liKiken  u[)  into  yucrrilla  bands,  or  little  better,  wa<.;in;^' 
;iii  unsnec<r^srul  contest  in  nearly  every  province.  In 
Mexico,  jtiva  J^dacio  claimed  a  certain  advantr.L;*., 
(iiilv  to  lose  it  in  3richopr>on       And  elsewhere  defeat 


oriiiciil  tiinrs  would  attract  tlu;  Mossings  of  heaven.  Arrangoiz,  Mi'j..  iii.  -S2- 
W,  li;;:!'.',!!,  who  givi'.j  this  (juc.-iliou  lu  null  .space,  uontcnl3  hiiiiself  mainly  willi 
i!:;i:\  lUu'in^j;  the  text  of  (locunieuts.  Zaiiiacoia  indulges  in  \L'ri)osi;  new. simper 
ui'{,ininnt,s  (if  .1  n.itiiie  utterly  opposed  to  the  tuiti-cleiieal  essay,  /-.Y  Inijujilo  // 
(/ '  V;v<,  |iy  the  Fiencjh  chaplain  Testory. 

^".Va  presented  in  ii  si rong  letter  to  Maximilian  disapproving  his  jioliey. 
Ari'!'ii:i(j'r:.  M<J..  iii.  '2:»'_*,  jqi.  oti.   ilellections  tiiereon  hy  Aguilar,  Uojhx.,  1-I(J. 

"' 'i'he  i'liiL'lisli  and  liel^dan  mission  wa.s  now  divided  lietween  Col  J.  .M. 
iHnan,  a  liluial,  and  late  assistnnt  secretary  of  war,  and  Mai<iuis  de  ( 'orio,  (,f 
.Aiiliin,  the  latter  sent  ti)  JJelgi'.nu.  Aguilar  was  traiisferi'ed  from  Homo  to 
Miuliid,  lipUiiing  Col  I'lan.  I'i.eio,  who  had  caused  dissatisfaction  in  MiNicn. 
I'lViiando  ,^Ian;:illo  was  .sent  to  Li:ibon.  Uidalyo  had  also  ollVnded  with  his 
ilcciilid  French  ideas,  and  siuumoiied  home  from  Pari.?,  he  re»i;;ned  in  Fchni- 
my  iMJti.  The  Vatican  had  been  given  additional  cause  for  liiLti-inc^s  by  the 
"I'jiiiintMient  of  ii  representative  at  'I'urin,  in  the  i>crsonof  (Ii'i'gorio  Uarjimlia- 
niii,  wliov.as  now  transl'ci'red  to  Vienna,  his  place  being  taken  by  I'con  y 
lI'. ;;il,  acting  also  in  Switzerland.  Tho  mis.sion  to  Russia  and  the  Scandiiia- 
Viuii  countries  h:nl  passed  from  1\  8.  Mora  to  Manuel  I.,ii".'ainzar,  and  that  to 
Tmkey  and  (ineee  from  Martinez  del  l-iio  to  (Jencral  Marcpiez.  V\>v  treaty 
'i  cnunnerco  with  Turkey,  .sec  Jteri'cho  Intcn;.  M<x.,  jtt  ii.  ."(ilVTO.  IVdiM 
K-iandnn  held  the  post  in  Ijrazil.  The  foreign  ministers  at  .Mexico  were 
'  uuit  lluiilo  vou  Thi'ii,  i-ejircscnling  Austria;  Alphouse  Dam'i,  France;  IVti  r 
'.iiiiiilicll  Scarlett,  Fnglaiid;  IJloiideel  van  ('uelebrocck,  llelgium;  Sandoval, 
Manjuis  do  la  Kivcra,  Spain;  CViunt  de  la  Tour,  Italy.  There  had  also  a|)- 
l''aatl  repic-eutativis  from  Portugal;  from  Sweden,  in  liaron  \\  etterstcdt; 
ii'in  llussia,  in  ISarou  Stoeckl.  ]Jau6  replaced  Marquis  de  ^lonthi  Ion,  wjio 
i:i  May  Ibli.")  pnieeeded  to  tlio  U.  S.,  wliere  lie  had  been  eilueated.  The  ido:'!i 
!  e  had  there  iud>il)ed  did  not  r,uit  tho  Mexicans.  The  three  leading  .Me^xieaii 
iiiinisters  abroad,  to  France,  luigland,  and  Austria,  received  .S1'2,UIK)  pay  ;:ii  I 
i^l'^OUU  fur  ex)ienses;  others  8^,000  and  §o,000.  See  further,  also,  regula- 
'iiu-i  in  .1/c.L-,,  ('ol.  Li'!/.  Imp.,  ii.  il.j-.'U;  Lrjcrrc,  Doc.  MaxiinViano,  i.  .'Uil; 
•'/(.v.,  llohliii  Ltij.,  IMit,  'M,  o'll  ct  ficq.;  iJ'iario  Imp.,  June  "Jl,  bstil,  a:;d 
ati'r  dates;  Alinuiiwpte  Imp.,   ISGO,  5-S;  Aryaivjoiz,   M'J.,  iv.  "27,  44,  'ijli, 


l\'H 


M,  et 


J'<ii/i(0,  (hicnta.-!,  li'J8-'J, 
Uibi.  Mux.,  Vol.  VI.    11 


162 


MAXIMILIAN  IX  MEXICO. 


was  the  rule;  notabl}'  in  Jalisco,  under  Nori ;  in  Guana- 
juato, where  the  republican  governor,  Gallardo,  was 
driven  out  of  the  state;  and  in  Guerrero,  where  the 
prominent  port  of  Acapulco  had  surrendered  Juiw 
3d.'' 

The  campaign  for  the  latter  six  months  was  directed 
essentially  toward  the  north,  beyond  latitude  24°,  hv- 
low  which  the  Franco-Mexican  columns  stood  prepare  1 
for  tlie  advance.  The  eastern  forces  centred  in  tho^; 
of  IMejia,  wiiich  were  cantoned  from  Rio  Verde  to 
Tula  and  Catorce,  supported  on  the  right  by  Dupins 
guerrillas  in  Tampico,  on  the  left  by  the  brigade  of 
Aymard  at  San  Luis  Potosi  and  Venado,  and  in  tlic 
rear  by  Castagny's  division,  with  licadquartcrs  ;it 
Qucretaro,  all  of  which  were  destined  to  swoop  Tamau 
lipas,  Nuevo  Leon,  and  Coahuila.  In  Zacateca;:,  tli' 
brigade  of  L'iluriller  was  about  to  enter  DurauL'o,  aii<l 
on  the  Pacific  coast  the  squadron  of  Kergrist  lay  ready 
to  coo})erate  with  Douay  in  Jalisco,  and  support  ;i 
movement  into  Sinaloa.*' 

Nevertlieless  the  position  of  Juarez  at  the  beginniii.;' 
of  the  second  semester  seemed  not  altogether  alain;- 
ing.  His  leading  ujenerals  in  the  north,  NcixrcM. 
Ortega,  and  Patoni,  with  Cortina  and  Garza  in 
Taniaulipas,  had  still  about  12,000  men  under  tlicjr 
orders,  although  somewhat  scattered;  and  consi(l<  i'- 
ablc  iiieans  were  ilowin^■  from  tlic  cust':^m  heist's  of 
JNTanj^anillo,  jMa/.atlan,  and  Guaymas  on  the  Pacilic, 
of  l*iudras  Negras  on  the  T  >xan  froi'tier,  and  ^Vhit,- 
nioros  on  the  gulf  Add  to  this  loans  in  tlie  Uniicil 
States,  forced  contribution  ,  cluirch  property,  and 
otlier  resourc  L-^,  a-if\  not  le  st  the  moral  support  ui 
the  northern  X'public.     An  )s  wxro  all  the  time  coiii- 

'*To  French  forces,  owiu;,'  to  a  lack  of  jirtillcry,  .in  Alvaro?,  explains.  Soli<, 
tlio  coniniander,  snrrenJere  I  TiOO  men  and  Ml  olliecra.  Gallai'ilo  ami  Xei  i  :i' 
said  to  luivc  had  1,500  ami  2,000  men  respoecivLly.  In  I'nelila  some  I."ii0 
repiili'lcan  guoiTillaa  wcie  still  wiid  to  Le  liowiing,  indirectly  encouraj;ed  I  y 
ceitaia  inipirialist  luistakes,  such  as  the  ;  nhiii;:;  of  Iluanchinango  in  An.'., 
(IS  dusciilied  in  L'/'rve,  Due.  Maxrmlll'no.  W,  IOS-10. 

''■'C'asiiigny  passi  '  onward  against  Sahillwand  Monterey.  Mi'jfa  marehiiig 
cither  a^sainst  tliij  plac  w  Malanimos.   Siox,  Exiiiil.  tlu  Mrx.,  414. 


i   U 


URAGA  ABANDONS  JUAREZ. 


163 


mrf  in  from  Texas  and  California,  and  even  a  few 
recruits,  or  „ouragod  at  one  time  by  liberal  land  boun- 
ties.*" 

]jut  tlvis  outlook  was  soon  to  be  darkened,  cwiu'v 
j'ailly  to  internal  discord.  A  quarrel  broke  out 
iiitwecn  Uraga,  comniander-in-cliief  of  the  army  of 
the  center,  and  Arteajjfa,  general  of  the  fourth  divis- 
ii)n,  and  In  charge  of  Jalisco.  The  latter  accused 
Uraga  of  treasonable  correspondence  with  the  im- 
perialists and  refused  obedience.  Finding  the  muti- 
nnus  party  too  strong,  Uraga  oflercd  to  resign  in  favor 
of  any  one  whom  the  officers  miglit  elect.  Echeaga- 
ray  was  chosen;  but  recognizing  his  own  strengtii, 
Arteaga  allowed  prejudice  and  ambition  to  prevail, 
and  Juarez  was  persuaded  by  decree  of  July  1st  to 
give  him  the  chief  command."  The  step  was  ju(H- 
cious  so  far  as  concernetl  Uraga,  v.'lio  nu.'  openly  gave; 
his  adhesion  to  the  empire,  and  received  a  seat  in  t\\c 
council.*'^ 

Still  more  serious  were  the  troubles  pressing  upon 
the  republican  government  in  its  immediate  surround- 
Encouraged   by  the  overwhelming   defeat  of 


ings. 


"' Decree  of  Aug.  II,  i;"^>4,  Dubinn  and  Lozano,  Leg.  Tl/ra:.,  ix.  G91,  annullcil 
Booniiftor.  Mcx.,  C'l.  Li-y.,  18G.')-7,  iii.  91.  Tlie  land  giants  varied  in  va!nn 
from  SI, 000  for  privates  to  s?2,000  for  oniccra.  The  result  was  a  ijinall  band 
of  nut  over  50  fi  jin  iho  U.  S.,  who  afterward  compromised  fo\'  monc^y.  il/c'..-., 
Mem.  /nic,  18",  ^\  G'27.  Vega  was  in  California  for  Bonio  time  to  secure  arms; 
;:nil  1  hough  thwarted  on  nK)re  thar  imo  occasion  by  tho  French  consul,  ho 
oliiaiiiud  secret  countenance  from  the  authorities,  a.i;1  managed  to  send  largo 
Supplies,  as  reported  in  Vfi/a,  Doc,  i.,  jiassim.  Brown,  the  U.  S.  tnasury 
u::nit  at  S  F.,  gave  aid,  and  nitcred  tho  Jlcxican  service.  /iL,  4?4,  a.")!; 
i  .;/a,  Aiiuliares,  MS.  The  question  of  phippiiiii  arms  was  discussed  in  con 
firc.,.s.  U.  S.  Sen.  Doc.  15,  3Sth  Cong.  2d  Scss.,  1-22.  See  also  S.  F.  nullcthi, 
All?.  C,  1864;  Alta  Cat,  Juno  29,  18C4. 

*' I'vchcagaray  patriotically  accepting  tho  second  position.  M^x.,  Col.  Lri/., 
IbfiM-T,  ii.  77-9;  Vcija,  Dor.,  i.  587-8.  Tiiis  gave  Arteaga  control  over 
JaUs'O^  Michoacan,  'iuanajuato.  Queretaro,  and  part  of  Mexico — that  is,  so 
jar  aa  rcnublicaii  influenco  extended.  The  four  divisions  of  thi.i  army  were 
intnisted  to  Echeagaray,  Ortiz,  Sala^ar,  and  Ilcrreia  y  Cairo,  governor  of 
•Jalisco,  tho  litter  acting  only  in  absence  of  Arteaga,  La  Edrd'.a  de  OcrvL, 
Sept.  9,  Nov.  4,  18C4. 

'^S.vcral  lii;;h  ollicera  joined  him;  but  Echeagaray  and  O'lToran,  hisi  sup- 
pos.il  iiitiniato  friends,  refused  to  listen  to  his  urging.  DiaroDch.,  9tli(^ing., 
i  IJ 'J.  Y(t  in  Juno  Urpga  had  indignantly  rejected  the  invitation  extended 
Ijytlio  imperialists.  LaL'strella  deOccid.,S\i\y'29,  Auf..  1*2,  1804,  llo  Bouglifi 
to  will  over  Diaz  among  others,  but  met  with  an  indignant  repulse.  Diaz, 
buto.<  Biift.,  GS-7G. 


If 


■  i' 

'-'  uiK :  -5  »ai{H[H|^lBlM|l 

1 

' '  -  M 

1 

',  >  fM 

1 

1 

mi  '  ' 

HIS       ^'^ 

i 

1G4 


MAXi.MiLiAX  IX  :\ri:xico. 


P,'.'  !i 


>.  %' 


1  )(>I)l;u!()'s  foi-ces  in  ]\[ay,  the  Vidaurrists  Iiad  ;r.!;:\'\n 
li^iMi  ill  Xiiovo  ]j(M)n  uiulor  Quiioi^a,  who  kt'|tt  the 
reinnaiits  of  .Jiiarist  {'orcos  busy.  At  tlic^  same  tiiin' 
tilt*  advance  of  impcriahsts  under  ]\rejui  and  Castaniiy. 
the  iormer  northward  into  Taniauh|ius,  the  other  liy 
wav  <»f  Saltilh),  obhyed  a  division  of  the  Juarist  ibrees, 


«.  Mai.  )i< 

Li 


^•■>S.  LUIS  POTOSI 


'* 


OriUiATluKS    IN    THE   Nt)i;TlI-E.\ST. 

with  a  view  to  ehech  the  invasion  at  certain  approaches, 
notably  at  Angostura. '*^     Quiroga,  assisted  by  InJa- 

"Of  Ortega's  for.cs  there  witc  r.OO  nt  Monterey  niid  1,500  i.t  Saltilli, 
Xiiranjo  stooil  soutli  (if  this  ]iiiiiit,  QiU'siuhi  luul  1,000  iiien  at  Siiliims,  innl 
ruloiii  was  ajiprdiichiiii,'  with  lei  iifortuincutd.  Sic  also  »l/"iCW,  J!'Mua,'J  '1% 
iiinl  /.'■;/.  J/i,/;.,  Cornnji,,  lt>(i,"(-ti,  ."m-4. 


locio, 

in    ol)l 

•J  I  la  re; 
and    Ij 

tlll'oljn 

.>iicd   [ 

sec  i)i.'( 

t(.    X(M, 

llv  1 

(  VtStno- 

'lien,  111 
eral  tli 
less  of  1 
forces  a 

'||    ills  > 

l>y  piibl 

a.s  ij;'ovei 

■  iiid  V'ul 

'>a(h  of 

tile   CO  IK 

;ip|'()iiiti 

The  1 

I'i'U'ioji,  I 

■^uldjiissii 

CouhuiJa 

■'•lice  .seei, 

'faiti;uilij 

'i''iiili(vs  J 

laiiiy  ,sea.' 

*' Jiifirc'z'  I 

f'H'Ce    W;is    t:i, 
J '>•'■.   I.-),  ]^i(jj. 

'''."■'P'-ratioii  (ii 

"'•IlliU-fZ. 

''•'«iu>;  1. 
^:'''l-    AtAIo, 

"•ilc  ha, I 
''%'"y,  hiitr.v. 

"■;;•'•/.,  Dec.  1; 

l.'illy  rejoicu  ov 

,     '  <'ov.  Gali 


1 1 1 


REPUBLICAN  REVERSES. 


105 


licio,  son  ofVidauri'i,  took  advantage  of  the  diversion 
ti)  olttaiii  possession  of  Monterey  on  .Vunust  I.'itli, 
■  luai'cz  and  his  minister  liaviiiL;'  a  nanow  esca[)e," 
aiiil  lieini^  compelled  to  ilee  by  a  I'ircnitous  route 
tliroULjli  Coaliuila  and  ])uran»j;o  into  (Jhihualiua,  pin- 
-in'd  as  far  as  l*arras  bv  Avmai'd.  So  despei'ale 
><■(■  iK.'d  the  isitnation  that  the  president  sent  his  family 
fii  Xew  Orleans. 

III.'  had  intended  to  seek  Saltillo,  bnt  learned  1h.it 
C.istagny  had  entered  it  on  the  17th  with  over  3,(JU0 
iiieii,  n)eetinL(  with  little  or  no  op^'osition.  This  ,L,'eii- 
eial  thercu[)on  advanced  ai^ainst  ]\Ionterey,  reL;aril- 
!e^s  oi"  the  entreaties  of  Vidaurri,  who  had  joined  his 
I'li'ces  at  this  eity,  and  desired  to  lc:t  the  submission 
'if  ])is  state  appear  as  a  voluntaiy  act  of  the  peojile 
hy  [»ublic  vote;  nor  would  Casta^'ny  reco^'ni/e  him 
as  ufovernor.*^  Licenciate  Aguilar  was  made  prefect, 
and  Vidaurri  and  Quiroga,  who  prudently  tot)k  tlu; 
oath  of  allegiance,  had  to  proceed  to  jNIexico,  where 
the  conciliatory  Maximilian  consoled  the  former  by 
ajipointing  him  councillor.^" 

'V\\ii  )'(.'[)ublicans  still  held  out  for  a  while  in  this 
rigion,  but  a  final  del'eat  in  December  hastened  the 
suhniisslon  of  Nuevo  Loon  and  the  greater  ]>art  of 
(.'eahuila,  to  the  banks  of  the  Rio  (Ji-ande.'''  Jlesist- 
riice  seemed  the  more  useless  since  Meji'a  had  overrun 
I'amaulipas.  Instead  of  taking  advantage  of  the  dif- 
riciillies  presented  during  the  imperialist  march  in  tin; 
laiiiy  season  through  swamps  and  passes,  Cortina,  th(j 

*'.Jii;ire7,' carriage  was  riJdliKl  with  Ijulluts.  Fortunately  tlio  pursniii',' 
l'\XQ  was  too  small  to  accomplish  iiiiytliiiiL;  iiion'.  JjH,  L'.itnllii  dc  Or'i,l., 
I'll'.  I.'i,  ISOl;  A'(o.i",  KxjHiL  da  Mi.c,  417.  TliisiiutlMr  assumcM  that  jirimii>t 
onii|)('r.itioii  (luring  the  punsuit  into  Chihuahua  niiglit  have  .iccnrcd  the  person 

ilf.llliU'UZ. 

''Owiul;  to  the  trouMcs  that  niiijlit  arise  fr(nn  p.arty  (liHVreni'es,  it  wai 
Nii'l.  At  .Muntoroy  wore  found  o3  pieces  of  artilhty,  liesidts  mueh  ainnuuii- 
liou, 

"'III!  liail  retired  from  Monterey  witli  his  forces  on  the  .ipproaih  of  ( 'as- 
tauiiy,  tiut  ri'eo,i;nized  the  iiopelessness  of  exactin;;  any  terms.  J^a  L'tfrr/I'i  di' 
'''''/'/.,  Dec.  1.'),  ISiil,  Jnanz,  B'wj.,  4!),  and  other  rrpui/lican  s(jurce.s  iiatu- 
lally  lejoico  over  his  tliseomllture.   IijUxin<,  A'l  vi.^lax,  iii.  "Jl. 

''■ov.  Galindoof  ('oahuila,  after  tiiu  filial  defeat  Dee.  I'Dth  at  Palo  lilaneo, 
I'V  T.npcz,  resij^'iiiiiL,' otiiee,  (iov.  llinojosa  of  Nuevo  Leon  had  leas  grouiitl  ou 
>tiai.li  to  suslani  himself. 


I  '<  iua  ■* 


Mi 


'V  ' 


I   :,' 


INI 


fc::!/'=^ 


m    ; 


ll'lii 


160 


MAXIMILIAN  IX  MEXICO. 


now  governor  of  tlie  province,  preferred  to  liurry  back 
to  M.itunioros.  Tlie  nioveniciit  was  not  unwarianli.d, 
however,  for  the  squadron  of  Admiral  Ijos.su  luul  ou 
the  22d  of  August  taken  Bagdad,  thence  hlockachng 
the  river  and  menacing  the  port.*"*  On  the  approadi 
of  Meji'a,  Cortina  thought  it  best  to  surrender  with- 
out a  blow;  and  thus  on  tlie  2Gth  of  SeptendK  r  tlio 
last  important  town  on  the  gulf  was  lost  to  the  Juai- 
ists.^^  He  lowered  himself  still  further  by  aiding  in 
tlie  ])ursuit  of  his  late  brothers  in  arms,  i^chldiIl^' 
Canales  and  J.  ]\[.  Carbajal,  the  now  governor.' 

The  foreitjcn  legion  under  Dupin  had  rendered  lidod 
service  by  subduing  the  district  between  Ciudad  \'ic- 
toria  and  Soto  la  Marina,  receivinix  the  submissiitu  of 
(jiarza,  and  dispersing  the  guerrillas  not  without  ^^oiiic 
severity,  which  served  to  stir  anew  the  republican 
movements.  Dupin  was  created  governor  of  the 
province,  Nuevo  Leon,  Coahuila,and  Alatamoros  beiii^j; 
intrusted  to  the  care  of  Mejia."'^  The  subjugati(,»n  <»t' 
Tainaulipas  was  followed  by  the  adhesion  of  ninnu- 
tainous  lluasteca,  in  northern  Vera  Cruz,'"'^  where  llir 
re[)ublicans  had  in  October  been  reduced  to  cxtri mi- 
ties  near  their  last  stronixhold  of  Ilueiutla.  At  llii> 
stage  their  pi'oposul  to  submit  was  entertained,  nii! 

■'''  With  four  vessels.  In  Texas,  on  the  opposite  1),itiU,  the  f<il('ralfi  wwv 
at  the  time  l)f'siogin,q  IJrownsvillc,  anil  Ijoth  tluy  and  the  cunrcileiateshiiiii-ht 
to  intcic'at  Mexicans  aiKl  French,  especially  witli  a  view  to  obtain  ;;i'liileiT. 
The  French  heldalouf;  Imt  Cortina  enuntenaneed  the  federals,  wliilo  Canales, 
hid  lii'itt,  foi'nied  a  futile  ]ir(muneiamiento  in  lavor  of  the  eonfudciatis. 

'''•' Mdx  gives  t.'oftina  IWO  men  and  12  cannon.  A  portion  t:-ea|n'<l  with 
Canales  to  tlio  eonfederate  sich;,  to  return  soon  after  for  the  guerrilla  caMi|i;ii  jii. 
La  I'strvHa  de  IJccUL,  Mar.  17,  ISii.').  Several  scoru  of  vessels  were  at  tlio 
time  ii\  tiio  river  with  cotton  and  other  cU'eets. 

'■'^  lijU'niax,  Iiittrirnrioii,  iii.  1 10.  lie  had  reason  for  ani;erwith  .luare/,  :(i 
vo  have  yeen;  yet  ho  iivti-.tded  to  turn  back  to  the  republicans  sihould  ioniim; 
again  favor  the  cause. 

'''  l>upin'.s  movements  are  fully  related  in  Ucviti;  dcs  J)ciix  .Vo/h/cv,  (Kt  I, 
1S()."),  I'Y'b.  1,  ir>,  ISUll,  etc.  The  outcry  against  his  severity  caused  his  in ;(,! 
soon  after. 

^- l);i[un  had  achieved  a  certain  decree  of  success,  but  found  tlie  cuiiitvy 
too  diilicult  for  a  satisfactory  caiu]iai.i,'n;  whereupon  Col  Tourre  enteicil  it 
from  Mexico,  and  won  a  hard-fouyht  victory  on  Au^'.  1st  at  La  Camii  hiiia 
jiats,  which  caused  tlie  evacuation  of  ILuejutla,  but  lc<l  to  no  other  rr^itUj. 
(apt.  IJcssol  now  entered  and  mauMLjed  to  press  the  tired  guerrillas  luiilit 
U  aide,  Kseamiila,  and  Kampfiiir  into  greater  eumpliaucc.  Aio,\,  L.q'':d, 
da  J/(u;.,  4UG-1U,  follows  the  operations  closely. 


CERRO  DE  MAJOMa, 


1C7 


they  were  allowed  to  reoccupy  for  the  omj)ire  several 
towns  taken  from  theui,  a  course  which  led  to  i'rubh 
troubles.''^ 

Westward,  the  French,  under  L'lldiillov,  had  en- 
tered Durango  July  3tl,  Actinsi^  Governor  iMascarcnas 
retiring  toward  Nazas*^*  and  joining  Governor  Patoni, 
who,  recnforced  by  Ortega  and  Carbajal,  prej)ared 
iu  September  to  retake  the  city.  They  a{)proaehed 
to  Estanzuela  with  nearly  4,000  men,  and  gained  at 
lirst  an  advantage  over  the  smaller  Franeo-jNIexicau 
I'irce  which  marched  against  them;  but  sui)erior  dis- 
cipline prevailed  over  raw  recruits,  and  tliey  were 
obliged  to  retreat,  with  a  loss  of  about  400  men,  dead, 
wounded,  and  captured,  and  twenty  cannon. °'  Two 
iiioutlis  later  the  new  republican  governor,  Quesada, 
butlered  another  defeat.'^ 

Juarez  and  his  cabinet  had  reached  Nazas  in  Sep- 
tember, proceeding  thence  to  Chihuahua,  wliei-e  tiio 
c'lpital  was  established  on  the  15th  of  October.''' 
(nneral  Ortega,  who  had  lost  [)restige  since  his  late 
defeat  at  Durango,  and  been  wholly  ignored,  made  a 

'■■^Aa  explained  by  tlu  letters  and  articles  o^ipecially  in  El  Cronisfa,  Nov. 
'J,  l8tji,  and  iiaH;iin.  L/!(sia.-<,  Juoin/an,  iii.  '139,  ,'j-','<.  The  liberal  treaty  iu 
tlieir  favor  was  f.i;3'ned  Api'il  GLli.  Alter  a  fresh  varyin;^'  eauipai^rn,  i.Jec.  IfSii-t 
tu  Mareli  ISii."),  another  arniistiuo  had  been  arranged.  A  io.i;,  Ex}iid.  dn  M<  x., 
i:\l-o;  ZniiU(Coi-s,  /lid.  Me'J.,  xvii.  Sol-'j,  a')l-43,  lOUI-i.  .More  decided 
triinu])li3  were  achieved  by  the  inii)i;rialista  at  Tuxiian  and  Teziutlaii. 

'■'Sustained  byCJeneral  Ochoa,  lie  had  prepared  fur  resistance,  hopiii;^  that 
ratoni  nii,L;ht  C'lmo  with  aid,  but  in  vain.  Un  letreatinLr,  one  of  the  chii  fs, 
(Jorona,  of  Sinahia,  nndertook,  luisuccessfnlly,  to  (Jiieralo  between  Xoiubri'  ile 
I'ios  and  Zaealeeaa,  and  passeil  thereupon  to  tiinalja.  fciarabia  wasapj'ointed 
]in'feot  by  L'llc'riller. 

'"'i'liis  battle,  kiunvu  as  Cerro  do  Majonia,  was  fought  Sept.  -1st.  Accord- 
in;;  to  Xiux,  llie  \ietors  numbered  only  ,";;!ij  i''rcni.:h  and  bO  ^lo.\ieans.  Col 
Martin,  the  Fr  neh  eonnnander,  fell  early  iu  the  battle,  and  was  leplaced  liy 
•lapy.  Iglesias  maintained  that  the  rcpal'lieans  had  only  '-^oOO  nun,  of  whunj 
le.ss  than  half  were  engaged.  L'ctidan,  iii.  '2'J.  Ortega  had  the  chief  eonnn,.ud, 
iuipused  (ni  him,  lie  claims,  to  lose  his  prestige.  L';/.  Mec,  Corrc-'j).,  b')G.")-(i, 
•')7-'.).  Accounts  in  Art  t'.sfnl'a  dc.  Orrid.,  Nov.  4,  ISIJi,  assume  that  the  re- 
iiidjliean?  roinuinod  masters  of  the  lield.  Sec  later  versions,  in  Ld  I'uz  dc  M<Sj., 
bee.  Ijv  KVJ4;  I'crM.  Imp.,  Oct.  l.l,  18ti4. 

""'T-'ie.  republicans  claiuiiug  an  advantage  by  Borrego  over  a  Franco-Me.xi- 
L!ui  i'.»uimi. 

^'  .AugelTiias  iiad  here  been  appointed  governor  in  June,  replacing  Casa- 
vaiite,  will  iw  tlie  iocal  authorities  ignored;  I'atoni  bein;;  made  chief  of  all 
fdii'i'sin  l>urango  and  Clnhuahuu.  Mix.,  t'ul.  Li  i/m,  lbUo-7,  ol,  70;  La  Eih^ 
tr»^'i  de  %^<:id.,  Nov.  11,  ISlii. 


^    ,3  *  ,-J4 


■a   '   - 


108 


MAXI^nLIAN  IN  MEXICO. 


i  ■!''!■  *^' 


■,ti. 


I      I 


(1- 

ii; 


demand  jd)f)iit  this  tinu;  for  the  proHidency,  claiming 
that  Juarez'  term  expired  on  the  .'lOth  ot"  Novembef. 
and  tliat  to  liimself,  as  [)rcsident  of  the  suprcjine  com  f. 
belonged  thu  office,  since  no  proper  election  could  be 
iield,  o\\  ing  to  the  disorders  created  by  war.  It  was 
jiointed  ((ut,  however,  that  the  term  did  not  ex])ir( 
till  the  Ibllowing  year.  Disgusted  with  his  jiosition, 
Ortega  tlierenpon  proceeded  to  the  United  States,  t(» 
await  developments.^^ 

Alter  sharing  the  reverses  in  Duranu'o,  General 
Corona  had  ])assed  into  Sinaloa  to  increase  his  forces 
ibr  a  campaign  in  Jalisco,  and  finding  (Governor  ]\I 
rales  there  indisposed  to  assist  with  funds  from  tl 
rich  custom-house  at  Mazatlan  and  other  sources,  I 
liad  him  seized  and  replaced  by  the  more  ti'actab! 
Itosales.^'  ]\Iean while  the  imperialists  were  pri^parin'4' 
to  enter  the  state.  On  the  I'Jih  of  November  a 
French  s(juach'on,  under  De  Kergrist,  appeared  befoi,^ 
the  harbor  and  demanded  a  surrender,  threatening 
otherwist!  to  bombard  the  town.  At  the  same  time 
came  ju.'ws  of  the  rapid  approach  of  Lozada,  the  Topic 
chieftain,  with  .1,000  Iiuhans,  to  c()o[KTate  i'rom  the 
land  side.  Thus  pressed.  Corona  thought  it  best  t<> 
evacuate  the  place  that  night,'''  his  forces  now  l)reak- 
ing  into  guerrilla  bands  for  harassini''  the  enemv.  Tlii  - 
made  a  large  garrison  less  needful,  and  Lozada  re- 
turned at  (jnee,  leaving  but  a  small  force  to  assist  the 

■'^llis  coiTospoiuleiico  on  the  siil)jcct  may  l)c  fimuil  in  L';j.  Mfx.,  C  r 
resp.,  1SG3  (i,  .".S-ll.  4;i-4,  O.'J-G,  ami  ]ia3siin:  jfe.c.,  Col.  Lojc-^,  li*!.*)-?,  ii.  11  =  '- 
'_\'i,  with  olUcial  I'csohitions.  .Si:c  also  Ii/Zruinx,  /I'l  ri.-ifit-s;  iii.  CO-1.  It  wa.s 
bliowii  Unit  the  ticctic)!!  liaviug  taken  place  iu  IS()l,thc  term  of  four  yctii.s 
could  oml  iiiily  in  18ii.").  It  was  proiiosufl  at  tlio  time  to  rcmovo  Ortega  fi.';:. 
the  bunch  for  ha\  in^;;  acted  as  go\  ernor  of  Zacalecas,  and  l:cing  so  long  auay 
on  cxpcditicju.-i;  Itut  this  waa  not  acted  upon  till  Uio  following  year,  wlien  l.n 
proloii;:('d  alisence  in  the  U.  S.  all'onled  nioro  just  cause. 

"^  lie  had  at  livst  ".ought  to  win  him  hy  an  oirieu.sil)lc  uniting  among  i.i-i 
troops  in  favcu-  df  .Moi'.ilcs;  but  (lie  wily  governor  w.'is  not  to  ho  caught,  ..I 
so  his  ri'Uio'.a!  ))ccainc  necessar.y,  Roman  taking  his  place  till  a  speedy  ( i'  • 
tion  ni.ide  liosalea  governor.  Sloralcs  .attenipuil  to  resist,  but  his  troop.s  .  •• 
BurtiM]  and  .Mazatlan  was  readily  talcen.  Oct.  Mth. 

*"Xot  awaic  of  the  evacuation,  De  Ivergrist  began  on  the  1.1th  to  cast  j-'ii;!!- 
shells,  but  a  white  flag  soon  corrected  the  measure.  ].,ozada  entered  as  i  :io 
last  npublicana  departed,  and  ordered  a  fruitless  ]iursuit.  A  vast  anioiiii;  ■  f 
stoics  fell  to  the  victors.  The  French  (iect  consisted  of  the  frigate  I'ii!  Ire 
and  three  smuiler  vessels.  See  /liM.  ^l'vlih  A'cx.  tiftiks,  ii.,  thia  series. 


SIXALOA  AND  JALISCO. 


les 


Freni/li  in  koepiiiLf  the  baiuls  in  clieck,  and  iu  JioldiiiLj 
from  the  Juarists  so  valuable  a  source  Ibr  I'iukIs,  as 
^vt■]l  as  an  avenue  for  su[)plies  from  abroad.  TIp; 
oiKTrilla  cani|)ai^_;'n  proceeded  with  alternate  succes.se.s 
as  I'ar  north  as  the  Souom  border.*^' 

A  blow  ecjually  severe  was  dealt  in  Jalisco,  where 
tlie  only  res[)ectable  Juarist  army  north  of  ]\[rxico— 
that  of  the  centre',  under  Arteaga— luid  remained  in 
foniparative  inactivity  on  the  niM'iliern  border  of  Co- 
lima,  hemmed  in  by  the  Fi-ench  lines,''-  and  later  de- 
tained, like  them,  by  tlie  rainy  S(>ason.  Tliis  ovei', 
(leneial  Douay  set  out  i'rom  Guadidaj.ira,  and  joined 
liy  Marquez,  he  made,  October  28th,  a  well-iilanned 
attack  on  Arteaga,  in  the  ravine  of  AtencprKpie. 
The  ])osition  was  strong;  but  finding  themselves 
taken  also  in  rear  and  Hank,  the  repul)licans  turned 
and  dispersed,  leaving  their  artillery  and  a  large  num- 
lii:r  of  slain.  A  few  days  later  Gutierrez  and  Kojas 
wei'c  routed  near  Ameca  by  Ilivas,  op[)ortunely  re- 
enforced  by  a  French  column.  ]\Iar(|uez  now  occupitnl 
Colima;  and  on  the  ISth  of  Xovend)er  took  posses- 
sion of  the  im[)ortant  seaport  of  ]\Ianzanillo,  which 
Was  not  I'etained,  however.  An  attem[?t  by  Ilojas 
and  others  to  retake  Colima  resulted  in  a  disastrous 
I'ailurc.'^^  Arteaga  himself  was  overtaken  near  Jiquii- 
jian  by  a  F'rcnch  force,  four  days  latei',  and  routed.''* 

These  reverses  were  relieved  enly  Ijy  a  I'aint  gTun- 
'aier  of  success  in  the  southern  states.  General  \'icario 
being  repulsed  at  Chilapu*^'  in  October,  while   on   tlie 

'''  Anioiig  rfijiublicans  joining  tlio  victors  was  Francisco  Ver;a,  who  carrii  il 
tlnir  liannor  tu  uurtlK.rii  SiiiaUia,  but  was  lic.siec;cil  at  ViHa  I'liL'rte,  ami  cap- 
tiii'  il  ami  shot.  A  small  Franco- ^[oxican  roi'nt'orceniont  by  way  of  Altat.'i 
Was  (loleatLil.  Iglcsias  claims  il8  L'reuch  prisouois,  and  calls  it  one  of  the 
gloriuus  victories.   ltn-lntnK,  Hi.  ]'>2-Ci. 

'^An  etl'ort  early  iu  Anmist,  by  four  of  his  bat talinns,  to  break  thrmiuh 
unrlliward,  at  Cocula,  was  Irustratetl  with  a  loss  of  200  nicu  killcil,  many 
t.ikin  iiris'iners,  and  six  cannon.  Xcox,  E.fp'ht.  da  MfC,  l.'tO. 

''■■Aiid  a  loss  of  ,S(K)  prisoners. 

'  Willi  a  loss  of  ,")(X)  dead  and  eaptured,  2,000  fire-arms,  etc.  Prcvions 
t'l  this  he  liad  suceessfiiDy  ]iasscd  throii.trh  tht;  French  lines  by  a  cii'euitoiis 
r'liKe,  pro|iosiii!,'  to  gain  Michoacan.  The  fullest  neeouut  of  ■  peratiuns  in 
•biliseo  ami  Sinaloa  is  lound  in  Vi'jil,  Eiisajii}  Hint.,  211,  etc.,  Iiui,  from  a  re- 
I'lil'li  •;ui  standpoint. 

'^'Uiego  .Uvarcz  came  to  the  rescue  of  this  place,  which  Vicaiio  had  been 


'i(f|  ■  ... 


;■  '^  If 


170 


MAXIMILIAN  IX  MEXICO. 


)„  ,,iil! 


way  from  lL;uala  to  replace  the  French  gariison  at 
Acapulco.  The  result  was,  that  the  [)ort  had  to  he 
abandoned  by  the  imperialists  in  the  be^iuninL;"  <>f 
December. "^^  The  whole  country  south  of  Pucljla, 
including  Guerrero,  Oajaca,  Chiapas,  Tabasco,  anil 
southern  Vera  Cruz,  practically  remained  in  hands 
of  the  re[)ublicans,  under  the  direction  of  Porlirio 
Diaz.  The  French  being  unable  to  spare  suflicient 
troops  for  this  direction,  the  proposed  o[)erations  un- 
der Brincourt  from  Puebla  southward  were  deferred, 
but  a  garrison  was  retained  at  Yaidiuitlan,  and  ex- 
ploration and  road-making  were  pursued  during  tlu^ 
closing  months,  with  a  view  to  advance  at  the  turn  of 
the  year."' 

bcsieginif  for  tlueo  weeks.  The  gariison  uiiJer  ri'.izon,  jointly  wiili  tbo  rc- 
tnfori  enient,  iii.ulo  sad  havoc  among  the  iinpcriulinls,  who  wcru  placed  at 
from  'J,{)0O  to  ;f,()(;0  men.  Vicario,  wlio  liad  regarded  the  ex]icdiiiiiu  to  the 
uialai'ioua  eoast  with  disgust,  was  summoned  to  answer  for  his  evident  care- 
h.'ssneoS.  Finding  himself  susjieeted  of  intrigues  againso  tlie  empire,  he  iled 
from  the  counli'y  to  escape  arrest.  JJiiri  i  Ojic,  Oct.  2S,  18;)U. 

"''.NJainly  h'eauso  the  Frencii  squadron  was  needed  at  ^fazatlan,  and 
Jiartly  because  .Mvarez  and  his  valorous  I'intos,  supported  by  Idaz,  l;ml  frus- 
trated every  cfiort  to  gain  further  footliold  iu  the  province,  and  even  cut 
oir.sup))lies  from  the  laud  side.  The  last  Fi'cnehmaii  emlarUed  Dec.  14lli. 
Sio.v,  Exiid'l.  (la  Jhx.,  435.  The  U.  S.  war  steamer  Siimuac  remained  to 
protcc't  foreignei's. 

"  Diaz  had  been  actively  keeping  guard,  and  had  gainc.1  several  succcssis 
at  Cazailan,  Caiii)a,  aui'  Tlajiaco,  I'ciuilsing  Visoso;  but  he  had  tailed  in  a 
ri'cvious  aitem|)i,  in  August,  on  KazaluuiLipa,  near  Teotitlan,  his  brotinr 
rVlix,  nicknamed  J'd  Cliato,  from  his  Oat  nose,  failing  at  Ayotla,  in  the  saiiic 
region.  Diaz,  JJioij.,  MS.,  108-'_'04;  /(/.,  Dittos  Biuij.,iS\  et  seq.  The  Indians 
of  Yucatan,  ever  suspicious  of  established  governments,  appearing  troubleil, 
the  inq)erial  commissioner  hastened  to  eonciliiito  tlieni  by  appointing  a  de- 
fensor to  represent  and  plead  for  them,  as  in  colonial  days,  pronnsing  I'edi-e^s 
of  wrongs.  Zamacois  has  preserved  the  Maya  text  of  the  decree.  Hid.  M'j., 
xvii.  GS.'i-l-.  Details  concenung  the  preceding  military  operations  will  l>e 
found  in  La  Vvz  da  JliJ.,  Sept.  3,  IbOl,  till  Feb.  IbGo,  ])asbim;  so  also  in 
P<)<6d.  OJic,  La  Edtrlla  de  Uccid.,  Diario  Ofw.  Imp.,  Pujaro  I'lrdi',  and 
other  papers  for  the  same  period.  In  Juarez,  Bto<j.,  3S,  it  is  estimated  that 
102  battles  took  place  during  the  last  seven  mouths  of  lSti4,  in  which  .'?,-77 
Were  killed  and  1,300  wounded. 


CIIAPTER  VIII. 


IMPERIAL  GOVEIINMENT. 

1SG5. 

PiiovisioNAi,  Constitution— Personal  Goahant?:!:— Xo  .Slavi:hy— Fond- 
NKss  of  Maximilian  fou  Law-making — Puomotion  oi'  Colonization — 
FiNANcr.s — Cabinkt — Maximilian  Puotlsts  acain.st his  Ar.sriiiAN  He- 

NLNCIATION— FkKNC'II    LoAN    AND    FliKNCU    Tuool'.S— AlTlTl  DU    OF   THE 

United    Statls  —  Kepublicanism    Gains    Stuenutii  —  Maximilian 
Au.\i;meu — Bazaine  Blamld — Terrorism. 


In  18G5,  on  the  anniviprsary  of  his  acceptance 
of  the  crown,  Muximihun  issued  the  |)rovisi(Mial 
constitution  of  the  empire,  according  to  wliich  the 
emperor  represented  the  national  sovereignty,  and 
exercised  it  in  all  branches,  the  form  of  government 
lieing  moderate  monarchical,  and  hereditary,  ^vith  a 
catholic  prince/  There  were  to  be  nine  ministerial 
departments;  namely,  of  the  imperial  household,  of 
.state,  of  foreign  affairs  and  navy,  government  or  inte- 
rior, justice,  public  instruction  and  worship,  war,  fo- 
niento,  or  public  works  and  material  development, 
;iiul  iinance,^  the  whole  to  be  connected  with  an 
uiulitorial  tribunal,  with  administrative  and  judicial 


'  Tlio  empress  assuming  the  regency  in  case  of  the  emperor's  disability. 

"Tlie  liouscholil  minister  took  ciiargo  of  decorations  and  tiiles  and  crown 
il'iniains.  The  minister  of  stato  presided  at  the  iniuisteri;d  council,  tooli  cui^- 
iii.'.anco  of  air.iirs  relating  to  tlio  council  of  stato,  tribunal  do  cuenlas,  visita- 
il')ns,  clianccllorsliip,  communicated  appointments  and  decrees  not  pcrtainin;^ 
t'>  llie  oilier  departments.  1  li'>  marine  department  was  temporarily  aniicxc(l 
to  that  of  foreign  ali'airs.  An  educational  council  was  to  bo  formed  for  pro- 
inoting  education.  Tlio  minister  of  fomento  attended  to  statistics,  vacant 
l.uuls,  public  works,  railways,  internal  navigation,  forests,  industrial  develop- 
iiiciit,  mining,  colonization,  mails,  telegraphs,  and  weights  and  measures. 
Fur  legulaiioua  and  duties,  seo  J/tu\,  Col.  Ley.  Imp.,  i.-viii.,  I'asnim. 

(171) 


:!'!• 


:ii 


1  i; 


I' 


W'^'f'if 


;  t 


172 


IMPErJAL  GOVERNMENT. 


]M)\ver  for  inspcctinj^  and  revising  all  finnnrial  mat- 
tors.'^ 

Tlio  council  of  state  had  to  frame  bill^:,  decide  in 
ministerial  disputes,  and  give  advice.  TIk;  pi'ivatr 
cabinet,  formiiiLT  the  medium  ol'  comnnmication  \'<>r 
the  sovereij,ni,  (comprised  two  dei)artmeiits,  for  civil 
and  military  affairs.'  The  country  was  (hvided  int  > 
eij^ht  military  districts,^  each  in  charge  of  a  cliief,  and 
at  times  ])laced  temitorarily  under  a  C(»imnissary  ibr 
corieelinL^  abuses  by  oilicials,  insjiectors  beiiiLj  also 
ai)point(!d  to  make  tours  tlirough  tle])artments  for  llic 
8anie  [)in'[)Ose.  Tlie  departments,  fifty  in  number," 
Mere  to  be  ruled  by  prefects  appointed  by  the  empeinr, 
and  guided  l)y  a  departmental  council.''  Districts  wcie 
placed  umler  sub-itrefects,*^  also  assisted  by  councils, 
and  nnmicipalities  with  no  less  than  3,000  inhal)itaiits 
were  •^'overned  by  ayuntamientos,  j)o[)ularly  el(K'tcd.' 
Smaller  numicipalities  were  controlled  by  comisarios.^' 
There  were  live  grades' of  tribunals,   of  which  tlir 

'  Inchulini:;  those  of  municipalities  and  other  imhlic  bodirs. 

*  I'liU'h  iiiiilor  tlie  caro  <if  a  cliicf.  Sih;  also  Mi  .c,  J!(<j.  HiJiiiirfc,  .^-IS. 

"  ijcsiilra  these,  wliosc  eDiiiinaiKling  uciier:\l^  at  the  time  are  named  la 
Dim:  /;;)/*..  /\piil  10,  IS:!."),  sap.,  there  were  fniriicil  two  ^'reat 'ednimamlr- 
ineiits,'  tlie  lii-.s!. at  .Sail  l.iii.s  I'Dtusi,  emhraciiiLj  the  north-east  provinues,  iiiuli  i' 
])iiiiay,  the  sicoiul  .at  J)iiraii;,'o,  fi^r  tlus  north-west,  nmli'i' ("astauny;  ii  tlii;.t 
was  jiroposed  in  the  ."outli,  un<ler  L'Heriller;  hut  Jia/aiiie  not  giving  encniiih 
tro(i))s,  it  was  abandoned.  A  io.i;,  K-cpi'd.  (In,  Mix.,  ;")().")-(!. 

"last  in  Ahanii:iqii(i  M<x.,  18()7,  'lli;  Arruiii/dir,,  Mij.,  iii.  1~\.  Varyiii-; 
in  .size  from  that  of  Valle  do  Mejieo,  with  410  square  l<'a<,'ui  s  ;ind  4S'_'.(H) )  ia- 
habitants,  to  thatof  California  with  about  8,400  sc|uare  lea  Lines  and  l'J,U()l)  ;a- 
habitants,  the  most  populous  l)eing  (Juaiiajuato,  wil.li  overllO  >,0(K)  p(.'ople  upna 
an  area  of  l,l-'J  square  Iragues,  and  the  least  Majiinn',  with  G,70()  ])eoplD  n|iiiii 
4,000  square  leagues.  'J  his  evidently  nneijual  division,  of  (Jnana juato  at  least, 
was  inllueaeed  by  ministerial  eourtesy,  sajs  Arran,:,'oiz,  the  minister  nf  fi)iiieiiti) 
being  a  native  of  tlie  latter  dep.Trtincnt.  Mi'j.,  iii.  'J7.').  'J'lie  capitals  v.ii.> 
also  hadl.y  seleeted  in  several  iiistanc(^s,  for  signilicanec  and  i)ositioii.  'Jin; 
existing  ilivisiou,  iixed  in  IS07,  embraced  2'1  states,  G  territories,  and  tlio 
federal  distriet. 

'Of  live  members  selected  by  the  supreme  governnicut  from  the  nomina- 
tions of  the  jirefect. 

^Appointed  by  the  prefect,  subject  to  approv.al. 

'•'  Varying  from  .">  to  I!),  aceording  to  the  population,  and  li.alf  of  it  rencn  c  d 
every  year.  Every  Mexican  over  "Jl  years,  and  with  honest  livelihood,  enuil 
vote. 

•"Appointed  like  alcaldes,  by  the  prefect.  For  a  spoci.'il  treatise  on  li":d 
administration,  sec  Triijui  ro",  L'ltmo.'i  Jliniiciji.,  l-(ili.  By  decree  of  Oct.  I'Jiii, 
three  maritime  prefectures  were  created,  at  Vera  Cruz,  Acapulco,  uiid 
Mazatlau. 


sup' 

(■l'l\  1 

SI'CII 

rati 

ilMlllI 

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liiiiii 

liillif 

■ilKiii- 

LAWS  OF  T[ir,  KMl'IRE. 


17.1 


sii]ii.Ti(»i'  Jii'Il;'*'^^  lifld  oilico  for  lilV".  The  jX'opIc  rc- 
ci'ivud  tilt;  L;'iiai';iiit('e  of  cquulify  bclnrc  llif  law, 
M'cMrity  lor*  iicrsoi:  ami  [iropLTty — slaver}'  aii<l  cdiilis- 
catioii  Ix'iiiL!;-  Intlddtlcii — and  liboiiy  to  {(rotlaini  tluir 
o'liiiiniis.  Cure  was  taken  to  alluviato  the  ()]i[)res- 
>iuii  weigliiiii;'  upon  laborers,  especially  Indians,  by 
limiting  the  de<liU'tion  for  debts  to  one  fifth  of  the 
|i;iv,  abolishing  eor[ioral  punishment,  and  pi'ohibiling 
fathers  iVoni  hindinLC  their  children  to  iiniiloxos." 
Uul  these,  like  many  other  excellent  measures,  were 
iViistrated  by  corrui»t  ollicials^  disorderly  state  of 
alfaii's,  and  (jther  circumstances. 

The  emperor  certainly  had  a  greater  taste  for  issu- 
iii;4  laws  than  iirnniess  and  power  to  carry  them  out; 
and  toward  the  end  of  this  year  there  came  in  a  ilood 
<'['  enactments,  uiany  of  them  being  revivals  of  co- 
I'liiial  decrees.'-  A  characteristic  etfort  was  made  in 
iii'half  of  education,  for  the  spread  of  rudiujeiitary 
knowledge  and  the  establishment  of  secondary 
Hcliools,'^  while  the  empress  fostered  benevolent  insti- 
tutions." Amid  the  great  care  lavished  on  coui-t 
routine,  it  may  be  readily  understood  that  the  theatre 
received  attention. 

".l/tvi-.,  Col.  Loj.  Iiiip.,  vi.  ISO.  And  relieving' childi'en  fmm  dclits  odii- 
tructi  d  l>y  iiiii'cntd.  Diiriii!,'  tlio  aljsciifc!  of  the  ompuidr,  Cliarlntto  bniuglit  i\ 
uuuiLcr  '.£  iicu[i!y  siudicd  lulls  iiul'uro  llio  ooinK'il,  and  wruny  from  tliu  uuni- 
lici's  often  too  ready  approval,  as  Donicnucli  drclaios.  lllxt.  Mr.r.,  iii.  'J.'iS. 
Tlio  cinprcss  hcisulf  wioto  in  .\.u^'.  ISUfi:  'Tons  mca  projcts  ont  passu;  icliii 
(li'j  liidieiis,  ajuv:j  avoir  cxciti!  un  fivniissenient.  .  .a  (5to  aciX'pto  avoc  uno 
Huite  dVntlionsiasnio.'  Hivuia  is  willing  1o  crudit  Maximilian  v.itli  gooil  in- 
ti  iitions,  l)i!t  lio  was  oVL'iruled  in  many  instances,  /lift.  Jul.,  v.  052-."!. 
K^uiei'i)  aliuiuv}  lii.s  law  for  operatives.  Lcj.  Mcc,  CirrnL,  ii.  'Jd^-li;  Mi  r., 
<'"ili'  Iiiiral,  [\'.'>.     On  jiresis  regulations,  soo  LijVrn',  JJuc  ^f'U■lm'dt^.ulo,  ii. 

'-To  porsiKido  EuroiiG  that  he  had  a  'creative  genius,' sneers  Ai'ran'^ciiz, 
.1/.:/.,  iii.  .'>l(l,  and  was  lil'tiiig  Mexico  ont  of  harbarisin.  'i'oo  weak  to  niert 
discussion,  says  Dcnunech,  ho  often  look  ad\autago  of  a  luinister's  uhseiico 
to  cxoci;ti>  Ids  purpose.   Uld  sup. 

''Approaehing  the  IJcrnian  gymnasia.  Covarruln.as,  IiiMriv.  Puh.,  is  not 
Milling  to  give  credit  for  this  attempt,  but  liatxel,  AiifS  Mtx'n'n,  o.'iS,  etc., 
tikes  pains  to  ht  it  Ijc  known.  I  need  only  instance  a  law  of  Nov.  1st,  rc- 
'I'liiiiig  a  free  school  to  he  established  on  every  estate  where  over  'JO  families 
weio  occupied.  This  iipplied  also  to  factories  cini)Ioying  over  100  workmen. 
■'/'.'■.,  (W.  Liij.  Imp.,  vi.  187.  Ho  approved  the  deerce'of  1S.J7  suppn.'ssing 
the  universiry,  but  ci  eated  an  academy  for  sciences  and  literature.  For  rulea 
iiiid  eeiemonies  at  opening,  hvq  Acad.  Imp.,  Ada  Iiintal.,  1-21. 

"AssistcMl  by  a  council  do  benelicencia,  a  sisterhood  for  \i.diing  the  sick 
inid  poor,  and  a  piolectivc  union  for  workmen. 


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174 


IMPERIAL  GOVERNMENT. 


Colonization  was  given  a  hitherto  unparalleled  prom- 
inence, both  in  projects  and  decrees.  An  immi<^ration 
bureau  was  established,"  with  a  most  favorable  de- 
cree for  the  appointment  of  agents,  the  grant  of  free 
lands,  and  other  privileges.^"  All  races  were  to  be 
admitted,  and  a  special-contract  law  was  issued  regu- 
lating the  term  of  service  and  treatment  of  colored 
persons."  Arrangements  were  also  made  for  French, 
United  States,  and  German  immigration  into  littoral 
and  interior  districts;  but  the  leading  project  was  the 
formation  of  colonies  by  refugees  from  the  southern 
United  States.  Prominently  connected  with  this 
plan  was  William  M.  Gwin,  formerly  United  States 
senator  from  California,  who  proposed  a  semi-inde- 
pendent settlement  in  Sonora,  and  received  such 
countenance  from  Napoleon  as  to  lead  to  an  outcry 
against  a  supposed  absorption  of  that  state  by  France. 
Even  the  United  States  intimated  that  the  establish- 
ment of  hostile  southerners  along  the  frontier  woukl 
not  be  regarded  with  favor."     But  the  disturbed  con 

"  With  tlie  confedcrato  general  Magruder  for  chief,  and  the  a  nor 

^lallry  for  coinisario.  Decree  of  Oct.  7th. 

'"  bccrco  Sept.  5,  18Gj.  Coloniata  could  become  naturalized  at  once,  and 
were  exempt  from  taxes  for  tlio  first  year,  and  from  military  service  for  five 
years,  although  forming  a  militia  for  their  own  protection,  lleport  on  grants 
and  their  partial  occupation,  in  Manero,  Doc.  Interrs.,  5o-7. 

"  IJranded  by  opponents  as  n  renewal  of  slavery,  Lnj.  Mex.,  Circ,  ii. 
202-G,  although  tho  opening  clause  declares  all  free.  The  tirm  was  limitcil 
to  ten  years;  in  case  of  tho  father's  death,  children  remained  under  the  care 
and  in  tlio  service  of  the  employer  till  attaining  majority.  The  question  (t 
African  and  Chinese  immigration  was  not  well  received  by  tho  public,  whic'i 
expressed  a  fear  for  a  deterioration  of  race.  Morales,  supported  by  Baron 
Sauvage,  proposed  to  introduce  100,000  negroes  and  Mongols,  and  a  I'ortu 
gueso  received  in  Dec.  the  privilege  for  ten  years  to  bring  in  Asiatics. 

"Gwin  had  labored  for  his  plan  ever  since  tiio  Freuch  entered  Mexico. 
Hidalgo,  Arraugoiz,  and  other  ministers  opposed  it,  chiefly  on  tho  ground  tli;i  t 
any  lii,toral  or  frontier  settlement  by  foreigners  might  load  to  a  repetition  ii 
tho  Texas  segregation.  Although  Napoleon  favored  Gwin,  Bazaino  neith' ' 
could  nor  would  promote  it.  Tlio  Juarist  minister  protested  at  Wasliingtmi 
against  any  alienation  of  Mexican  territory.  Mix.,  Col.  Lryes,  1SG3-7,  ii- 
21'2-ir).  Tho  U.  S.  government  issued  its  warning  to  France,  being  likewise 
annoyed  at  tho  reception  granted  to  confedcrato  oiiicers,  several  of  w'hom  Ni  ;\ 
mentions.  Ex~p4d.  dit  Mex.,  502.  Several  editors  at  Mexico  wcro  fined  aiul 
imprisoned  by  Bazaino  for  joining  in  the  outcry.  Le/cvre,  Doc.  Maximiliano, 
ii.  13!).  For  details  on  these  points,  see  Tie,'/.  Jl/e.r.,  Oi'/'c,  ii,  80  etseq.;  M^x, 
Mem.  Fomrrilo,  18G8,  CG-7G,  :{J0-74;  Mcx'.,  Mem.  Hoc.,  18G8,  doc.  2;  Ai- 
raiifjoiz,  Mij.,  iil.  21.'?,  270,  320,  iv.  .S,  etc.;  Zamncois,  Hist.  M(j.,  xvii.  Oii'i, 
etc.;  U.  S.  Foriiga  Ajf.,  3JG  ct  acq.,  30th  Cong.  1st  ycsa.;  Id.,  2GG,  2d  fcjess.; 


FINANCIAL  CONDITION. 


175 


dition  of  the  country,  and  the  lack  of  aid  to  efficiently 
promote  colonization,  neutralized  the  projects,  so  that 
hardly  anything  was  donc.^' 

Finances  remained  inextricably  confused,  especially 
.ifter  Mexican  officials  received  charge  of  the  euj- 
pire.  Their  ill-will  and  inability  became  manifest 
ill  decreasing  revenue;  and  notwithstanding  a  grow- 
ing dislike  for  the  French,  Maximilian  found  it  neces- 
sary to  apply  to  Napoleon  for  an  able  director,  and 
to  arrange  with  Bazaine  for  French  a^jeiits  in  the 
Lading  towns  to  supervise  the  collection  of  revenue. 
The  Mexicans  naturally  objected  to  foreign  interftr- 
ence,  and  arrayed  themselves  against  it,  so  as  to 
seriously  interfere  with  the  projects  elaborated  bv- 
Boimefous,  who  came  out  as  inspector-general  of 
{iuances.  This  opposition  served  to  render  the  need 
Ibr  money  all  the  more  pressing.  By  this  time  the 
news  of  military  successes,  and  the  glowing  report  of 
iiii  agent '*'  sent  from  Paris  to  examine  the  resources 
(if  Mexico,  had  so  inspired  the  French  government 
itself  as  to  induce  it  to  lend  official  countenance  to 
the  loan  placed  in  April  18G5  on  the  market.  It  was 
consequently  obliged  later  to  assume  the  responsi- 
hihty. 

The  present  issue  was  increased  to  250  million 
francs,  which,  less  the  bonus  of  32  per  cent  and  ex- 
}»eiises,  including  a  lottery  amortization,  yieldcjd  a  net 
sum  of  barely  97  millions,  very  little  of  which  reached 
the  Mexican  tjovernment.     The  orij'inal  debt  of  81 

•  •  • 

inilliDn  pesos,  at  the  beginning  of  the  intervention, 
liiul  now  swollen  to  253  millions,  and  was  growing 
i;i[)itlly  under  French  military  expenses.  The  Inter- 
est alone,  of  over  10  millions,  threatened  to  absorb 

/.//'.xirt.«,  Interv.,  iii.  247-9,  '2G4,  etc.;  also  La  Voz  dc  M(j.,  Apr.  4,  ISO.'),  niid 
•  itlior  (l.ates  anil  journals.  Gwin,  Memoirs,  MS.,  'Jtt,  etc.,  CDiidcmns  Muxi- 
inilian  for  turning  n;;;ain3t  the  confederates  ufti'rward.  Maximilian  later  ad- 
mittdl  that  Franco  tuul  proposed  to  obtain  Sonora,  but  ho  olij  cted. 

"Some  German  colonists  in  Puobla  retired  to  the  U.  S.  and  sprefid  l)ad 
ri'ptprts. 

• '  ("orta,  whoso  report  w.ia  read  before  the  chambers  on  April  9th  and  10th, 
ju^it  iu  time  to  inilucacc  tho  new  loon. 


178  DIPEniAL  GOVERNMLXT. 

the  greater  part  of  the  imperial  revenue,  wliicli,  at 
the  time  jMaximihaii  acce[)ted  the  crown,  was  esti- 
mated at  15  millions;  and  we  know,  from  the  tenure  of 
the  Miramare  convention,  how  little  of  tlie  remainder 
could  be  claimed  by  Mexico.  Durinj^  1 805  the  roecipts 
incieased  to  19  millions,  whereof  11  millions  were 
fron,  maritime  custom-houses;  but  they  were  lapidly 
drooping.'^^  Notwithstanding  the  reluctance  of  Max- 
imilian to  increase  the  burden  on  the  countiy,  fresh 
taxes  had  to  be  imposed  in  different  directions,  even 
on  manulactures  that  should  have  been  ]>roU'cted.'"' 
Lan;^^lais,  the  successor  of  lionnefous,^^  j)re[)ared  an 
achuirahle  ))lan  for  the  iinance  depai'tment,  but  he 
(lied  before  the  application  could  be  matle,  and  little 
came  of  it  between  ministerial  objections  and  counter- 
measures,  and  the  change  of  French  ])rojects."* 

"'  Tlio  returns  were,  from — 

Vera  Cniz  custoin-liou.so .?4,S7S,7nj 

()tli(  r  custoiii-hoiisL'S  on  tlic  gulf 'J,7"i-'!,-70 

I'uc'iliu  porca 2,!lss.7,s7 

Intci  iur  custuni-liousca,  excise,  etc G,'.)  1 1  ,'.Hil) 

Direct  cuntributiuns l,r):i8,;iS.'{ 

.Sl!»,l()l,i:i.i 
The  former  loan  was  now  convcrteil  into  obligations  hiniilar  to  the  inescnt. 
lly  urr-iuiyi'inciit  wiiii  Jcciior,  liiti  claim  was  rctlu-ced  liy  (iO  per  cent.     I'"ien<.h 
<]:;inm  ii>r  iintiM'^'es  were  fixed  ut  40  inilliun  francs.     For  iiildilioniil  tUlails 
Ki'i;  I'ayiio,  Ml  III.,  ISUS;  J/.\f.,  Mem.  liar.,  1870,  04.1  et  sici. 

'■-'Ai  raii^iiiz,  Mij.,  iii.  WO'i,  iv.  9-10,  tiikes  special  jiains  to  j)oiiit  out  mis- 
takes anil  l>ui'<leiin  in  tlii.s  department,  wiicrein  bo  bad  coinniitted  bhmdei.s 
]uihaps  \voi>e.  Z'Uiirvoif:,  //ixt.Mrx.,  xvii.  lOS.j.  Tiic  r(\^'(■n(•y  had  introduced 
many  r<f(.niiH.  hucii  as  stopping  direct  contrit)Utions,  liy  decree  of  July  l;!l, 
iSii.'i,  placiiiL;  instead  ;}  and  4  per  millo  on  town  and  eounlry  propi  rty,  and 
addin;^  in  Novciidier  heavy  taxes  on  liquors  and  sugar.  Maxiniili.ui  rrduccil 
the  dutii's  of  May  Isiill  by  SO  per  cent;  but  tins  had  to  bo  aiiniilh  d,  and 
furtlier  iuip<isitii)ns  levied,  sucli  as  0  per  cent  on  paper,  tliread,  and  faiirics 
followed  by  a  Keiies  of  decrees  annulling  or  interfering  with  otli(  r.s,  and  cre- 
ating no  little  confusion.  Undertakings  liko  the  Vein  Cruz  !ailroa<l  li.'id  to 
be  su|i)>orted  by  special  increase  of  duties.   Itomrro,  Mini.  I  Inc.,  \:<~,0,  (ilS. 

'*''\\'ho  retired  through  sickness,  and  was  replaced  in  Out.  Langlais  soon 
succund)ed  to  tlie  elimato. 

■''A  plan  for  a  national  bank  had  been  long  considered,  and  n  decree  ap- 
jieared  for  its  e«tablishment,  but  nothing  was  done.  A  irnii'joiz,  iv.  .'!7. 
bonieneih,  Jli.sf.  Mex.,  iii.  2;i.'J-4,  blames  lliindrez.  'J'he  elaborate  treasury 
regulations  in  Me:c.,  CuL  Ley.  Imp.,  i.  ao-S'i,  ami  Mix.,  Ilold'a  Liij.,  1S('4, 
4.")-."»(l,  looked  well  on  paper,  liazaine  is  blamed  for  loose  management  and  mis- 
representations. Pap.  y  Corr.  Fain.  Imp.,  1.H7-41.  In  Lnjai-.  Mix.,  ii.  bOO-l, 
is  a  special  tirade  against  the  high  allowances  granted  to  French  eui])!oyi -, 
whereof  Arrangoiz  also  complains.  Mij.,  iii.  Wid,  iv.  H,;;  Wox,  Kxpid.  lU 
Mix.,  4!)(j-7.  A  linanco  eonnnittce  sat  in  I'aris,  by  appointment  of  Aj  ril  1 1, 
1S04.  M4x,,  liukliii  Ley.,  18G4,  'J7,  ap.  300.     For  Ixiuk  project  in  connection 


THE  CABINET. 


177 


The  process  of  rcorganizinj^  tlio  administration  was 
liiinipurcd  at  every  sto[),  as  we  have  seen,  by  the  hu-k 
(if  means,  financial  and  military,  tor  maintaininuf  order 
and  j^ivinLj  elFect  to  the  many  eommeiidable  measures 
that  were  proposed.  Party  spiiit  and  personal  jeal- 
niisy  addetl  their  pernicious  inlluenee,  which  penetrated 
also  to  the  council  and  cabinet,  without,  jjowevcr, 
hading  in  this  quarter  to  the  discord  that  would  long 
since  have  produced  radical  changes  in  any  other 
Mexican  government  under  similar  circun)stances. 
Ill  October  the  cabinet  still  embraced  llamirez,  who 
lillcd  also  the  [)lace  of  the  absent  Velazquez  de  Le(»n, 
Almonte,  Peza,  Ilobles,  and  Escudero,  but  Cortes  Es- 
|i;vrza  hat!  resigiied  the  p(M'tfolio  of  gobernacion,  now 
liild  bv  Jose  Maria  Esteva.  Manuel  Siliceo,  a  liberal, 
li;id  taken  that  of  instruction  and  worship;  and  Fran- 
cisco de  1*.  Cesar  had  replaced  Campillo  as  under- 
si'i  retary  of  finance.  LanLilais  beini^  actual  head  <jf  this 
(l"])artment.^^ 

The  i'act  that  the  cabinet  had  held  together  so  well, 
cdiisistiii'jf  as  it  did  maiidv  of  liberals  who  were  kninvn 
to  be  at  heart  hostile  to  the  imperial  cause,  indicates 
at,  least  a  zeal,  combined  with  absence  of  prejudice, 
tliat  merits  admiration  for  Maximilian.  Kagt-rness 
fir  office  seems  a  leading  quality  on  the  opposite  side. 
Ho  desired  the  best  men  for  his  purpose,  irres|)ective 
iif  creed  or  po[)ularity;  but  he  was  too  readily  )H'r- 
Miaded  or  imposed  upon  to  be  esteemed  for  judgment. 
Siliceo,  for  instance,  was  on  the  point  of  being  ex- 
]'(llcd  lor  maintaining  corres[)ondence  with  Juarez, 
when  Ramirez  managed  to  chanLfc  this  order  for  a 
Scat  amoni;  the  ministers,  on  the  ground  that  it  was 
iHccssary  to  win  over  republicans.-"  The  gain  in  this 
•  liivction  must  have  been  counteracted  by  the  initat- 
iiig  appointment  of  L.  Detroyat,  a  French  lieutenant, 


^^itli  mortmain  property,  see  Banco,  Proyecto  Soe,  Ilipot,,  1-12;  and  for  cer- 
tain claims,  WvU,  Contra  Mfx.,  1-74. 

''■'  KsjMU/a  was  madu  a  councillor. 

'"'  Arniiiijoiz,  Mij.,  iii.  'JO."}.     Ho  entered  the  cabinet  on  April  l.^th. 
UixT.  Mex.,  Vol.  VI.    13 


178 


IMPERIAL  GOVERNMENT. 


ns  assistant  secretary  of  the  navy,'*^  of  Ficncli  in- 
spectors, agents,  and  police,'*^  not  to  mention  ajjain 
tlie  |)rccininencc  of  foreign  military  officers;  one  effect 
Ix'ing  to  promote  a  passive  or  even  liostilo  attitudu 
v.itli  regard  to  many  commendable  measures  of  Max- 
imilian. 

The  discontent  attained  a  marked  manifestation 
oven  in  the  cabinet,  where  Escudero,  the  nunister  ul' 
justice,  was  pointed  out  as  liaving  joined  a  conspiiaey. 
'J'lio  plot  really  belonged  to  them,  with  the  archbislin|( 
and  General  Zuloaga  for  leaders,  the  object  being  t<> 
unite,  under  the  potent  name  of  Santa  Anna,  the 
host  of  nominal  imperialists  who  had  become  dissat- 
isfied with  JSIaximilian  and  liis  foreigtiers,  and  tli'j 
numerous  republicans  who  had  grown  tired  of  Juanz 
and  the  bloody  conflict  for  the  constitution  of  IS.")?. 
At  the  time  of  Uraga's  removal  from  the  Juarist 
army  of  the  centre,  in  the  middle  of  18G4,  several  of 
liis  oflicers  indicated  a  readiness  to  conciliate  con- 
servatives with  a  modification  cf  that  organic  law, 
and  the  latter,  indudino;  the  cleri''7,  had  bi^en  <;raclu- 
ally  a[)proaching  a  similar  state  of  mind,  seeing  that 
fully  as  good  terms  could  l)e  obtained  from  the  lih- 
ei-als  as  from  ]\raximilian.  IMichoacan,  then  in  a  state 
of  ferment,  was  looked  upon  as  a  favorable  cradle  I""!' 
the  movement,  from  its  central  situation,  and  it  w.is 
believed  that  Porfiiio  Diaz,  and  Alvarez  with  his  In- 
dians, might  be  induced  to  coojiorate.  Santa  Anna 
lau»?ched  from  his  retreat  at  St  Thomas  a  proclama- 
tion to  the  two  great  parties  to  unite  for  the  holy 
struggle  of  casting  the  invaders  from  the  soil — an 
appeal  which  could  not  fail  to  obtain  resjxmse  also 
among  the  masses.^'      He  ])roposed  to  dedicate  the 

-'  On  Oct.  IStli,  lifter  lio  had  acted  for  seven  months  as  diructor-gcncnd  ^'f 
the  navj'. 

-*  I'jii-tly  introduced  from  I'^ninee,  and  iduced  under  D'Istn'a,  a  Cnrsicari. 
Fur  ])iililie  opinion  rej^arding  tiiis-e  iijiiiointnients,  I  ri'fer  to  tJie  journals  nf 
tho  d;iy,  as  hifirio  Imp.,  Oct.  1!),  lS(i."),  etc.;  ConstilKrioiiiif,  etc. 

*"  He  reminded  them  that  lie  itwas  who  iiad  more  tlian  lour  decades  licfDro 
raised  t!ie  Butcessful  cry  a^jainst  tiio  Itnrhiil"  empire.  'J'ho  )irochim:itioM  '.>:h 
dutcd  July  8ll),  and  issued  some  weeks  later  iu  Mexico  by  a  nepiieu  uiio 


whole 
at  tho 
nrinie.« 
owiuiT 

_  O 

JJazair 
Anotli 
iiad  ah 
(h'anslii 
si(»Ming 
tJiat  Ik 
year,  fe 
•  lleii,  oi 

Thelatt 
elled  |)y 

the  j)re 
J-i-hts  at 
t"  assun 
making 
p"»l»ulari: 
I'l'otest  ( 
distrust 


I'fed  ns  n;:^e 
J""i-d  to  Jai 
iMIiiral  iieii 
^■"wrnmi'nt 

.     '"Thoiiai 

i^.  \  and   Ji 

'■III' -i  ami  oti 

'■I'^l'  f.'>ltes 

:'-.ipi)rovo  tl 

"I  t'lo  i)atoin 

<'''".«IOO  hunr 

^■■-  II 70.  [.as 

1.10  a;,'!- 

'■"".■/'>':.    .l/c/. 

••"■i^"!' .(ngel 

""'I'd  Alieia 

•'*'''■     Tlionnr 

c.ill.,!  '(jiierid 

i'i^<ii  forthoi 

,,     ■'■''i'llO    |),-ot 

l-'V.-hnul,  Fran 
"mil, tor  at  Vii 
^^'"K'l  toifcn 
^'iiNacnis  assui 
truoi)s  iu  Mexi 


SAXTA  ANNA  ONCE  MORE. 


170 


whole  of  his  still  vast  fortune  to  the  cause,  and  hinted 
iit  the  active  cooperation  of  the  now.idlo  United  States 
armies.  The  plot  was  not  allowed  to  develop,  however, 
owing  to  vigilance  of  the  secret  police  eni[)loyed  hy 
]5azaine  to  watch  in  particular  the  conservatives.* 
Another  source  for  pretentions  against  j\la.\iniilian 
had  already  been  removed  by  his  assuming  the  guar- 
dianship of  the  two  grandsons  of  Iturbide  and  pen- 
sittiiing  the  sons.^*  The  act  created  a  wide-s[)read  belief 
that  he  intended  the  boy  Agustin,  tlu>n  in  his  third 
viar,  for  his  successor,  either  l)ecause  he  had  no  ehil- 
(Inii,  or  in  view  of  a  possible  de[)arture  from  Mexico. 
Tlic  latter  rumor,  though  oilicially  denied,  was  strength- 
<  iit'd  l>y  a  protest  made  by  Maximilian  at  the  close  of 
tlie  preceiliniif  vear  against  the  icnunciation  of  his 
1  i'lits  as  an  Austrian  archduke.  jNIanv,  indeed,  beiian 
til  assume  that  his  liberal  policy  and  assitiuous  law- 
making in  INIexico  were  intended  greatly  for  achieving 
l»»[>ularity  and  reputation  in  his  native  country. ^^  The 
jiiotest  certainly  encouraged  the  liberals,  as  it  created 
distrust  among  imperialists. 


fii  ti'l  ns  agent.  Text  in  La  Vozde  3f('J.,  Aug.  29,  18C5.     Flo  had  been  al- 

I'/wi  (1  to  lan<l  in  Fob.  lS(i4,  on  recognizing  luo  empire,  but  yicldiiig  to  a 
ii:i!iii;il  ix'iit  fur  intrigue,  lie  was  expelled.  For  this  veco^^'iiitioti  tlieTluarea 
^.''Miimiriit  ovilereil  tl>o  coniisication  of  liis  estates.  lUvfrn,  Uub.  Mvx.,  iL 

4(;i);   l;ll,si,ls,  Jiild-I!.,  ii.  •J'.t'J-7. 

'"'J'lie  namca  of  s'viriil  accused  personages  are  ^'ivcn  in --Irrroff/oc,  M''j., 
i\.  S,  ami  J>oiiiriin/i,  Hist.  Mvx.,  ill.  2-0-b.  Santa  Anna  iiail  iMiu^jlit  -(.(liK) 
liilis  aucl  otlar  ai'ins  in  tlio  U.  S.,  and  rcoeived  nttrntimis  on  luiaul  one  of 
t!n  if  fv'iiati'S  at  St  I'lmnias.  His  son,  an  iinpiii.ilist  cnlDiicl,  vcntuiing  t« 
d;  ..ipprii\o  the  tatlier's  nianitcst,  lie  was  (Uclainl  ilisiiilii'iitid  troiii  any  siiare 
ill  the  ])atoiii;d  foitunc,  estimated,  says  Niox,  L'j/if'l.  tin  .'/''•.,  .Ml,  at  l'_'0,- 
Oi>0,(li)0  fiani'9.  SfO  Uiuiio  /in/i.,  Sept.  5,  ISGj,  and  U.  S.  II.  I.'.r.  Jhir.,  17, 
\:.  I   17!),  passim,  ;VMi  <'ong.  '2d  Soss. 

"'Tlio  agreement  sJLrned  at  Cliapultepec  Sept.  fltli  is  rcpvoiliiced  in  Ar- 
rhi'ini:.  McJ.,  iv.  rj-14.  Tlie  two  boys,  Agnstin  and  Salvador,  wcri;  the 
iM'iK  I'f  .^ngel  and  Salvador,  tlio  mother  of  A^  ;stin  being  an  .American 
ii.niiud  Alicia  Cjreen.  Sho  pioteatcd  soon  after  c;'a  iist  tlio  rfuniiulcr  of  her 
SUM.  Tho  aunt  Joscfa  remained  at  tlio  jiaLacc  as  joint  giiai(l''in,  prouil  to  1h) 
fallcil  '(juerida  prima'  by  Maximilian.  lUisih.,  Eini.,  i.  iVJ  It.  'I'lio  reii.-<on 
given  for  tlio  arrangement  was  gratitude  on  the  part  of  the  nalioii. 

•'•'Tlio  protest  was  dated  at  Mexico  Dec.  "JS,  iNil,  and  coiiimui'.i''atcd  te 
l-i:  'laud,  Fi'anco,  ISclginm,  and  Au.stria.  Leo]);)ld  objected,  and  tlio  .Mexican 
iiiiiir^ter  at  Vienna,  Murphy,  refused  to  communicaio  it.  I'linco  .Metteiuich 
li-ii  lied  to  it  merely  eonlidentially,  and  so  it  was  allowed  to'lropoutof  sight. 
Zi I iiacois  assumes,  JliH.,  Mcj.,  xvii.  7o.">,  that  a  withdriiwal  of  the  Austrian 
trjups  in  Mexico  might  have  been  one  of  Francis  Joseph's  rctaliativo  steps. 


ISO 


IMPERIAL  OOVErLXMnXT. 


S(i  passed  tlic  twclvoinontli,  iunidst  altoniatc  liopos 
ami  fears.  Frent-li  successes  in  Oajaca  and  in  the 
nei'tliern  provinces  i-eiidered  the  outlook  in  tliosprin.,^ 
M)  nlowing  tliat  liazaine  s[)oke  as  if  the  war  was  [)ra(- 
tieally  over.  With  Maximilian  the  illusion  seemed 
1(.  I)e  impressed  hy  the  enthusiastic  reception  accord*  d 
liiin  duiini^  a  tour  from  April  into  June  eastwaid, 
through  Tlascala  and  Puebla  to  Jalapa,'"'  districts 
Messed  for  a  long  time  with  comparative  peace,  and 
therefore  more  ready  to  yield  to  exhilarating  inter- 
course with  rare  royalty.  Even  greater  demonstra- 
tions were  evoked  hy  the  later  visit  of  Charl<)tti' 
throuu'h  Vera  Cruz  to  Yucatan,'*  as  miiiht  be  i\- 
pected  from  INIexican  gallantry.  France  caught  tlij 
mfeetion,  and  subscribed  eagerly  for  the  new  Mexican 
loan  issued  in  April,  under  the  guarantee  implicil  hy 
Ilonher's  utterance  that  the  French  ami}-  should  net 
return  till  it  had  triumphantly  accomplished  its  task.^' 
Tills  was  supported  by  a  letter  I'rom  Napoleon  to 
Bazaine,  authoi-izing  him  to  retain  all  his  troops,  con- 
trai'y  to  the  agreement  formed  at  ^[iramare,  and  to 
the  statements  made  before  French  represi'ntatix  t -..'^ 

Tiie'se  hopes  and  assurances  were  to  be  sliakeii  hy 
the  decisive  federal  victories  in  the  north,  which  hit 
the  United  States  at  liberty  to  look  freely  iiiti 
French  aims  and  operations  in  Mexico,  and  to  sitecii- 
lato  upon  the  spirit  of  the  Monroe  doctrine,  inqxlh  I 
by  a  natural  sympathy  for  the  republican  cause,  an.l 

"He  lingered  in  the  Orizaba  district,  and  reached  Jnlapa  on  May  -'>t!i. 
cxhihitiug  himself  freely  and  frequently  in  a  ranchero  dress,  to  wliiili  nUiA 
nun  naturally  objected.  The  demonstration,  on  returning  to  Mexico,  is 
Faiil,  however,  to  have  come  from  otheial  sonrces  rather  than  from  tin;  |ii(i- 
i)le.  'L'J  manifcstii  (Cliurlotte)  con  gran  sentimiento  cu  earta  A  nna  Sefini.i  .le 
liruselas,' says  Arrangoiz,  Mi'J.,  iii.  UKi.  Full  repor'c  of  the  trij)  muy  lio 
found  in  JJinrio  Imp.,  April  II),  18(55,  and  following  i  un.ber;.  Rivera,  //'-'. 
Jal.,  V,  0.'19-47,  giving  special  attention  to  cerenioni<  s  in  Vera  Cruz,  w  lii\  in 
M:ix.,  A/ocucioiie>i,  80,  etc.,  are  given  speeches  for  t'.ie  occasion.  MaximiiKiii 
took  earc  to  have  the  enthusiasm  repoi'ted  fi broad. 

"in  Nov.  and  Dec,  as  described  in  Didi-io  Imp.,  Nov.  0,  1805,  etc.  S|(f 
cial  acef>unt9  of  local  demonstrations  are  given  ip  such  brochures  as  Cittiutu, 
Ell  VnuCrnz,  1 -'28. 

'"No  doit  revcnir.'  Session  of  French  chambers,  April  10,  18G5, 

**  J.fjevri',  Doc.  MaxlmUhnio,  ii.  I'J'J  et  scq. 


sustaii 

stainlii 

hi.s  pa] 

trine  t 

I'lenel 

hy  no  1 

eiiorim 

lair  nei 

althoUL 

s'linewl 

Knee 

to  wiit( 

letter  a 

with   tl 

iiiiiiistej 

Aiiiericj 

J'iil>licai 

tliiuanci 

while  .so 

Miaiice  t 

f"i'  a  rec 

•■I  pi'omi.- 

Flench 

cuuraget 

]'aris,  tl 

prospoct 

'■Thcfe.' 
t')  |iiil)lic  spt 
like  (leorge 

'!■'<''■,  1 -:{-*. 

•'^Vlthont 
KtraMier.V///// 
J'Viiiici.seo  ill 
faiid  rilles,  t 
}'i'.l'i.  I>i jnU 
'i\m-  'liipment 
tiiile  of  tho 
•■'„'/'"'/•>,  ii.  S, 
"ea  tVoiu  Ca! 
n'.Ici  uith  ai 
iiiitiiialiy  trcii 
""Kloin  W( 
iiitiiin  tor  hia 
••'The  con 
wck  of  juuaiis 


THE  UNITED  STATES. 


181 


siistainocl  by  a  liost  of  tiuinfil  soldi'Ts.  Xotwllli- 
^taiidiiiij  tlu!  |i()|)ular  prt'ssuro,  lieadcd  by  ^rraiit  aiul 
his  pally,  who  clamored  for  tlio  fulliliuuiit  of  tlio  doc- 
tiiiio  to  tlio  letter,  and  the  iimnediate  witluhawal  i^f 
I'leiK'li  troops,*'  the  United  States  j^'ovennuent  wished 
hy  no  means  to  rush  into  another  war,  and  swell  its 
( iiormous  debt.  It  even  endeavored  to  maintain  a 
liiir  neutrality  toward  both  of  the  conten<linj4'  parties, 
jiltiiouijfh  officials  did  manai^e  to  favor  the  Juarists 
.siiniewhat.''* 

l:]neoura<;ed  by  this  attitude,  ^Maximilian  ventured 
t«i  w  lite  to  President  Johnson,  only  to  find  both  his 
jitter  and  envoy  ignored.*'  In  August,  in  connection 
with  the  Gwin  colonization  scheme,  the  American 
minister  at  Paris  declared  in  an  othcial  note  that  the 
American  peo[)le  synipathizcd  warmly  with  tlu;  re- 
jiul>licans  of  ^[exico,  and  looked  imj^atiently  on  a  con- 
tinuance i>f  French  intervention.  The  French  reply, 
while  somewhat  haughty,  was  reassuring;  and  in  pur- 
suance thereof,  an  effort  was  made  two  months  later 
I'ov  a  recognition  at  Washington  of  the  empire,  w  ith 
;i  promise  that  this  would  hasten  the  departure  of 
I'lcnch  troops.  The  United  States  refused,  and,  en- 
II imaged  by  the  deferential  tone  of  the  notes  from 
]'aris,  they  assumed  so  hostile  an  attitude  that  the 
prospect  of  a  rupture  seemed    to  many  inevitable.*" 

'' Tlic  feclinj;  is  fully  prcscntuil  iii  the  American  journals,  nnd  in  allusion 
to  [iiililio  spufclii's,  as  at  tlio  lian(|Uut  given  to  tlio  Juarist  niinistfr  liy  men 
like  (loor^'c  Baiicrolt,  DuiUuy  Field,  and  Fish,  us  repurted  ju  Ituimro,  JJnti- 

•''WIthongh  the  Frcui'h  consul  at  San  Francisco  induced  the  U.  S.  war 
iiU;auvr  Shiilirirk  to  oviTtake  mid  Ijiiiij^  hack  tlio  Jlron/es,  wliicli  li:id  lift  Sau 
liaiK'i.sco  ill  ^larch  IS(I.">  with  .several  liiindred  voluiiti'cis  and  several  tlnm- 
.-,iiid  lilies,  the  same  I'H'eets  were  allowed  to  leaeh  .Juarez  liy  another  route. 
I'/'f,  />ij,(iMito,  Ms.;  /(/.,  Ansilinicx;  and  I'njn,  J)urs,  ii.-iii.,  jiassiin.  Sim- 
il.n  sliiiinieuta  wero  beeoniing  more  freijiient  aero.-*s  tlio  frontier,  a.s  the  atti- 
tiiiji'  of  tlio  governineut  grew  more  ho.stilo  toward  France.  Seo  also  J/i.c. 
.Ij/'u><,  ii.  S,  etc.,  ;j'Jth  Cong.  1st  Sess.  Vegiienuiiieiate.-t  three  sliijmients  liy 
sc  I  from  California  during  tlic  suninicr,  >'<;/",  />0'-.<,  ii.  47'J-80,  and  l.'),()l>() 
ii:!t'i  with  uniniuuition  to  the  Colorado.  Id.,  iii.  7<i-4.  Iai|)eriali:its  wiro 
naturally  treated  strictly. 

•"Kloin  went  to  Europe  to  save  appearances  after  failing  to  obtain  reeog- 
nitidii  for  his  government  at  Washington,  observes  Iglesias,  Iii'frr.,  ;tS(J,  -HI. 

•"'Tiie  continual  defeats  of  the  Juarists,  their  fugitive  government,  and 
luck  of  nieuus,  wero  vainly  pointed  out  us  uu  argument  iu  fuvorof  the  legality 


182 


IMPFRIAL  OOVERNMENT. 


Dunii_<jj  tile  progress  oftlicso  Imiiiiliatiiii^  negotiations 
the  iiiipeii.i'ists  were  rucked  by  seriotjs  lorelxKliiigs. 
Ill  tlu!  iiiidd.'e  of  18Gj,  already  an  ojiiinous  j'atlieriii'' 
of  troojis  and  vessels  in  Texas  and  ulonj^  the  Jiio 
J^ravo  induced  liazainc  to  concentrate  most  ol"  Iiis 
men  in  tht;  northei'n  provinces,  to  the  negh.'ct  nf 
provinces  helow,  like  Miehoacan  and  (iuanajuafn. 
The  result  was  a  I'evival  «>('  repuhlicaii  opej-atioiis  in 
these  regions,  wiiich  «Mily  too  plainly  showed  that  t!ic 
cni|»ire  re>ti-d  wholly  on  French  bavonets,*'  It  could 
not  bo  denii'd  that  the  intelligent  and  active  ^[exicans 
Avere  nearly  all  imbued  with  republican  ideas.  A 
large  proportion  lia«l  listened  for  a  while  to  the  prom- 
ises held  out  by  a  l)arty  in  behalf  of  a  strong  central 
government  under  a  peiinaneiit  head;  but  these  nrov- 
ing  weak  and  illusivi>,  national  jealousy  and  impatience 
hastened  the  return  to  former  princi[»les.  As  for  the 
Indians,  they  looked  on  with  passive  indifference. 

Notwithstanding  the  eagerness  for  ollice,  more  thjiii 
one  of  tlie  prelects  preferred  to  resign  rather  than 
occuj)y  an  e(juivocal  [)osition,  unal)le  as  they  were  tu 
carry  out  measures  or  to  enforce  (»rder  with  the  scanty 
ti'o(tps  at  theii'  command.'*"  Their  representations  re- 
called to  ^raximilian  the  warnings  uttered  already  at 
IMiramare,"  and  in  a  series  of  alarming  letters  he  hiin- 
sflf  depicted  the  situation  in  sombre  colors,  blaming 
JJazaine  as  the  cause,  and  declaring  him  responsible/^ 

of  the  strotiL'cr  imiu>rial  party.  Even  tlio  doubtful  conduct  of  Juarez  iu  rc- 
tiiiiiiiiii  tlio  |irosi(lciu'y  alter  liis  teriu  cxjiired  ia  November  did  not  impair  liis 
stiiiKliiii;  w  itii  tlio  htalcs. 

*'  ( 'liar^;iMl  l)y  Druuiii  de  Llinys  to  report  on  tlic  state  of  affairs  in  Mexico, 
Doiiuiici'b  wroto  ill  viWvt  throuylioiit  the  year:  'J'aitrouvii  le  Mcxique  siir 
un  volcan,  IViiiix'itur  it  lV'ni|iiro  usus,  I'insurri'ction  triompliaiite,  partout  mi 
les  Fraiivais  no  bout  jias  en  grand  noiubrc.'  Jlisf.  Mex.,  iii.  'JiO.  But  he  was 
not  lieliovcd;  certainly  not  at  lirst.  See  also  llerimnlt,  Max.,  '28-;$l. 

■•-J'refoi't  Mnral  of  Michoaran,  a  most  worUiyand  re-!poctcd  man,  resi..;iuil 
four  f  imoM  witliout  Ix'ini;  allowed  to  leave.  Somi;  of  his  lettersaro  very  blunt. 
Sec  JJoiii'  iiir/i,  iii.  'J.'."!— t.  He  also  objected  to  the  stringent  measures  whiili 
to  tlio  I''reiicii  soeiiicd  more  indispcn.sablo  the  smaller  their  forces  liccame. 

*'  N'otalily  by  Terau,  whose  character  as  Juarez'  agent  caused  him  to  be 
disrcirarded. 

*' '  La  villctle  Murelia  est  entourt'cironncmis;  Acapulco  est  perdu. .  .OajacA 
est  |irfH(nu'  di'gaini;  San  l.uis  I'otosi  e.st  vn  daiij.'cr. .  .On  a  perdu  iiu  temPi 
preeieiix,  on  a  riiinti  le  tiVsor  i)ublic.  on  a  ebriinlJ-  la,  confianee,  ct  toutcila 
parcv;  (ju'ou  a  fait  eroiro  a  Taris  (^uc  la  guerre  est  {^lorieuaeuieut  linit.'  Letter 


PECriKE  AOAIXST  GUERRILLEIIOS. 


188 


Yet  at  this  very  tiiiio  he  hail  «^ivoii  tho  luarslial,  as  lio 
now  ranked,  a  hoautiful  palace  oa  the  oceasioii  of  liis 
iiiania-'o  witli  a  Mexican."  Kei'arirmj'  the  French 
as  t!ie  only  nliable  and  elBcient  .suj^poit,  he  eontinncd 
to  asic  Najjoloon  for  more  troops,  intimating,'  tliat  he 
preferred  Donay  for  chief.  Meanwhile  he  proposed 
(o  remedy  the  hick  of  soldiers  with  terrorism.  TakiiiLf 
ailvantage  of  recent  successes  in  tiie  north,  and  the 
imre  rumor  that  Juarez  had  actually  Hcd  from  Mexi- 
can soil,"  he  declared  in  a  manifest  of  October  'Jd  that 
the  i)resident  having'  left  the  territory,  a  lei,^al  pre- 
tence no  longer  existed  for  continuinji;  to  war  aijainst 
the  empire,  and  guerrilla  bands  would  lienceforLh  bo 
regarded  as  malefactors,  and  subjected  to  the  extreiiK! 
.severity  of  the  law."  To  thiselieet  was  issued  on  the 
I'ollowing  day  that  much-abused  decree  of  Maximilian, 
ordering  the  trial  by  court-martial  and  execution  with- 
in twenty-four  hours  of  any  member  of  such  bands, 
or  abettors  therecd*,  the  trial  and  sentence  to  be  car- 
ried out  by  the  officer  who  captured  them.*^  Even 
those  who  secreted  guerrillas,  or  withheld  information 
and  aid  against  them,  were  to  bo  imprisoned  or  lined." 

of  Juno  29tli.  Agnin  on  July  IStli:  'Jo  parlo  do  cea  liauta  fonctionnaiiTa  <|iii 
tli'pcuscnt  rnrgeut  ct  lo  sang  dii  .Me\i()UO  inutileuieut,  qui  fout  touted  Iv.a  hi- 
tiiguos,'  etc  Sua  Xiox,  J-Jx/'iil.  (hi,  J/.x.,  4S8-'J!. 

*''A  graiul-tlan5;liter  of  A/.iNlrate,  tliorcgidorof  1808.  The  piilacc  rif  liiu'iia 
Vista,  with  gardens  and  furuituiv,  was  given  as  a  dowry  to  lior,  to  lio  ro- 
ik'Lnncd  by  tiio  government  willi  §l(X),()00iii  c  ..so  t-hc  kftMoxico,  oriiicfi'iied 
not  to  keep  it,  Mexicans  wero  naturally  siirpriwd  nt  tliis  liberal  IicsLdw.-iI  of 
iKitioual  property,  and  to  ouo  declai-c.l  ho  luiwortliy.  Zmii'iC'iU,  Hit.  Mcj., 
xvii.  ll'J,')-7;  La  Tozt/e  J/«[/..  July  S,  ISSI.  IJu/ainoiiilupiLtcd  ;,.i  iiypocriti- 
cal  and  avariciousiu  Pap.  yCorr.  Famil.  Iinp.  Frmir.,  'JO.  In  I'di/im,  ( 'm nian, 
'Ss2-H,  G99,  etc  ,  is  given  a  liatof  cxpt'iiscs  incu!ri.'il  by  and  for  l''rL'ni.'.i  oiiicora. 
Moth  Woll  and  Eloin  had  gono  to  Eiiropu  to  obtain  tlio  removal  of  Ha/aiue, 
A rraiKjoiz,  AleJ.,  iii.  2G3,  301-J,  in  favor  df  Doiiay.  Xiox,  L'xjicd.  da  M<j:, 

♦'.Tuarez  would  in  such  a  caso  have  bci'U  replaced  by  another  hadur,  so 
t!i:it  tliu  repiil)lii'aii  govurunieiit  still  remained. 

"  The  numil'i'st  lie,:;iiis:  'La  causa  (jue  con  taato  valor  y  constancia  postuvo 
Don  Ufuito  Juarez'— a  phrase  by  no  means  to  the  liliiug  of  eitlier  Xapulecia 
or  other  opponents. 

'•The  only  exemptions  wero  persons  who  accidentally,  or  by  foire,  li;ip- 
piMied  to  bo  with  tho  li.uids.  No  regard  waatobepaid  to  the  size  of  the  b m  I 
I'r  tlio  rank  of  tho  prisoner,  so  that  a  lieuten^.at  might  judge  and  ex»!cuLe  a 
gi'ueral. 

'•AH  persons  between  the  ages  of  IS  and  .'»5  musst  aid  ia  defending  their 
town  or  estate  under  a  penalty.     Authorities  who  failed  to  prosecute  such 


IM 


IMPERIAL  GOVERNMENT. 


Decrees  fully  as  sevoro  luul  frc(|uciitly  appeared  in 
the  ccmrso  of  Mexican  revolutions''"" — instance  only 
that  by  Juarez  in  January  18G2 — so  that  this  pre- 
Hcntocl  nothirii^  very  unusual.  Unfortunately  it  was 
directed  by  a  foreigner;  and  striking  the  national 
jealousy,  as  well  as  a  rapidly  growing  sympathy 
among  all  classes,  it  was  to  rebound  upon  the  author, 
to  frame  his  own  sentence.  Maximilian's  character 
was  by  no  means  cruel;"  and  in  yielding  here  to  what 
lay  presented  as  an  absolute  necessity,  he  intended 
lathtr  to  convey  a  menace,  as  proved  by  more  thau 
one  circumstance.'^ 

«Kliii(|nfiit8  were  to  bo  flncil.    All  who  surrendered  before  Xov.  l.">tli  received 

])ar>l(ili. 

''"As  shown  in  tlic  pn'coding  volutno.  Domenech  brings  togetlier  Kcvernl 
instanccH,  lli^l.  Mix.,  iii.  'XVl-'t,  including  tho  Bo-ciilled  niortmiry  Inw  of  Jan. 
LTi,  Isti'i.  Onlers  for  ri'prisalii  bud  liueu  frequently  issued  befoio  iliin  by 
Jiiaiists,  to  be  carried  out  witli  bitter  barbarity.  Alluding  toOov.  Kscipbfdo'.t 
eanijiai^'n  in  Api'il  in  tho  noitli-e.-uitcrn  i9tute.<*,  Castro  reports  cabuly  that  lie 
cxceiitfd  nil  ])risoner8  *  puruejercerusi  cl  derechodo  retorsinn.'  La Lslrtllatle 
On-ill.,  July  7.  1N(».'). 

°'  Liberal  journals  had  actually  ridiculed  his  aversion  for  war  and  his 
ready  leniency. 

"-Such  as  tho  nioililied  decreo  of  March  4th.  The  jirevious  decrets  of 
lS(i:t-t  for  treating  guerrillas  ns  robbers,  and  extending  courts-martial,  were 
littl'.!  less  sevre,  unci  cv>uld  liavo  i)ecn  reathrnied  or  iip[ilii'd.  In  tact,  this 
woiiM  have  been  a  bi'tter  «tcp.  Furllicr,  Maximilian  hiniself  disapproved  of  a 
nuMibrrof  executions  made  in  accordance  with  tho  decree,  '>nd  gavt!  onlers 
to  n\y,iKi  honorublo  soldiers,  issuing  on  Nov.  4th  a  nioditietl  o  er  to  pass  scn- 
teni-oof  death  only  on  leaders  of  arnie<l  bands,  the  rest  be.  ig  consigned  to 
inipi  Voumt^nt,  unless  convicted  of  violence  and  robbery  of  person.  Courts- 
niartiul  Were  also  restricted,  Lcfcvre,  JJor.,  ii.  *JJM)-;<,  seeks  to  distort  tlic 
leniency  of  this  deciec.  Kivera,  tho  republican  champion,  is  ready  among 
others  to  regard  tho  law  rather  us  a  menace,  aud  to  clear  Maxindlian  of  ci  net 
intention.  HIaI.  Jah,  v.  058-9.  Tho  execution  of  <  Jeneral  Arteaga  and  otiieis 
in  Mirhoacaa  was  rather  a  retaliation  by  tlio  commander  there,  notwithstand- 
ing the  coloring  applied  in  Leijarion  J/iu*.,  HuruL,  ii.  Sl.'J-lo,  anil  vvhich  as- 
sisted to  stir  tho  U.  8.  to  remonstrance.  See  U,  S.  jSVn.  JJoc.  5,  3'Jth  Cong. 
IstScs.i.,  ChaiuVor  and  A'//c,  Syichu'',  1-8.  Napoleon,  whdo  expressing  his 
dissatisfaction  with  the  decree,  replied  to  tho  remonBirunco  that  ho  was  imt 
responsible  for  Maximilian  or  his  acts.  I.cl6vie,  Doc,  ii.  "iTO-l;  Leijttc.  Mir., 
ii.  '2l()-l'J.  KOratry  necks  to  absolve  ISa/iaino  from  connection  witli  the 
decree,  whieh  ho  call.s  'the  suicido  of  tho  monarchy,'  Max.,  82-4;  but  the 
marshal  issued  on  t)ct.  1  Ith  a  circular  urging  upon  his  oiiicers  tho  fulliluiciit 
of  tho  decree,  and  that  no  quarter  should  bo  given.  Maximilian  claimed  later, 
ut  his  trial,  that  liiizxdno  not  only  ad.led  clauses  to  tho  decree,  but  actually  sug- 
gested it,  tho  ministry  approving.  JHivni,  JlUt,  Jul.,  v.  GOO-.'b  In  L'jYcir, 
J>oc.  MnxiniUinito,  ii.  '2iki,  '2S')A\,  is  given  n  list  of  sentences  passed  during 
the  closing  months,  under  tlio  decreo.  Tlic  lScl.i;iaus  joined  in  protest- 
ing against  it.  La  \'oz  tie  M<j.,  Juno  5,  18GG;  Iij!e.iiaK,  Interv.,  iii.  50G-I-. 
McSherry,  Ennnjis,  3t)-8,  objects  to  tho  undeserved  censure  roused  against 
^laximilian.  Flint,  Mqx.  uwUr  Max.,  115,  merely  observes  that  the  decreo 
had  an  excellent  ctiect.     Arraugoiz  attributes  '  esta  impolitica  y  bdrbara  ley ' 


AFFAIRS  IN  MICIIOACAX. 


185 


^raxiiiiiliairs  hcm 


ted 


viTt!  (iL't'ivo  was  prompted  as  well  as 
folt  cspi't'ialiy  in  Aliclioat'au,  which,  owiiiijf  to  its  t'a- 
V(nal)le  ^eoj^iaphic  leatures,  with  rich  vallevs,  iiioun- 
taiii  t'astnessos,  and  approachahlo  f.  a-coast,  lornud  a 
;^'()()(l  iioKl  for  <,'uerrilhis.  They  hi'i<l  .  -rtii  in  the  south 
iMid  west,  under  Kejjfules,  l*uehlita,  ►  u'lazar,  Kiva 
I'alac'io,  and  others;  the  last  named  now  appointed 
t^ovi  rnor  l)y  Arteaj^a,  who,  after  his  defeat  in  Jalisco, 
continued  here  to  wield  the  supreuie  command.  1'ho 
first  important  action  of  the  year  18G5  was  the  de- 
Icat,  with  ^nuit  slaughter,  of  the  leader  Koincro,  at 
Al>at/ingan,  by  Colonel  Potier,"^  for  which  Salazar 
(thtained  revenge  at  Los  Keyes.^*  After  this  a  re- 
cnforciiment  from  Douay's  forces  assisted  in  making  a 
jiartial  sweep  of  the  t(  i\iiory,  but  this  advanfuge  was 
lost  by  its  withdrawal  to  the  north,  and  Aitcaga  oc- 
cii[)ieil  the  rigion  «.)f  Tacdmbaro,  Ilgalde  and  N'aldes 
cMptured  Zitiicuaro,"  and  Hdgules  approached  tho 
frontiers  of  Guanajuato  with  a  force  of  about  2,000 
nun.  Fin«ling  himself  checked  In^re,  the  latti-r  has- 
lined  back  atul  surprised,  A[m\  11th,  the  town  of 
Taciimbaro,  forcing  tho  Belgian  and  Mexican  garrison 
to  capitulate,  after  sustaining  a  heavy  loss.*^  J  lo 
thcieupon  advanced  by  a  western  circuit  against  Mt)- 
rt  lia,°'  but  was  overtaken  and  routed  at  lluaniciueo 


bv  rotier.** 


t  1  fiiroij;u  ailviscrs,  ^f('J.,  iv.  22;  Domcncob,  not  witliout  roason,  stumps  tlie 
oiiicry  iilii'()aila;,'aiiist  tliudi'Ci'i'U  as  uIksui'iI  ami  Imsoil  on  iLCnoraiice  uf  Mcxicuu 
traitM  uiiil  rei|niiviiu'iits,  //^^^  Mi  i.,  iii.  .S.'{.V(I;  aiitl  so  fortli. 

^^Oii  .laiiiiuiy  :<lNt,  with  a  luss  «if  2tH)  killt'il  ami  ItiO  prisuners,  including 
UoiiK'i'o,  will),  witli  two  I'onii'aiU's,  was  I'xucutcil  for  litijiamlagi'. 

^'  lii>'liiilin>(  tho  capturu  of  a  forci^^n  otliccr.  Tho  tUtrvHn  ih-  Orri/.,  ]'M\\ 
M.iy,  llSii,'),  placi;a  tlio  repuhliaia  victoiy  at  4(M),  against  7(K)  Fieiuh  and 
'traitors.' 

^■■'rhi.i  was  rc-tiikon  hy  Menilfz,  )mt  hcsioged  and  again  ubandonod  in  April 
hy  till!  Iit'l^ian  and  Mfxii'an  garrison  of  'MM  nicn. 

''"  liii'liiding  < 'ha/al,  ii  son  of  tiio  I'u'lgian  iiiinistfr  of  war,  and  tho  corn- 
niandant,  Tyclgadt,  who  dioilof  iiis  wounds.  Arranuoiz,  .'/</.,  iii.  2S-_',  i>Iaci'S 
till' piisoncrsat  H."i(l,  Xioxat2l().  J-J.r/n'il.  du  jl/c.f. .  508.  Tiu!  losucrcatrd  ,  rat 
cNcitcuicnt  in  lU'lgiuni,  wiii^rusuvi'ral  journals  caniucuit  in  denunciation  ot  thu 
K  do  of  Hohlici's  to  Ijo  KJuughtorcd  in  Itoiialf  t)f  u  uaurjM.T.  hjlenhti,  JtdHstus, 
iii  •l'J_'-4.  On  thu  way  to  Taoaniharo,  Urgnles  took  Cuitzeo  witii  its  garri- 
son of  l.">0  Mexicans.   La  IC^In-ila  df  Orcid.,  July  28,  I8tj."). 

^•Aftcr  failing  to  take  Uruapan. 

"  Wlio  lunl  replaced  I'reuil  us  chief  iu  this  province.    Tho  victory  was  for 


!;1 


180 


IMPERIAL  GOVERNMENT. 


After  several  alternate  sucoesscs,'"  infludiiii^  the 
capture  of  Uruapan  by  Arteaga,  the  entire  French 
force  was  called  northward,  leaving  only  Belgians  to 
aid  the  Mexican  garrisons,  Pdtzcuaro,  Morelia,  and 
Tacdmbaro  being  the  only  permanent  stations  occu- 
pied. Arteaga  advancing  against  the  last-named 
town  in  July  with  nearly  3,00C  men.  Lieutenant-col- 
onel Van  der  Sniissen  boldly  attacked  him  with  less 
than  1,000  allies,  and  achieved  so  decided  a  triumph 
as  to  cri{)ple  the  Juarist  general  for  some  time.®"  The 
credit  assumed  for  the  Belgians  in  this  and  other  en- 
counters led  to  such  discord  with  the  ISfexicans"^  that 
the  former  had  to  be  withdrawn.  Colonel  Mcudc/, 
now  chief  in  command,  displayed  great  activity,  and 
the  republican  nucleus  having  reappeared  near  Urua- 
pan in  October  with  about  1,000  men,  he  went  in 
pursuit  and  obtained  a  signal  victory  at  Amatlaii, 
cajituring  400  men,  including  the  generals  Arteai^a 
and  Salazar.®^  Maximilian's  brigandage  decree  hav- 
ing just  appeared,  Mendez  availed  himself  of  this  (o 
promptly  execute  the  two  generals  and  three  colonels, 
an  act  which  created  an  outcry  throughout  the  coun- 
try,   for   the   commander-in-chief  of  the  republican 

a  time  in  doubt.  Darkness  prevented  the  pursuit  of  the  repuMic.ins,  vlio 
were,  siiid  to  have  lost  'MO  men.     Iglcsi.is  does  not  admit  so  severe  n  dufi  ;it. 

'"The  republicans  siiot  Col  Leuius,  the  coniniandant,  and  sub-prefect  I'ii/. 
At  the  same  time  ruoblita  gained  an  advantace  at  Los  Reyes,  and  thcreuiidi 
entered  Uruapan.  L'ol  Clinchant  came  up  and  drove  away  hia  force,  kiuing 
this  famous  leader,  the  latter  '  veudiendo  cara  su  vida.'  Itjleskia,  Revtslux,  iii. 
458;  liol.  Hep.,  July  5,  1SIJ7. 

""The  united  Bt'lgiaiis  and  Mexicans  were  placed  at  8.")0  men,  and  the  re- 
publican losses  at  ;^0l)  killetl,  and  (i  cannon  and  10.1  prisoners  taken.  I'lio 
allies  suflercd  so  severely  as  to  retire  to  Morelia  for  recuperation.  K'mx,  J.'j- 
ju'd  (III  Mex.,  iiOS,  lylesiai;  insists  that  only  a  part  of  the  republican  fmi-'i' 
was  engaged;  '2,000  escaped.  liiii.iliiH,  iii.  458;  l>inrio  Imp.,  Aug.  II,  iMi."). 
The  empress  felt  llattered  nt  so  gri'at  a  victory  by  her  compatriots.  With  her 
French  descent  she  took  the  next  deepest  interest  in  the  'pautalons  rouj^o.' 
'Tout  ri^'giment  fran(,'ais  me  cause  un  battenient  de  cocur,'  she  writes;  'ni:iis 
..  .quo  Buis-je  pour  cea  homuic8-lii  qui  mo  souttoutl'  Domtnech,  llisl.  Mrx., 
iii.  :W1. 

•'Neither  of  the  leaders  choosing  to  submit  to  the  other,  the  Mexican 
claiming  superiority  of  rank,  the  ]k'lgian  of  nohility,  etc. 

*' Vega,  Ausiliare^,  ALS.,  reduces  the  Juarista  to  400  men.  IV/a,  Docs,  ]it 
24.  Mendez  had  300  cavalry  and  400  infantry.  The  buttle  took  place  on 
Oct.  I'Jth.  JJiario  Imp.,  Aug.  11,  180J. 


DEATH  OF  ARTEAGA  AND  SALAZAR. 


187 


army  of  tbo  centre  could  by  no  means  be  counted  a 
brigand."* 

•*  Potitiona  in  hi8  'oehalf  were  disregarded.  The  real  reason  was  retalia- 
tion fur  tiie  bliootiug  by  Arteaga  iu  June  at  Uruapan  of  the  coniniuudant  and 
jiicfoct,  as  liivera  also  admits.  JJist.  Jntapa,  v.  (ioS-O.  Tlie  tiirco  coiiniels 
who  hutlfTed  with  him  and  Salazar  were  Diiiz  Paruuho,  Villa  Gomez,  and 
I'ather  Mina.  Iijleninx,  iii.  510.  Another  acuount  calls  the  latter  (ioii/alcz. 
Tlie  other  twoscoro  and  odd  officers  were  upared,  thus  proving  tiiat  Mendcz 
was  not  actuated  hy  cruelty,  nor  seeking  to  enforce  the  brigand  law.  Honors 
wore  afterward  conferred  on  Arteaga's  name,  and  steps  taken  to  erect  a  inonu- 
nieut  to  the  victims.  Diario  Dab.,  9th  Cong.,  iii.  212-14.  Quentaro  ado|ited 
lii.s  (Inii^hters,  and  added  his  name  to  that  of  the  state.  Monit.  Rij>.,  \ov.  2, 
1S72;  Mich.,  Doc,  no.  74.  K^gules  might  have  retaliated  on  his  Tae.\ml)aro 
jirisoners,  Imt  preferred  to  exchange  them,  not  with  the  ini]>erial  govi'rnnieut, 
liut  with  tlie  French.  Sec  also  Leijuc.  Afrx.,  Cirriii,  ii.  2i;}-lo;  J'up.  y  Corr. 
r>iw!l.  Imp.,  rJ!)-33,  144-5;  Veijai Docs,  pt24;  I'ertz,  Dice,  i.  lC»-y;  La  Vo% 
tie  Mtlj.,  Diar.  Imp.,  oud  other  jouroola  of  the  day. 


I 


;  'I  'f 
i 


m 


i>  '■) 


Ill 


CHAPTER  IX. 

THE  EMPIRE  A  FAILURE. 
18G5-18C0. 

CVPITULATION     OF     OaJACA — ArMY     MOVEMENTS  —  BATTLES    AND     SlEGES  — 
WaU     MeASIRES  — rUESIDENTIAL    TEliM — NkW     RePUDLICAN'     Pla\     OF 

Campaiu.n— .Symi'atuv  i.v  THE  United  States— Napoleon  Hecoonizes 
iiLS  Failure  —  Tue  United  States  Demand  iiis  Witiiduawal— 
Maximilian  Oveuwiielmed — Cuarlotte  Visits  Europe— Shi;  I'leaus 
IN  Vain  with  Napoleon— Then  Seeks  Consolation  at  Rome— Ueu 
Sad  Fate. 

The  extensive  provinces  south  of  Pucbla  liad  in  tlic 
middle  of  1 804  been  abandoned  to  the  indetati<jjable 
])iaz  and  his  allies;  but  their  wealth  and  proximity  to 
the  ea[»ital  induced  the  imperialists  to  make  in  this 
direction  an  advance  corresponding  to  that  in  the 
north.  Extensive  preparations  were  accordingly  un- 
dertaken, and  toward  tlie  close  of  the  year  (jleneral 
Courtois  d'Hurbal  entered  by  way  of  Yanhuitlau, 
other  columns  following  from  Orizaba  and  JNlcxico.' 
Diaz  ha<!  concentrated  at  Oajaca  his  forces,  consisting 
of  3,000  rogulars  and  an  equal  number  of  mountain- 
eer; ,  and  converted  the  town  and  surroundin<jf  hei^jhts 
into  f)rtiHed  camps,  the  inhabitants  taking  refuge 
elsewh(;re.-     The  importance  of  overcoming  this  last 

'  By  w(iy  of  Cuernavaca  and  Teotitlan.  Itrlcsias  assumes  tho  total  foico 
to  1)0  7, (MM)  FrciK'li  aiiil  l,.^(M)  'trnitora.'  L'n-is/as,  in.  9<). 

■''Tlio  foiu'  I'liief  convents  fonned  a  sort  of  bastions  at  the  cardinal  points, 
eiicloMiiii,'  a  vast  snuare,  while  a  douMo  line  of  barricades  and  fortilicd  house-' 
represented  tiie  curtains.  t'aniKjii  extended  ah)ny  tlio  terraces,  and  apertiucs 
had  been  cut  ill  e\ery  direction  for  loopdioles  and  coiiimiinicatioii.  Out- 
lying houses  had  iieeii  razed.  A  fort  on  KaSoledad  hillcoinniaiiiied  tlietowii, 
nntl  intrtfiicliinents  e(jvercd  every  adjoining  lieiglit.  Niox  describes  soiiio  oi: 
tlicse.  ExjM'.d.  ila  Mvr.,  447-S.  In  view  of  tho  extensive  ami  dclenniiicd  ]ireii- 
aralions  of  tho  Freuch,  Diaz'  policy  haa  bucn  questioned  iit  tluis  passively 

(188) 


OAJACA  CAMPAIGN. 


180 


formidable  army  oftlio  ropublioan  decided  B.izaiiie  to 
undertake  the  task  in  person,^  and  with  liis  usual 
caution  he  took  every  measure  to  insure  success, 
regardless  of  cost.     Indians  were   employed  by  the 


X' 


'''/'■ 


n'V 


iir 


.  . ■  ' °  til 


Ti'iKuca 


Oarita'.Mont* 


pvaca 
iJalatlaco' 


■'^^^!% 


:?ti»"V^^.>.xjt:yiiiujJuj;jjjjj. 


-^UJUGJLilLMUUJLJUL-JLJai  ^ 


'■M' 


%i 


^7%^ICJL.IJJUU      O.    .      h-u      1  Dai 


r-  "-gfe 


'I    f 'iiii.Kiitil 


L'uiiUlani 


rALaBanttre 
'-'  ill-  Crl.it 


rtrfto 


\(t\ 


Plan  of  Oajaca  City. 


1.  CstUedrnl. 

'2.  SMUti)  Dumiugo  Convent. 

3.  Piilttcc. 

4.  I'laZH. 


6.  El  Instltuto  College. 
0.  Mint. 

7.  Tnwnllnll. 

8.  Moule  Al!.»n  Itulns. 


ii waiting  tlicni  at  tliin  place  ami  ruining  it  with  coniparativily  iisi'lcss  works  cif 
ilit'cnoi",  iiisteail  of  harassing  tlicni  along  tlic  »litlii;ult  louto  and  in'olon;;iug 
irsistanci-  liy  t^ivirnuuliing  operations.  It  is  easy  to  criticise,  however,  after 
tlio  (x.'currcnce. 

'Arrangoi/ assumes  that  tlic  popular  nrincourt,  who  formerly  eommandecl 
t lie  soiitliein  OIK  rations,  iiad  I lecn  removed  throu'di  the  joalou;  y  i^f  Ua/aine, 
'iio  se  (|iieria  dejar  cjuo  annientaia  si  preitirii.'  '/i/.,  iii.  'S)',).  'I'iie  iip[)ar- 
cnl  reason  v.  as  a  lacli  of  succiss,  I'lUe,  however,  to  iiibU.ilcieney  of  tr'>opa. 


100 


THE  EMPIRE  A  FAILURE. 


tli()Us;iiRl«  to  convey  siege  material  and  supplies,  and 
to  throw  up  works  round  the  city,  which  iVoni  the 
middle  of  January  was  so  closely  invested  that  a  re- 
eiiforcement  under  Felix  Diaz  failed  to  <jjain  entrance.* 
The  besieging  f(jrce  now  numbered  fully  7,000  men 
with  twenty-six  large  pieces  of  artillery.'* 

On  the  4th  of  February',  18G5,  firing  began  in  ear- 
nest, and  an  assault  was  ordered  for  the  9th.  Diaz, 
who  had  remained  comparatively  inactive,  owing  to  a 
panic  which  had  seized  his  men  on  account  of  the 
l^restigc  and  strength  of  the  French  troops,  found  that 
this  fear  had  led  to  wholesale  desertion,  and  would 
render  efiective  resistance  vain.  To  save  useless 
bloodslied,  he  accordingly  listened  to  the  final  sum- 
mons and  surrendered  unconditionally.*'  INIost  of  the 
men  were  set  free  or  incorporated  with  the  imperial 
troops,  the  rest  being  sent  with  Diaz  and  other  offi- 
cers to  Puebla.''  On  his  return,  Bazaine  learned  that 
Tehuantepec  had  also  b^en  added  to  the  em[)ire.  Thus 
ended  an  important  but  also  enormously  costly  expe- 
dition.** 


1* . 


It 


I' if 
1*  i 


*Niox  asserts  tlint  both  Indians  and  well-to-do  planters  eagerly  welcomed 
tlio  I'VeiicIi,  tircil  of  ropul)lio:iii  (exactions.  Tlic  laljorcrs  were  |iai<l.  L'iii  sup. 
I'Y'lix  Diaz,  cominaiuling  TOO  cavalry,  had  left  his  lirother  shortly  before  on 
an  expedition. 

''  IJazainc's  men  numbered  G,000.  The  rest  were  Mexicans.  Diaz  makes 
the  niinil)er  1(1. OtK). 

"  With  '1,000  men  and  00  cannon,  says  Niox,  wliilo  Diaz  explains  his  mis- 
fortune hy  Htating  that  tlic  .'1,000  with  wliich  he  began  the  defence  had  dimin- 
ished to  100.  A'/o;/..  MS., -JO I, '-'(I!).  He  does  not  {dhide  to  tiio  irreguhirs. 
Iglesias  Btiitcs  that  Diaz  ])reparcd  to  cut  Jiis  way  through;  but  wiiihiattcinpt- 
ing  personally  to  entertain  Jiazainc  with  pretended  in langements  for  Hiiricii- 
di'r,  lie  wa><  detainctl  as  an  c.-icaped  jjrisoner,  having  been  captured  when  the 
French  took  I'uebla.  Hfi-iMtU'';  in.  40i.  IJut  this  Diaz  docs  not  admit.  See 
also  IHiri-:!,  Ilial.  Jul.,  V.  O;!!--;  Mniicro,  llcl.,  l-'J;  l>hiz,  Ihitnf  Jlioij.,  71-0. 

'  Diaz  states  tluvt  ho  had  never  given  his  parok",  as  some  declare.  Jlin;/., 
^^.S.,  '210-11,  '2i;h  Jlc  regretted  that  so  many  of  his  companions  did  so. 
I'l'ij'i,  Dora,  iii.  ,')1-.'), 

*'Du  h'f  juillet  ISOt  jusrju'an  V^  mai  1805,  on  di^^'pcns-a  on  transports  pour 
les  expeditions  sur  Oajaca,  l,8l)(!,000  francs.'  N'm.f,  L'lpol.  du  Mu:,  4."i(). 
'An  point  do  vuc  linancier,'  says  Douienech,  'ce  siege  fut  d(5sastreu\.'  //(•■/. 
71/fx'.,  iii. 'JS.'?.  IIo  enturs  into  details  on  road-maUing,  transport,  etc.,  and 
asserts  tliat  Hrincourt  would  liavo  eflccted  the  Rubjugation  of  the  whole  re- 
gion long  before  at  little  cost,  liiul  the  jealous  IJazaiuo  not  withdrawn  troops 
from  him.  Seo  also  Pai/iio,  Citevtus,  01!),  etc.  Arrangoiz  takes  a  simi'ar 
view.  Loc.  eit.  Furthcrdetailsin  ZJiano /wp.,  Dec.  14,  iSOl,  andsubsciiuent 
numbers;  La  Von  de  Mcj.,  id. 


THE  REPUBLICAN  CAUSE. 


101 


General  INIaiigin  remained  with  sonic  foreign  and 
^lexicMn  troops  to  follow  up  the  advantage,  calling 
hack  the  inhabitants  of  Oajaca,"  installing  local  author- 
ities, and  organizing  militia  in  Villa  Alta  and  other 
ilistricts.  Felix  Diaz'  followers  melted  away  after 
several  incftectual  movements.  Figueroa  was  driven 
iVom  his  retreat  at  Huehuctlan,  and  the  independent 
mountaineers  were  either  watched  or  won  over.  The 
Frencli  heinir  called  awav,  Austrians  took  their  ])lace, 
l»ut  ineffectually,  for  Figueroa  achieved  several  tri- 
umphs, and  other  republicans  rose  in  different  parts 


\  romnro 


Znrmul:.  Vv'i'iV  Aju^Villan 


<" 


GCEKKEUO. 


to  contend,  wntli  varying  success,  for  control  in  lower 
I'uebla  and  Vera  '  "••nx^i*'  while  farther  south  the 
Juarist  cause  remained  snpreme,  favored  to  a  great 
extent  by  the  renewed  outbreak  of  race  war  in  Yuca- 
tan, which  distracted  the  small  forces  of  General  Gal- 
vez." 

•TIio  emperor  sent  a  consideniMo  sum  to  assist  tliom. 

'"  As  iit'ur  Vera  ( 'riiz  city  as  \{i<>  IJlaneo.  I  (itnils  in  iJinrh  Imp.,  ^Tir.  l.S, 
ftf.,  iSd");  La  Voz  de  Mtj.,  u\.;  Ld  Extnllii  ilc  (>ci-i<l.,u\.;  /ijIcKiii-i,  li<  ristrf, 
ill.  4."i.")-7,  ()():i-72.  'Jloy  Oiixaca  Ootacasi  lilixiucadOj'stattia  a  CDrrcipnudeiit, 
ill  /'(tj).  y  Corr.  Fam'd.  Imp.,  150-1;  liirera,   JJ'st.  Jal.,  v.  (J3'2,  U.') I ,  etc. ; 

I  ■*';/«,   IhtCf.,  pt  '24. 

"Tlio  liiiliflii.s  Iiail  been  encournged  by  tlic  too  friendly  cfTorts  of  tlic  com- 
inisaioncr,  llarri'yui,   '(juo  fucso  desarniada  la  guardia   inovil.'  LjU'mus,  iii. 


102 


THE  EMPIRE  A  FAIFX'RE. 


'^i 


After  a  close  confinement  at  Puebla  of  over  seven 
montliH,  General  Diaz  escaped"  and  gained  Guerreio, 
Avhere  Alvarez  readily  granted  the  necessary  assist- 
ance to  form  a  new  army.  This  province  had  been 
left  to  the  republicans  after  the  evacuation  of  Aca- 
])ulco  in  the  preceding  autumn;  but  the  designs  of 
►Santa  Anna  induced  the  in)j)erialists  to  reoccupy  it 
on  the  11th  of  September,  with  the  aid  of  French 
vessels.'^  Beyond  this,  however,  no  advance  was 
made,  and  the  nearest  allied  forces  eastward  wern 
stationed  in  the  valley  of  Rio  Mescala,'*  so  tliat  the 
opportunity  was  not  unfavorable  for  reviving  the  spirit 
of  patriotism.^'^ 

In  the  central  provinces  of  Mexico,  Querctaro, 
Guanajuato,  and  those  adjoining,  the  patriotic  lire 
was  still  kept  alive,  though  feebly,  and  b}-  scattered 
guerrillas,  prepared  to  form  the  nuclei  for  larger  up- 
risings at  an  opportune  moment.  In  Jalisco  the  re- 
cent operations  of  Douay's  forces,  culminating  with 
the  defeat  and  death  of  the  redoubtable  Rojas,""'  had 
restored  comparative  quiet,  which  the  proximity  of 
large  French  bodies,  and  those  under  Lozada  of  Te[)iL', 
served  to  insure.^' 

'2S0,  ."93;  Ihtrrciro,  }'«<•.,  CO,  etc.  Sec  also  above  journals.  In  June  tlic 
inipci-iiilists  luul  taken  the  adjoining  town  of  Jonuta,  in  Tabasco,  witli  tli<-  ai  1 
of  agiinl)oat,  but  tliis  was  their  only  gain  wostwanl.  /'"/).  \'(ir.,  liv.,  jit  v. 
'M.  ftu. ;  N'lD.r,  Ejeptd.  dii  Mf.c.,  r>Vd-\.  'Oil  [las  nn  solilat  fran(,'ai.s  n'a  iiaiii.' 
writes  Maxiniiliua  in  ISGl),  in  alluding  to  (Juerrcro,  Tabasco,  and  Chiapas. 
J, I.,  TiSS. 

I- On  the  night  of  Sept.  20th,  by  moans  of  ropes.  IHnz,  li'in;/.,  MS.,  '2J'J; 
Viijn,  J)or.f,  ii.  3'2i,  Evidently  with  tiie  aid  of  fiii'ndly  hands,  to  jiidu'e  fmni 
his  own  statement.  'Se  generali/.o  la  idea  do  rpio  j)or  (irdeii  superior  st;  le 
liabian  f;icilitado  los  medios,'  says  Arrangoiz,  McJ.,  iii.  -liJI,  but  the  term  'ordtn 
supoiior'  is  pr<ibal)ly  nnwari-anted. 

'^  lAiur  hundred  .Mexicans  from  .Manzanillo,  Hn<ler  Montenegro,  forming  tin' 
garrison.  IV'/a,  Auniliiircn,  MS.;  I'r/a.  Jhcn,  pt '24.  'J'lie  inhabitants  nearly 
all  left  tiie  |)lace.  Niox  mentions  Aug.  11th  ms  tlie  date,  and  Gen.  Orono/  as 
commandant. 

"Under  I'ena,  M'lio  Iiatl  succeeded  Vicario. 

15  l.'ov'.'r  provcil  another  check  to  tiie  imperialists  at  Acapulco,  as  it  had  to 
many  of  their  expeditions  on  this  lower  coast.  I'jlciiix,  /icrittax,  iii.  077. 

'*.lan.  '2Sth,  at  Potrerillos.  He  fell,  together  with  (iO  of  his  men,  anil  loss 
of  .'iOO  horses.  Antonio  Rojas  left  an  unenviable  record  for  cruelty,  which  in 
18.")S  had  caused  him  to  bo  outlawed  by  his  chief  to  save  appearances. 

"  Echeagaray,  for  a  time  connnander-in-chief  of  the  central  urmy,  Romul'; 
del  Valle,  Solis,  Neri,  and  other  republicans  now  gave  iu  their  allegiance. 


IN  THE  NORTH-WEST. 


193 


The  necessity  for  following  up  tlu-  julvantuge  gained 
by  tlic  occupation  of  Mazatlan  caused  the  transfer,  in 
January   18G5,  of  Castagny  witli  nearly   3,000   nu  n 


DuRANaO   AND  SiNALOA. 


XL'vcrtheless,  some  movements  tuok  place  at  iutcrvals,  especially  alongtho 
Miiuloa  border.  Son.,  Bol.  O/ic,  May  0,  1865;  La  Voz  de  mj.,  July  13,  Dec. 
'M,  18C5;  Diario  Imp.,  May  8,  Oct.  24,  1865;  Oomalez,  Hint.  Ayucucoi.j  337 
el  seq. 

H»T.  Mex..  Vol.  VI.    13 


Slit 


II 

1 

1 H 

n 

4  i 


191 


THE  EMPIRE  A  FAILURE. 


fioDi  Durango  to  this  port.  Severe  and  deteriiiiiiud 
ill  disposition,  this  general  retaliated  both  on  the  life 
and  property  of  republicans  for  their  hostility,  mainly, 
however,  with  a  view  of  terrifying  them  into  subniis- 
wion.'"^  General  Corona  and  his  followers  did  the  same, 
and  a  reuular  war  of  extermination  eii.sued.  Favored 
by  the  nature  of  the  eountiy,  the  guerrillas  generally 
nianatied  to  avoid  serious  encounters,  while  inllic.-tiii'j: 
no  little  mischief  and  annoyance  by  tlieir  Hying  mo\i- 
ments  to  the  walls  of  Mazatlan.  Lozada  had  to  Ia; 
sunnnoned  to  assist  in  the  pursuit,  and  in  April  li;j 
succeeded  in  routing  the  republican  main  body  near 
Rosario.  The  reverses  suffered  by  the  republicans 
compelled  Corona  to  take  the  rest  of  his  army  to  tlic 
northern  part  of  the  state,  whence  he  went  into  Du- 
rango,  but  was  back  in  ii\e  months  and  opened  a  suc- 
cessful campaign  against  the  French,  defeating  them 
in  Pales  Prietos.  where  he  won  a  glorious  victory." 

The  extolled  mineral  wealth  of  Sonera  had  lon<'- 
dazzled  the  eyes  of  Frenchmen,  with  such  results  as  the 
Raousset  de  J3oulbon  expedition;  and  strong  influeiici' 
had  been  brought  to  bear  in  France  for  obtaining  ,i 
cession  of  tlie  province;  but  the  objections  of  ]Mi..\i- 

"'linpcriiilist  writers  .ickiiowlcilgc  this  severity,  as  instanced  in  liiiniii..' 
towns  ami  estates,  and  executing  jmrtisans  and  prisoners.  Sec  Zui:iwui-, 
nu>.  Mij.,  xvii.  77o-8,  b'j;J-4;  Arruii<joiz,  McJ.,  iii.  'IWA;  Niox,  L\i-/ii!il.  iln 
M'  ■.,  4lj.'i-4.  If  tlicy  condenuicd  such  acts,  wc  may  understand  that  n  pulp- 
(U;iii,i  raised  a  cry  of  execration,  as  in  Iijlcnin-i  and  La  EHrella  dc  Orriil..  !■>< 
tVeiiuently  (juoted;  Lr'jarion  Mex.,  Circiil.,  ii.  2S.")-8;  Laurent,  G'ncrr>'.  I',' I 
et  sc([. ;  and  Vi'jH  y  Ifijar,  EiiS'njo  Hid.,  284,  etc. ;  in  which  hitter  this  noitii- 
west  campaign  is  fully  related.  Castagny  was  roused  during  the  march  ao;  i-  - 
the  coast  range  Ijy  the  sevcritj'  inaugurated  really  by  Corona,  whoafter  Ik  i;i,' 
driven  from  a  stronghold  at  Kspinazo  del  Diablo  .lati.  1,  l.SCJj,  surprised  tri 
days  later  fi  garrison  left  at  Vcranos  and  executed  all  the  French  prisoiicr-^, 
pkccd  liy  Iglesias  at  .">0.  Ucvixlns,  iii.  ]o8.  Marquez  dc  Leon,  Miiii.  /'■!., 
Ms., 'J4;{,  condemns  the  act  severely.  Castagny  hastened  back  and  ijiivind 
the  village.  The  numerous  foreign  traders  at  MazatLui  and  elsewhere  liid 
not  e.inceal  their  antipathy  for  the  French,  who  had  ruined  a  prosperous  t  ii- 
tre])6t  and  supply  trade. 

'"His  letters,  serving  to  defend  both  them  and  himself  against  the  char-i-' 
■of  treason  to  the  cause,  are  reproduced  by  Vigil  and  other  authoritit-. 
Corona  had  a  narrow  escape  from  capture  after  his  defeat.  The  republic.!  i 
governorship  of  the  state  had  by  Juarez'  order  been  surrendered  to  Cen.  S;iii- 
chez  Ochua,  and  subsequently  to  Rubi,  by  Ilosales,  who  was  pronnsod  ot'irr 
rew arda  for  his  activity;  but  he  fell  soon  after  at  Alamos.  Ijlesia-,,  /iVri,^7i  , 
iii.  •JIT.  .").•;  1. 


SINALOA  AND  SONORA. 


195 


iiiilian  and  other  circumstances  made  the  project  un- 
(lesirahle.  Its  ahaiRlomncnt,  however,  did  not  (Uiiiiii- 
ish  the  allurements  of  the  region,  and  the  Sinaloa 
successes  enal>ling  Castagny  to  turn  his  attentit)n  to 
the  upper  coast,  his  soldiers  eagerly  t^ntercd  u[ton  thi; 
expedition.  A  main  oi)JL'ct  was  to  deprive  Juarez  of 
Guaymas,  the  only  valuahle  port  left  to  him.  On 
March  29th  the  French  s(juadron  landed  several  hun- 
dred n»en  under  Colonel  Garnier,'"  Patoni  retiiing 
with  the  re[)ublican  garrison,  yet  seeking  tti  bar  all 
communication  with  the  interior,  sui>i)()rtetl  on  the 
I'oad  to  Hermosillo  h}^  the  cond)ined  forces  of  Gov- 
ernor Pcsqueiia  and  Morales,  nund)ering  about  l],000 
men.  While  unable  to  eftect  much  in  this  direction 
for  a  time,^'  Garnier  sent  troops  by  sea  to  Alamos, 
and  managed  to  gain  several  ad hei'ents,  notably  among 
the  Yaquis,  Mayos,  and  Opatas,  Tauori,  chief  of  the 
last  named,  joining  at  Guaymas  with  a  large  band.'-^ 
Thusreenforced,  the  colonel  marched  unmolested  into 
Hermosillo  on  July  29th,  and  a  fortnight  later  into 
Ures,  Pesqueira  falling  back  on  Arizpc.  This  left 
the  main  part  of  the  state  in  the  hands  of  the  impe- 
lialists.^^ 

The  concentration  of  French  forces  at  this  time 
under  Bazaino  left  this  and  the  adjoining  province  of 
Sinaloa  combined  to  the  care  of  only  one  regiment;-' 
tine  battalion,  under  Colonel  Cotteret,  confmint;  itsell" 
iiliaost  exclusively  to  Guaymas;  Hermosillo,  Alamos, 
and  other  points  being  intrusted  to  the  Indian  allies, 
with    varying    success.^'      Such    stanch    auxiliaries 

-"Castagny  accompanying  only  for  the  trip.  The  squadron  consisted  of 
till'  Luci/er,  d'Assciii,  Cordelk^re,  and  Pallax. 

■'  An  attempt,  May  *2'2d,  to  surprise  Pcs(iucira'3  blockading  forces  was  only 
liartially  successful.     Republicans  seek  to  belittle  the  affair  still  more. 

^' The  fruit  of  encroachments  so  long  perpetrated  by  unscrupulous  gov- 
'  inors  and  colonistb.  Ex-governor  Gdndara  is  accused  of  using  his  inllutjuro 
witli  the  tribes. 

-^ '  Perdidndose  casi  todo  el  Estado  para  la  causa  nacional, '  laments  Iglesias, 
l!<  ristun,  iii.  4fw. 

■■'Tliu  G2d,  which  relieved  the  51st.  Xiox,  Exjud.  dii  Mex.,  .->.'il. 

- '  In  seeking  to  take  Alamos  in  August,  General  Ilosales  was  defeated  and 
killed.  A  prouuncianiieuto  at  Hermosillo  was  suppressed  ami  the  city  retuk.  a 
!>  I'tifcct  Campillo,  assisted  by  three  Frcneli  compaides.     An  attack  by  his 


II 


n 

m 


100 


THE  EMPIRE  A  FAILURE. 


existed  ill  Sinaloa  that  Corona,  who  had  meanwhile 
been  laying  his  plans,  now  resumed  the  campaign  with 
a  vigor  that  soon  reduced  the  French  battalion  in  this 
state  to  the  iuunediate  neijrhborliood  of  Mazatlan.'" 


if'' 


i'arther  eastward,  from  Chihuahua  to  the  gulf  ol' 
Mexico,  republican  arms  had  met  with  a  similarly 
varied  ibrtune.  The  growing  success  of  the  federals 
ill  the  United  States  created  here  a  corresponding 
glow,  with  the  hope  that  a  portion  of  the  surplus,  or 
needless,  northern  armies  would  soor>  lend  their  aid  to 
the  sister  cause.'^'  As  a  result,  the  victories  of  thi' 
imperialists  in  this  region  were  less  overwhelming 
among  the  Juarists,  and  the  spring  of  1865  saw  a 
number  of  leaders  in  the  field,  some  menacing  the 
eastern  line  of  Durango,  and  others  organizing  forces 
in  Nuevo  Leon  and  Tamaulipas.  Ncgrete  so  far 
mustered  the  largest  army,  of  about  2,000,  with  which 
he  in  March  moved  from  the  Rio  Florido  district  into 
Coahuila,  and  took  possession  of  Saltillo  on  April 
9th,'^^  and  three  days  later  of  Monterey.*' 

From  Jiere  he  advanced  against  Matamoros,  joined 
by  Cortina,  who  tliought  the  movement  favorable  lur 
again  changing  sides,""  and  by  Carbajal,  who,  assisted 

sou  on  Malape  was  repulsed  by  Gen.  J.  G.  Morales,  who  now  figures  as  ro- 
publican  governor. 

'"  Full  details  concerning  these  operations  arc  given  in  my  Ilintory  of  ikf 
Xortli  Mcxknii  Slatts,  ii.,  I)asccl  on  original  documents,  local  reports,  and 
journals,  and  the  works  of  Vigil  y  Hijar,  Escudero,  and  others. 

'•"  This  prospect  was  widely  held  forth,  although  not  alluded  to  in  the  proc- 
lamutions  of  Juarez  to  his  patriots,  for  which  see  Mdx.,  Boletin  Ley.,  1803-7, 
ii.  131-4,  2'22-5. 

'*Tho  city  had  been  taken  on  March  29th,  by  Col  Aguirre,  but  the  impe- 
rialists Olvcra  and  Lopez  coming  from  Monterey  to  the  rescue,  ho  had  to 
abandon  it.  The  republican  governorship  had  passed  from  Galindo  to  A.  S. 
Viesca,  who  before  Vidaurri's  usurpation  had  held  the  oflice.  Igleaias,  Hevu- 
tas,  iii.  20t,  244,  288-9. 

^  Abandoned  by  the  imperialists.  The  republicans  claim  to  have  found 
here  02  pieces  of  artillery.  Many  deserters  joined  them.  Peridd.  OJic,  and 
La  Eslrellade  Occid.,  May  19,  1865. 

^"It  must  be  stated,  however,  that  he  had  made  the  cbango  unaided,  April 
1st,  taking  with  him  his  command  of  400  horsemen  and  70  inmntry,  and  secur- 
ing a  lot  of  ammunition  buried  at  Matamoros  before  lie  gave  allegiance  to  tho 
empire.  This  he  claims  to  have  done  by  force,  a  portion  of  his  men  driving 
bacK,  on  April  11th,  the  imperial  garrison,  while  another  bore  it  ofiF.     His  re- 

?ort,  and  the  thanks  accorded  him,  may  be  found  in  Mix.,  Col.  Leyes,  18G3- 
,  ii.  235-8. 


si  lap 
ti>  tu 
I'or  t\ 
At 


X  ( grt 
May, 


1\  THE  NORTIIKAST. 


107 


by  it  Ii.'ukI  of  ITnitfd  StaUs  volunteers,  and  in  con- 
junct ion  with  leaders  like  Nuranjo,  had  captured  all 
tiie  towns  alonjLf  tiie  Rio  (jrrande,  ironi  Piedas  Negras 
down.'"  Finding  defection  among  his  ti()oj)s,  General 
^[ejia,  who  still  held  tlic  command  in  this  region,  re- 
tired within  the  walls  of  Matamoros,^'  to  await  the 
aid  j)romised  by  Razaino.  This  coming  by  sea  in  the 
shape  of  a  foreign  legion,^'^  Neijjrete  thouuflit  it  best 
to  turn  back  on  May  2<1,  after  a  i'eeble  demonstration 
for  two  davs.^* 

At  the  first  news  of  the  Juarist  movements,  the 
l-'rench  con)niander-in-chief  jiad  despatched  generals 
Brincourt  and  Neigre  toward  the  ^^apiml  border, 
with  a  view  to  check  the  eastwanl  mowiucut  of  Xe- 
L;rete.'''  Coming  too  late  I'or  this,'""' lit-  lollowed  liim, 
;iii(l  at  the  same  time  Colonel  Jeanningros  advanced 
ri'Diu  San  Luis  PotosiV'  both  n)ovinLj  on  Saliillo. 
Xtgrete  had  reached  the  latter  place  in  the  middli'  of 
^Fay,  and  occupied  the  adjoining  'kiss  ol'  Angostura 
to  sto])  their  approach;  but  after  a  foeble  skirmish  he 
retired  dui'ing  the  night  of  June  ('•tli;'''*  taking,  with 

■"  I'liia  ]il.uu  hail  been  taken  April  '2'iil,  by  Col  Narnujo,  t!ii)  imperial  gar- 
lisuu  orossin.;  Uio  Kio  I'.nivo  to  the  confcilrratcs,  wlio  saved  the  greater  num- 
licr  by  opening  Ih'o  on  the  iiuvsuing  Juaiists.  Iijltsiax,  iii.  ;i3l. 

'-Xe^ielu'.s  forciis  an)  pluccil  tiy  Zuniacdis  at  (5,000,  witli  'JO  cannon,  HUt. 
M'J.,  xvii.  IMO,  wliile  Xiox  ciiditM  Mcjia  with  ;},000  men,  assisted  by  800  lo- 
cal vohiiitoers;  says  u  ri'|ioit  in  Ait  En'rcllade  Ordd.,  •lunc  10,  1805,  1,800 
infan'.iy,  .'JOO  "'avalry,  and  l.(MK)  V(jliinteers. 

"Iti  .")(10  men,  under  Do  Brian. 

"Another  probable  reason  for  this  lack  of  spirit  was  the  failure  of  ex- 
pected conjicration  fidiu  tlie  Texan  tide  of  the  river.  In  his  report,  dated  at 
Santa,  rjosalia  on  tlio  .eami-  day,  ho  declares  that  evidence  was  ol)taiucd  of  co- 
(liK  ration  against  him  of  confederates,  who  stood  prepared  to  fall  on  his  rear 
ia  (a^eof  an  assault.   Mi'x.,  Col.  Lajr^,  1S03-7,  ii.  '-M.'J. 

•■'(ieneral  Aymard,  commanding  at  Durangn,  taking  personal  command  (jf 
the  advaueo  post  at  Kio  do  Xazus,  so  as  to  render  assistance.  Dupin's  contra- 
giuirillas  wero  ordcrc'd  towartl  Matehuala  to  aid  tiio  column  forming  at  San 
Luis  I'otosi,  under  Col  J<'anningroa.  Xi"X,  I'.xycd.  du  Mix.,ACi\)-10.  Dupin, 
ri'i.;:'lcd  for  his  erui'lty,  had  been  nplaced  by  Captain  Ney  d'l'.lchingcn. 

■"•Not  linding  him  at  Mapimf,  he  turned  to  check  a  guctTilla  iiu'oad  from 
Sinaloa,  by  way  of  I'apasquiaro.  Tliis  resulted  in  the  repulse  of  Carbajal, 
viio  aliorward  came  back  in  company  with  I'atoui. 

'''  Mejia  had  orders  to  coiiperatc  from  his  side,  but  the  federal  authorities 
taking  possession  at  this  period  of  Brownsville,  and  manifesting  hostility,  ho 
<land  not  leave  Matamoros. 

"^  llis  forces  are  placed  at  about  4,800  men.  .Teanningros  camo  up  May 
•ilst  with  about  1,;")00  men,  and  indulgcil  merely  in  a  skirmish  while  awaiting 
liriiicourt.     The  approach  of  the  latter  caused  Nogreto  to  withdraw. 


\ 


hii 


11)8 


THK  KMI'IKK  A  I'AIUKK. 


2,r»00  of  lii.s  nu'ii,  tho  rouU-  to  ^Toiiclova,  whilf  (Jon 

oral  Ivscohudo,  ^KVrr'llur  i>\'  XucNo  Lioll,^'  jditcccdrd 
ca.stuiinl  to  (iali'Uiia,  with  tlic  icmaiiiiii'n-  'J, (»<)().  Tlir 
FriMK'li  imsssoil  tliroii;4li  Saltillo  on  the  lollou  inj^'  dav, 
ill  i>iiisuit  «•!'  tlic  roiiiur,  lUi'ssiiijL,'  liiin  so  closely  tliat 
his  I'orfos  dishaiidcd  in  ilinht,^"  Thus  tlu-  irpuMicaii 
main  army  was  again  dissipated,  and  with  it  conti- 
(K'lice  ill  Ne;^rett',  who  si.-parated  from  .Juarez/' 

A  better  reeoril  is  presented  hy  tho  minor  Juarist 
Ibrco.s  ill  aloiiLT  the  L'^idf  coast.     jK"':innini;  in  Janu 

~  I  ^  Oct 

ary  with  the  needless  destruction  of  Linares,  Colonel 
Meiidez  hud,  alter  a  series  of  rapid  movuinents,  cap 
lured  Ciudad  Vii-toria  on  April  '2lU\,^'  ami  Tula  (»ii 
.luiie  4th,  after  which  he  ke[)t  in  check  the  j^arrison 
of  Tampico,  cut(inL(  otf  all  communication  with  San 
Juuis  Potosi.  Farther  up,  the  forces  of  Escohedo 
overran  in  several  parties  the  region  hetweon  Linares, 
IJuigos,  and  Matehuala,  routiiiix  a  laive  convov  undei 

t*  '  'Oct* 

Tijerina  at  l\iso  <le  lus  Cabras  on  Kio  San  Juan,  and 
ia[)luring  Ciitorce  on  August  'JlHt."*^  Matehuala  and 
C'adereita  were  strongly  garrisoned,  but  could  alfoid 
little  aid  beyond  their  limits,  so  that  flying  bodies  had 
to  sally  from  Quereturo  and  San  Luis  Potosi  to  drivt 
l)ack  the  during  guerrillas.  Cortina  lendering  the 
communication  with  Matamoros  additit)nally  danger 
ous,  eftbrts  were  concentrated  to  maintain  that  witli 
Tampico,  but  rains  and  fevers  impeded  operations." 

^'Replacing  Gcu.  Hinojosa,  the  former  holdei-.  J.  M.  Aguila"  figured  at 
tlio  samo  time  as  prefect,  and  F.  ho\>v7.  .a  comandunto  superior.  La  Estnlld 
(/    Oerid.,  March  17,  May  19,  July  7,  l!   i5. 

^"Tliis  was  effected  mainly  by  Jeanii  igros,  IJriacourt  having  returned  on 
tlic  route  to  I'arras  to  closo  this  lino  ag      at  ..iui. 

"  llis  orders  being  to  call  Freucli  at.  tiou  from  Chihuahua,  ho  contiuui  .1 
to  struggle  for  a  while  in  Nuuvo  Leon,  th  tho  remnant  left  him.  IJeiii,' 
called  to  account  for  funds  intrusted  to  1  ',  ho  tui'ucd  to  labor  for  the  sub- 
stitntiou  of  Ortega  as  iresident.    I'cfja,  A     i!iarc-<,  M8.,pt'24,  in  \'c(i<i,  JJv(-<. 

'-After  a  siege  of  over  a  fortnight;  th  .jarrison  agreeing  to  leave  tho  ter- 
ritory. Iglesias  places  tho  siego  nt  19  d.  s,  ending  April  23d.  A'cw'.stos  lii. 
3:J3. 

"The  latter  feat  was  performed  by  Gen.  Vega,  the  former  by  Espinosa,  in 
connection  with  Canalcs,  Cerdo,  antl  Naraujo,  tho  convoy  being  estimated  at 
900  men.  Niox  credits  tho  latter  victory  evidently  to  Cortina,  and  gives  tin; 
loss  at  250  men,  the  party  being  on  the  return  march  from  Cadercita  to 
Matamoros.  Expdd.  duMcx.,  51)2. 

**Cliopin's  African  battalii)n  and  tliu  furcign  legion  at  Matamoros  were 


SlWiK  OF  MATAMUIUIS. 


I'.i'J 


Tlio  rainy  Hi'ason  oVLi",  10m'oIh'«I<>  i(iMiIti.'«l  his  trttops 
iind  laid  sioj^T  t<»  MataiM(»r»».s  in  OrtolHi-,  with  ;!,()0(» 
nii'M  and  t'lovi-n  cannon.  On  Uu;  -jth  a  >|iiiiti<l 
ii -.saiilt  was  niach',  hut  poorly  sustained,  and  consi'- 
(jucntly  ri'pulsi'd.*'  UwiuL,'  to  thr  frai-  ol"  dflrct  ion 
iihd  thu  active  synj[>athy  ol"  the  adjoinin;^'  l'nil<d 
States  forces,  Mejia  feared  to  take  the  olfinsive 
.•I gainst  Escohedo;  hut  one  of  tlie  Freneh  vessels  peii- 
etiatini,'  u[)  the  river,  and  further  ait  I  ai>itroachin<^s 
l!i>'  latter  raised  the  sie<;'e  on  Xovi'iuher  Stii.  Dot  h 
Mejia    and    the     Frencli    naval    conunander,    ('1(>U(', 


Vt 


"'     .  "^    •   PiloAllo 


it 


.      „■':.',''  ,..,     iui.c)<..vi..j«Y   J"*Vi    w'/ '■•>..    '••.-•  Ai  ^  CL  f„ 


OU.Y/ JViii,','  ».«7-;J, -/'_^;/    .^iurtlt.. 


lU..iia.li.>,(y,,r^^^_ 


Mat A.MoiKis  AN'it  Vicisiiv. 

j)rotosted  against  the  aiil  given  hy  ITnited  States 
men  to  the  rcpuhlicans  in  war  material,  supplier;,  am! 
liospital  care,  and  ab(jve  all,  in  lending  them  >oi(li(  is; 
hut  the  coniniandant  at  Clarksville  re[)lied  curtly  that 

brought  to  Tampico  for  the  imrposo,  but  fever  reduced  l)o(.h  r;i|(i(lly,  tliu  Lit- 
ter losing  half  of  ita  men.  They  were  llifret'oie  .siut  hack.  (Ju  tin  ir  w.ty  to 
Taiiniieo,  Muiuloz  nearly  aucceedod,  Sei)t.  '.itli,  in  ovurwlKliniiij;  the  louMjy 
"iiii  its  iuvalids. 

*■■  It  was  made  in  two  lolumns  hy  Ilinojosa  and  Eseoljedo,  both  a  ■hicviii,' 
iKtided  advantages;  hut  being  luiidi' successively  instead  of  ainudt.ni' 'lu-ly, 
Mejia  could  ilirect  ids  whole  stren-;;!!  avaiu.st  botJi.  lliuojosaanil  his  ^  ■, oud 
in  coummnd,  A.  Clar/a,  were  wouudcl.  Iglcsias  states  tiiat  tiie  Fieiicii 
6t  -dmar  An'oiiia  came  up  the  rive  r  and  assailed  tlu'ui  in  tiie  i-eai'.  Iiti:lslnn, 
iii.  O'J'j.     McjiVs  sorties  were  lejpul.ied.   See  also  ylr/Vts  1,'f.it iln,  Xi-'>. 


^ 


1^' 


200 


THE  EMPIRE  A  i<AlLURE. 


the  men  who  liad  ioinod  the  Juarists  were  no  hni'^er 
in  the  United  States  service.  His  manifest  hostility 
continued,  and  eai'ly  in  January  18GG  bands  of  ne^ro 
soldiers,  with  Cortina's  name  on  their  caps,  came  over 
and  sacked  Bai^dad,  caiiyini!;  off  the  •jj'ariison.  This 
beiiiii^  a  nianirest  inlrinLj^enient  of  neutralitv,  the 
United  States  government  hastened  to  make  amends 
by  removinsjj  the  oommandant  and  arraiii^ninu'  the  par- 
ticipants  in  llie  outi-age.''" 

Escobodo  fell  l»ack  on  Monterey,  taking  [)ossessiou 
of  the  town ;  but  a  part  of  the  imperial  garrison  re- 
tired, after  a  shar})  contest,  into  the  citadel,  and  held 
out  till  Jeanningros  came  to  the  rescue  on  Novend:)er 
25th,  alter  a  Hying  expedition  to  ^Monclova,*'  and 
compelled  Escobedo  to  huiiy  away  to  Camargo,  and 
there  recruit  for  the  next  fav(jrable  opportunity.  In  the 
lower  part  of  Tamaulipas  Mendez  remained  supreme, 
notwithstanding  a  temporary  advantage  of  Ornano, 
who  took  Victoria  on  the  1 7th  of  November,  and 
held  it  for  a  month,  after  which  it  was  finally  evacu- 
ated."-* 


I 


>   > 


The  dispersion  of  Negrete's  army  having  deprived 
Juarez  of  his  last  imposing  support,  Maximilian  bo- 

■""An  act  in  accorclancc  witli  the  similar  conduct  of  Bazaiuo,  who  smiic 
months  jncviously  Iwul  removed  ccrlaiii  oilioor.s  and  rcaLored  vav  material  in 
order  to  maintain  liMinioiiiima  ic'.atioiia  with  tlio commandant  afc  Brownsville. 
Sheridan  ^ust.iiucd  (!cn.  WcitZ'd,  the  commandant  at  Clarksvillc.  Duriiiy;tlio 
.sacking  of  llagdiid,  J'rcnoh  vessels  were  find  iijiun  by  the  invadrr.s,  and  U.  S. 
rcf:ular.s  caino  ovor  to  Ktop  tho  cxccsscf,  (>nly  to  continue  the  pillaj^o  in  tli-'ir 
turn,  iu-conlini;  to  imiicrialist  accounts,  'i  licy  remained  at  liagdad  till  the 
■_'-d  of  Jan.  'J'luce  days  later  an  Austro-Mc'.'can  body  retook  Ihu  town. 
Alvenslflien,  W'ifh  ^fa.r.,  Ci-ti,  iclatea  his  pcrtsonal  ohscrvations  on  tho  spot. 
Niox,  h'x/i'il.  (la  M'.r.,  r>;il-S,  reproduces  a  part  of  thophaip  eonespondcnco. 
Mejia'a  conduct  nmhr  these  trying  circumstances  brouj,ht  a  letter  of  thank.-i 
from  Maximilian  ami  the  grand  cross  of  tlic  Aguila  order.  Arramjuiz,  Mi  J., 
iv.  -10,  GO. 

*' I.a  llayric,  commandant  at  Saltillo,  arrived  earlier  in  tlio  day  with  a 
.small  force,  which  managed  to  cut  in  way  through  Eseobedo's  lines  nnl  I'eacii 
tiio  eitad<'l.  F.Uon,  Wii'hthc  /'niirJi,  ll.j-10,  ]ilace9  his  force  at  1 10  men,  and 
the  republicans  at  1,400.  Iglcsiaa  ejieaks  of  '  la  derrota  dc;  La  Ibiyric.' /A 
viitd^,  iii.  ,'■);$<),  in  allusion  to  his  later  sortie  from  thocitadcl.  Escobedo  f.uled 
to  collect  the  $l'00,UOO  Icviid  on  tho  city.  Paj).  y  Corr.  Famil.  Jmji.,  lO,')-?. 

"For  additional  details  on  the  north-cast  campaign,  I  refer  to  La  Vvz  i'j' 
M^j.,  I  rrioi  .  Ojic,  D'ario  I  ]).,  I'djaro  IVn/e,  il/exi'cano,  and  other  jour- 
nals, througiiout  the  year. 


IMPERIAL  POLICY. 


201 


came  more  anxious  tlian  ever  that  the  advantage 
should  be  followed  up  by  driving  the  president  from 
the  territory,  and  before  the  meeting  of  the  United 
States  congress,  in  the  belief  that  this  might  change 
tlio  feeling  of  tlie  northern  republic  toward  the  em- 


'iPaVo'del  Norte  *V 

,'■ .      „    sin»pii!rVv 


SlncPii 


v«■,'^ 


i  Casliil'''' 


V-     W     \'■,t}s.i■,n.■..A^^v^nrMT  >^ 

s?lV  


F.I.cnton) 


-:^^-' 


lPrcsldio\ 


S .  Gc  roil  i  mi  i/V^V-,1 


^  '  v      v'i-   ^^„     'ji..(i,i>:aiii,iii,.^i-J> 


41 


DFI    CHILICCIT^      \^'-L«|NO,■^_^^•\J^ 

■•/J%.    "'   dITloa csisTiANcia'      ! 


1^ 


]^  mh^ 


'.UNO       if 

u;  LOS  ■  <^ 

Q;iANTE3     .^1 


-/--I 


yLUj/.Ucl  JUVJ) 


Jlu  unci 


^.i^ 


BOLS' 


c/n 


DE,' 

-^'/  —  I 55 


^  V>/\" 


X. 


"^                     \.i>    MA^IMl 
•J«         ^--^  J  w, 


CHIirUAUOA. 


irne.  The  manoeuvre  was  a  natural  sequence  to  the 
[ueceding  operations  in  the  north;  oncl  the  sinmlta- 
uoons  activity  of  the  French  columns,  east  and  west 
iif  Chihuahua  province,  rendered  it  more  effective  by 


202 


THE  EMPIRE  A  FAILURE. 


B'i.  ¥ 

P 

h 

m  < 


^!) 


s     t 


occupying  the  republicans  in  clifFerent  directions,  and 
preventing  their  government  from  seeking  refuge  in 
Sonora  or  Coahuila. 

Brincourt  had  returned  to  Parras  in  June,  after 
the  defeat  of  Neijrete,  and  now  continued  his  march 
north-westward  into  Chihuahua  witli  2,r)00  nujn, 
leaving  fortified  depots  at  Rio  Florido,  Allende,  Par- 
ral,  Santa  Rosalia,  and  Santa  Cruz  do  Rosales,  to  se- 
cure communication.  The  Juarist  forces  under  Ruiz, 
Aguirj'c,  Villagrau,  Ojinnga,  and  Carbajal  retired  in 
ditfercnt  directions  without  molesting  tlie  main  hodv. 
alchouo'li  its  march  misfht  have  been  harassed  with 
advantage,  impeded  as  it  was  by  flooded  rivers  and 
bad  roads.  Brincourt  entered  Chihualiua  city  Au- 
gust 15th,  reorganizing  the  administration,'*''  and  urg- 
ing on  the  several  Indian  movements  in  favor  of  the 
empire,  prompted  on  the  one  side  b}'  discontent  witli 
republican  exactions,  and  on  the  other  by  illusive 
promises  from  the  sovereign. 

Fearing  a  collision  with  United  States  troops,  Ba- 
zaine  had  given  the  general  strict  orders  to  return  to 
Duran<jfo  within  three  weeks  after  reaching  Chihua- 
hua,  and  to  let  his  forces  penetrate  only  a  day  smarcli 
beyond  this  city.  It  was  enough  to  drive  Juarez  out 
of  the  last  state  capital  occupied  by  him.''"  Brincourt 
saw  that  this  would  render  fruitless  the  whole  ex[)e- 
d'tion,  by  restoring  the  province  to  the  enemy,  and 
giving  him  fresh  confidence.  He  accordingly  delayed 
his  departure  while  awaiting  a  reply  to  his  representa- 
tion. "A  thousand  men,"  he  said,  "could  hold  the 
entire  region  and  exclude  the  Juarists,  to  the  ruin  oi' 
their  party."  But  his  orders  were  repeated,  and  he 
left  October  29th. 

Juarez  had  meanwhile  made  Paso  del  Norte  his 
capital  ;^^  but  liearing  of  the  evacuation,  he  hastened 

^''Appointing  T.  Zulonga  prefect. 

'"'Ce  strait  folio  que  dc  vouloii-  lu  suivrc  en  cu  moment  daus  tous  los 
recoins  oil  il  vondra  alien' 

"  Leaving  Chihualiua  August  8th,  he  had  cstablishctl  himself  here  on  tlio 
15th,  as  announced  in  circular  of  ssame  date.  Mtx.,  Vol.  Lejea,  I8G3-7)  ii- 


PRESIDENT  JUAREZ. 


203 


back,  reentering  on  the  20th  of  November,  amidst 
great  demonstration.  Shortly  after,  however,  eamo 
news  that  Bazainc  had  yielded  to  Maximilian's  in- 
stances to  retain  Chihuahua,  and  that  500  men  were 
approaching  under  Biilot.  On  December  'Jth,  accord- 
ingly, two  J.ays  before  the  entry  of  the  Fivnch,  he  was 
a<;ain  on  the  wav  back  to  his  refuije  on  the  border  of 
the  friendly  sister  republic;  and  with  him  fell  also  +he 
hope  of  his  officers  for  any  effective  achievement  for 
some  time  to  come.  Not  that  they  had  been  idle. 
Villagran,  for  instance,  had  surprised  the  French  post 
lift  by  Brincourt  at  Parral,  and  Ojinaga,  lately  madt! 

governor  of  the  state,  operated  near  Guerrero,  where 
he  fell.^2 

In  addition  to  the  military  crisis  which  for  a  mo- 
ment threatened  to  ingulf  him,  Juarez  had  to  contend 
with  another  among  his  own  party.  His  term  as  presi- 
di'nt  expired  on  November  30th.  Under  the  present 
condition  of  affa'rs  an  election  could  not  well  be  held, 
and  according  to  the  constitution  his  office  should  in 
;-ucli  a  case  be  assumed  by  the  chief  justice.''^  But 
General  Ortega,  who  held  this  position,  had  long 
been  al)sent  in  tiie  United  States,  so  long,  indeed,  an*! 
Vv'ithout  formal  permission,  that  his  position  was  now 
declared  forfeited.''     Further,  the  assumption  of  the 

'J.'il ;  Juarez,  Bio;/.,  ',i\.  '  Juarez  habin  sacado  do  Chihuahua  mas  de  400,000 
iK.sos. '  Itiivra,  J  lint.  Jul.,  V.  G.j4. 

■'-Tho  jictioiia  and  sUirniishcs  in  1805  are  estimated  at  3-2,  with  .i, (ill 
hilled  and  l,"i7'J  wounded.  Juanz,  Bio'/.,  .10. 

■'•' '  Si  jKir  mialijiiier  niotivo  la  eleccioii  du  presideute  no  (^stuviero  hccha  y 
[■iihlicada  ]iai'a  ( I  I '  dc  Dieiemlirc.  .  .cesiud  sin  embargo  el  aiitiguo,  y  el  .sii- 
jiieina  jKjder  eji.'ciitivo  so  dopositani  interiuarneuto  en  cl  ))rebidenti;  d.'  l.i 
^iijircma  (,'oitc  du  Justieia.'  Art.  8'2  of  the  eoiistitiition. 

■''In  Ills  defenee,  Ortega  iiublislied  a  letter  of  Dec.  .'!0,  ISil,  grauthig  him 
I'rnuist'iou  to  h'avc  his  post  for  an  indeliiiiti!  time,  but  with  the  uuder^tand- 
iii;  that,  \\  hetlicr  passim,'  through  fureigu  territtn'y  or  not,  he  ahould  in  .some 
iii.oecupied  jiarfc  of  Mexican  territory  continue  the  war  for  independence.  ]lc 
JKid  remained  w  holly  in  a  foreign  haul,  however,  yi  t  (.n;ra;iid,  m  he  claimed, 
i::  aeti\r]yaiiliiig  the  cause,  advisiu.;  to  thiii  ed'cct  the  president,  ^\  ho  knew  of 
liM  movements  from  journals.  Jlo  icceived  no  re|ily  to  hi.s  letter,  a.diiiig  for 
amliority  to  ennjll  \  oliinteers,  etc.,  and  ilcclared  that  :i  privafohuitat  law  was 
e'linocted  to  detain  him  as  long  as  possible  aliioad.  Jle  also  iuslancid  pre- 
Vi  iiH  futile  attempts  to  obtain  his  removal  from  the  ])ost  of  ehirf  jiistiio,  for 
liuv,nj5  acted  as  governor  of  Zaeatecas,  and  to  injure  his  prestige  as  a  military 
leach  r  by  jilaciug  him  iu  critical  posilious  with  iusullicieut  forces.  His  ivrgu- 
nieuts  are  fully  presented  in  Lcijac.  M<x:,  Corn'sp.,  3-'J10,  passim,  with  special 


204 


THE  EMPIRE  A  FAILURE. 


" .  n 


presidency  by  the  chief  justice  was  intended,  accord- 
ing^ to  Juarist  interpretation,  to  be  only  temporary, 
till  a  speedy  election  could  install  the  one  chosen  by  the 
people.  In  view  of  the  war,  the  tenure  promised  to 
become  anything  but  brief,  and  this  appearing  con- 
trary to  the  constitution,  it  was  deemed  a  better  pro- 
cedure to  prorogue  the  power  of  the  actual  president 
and  his  substitute,  thus  preserving  the  government 
IVom  the  danger  attendiniif  a  doubtful  change.  The 
]>resident  had  for  that  matter  been  elected  to  govern, 
while  the  president  of  the  supreme  court  had  been 
elected  for  the  administration  of  justice;  and  the  peo- 
ple's choice  having  been  repeatedly  conlirmed  by  con- 
gress, together  with  the  bestowal  of  dictatorial  power, 
Juarez  did  declare  the  functions  of  himself  and  his 
substitute  prorogued  till  they  could  be  surrendered  to 
a  new  officer,  duly  elected.^® 

Ortega  had  hastened  to  the  Texan  frontier  as  the 
critical  time  approached,  and  learning  of  tlio  measures 
taken  against  him,  he  thence  launched  liis  protests; 
but  fmding  the  people  too  occupied  with  the  war,  and 
himself  in  little  favor,  he  returned  northward  to  ])lot 
against  his  rival.'"  A  somewhat  similar  course  was 
adopted  l)y  Manuel  Ruiz,  the  substitute  chief  justice, 
who  saw  lading,  not  only  the  lio[)e  faintly  entertained 

fioinls  at  35-90,  unci  in  Orti'na,  I'rolesta,  l-'Jj.  Tlio  suit  against  Ortcjja  was 
ly  Col  Alli'U,  fur  §7,<iOO.  Tlicro  \a  no  doiiljt  tliat  tliu  executive'  oflicers  in- 
trigued to  invalidate  his  claims;  but  warned  by  the  spirit  manifested  a;^aiust 
him  iu  ISlil,  he  should  not  liavo  afforded  them  the  stronger  groun<l3  now- 
raised  by  going  away,  lie  lived  ill  reduced  circunint  lUces  in  the  U.  S.,  ac- 
cording' to  Cuevas,  Vc ja,  Anu'diarcx,  .MS.,  and  lie  fionglit  both  funds  and  free 
travelling  pass  thiough  tlic  ^Icxican  legation.  Lnjar.  Jlcx.,  C't'jv,, 'JO-r).  His 
protest  wa.s  written  in  I'e.xas.  It  was  claimed  by  the  Juari.sts  that  Ortega's 
letter  concerning  his  movements  was  notollicial,  and  therefore  not  rccogni/.ed. 
I'y  Lio  prolonged  absence  as  ciiiof  justice  and  gi  neral,  in  foreign  part.-i.  lie  had 
conuiiit'cd  :i  grave  fault,  ami  by  tleercc  of  Xov.  S,  ISO."),  he  was  declared 
amenabUi  for  abandonment  of  his  po.st,  the  government  ajipointing  another 
chief  justice.   Ihihlan  !xm\  Loz'iuo,  Li'ij.  Mi'x.,  i.v.  71!'--1. 

'"  Text  of  decree,  follo\v\'d  by  miuistei'ial  circular,  arguing  the  case  and 
giviiig  instances.  Id.,   71S-lt),   7-1-0;  Mi'x.,  Col.  Lrjea,  V6(j[i-(jt;  ii.   -7'i-'-', 

•'''' Although  announcing  in  an  oflicial  letter  of  Feb.  ;!,  1800,  to  Gov.  Vega 
of  Siualoa  that  iie  would  r'^tain  only  the  title  of  president  of  the  supreme 
court,  for  he  cousidoreJ  it  improper  to  create  discord  under  the  present  cir 
cumstances;  'still,  the  country  waa  not  bound  to  recognise  the  acts  of  Juarez.' 
Vc'ja,  Doc,  iii.  212-15. 


ORTEGA  AND  JUAREZ. 


205 


of  sccurin<x  what  Ortega  had  missed,  but  of  ret;iiiiin2r 
tho  leading  position  on  the  bench.  Thorouglily  dis- 
appointed, and  with  waning  faith  in  the  rcpubHc,  lie 
availed  himself  of  the  imperial  decree  to  retire  into 
private  life  at  Mexico,"^ 

Sophistry  is  plentifully  used  in  the  arguments  of 
all  the  candidates;  and  the  Juarists  undoubtedly 
stretched  the  interpretation  of  the  article  bearing  on 
the  case,  for  personal  as  well  as  national  reasons.  Or- 
tega had  certainly  lost  prestige,  and  was  no  longer  a 
favorite,  either  with  the  people  or  their  leaders.  Ac- 
tual generals,  governors,  and  other  officials  owed  their 
position  mainly  to  Juarez,  and  in  sustaining  him  they 
sustained  themselves.  The  essential  point,  however, 
although  probably  secondary  with  many  of  them,  was 
the  superior  fitness  of  Juarez  for  his  position  as  com- 
l)are(l  with  Ortega,  or  perhaps  any  candidate  then 
available.  Moreover,  it  would  have  l>een  impolitic  to 
increase  existing  complications  by  removing  the  head 
which  had  so  well  maintained  the  government  and 
krj)t  the  party  united  for  the  one  great  object.  A 
change  was  apt  to  cause  dissolution.  Juarez'  success 
ill  asserting  himself  at  this  critical  period  attests  botli 
his  influence  and  ability."" 

It  was  fortunate  that  such  was  the  disposition  of 
Juarez  that  he  did  not  find  it  necessary  for  armies  or 
escorts  to  guard  himself.  It  was  a  remarkable  repe- 
tition of  the  old-time  story  of  the  European  hunting 

■''' Letters  of  submission,  etc.,  in  Mex.,  Col.  Lei/e.<,  1SG3-7,  ii.  30'2-0.  This 
unpatriotic  act  relieved  the  govcrunient  from  rojilying  to  iiis  protest,  yet  it 
was  pointed  out  tliat  both  constitution  and  congressional  decision  opposed 
the  claim  of  any  accidental  occupant  of  the  chief  justiceship  to  succeed  as 
lucsident.  Argument,  in  Id.,  30tJ-10. 

'"^linistcr  Iglesias,  wlio  later  as  chief  justice  claimed  the  presidency,  ar- 
gui's  warmly  for  his  chief,  and  gives  a  list  to  show  tlio  irnmenso  preponderance 
1)1  kading  men  8upporth»g  him,  whdc  a  scanty  few  upheld  Ortega,  including 
;^uMcral3  Patoni  and  Ilucrta,  and  Ouillcrmo  I'ricto.  L'^viitus,  iii.  GjO  3;  aluo 
Qiiesada  and  Negrete.  Vega,  Ausiliaren,  MS.;  Marqurz  dc  Leon,  Fi  Perd'uli, 
MS.,  54-5.  The  latter  wrote  sharply  to  Juarez.  J/cm.  Poo^  MS., 'J4G.  They 
wciu  termed  Orteguistaa,  the  others  calling  themselves  Icgalidad.  The  feeling 
iu  the  U.  S.  favored  Juarez.  Leijac.  Mex.,  Circ,  ii.  91-175,  ijassim;  Mex. 
Affairs,  ii.  5,  03,  39th  Cong.  1st  Sess,  Maximilian  himself  pays  ct  this  time 
tribute  to  the  zeal  and  intelligence  of  hia  opponent  in  a  letter  to  Baron  de 
I'ont.  Arrangoiz,  M6j.,  iv.  SSMS. 


r  M 


[■ 


i! 
i 


■■n. 


206 


THE  EMPIRE  A  FAILURE. 


down  the  Indian  to  kill  him  for  loving  lomc  and  lib- 
erty; only  in  the  present  instance  the  Indian  was  ar- 
rayed in  the  garb  of  the  same  European  civilization 
which  the  other  thought  himself  better  capable  of 
administering.  Unpretentious,  and  witii  the  patienccj 
and  tenacity  of  his  race,  Juarez  was  prepared  to  me»t 
any  hardships  and  week  any  refuge,  intent  only  on  tlio 
cause  he  had  undertaken  and  the  object  for  which  lie 
had  aimed.  To  meet  the  French  in  t)pen  field  at  pres- 
ent seemed  indeed  suicidal,  and  he  proposed  rather 
to  save  the  issue  by  distracting  the  enemy  with  desul- 
tory and  rapid  movements  in  small  parties,  es[)ecia]ly 
cast  and  west  of  his  own  position.  The  withdrawal  of 
Brincourt,  and  the  retrograde  concentration  of  other 
bodies  in  diftcrent  regions,  lent  confirmation  to  tlie 
rumor  of  a  speedy  French  evacuation,  under  pressure 
from  the  northern  republic,  and  to  a  revival  of  repul> 
lican  operations  in  all  ])arts,  as  we  have  seen,  under 
men  like  Diaz,  Escobedo,  Corona,  R^gules,  and  Al- 
varez, who  now  figured  respectively  as  commanders- 
in-chief  of  the  eastern,  northern,  western,  central,  and 
southern  armies,  with  Ignacio  Mejfa  for  minister  <il' 


war."'' 

Although  disappointed  in  the  long-expected  coop- 
eration from  the  United  States,  the  republicans  I'elt 
grateful  for  the  sympathy  there  so  widely  extended. 
Many  feared  their  too  active  interference  in  view  (»f 
the  late  disastrous  loss  of  territory,  and  preferred  tlnj 
di})lomatic  and  pecuniary  aid  which  had  so  long  heli)ed 
to  maintain  them,  and  which  now  was  forcing  their 
main  foe  to  fall  back.  A  loan  of  thirty  millions  had 
just  been  placed  in  New  York,  with  a  success  that  in 

■'■' Api)oiiiterl  Dec,  2uth.  Mdx.,  Col.  Leyes,  18C3-7,  ii.  297.  The  govcruor-i 
of  flatus  were  jit  this  time  Ignacio  Pcsqucifa  in  Sonora;  Domingo  llubf,  Siu:i- 
im;  Antonio  I'cilrin,  Lower  California;  Luis  Terrazas,  Cliihuahua;  Silvcstie 
'  iii'la  succeeding  Pereyra  in  Durango;  Miguel  Auza,  Zacatccas;  Andres  S. 
\  i  sea,  ('oaliuila;  J.  ('.  Doria  acting  for  l''scobe(lo  in  Xucvo  Leon;  .Santiaji 
'!';-iii  H'lccv'etlingCarvajalin  Taniaulipas;  Juan  Biistaniante,  SauLuis  l'oto»i; 
J'-  iiuiii  Martinez  of  Rccond  district  in  Mexico;  Alvarez,  Guerrero;  (Iregorii 
Mendc'!,  F.-.basco;  J.  Pantaleou  Dominguez,  Chiapas.  In  other  states  the  otUi  j 
WU.S  \acant.  All  these  men  adhered  to  Juarez,  say.s  Iglesias.  UevisUis,  iii. 
651-2. 


ATTITUDE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


207 


itself  proved  inspiring.*^  Volunteers  asserted  their 
confidence  in  the  cause  \)y  ready  enlistment,*'  and 
llattering  contributions  and  recognitions  Howod  in  from 
different  quarters.''-  Juarez  had  every  reason,  there- 
lore,  to  look  into  the  future  with  a  hopel'ulness  which 
l)iightcned  in  proportion  as  the  i)rospccts  of  the  eui- 
[liro  grow  darker/ 


C3 


The  pronounced  attitude  assumed  by  the  United 
States  since  tlio  conclusion  of  their  civil  war  had 
served,  not  alone  to  intimidate  Napoleon,  but  to  open 
his  eyes  to  the  illusive  nature  of  this  ^Mexican  enter- 
prise. The  irresistible  advance  of  his  troops  had  for 
;i  long  time  blinded  him  to  dangers  and  disadvantages, 
lie  now  saw  that,  although  defeated,  the  republicans 
were  never  crushed;  springing  up  over  with  renewed 
<()ura2fe  and  in  larijfer  numbers,  or  abidins:  with  firm 
and  bitter  purpose  the  moment  flivorable  to  their 
cause,  confident  also  in  ultimate  aid  from  the  sis- 
tor  republic.  His  triumphs  were  sterile,  and  the  end 
seemed  more  remote  the  further  he  advanced.  Ho 
liad  set  out  primarily  to  recover  an  indebtedness;  but 

''"It  was  avrauged  by  J.  M.  Carbajal  aud  Minister  Romero  with  the  house 
of  Corlios  &  Co.,  far  a  torin  of  20  years  from  Oct.  1,  ISCJ,  at  an  interest  of  7 
per  cent,  and  .sccurod  l)y  tho  joint  credit  of  the  governments  fif  the  iep\il)lio 
;:iiil  t!io  state.!  of  Tanumlijias  and  San  Luis  I'otosl,  500,00;)acrcs  mineral  lands 
liciiig  liypothecated,  as  well  as  the  f,'cnoial  revenue.  The  imperial  minister 
Arroyo  protested  in  the  states  a^^ainst  the  loan.  Lcjac.  Mc.c,  Circ,  i.  77  S; 
Mi.r.  ft  la  Monarch.,  TjO-O.  'Grant ..  .so  han  uprosurado  A  tomar  bono-.' 
/'/''.<(rt.v.  /!('vislii.'<,  iii.  41)8;  /,'ircra,  Hist.  Jnl.,  v.  003-4;  Diarh  O/ir.,  Aug. 
•-',->.  IH7'.). 

•"As  instanced  in  \'<',/a,  Aiixifinra^,  ^IS.;  Vi'in,  Doc,  ptli.;  Ln  Voz  ile 
.Ui'j.,  May  i;!,  ISO,-)  et  seq. ;  S.  F.  Call,  July  4,  ISO."),  et  swc]. 

•''' Notably  republics  to  the  snuth,  as  (!uatemal;i,  (,'olond>ia,  Chile,  and 
even  fro;n  Ilolhind.  Mrx.,  Cul  Ln/^^,  IS0;!-7,  ii.  .■)0-(;>!,  14-'-!),  170-U,  IXUm; 
I'brni,  ll'i-^f.  Jul.,  V.  OI!i2-77,  passim;  Lfjur.  Me.c.,  Ctrc,  i.  .-)7,  7t5,  etc.;  also 
j  'Uriials  already  refci'red  to. 

'-■'This  ho  had  expressed  already  on  his  first  arrival  at  Paso  del  Ndrtc,  in  a 
]■  tterln  his  former  Hccrctary  and  minister  Teraii.  Tlieday  was  not  long  distant 
v.licn  the  French  woidd  abandon  thi'  empire,  either  from  recognizing  the  im- 
I'l.  sibility  of  .subjugation  or  under  pressure  from  the  U.  S.  Tiie  xei-y  vie- 
t  uiea  of  the  French  would  destroy  thmn,  v.  roto  another  observer.  Doiwin'ch, 
llUt.  M'x.,  iii.  .'5.17-41.  Teran,  holding  friendly  intercourse  with  IJaion  (h; 
I'nit,  a  friend  of  Maximilian,  tiio  latter  was  kept  informed  of  these  views;  but 
'.  )  the  advice  that  Iio  should  withdr.aw,  ho  i-eplied  by  expressing  tiie  utmost 
^  lUidenee  in  his  prospects,  Arrangoiz  wonders  what  he  means,  .Vc/..  iv. 
•"'';  -7,  but  preceding  occurrences  reveal  that  mere  effect  was  intemled. 


208 


THE  EMPIRE  A  FAILURE. 


n'H 


millions  had  been  expended  and  lives  sacrificed  with- 
out insuring  even  the  first  claim.  The  whole  nation 
took  alarm  at  the  gloomy  prospects  of  an  expedition 
which  from  the  beginning  had  found  many  opponents, 
and  had  gradually  encroached  upon  the  patience  of 
the  majority. 

At  the  opening  of  the  chambers  in  January  18^)6, 
Napoleon  accordingly  announced  that  he  had  taken 
steps  to  arrange  for  a  recall  of  the  troops.     It  was  i)v 
no  means  a  pleasant  course,  this  acknowledgment  of 
failure  in  an  undertaking  so  long  vaunted  as  the  most 
glorious  of  his  reign,  and  into  which  he  had  deluded 
so  many  of  his  subjects.     But  the  step  was  oppoi - 
tune  in  saving  Franco  from  yet  greater  disasters  and 
humiliation;"*  for  politics  in  the*  United  States  was 
assuming  an  aspect  which  required   the  governmoiit 
to  pursue  a  more  determined  foreign  policy  than  ov(^i-. 
In  reply  to  a  note  asking  for  at  least  a  strict  neutrnl 
ity  in  Mexican  affairs,  Seward,  on  Februar}-  1 2th,  in- 
sisted that  the  withdrawal  of  the  French  army  should 
be   effected   without    any  conditions;  for   the    states 
would   not  prove    untrue    to   the  political  principles 
they  had  so  far  practised,  or  depart  from  the  lino  of 
conduct  traced  by  Washington.     Napoleon  answered 
this  imperious  demand  in  the  most  amiable  manner; 
and  grasping  ot  the  vague  promise  of  an  adherence 
to  the  principles  of  the  first  president  as  'sufficioni 
guarantee,'  he  declared  that  the  return  of  the  troops 
would  no  longer  be  deferred.     They  would  be  witli- 
ilrawn  in   three   detachments,  "the   first   to  depart 
about  November  1866,  the  second  in  March  1 867,  and 
the  third  in  the  following  November."*''     Encouraged 

*'Domenech  blames  Moatholon,  the  French  minister  at  Washington, 
lately  at  Mexico,  for  exaggerating  the  war  feeling  in  the  U.  S.,  to  which  he 
was  bound  by  strong  family  ties,  while  the  empire  had  never  obtained  his 
sympathy. 

"  '  Nous  n'h^sitons  jamais  ^  offrir  ti,  nos  amis  les  explications  qu'ils  nous 
demandent.  M.  Seward  nous  donnant  I'assurance  que  les  Etats-Unis  restor- 
out  fiddles  h  la  r&gle  de  conduite  que  leur  a  trac6e  Washington,  nous  nccucil 
ions  cette  assurance  avec  une  pleine  confiance,  efc  nous  y  trouvons  \  ne 
garantie  suffisante.'  So  runs  this  remarkable  note,  dated  April  6,  ISGO. 
Wliile  certain  Frenchmen,  lilce  Niox,  admit  the  humiliation  to  France,  some, 


FHANCE  WITHDRAWS. 


209 


1)V  this  ready  oonipliaiico,  Seward  required,  further, 
lliat  the  }»ropo.sed  reiiurorccmtnts  to  till  gaps  should 
not  be  sent,  and  Austria  was  at  the  sauie  time  re- 
(juested  to  stop  the  enrolment  of  volunteers  for 
Moxino.     Both  governments  promptly  acquiesced."*' 

Unconscious  of  the  impending  blow,  and  recogniz- 
ing only  too  well  that  to  France  alone  must  he  look 
for  safety,  Maximilian  made  once  more,  in  January 
1800,  an  appeal  for  money  and  men*'^  wherewith  to 
clieck  the  growing  republican  movements.  In  the 
same  month  Baron  Saillard  was  sent  to  communicate 
tlio  resolution  of  Napoleon  for  a  speedy  withdrawal, 
and  arrange  for  a  convention  to  replace  that  of  Mira- 
niare,  which  Mexico  had  been  unable  to  carry  out."^ 
The  emperor  felt  overwhelmed.  Saillard  could  obtain 
iio  satisfactory  proposals,  and  left  the  negotiations 
with  Minister  Dano;*''  but  the  result  had  been 
achieved  of  shifting  the  responsibility  upon  Maxi 
milian,  and  permitting  the  announcement  of  the  time 
ot'  evacuation. 

like  Dctroyat,  seek  to  avoid  the  subject,  and  others  join  Domciicch  in  the 
liitilo  cQl)i-fc  to  dniw  iliploinatio  victories  for  their  country.  Instance:  '  l.a 
luimo  (laus  laqucUo  rempercur  Napol(5on  annonca  sa  rdsolution  lui  [ScwaniJ 
a  ciileve  cc  tiiomphc'  of  acknowled^'ing  tlio  effect  of  Seward's  note.  ]H.<'. 
M(.r.,  iii.  377;  Doc.  J/ist.  MfX.,  18.'5-2-7J,  pt  x.  86-90.  It  would  have  been 
iiidio  tiiitiafactory  to  show  that  Franco  niurdy  carried  out  the  convention  of 
.Miraninro,  in  letter  if  not  in  spirit,  by  withdrawing  the  troops. 

''''Tliu  Austrian  volunteers  wero  ready  to  embark  wlien  tlio  countermand  was 
i--iii  d.  This  empire  was  at  the  time  menaced  l)y  I'russia,  and  Fraucu  bc;,'an 
al-ij  ti)  look  to  her  frontiers.  Tho  respcctlvo  protests  of  Motley  and  Bigilow 
Mrio  madu  in  April  aiul  May  1800.  For  details  concerning  tho  rulatious  of 
the  U.  S.  wi(h  Muxico  and  her  allies,  see  Mijc.  Affairs,  i.-ii.,  S!)th  Cong.  Itit 
Xi's.s. ;  ('oiiijrcss.  Olobe,  1805-0,  passim;  U.  S.  11.  Ex.  Dor.  20,  .'}!,  38,  vii., 
:i;)ia  I'unj:.  1st  Scss.;  U.  8.  Soi.  Doc.  0,  8,  in  /(/.;  17.  S.  ForciijiiAffair.^,  200- 
.'!>'^,  .'i'JtIi  ( 'ong.  2d  .Scss.;  Leijuc.  Mcx.,  ('ire,  i.  5-102,  109-87,  passim.  Impt'- 
1  iulist  consuls  wero  not  recognized.  Iijlc-iias,  Iiitrrv. ,  iii.  .%],  002,  ct  scq. ;  J><i- 
■hirvrrh,  /list.  Mex.,  iii.  35'J,  etc.;  Id.,  I. c  Mcx.,  '207-'iiS;  Flint's  Mix.  nnihr 
■>l".r..  i!l<)-227;  Ulnterven.  /VawfafW,  2:jj,  etc. ;  lu'rafry,  Max.,  10.>-14. 

''If  merely  to  replaco  tho  troops  tscnt  back  to  Franco.  Toward  the  end 
of  1804  Lfl:  'Outro  la  batterio  do  la  garde... le  1"  ct  lo  20o  bataillons  do 
chassmirs  Apicd;  lo  OO'do  ligno. .  .el  le2»  zouaves.'  Tho  last  in  March  1805. 
'^'(A(,•,  J:'xpi'd.  du  Mcx.,  484. 

''■'Tho  French  minister  at  Mexico,  Dano,  was  instructed  to  support  the 
111  L.'i illations,  to  pointout  that  Franco  stood  released  from  rcsponsibinty,  and 
lli.it  'lo  plus  dangereux  pour  un  gouvcrncment  qui  se  fonde  est  certaincmcnt 
(■'  luL  [accusations]  do  n  ctro  souteuu  quo  par  dca  forces  dtrangires.'  Despatch 
I'f  .'an.  15,  1800.  Ilather  peculiar  language  from  tho  foreign  power  that  had 
f'lii  cil  tlic  government  upon  tho  country. 

•"'llcturning  to  France  within  a  fortnight  after  his  arrival. 
•  Hist.  Mex..  Vol.  VI.    14 


210 


THE  EMPIRE  A  FAILURE. 


yj4; 


Something  had  to  bo  done,  however,  if  only  to  gain 
time.  The  French  government  was  asked  to  {K)st- 
pone  the  departure  of  the  army  for  three  years,  and 
to  aceept  twenty-live  milhon  francs  a  year  in  payment 
of  its  claims  on  Mexico,  as  soon  as  the  Mexican  treas- 
ury could  afford  the  sum.'"  This  proposition  was  foi- 
warded  by  Almonte,  who  had  also  to  replace  Hidalgo 
as  minister  at  Paris,'''  the  hope  being  entertained  that 
his  previous  relations  with  Napoleon  as  conservative 
leader  might  have  an  effect.  The  request  was  refused, 
as  might  have  been  expected,  involving  as  it  did  only 
fresh  sacrifices  without  any  definite  prospect  of  pay- 
ing the  growing  debt.  It  was,  moreover,  c  >upKil 
with  the  demand  for  financial  guarantees,  including 
the  assignment  of  one  half  of  the  custom-house  re- 
ceipts; otherwise  France  would  regard  herself  as 
liberated  from  all  engagements,  and  take  immediate 
steps  for  withdrawing  her  troops." 

The  object  of  the  note  was  no  doubt  to  force  Maxi- 
milian to  abdicate,  and  so  facilitate  the  new  course 


11::.  I 


"All  the  war  material  was  to  be  purchased  from  the  army  on  its  dopartuic. 
Tlie  manner  of  pursirfug  the  hostile  bands  roaming  the  country  had  to  lio 
agreed  upon.  Maximilian  nlono  should  communicate  orders  to  tliu  Mexican 
army,  into  which  French  officers  would  bo  admitted  witli  an  advai.co  of  oiio 
or  twogradcs.  Two  French  naval  stations  to  be  formed;  in  the  Atlantic  and 
I'acilic.  luUucuco  should  bo  brought  to  bear  v.ith  the  U.  S.  to  recognize  llio 
empire. 

''  Tlie  latter  was  blamed  for  having  produced  a  false  impression  in  Franie. 
Ai'rangoiz  accuses  Maximilian  of  ingratitude  and  calumny.  J/ty.,  iv.  SS. 
Almonte  eagerly  accepted  tiio  mission  to  escape  the  humiliating  neglect  into 
wliich  ho  and  his  party  had  fallen.  lie  never  returned.  His  dcatli  took 
plai'O  at  Paris,  March  '21,  1SG9,  con  'remordimientos  do  la  eonciencia. .  .Uoni) 
de  angustias.'  liivcra,  Oob.  Mex.,  ii.  C4;i;  Monitor,  April  .'{0,  ISGl). 

'■iler  expedition  to  Mexico  had  been  undertaken  merely  to  secure  guariiii- 
tees  for  her  claims.  This  required  the  formation  of  a  government  for  luai'i- 
tainiii^  order.  Franco  could  not  impose  such  a  government.  Klcmcnl.s 
existed  for  erecting  it,  and  Maximilian  undertook  the  task.  Napoleon  mcnly 
offered  tlio  necessarily  limited  assistance  defined  by  the  convention  of  Mir.i- 
mare,  measuring  ' ^ I'importancc des intcircts franr-ais engag(?3 dans cette cnli i- 

f)risc  I'otenduo  du  concours  qu'il  lui  (5tait  permis  dc  lui  offrir.'  Franco  hid 
argoly  fuUiJlcd  tlie  treaty;  not  so  Mexico,  who  had  on  the  contrary  given  prct- 
crenco  to  Englisli  claims,  and  allowed  her  officials  to  systematically  o[>i'""'i 
tlie  interests  of  France.  Despatch  of  May  .S  1st.  Tlie  peremptory  naturi'  't 
tlic  note  might  have  assumed  an  even  more  decided  tone  Lad  Aliinni't! 
carried  out  his  instruction,  'dopedir  quo  las  ti'opas  franccsas  cvacuabcu  im- 
niediatamcnte  el  territorio  del  imperio,'  unless  Maximilian's  proposal  was  ai;- 
ccpted.  Almonte's  letter,  in  IjpjVvri',  Doc.  JIaximiltano,  ii.  311. 


iiSW; 


MAXIMILIAN  AND  NAPOLEON. 


211 


entered  upon."  Such  might,  indoeil,  liavo  hoen  tho 
n^sult'*  but  for  the  firm  stand  taken  hy  the  onipivss, ' 
who  undertook  to  plead  with  Napoleon  in  person;  fur 
neither  she  nor  her  consort  at  this  time  regarded  the 
attitude  of  the  United  States  with  the  same  fears  as 
France.  She  took  with  her  a  letter  from  Maximilian, 
presenting  an  elaborate  answer  to  the  last  peremptory 
note.  It  assumed  that  Napoleon  stood  compromisi'd 
tc  found  a  strong  government  in  Mexico.  This  could 
be  done  only  after  establishing  the  peace  needful  for 
creating  resources.  So  far  the  loans  and  revenue  had 
Ijoen  absorbed  mainly  by  the  army,  to  the  sacrifice  of 
other  interests  and  projects,  proof  enough  that  every 
jiossiblo  effort  had  been  made  to  fulfil  the  convention 
of  Miramaro.  Maximilian  could  not  bo  blamed  for 
the  state  of  the  finances.  They  had  always  been  in 
disorder,  and  the  task  of  reform  had  all  tliia  timo 
been  intrusted  to  French  oflScials.  So  far  only  a  por- 
tion of  the  country  had  been  brought  under  the  em- 
pire by  the  French  commander-in-chief.  The  very 
condition  of  placing  all  the  imperial  forces  at  his  dis- 
posal implied  an  obligation  for  him,  the  representative 
of  France,  to  effect  the  subjugation;  instead  of  doing 
this,  ho  had,  by  inaction  and  disregard  for  Maximil- 
ian's remonstrances,  lost  to  a  great  extent  the  results 
achieved  by  costly  campaigns.  In  short,  both  mili- 
tary and  financial  failures  were  charged  to  the  French.'" 

^'Saillard  had  declared,  on  his  return,  tliat  an  empire  nndcr  Maximilian 
uaa  impossible. 

"  'L'abdication  dcvait  avoir  lieu  lo  7  juillot,'  writes  Ddtroyat,  Ulntervcn., 
2)0.  'Am  7  Juli  ergrifif  er  in  der  That  die  Fcder,  um  den  Fall  dor  Monarcliii! 
/uimterzeichnen, 'adds  another  witness.  Kaiser,  Max.,  14G;  andso  Arrangoi/; 
liut  among  the  officials  were  those  who  believed  differently.  They  bethouglit 
themselves  of  his  obstinacy,  which  would  bo  affirmed  by  the  proapect  of  in- 
creasing the  trouble  for  France.  Niox,  F:^p(!d  du  Mex.,  584.  K(5ratry  ilc- 
il.ires  that  Maxiniilian  spoke  to  his  iricnds  of  a  formal  agreement  witli 
Napoleon  for  retaining  the  French  troops  till  the  end  of  18C3,  without  whi(  li 
lie  would  never  have  accepted  the  throne;  but  he  must  have  depended  mi 
I'umor,  and  reveals  weakness  in  his  own  statements. 

'* The  moment  for  abdication  seemed  unfavorable  for  Maximilian's  hopes 
ill  Europe,  for  the  result  of  the  'seven  days'  war'  was  not  yet  known  in  Mcx- 
i 'M.  Had  a  cable  existed  at  the  timo  to  bring  tho  news,  he  might  have 
liastened  homo  to  take  advantage  of  tiio  blow  at  his  brotlier's  popularity. 

' "  lie  had  not  expected  the  subjugation  to  cover  only  a  part  of  the  conn* 


!*:  '■ 


vi 


•J  1  ■-' 


TUF':  KMI'IUK  A  FAILL'IJK. 


%    !•* 


J II  all  this  lay  a  gront  deal  of  truth.  The  ^'Veiich 
had  eiit'ouiitc'ivd  obstacles,  hut  they  woro  niaiiily  con- 
iK't'tc'd  with  tho  nature  of  the  uiKlL-rtakiii*^,  and  not 
duo  to  the  Maximilian  government.  Deeoived  with 
regard  to  his  expedition,  Naj>ok'on  had  doeeived  the 
archduke;  and  now  dincovering  his  mistake,  he  ru- 
Kolved  to  ignore  the  sjiirit  of  the  compact,  and  disre- 
gard the  various  promises  held  forth.''  Fortunately 
for  himself,  he  wcmld  save  appearances  to  some  extent 
hy  pointing  to  the  letter  of  the  ^[iramare  convention, 
followed  near  enough  by  him  for  ail  essential  purposes, 
while  ^[exico  could  give  no  hope  of  fulHlling  her  part. 
Maximilian  was  accordingly  to  be  sacriticed — -a  victim 
to  a  sanguine  and  ov(;r-confiding  nature. 

Charlotte  found  Napoleon  obdurate."'^  Tliereupon 
she  proceeded  to  Kome  in  such  a  frame  of  mind  that 
she  became  insane.'* 

try,  nor  the  transport  cliargcs  alone  to  rise  to  several  millions.  Bazninc  had 
liei'M  cliarged  to  orgnni/u  a  national  army,  hut  neglected  to  do  so,  ciisting  oli- 
Mtaeles  also  in  the  way  of  Thun  when  he  undertook  the  tank;  lately  the  suli- 
sidy  neeiled  for  etlecting  it  had  been  witiidraun.  Maximilian  hiid  lieiii 
nceuseil  of  favoi'ing  too  much  liberal  prineipleu  and  men;  but  he  followed  the 
line  drawn  by  the  French. 

'•  In.stJince  only  the  utterances  of  Uouher  at  the  issue  of  the  last  loan,  and 
llie  order  then  issued  to  liu/iiine   to  retain  all  neeiled   forces.     (Jiiarlntte 
brought  copies  of  two  letters  of  March  1HG4,  which  she  regarded  as  guarun 
tees  of  union  between  the  emperors.   L'/iitert'iii.  Fran<;a\>te,  '2(i2. 

"*  At  lirst  lie  declined  to  receive  her,  pleading  illness.  Finally  on  the  •J4tli 
«:f  Aug.  she  received  her  answer.  So  low  was  the  treasury  at  Mexico  tli:it 
her  travelling  money  had  to  be  taken  from  the  drainage  fund.  She  embarknl 
July  null,  taking  the  mail-steamer  for  St  \a/.aire,  yet  refused  to  be  conveyed 
on  bi)anl  by  the  French  naval  boat.  I)um>-ii<(h,  Ili-K  Mex.,  iii.  S'.IH  4.  Cas- 
tillo, minister  of  foreign  alfairs,  was  one  of  her  compt'.ni'Ui^.  Although  not  otii 
lially  advised,  Almonte  went  to  receive  her.  Siie  stoyid  at  Paris  from  An^. 
Uth  to  the  'Jitth,  Knipi'ess  Kugerie  calling  uixHi  her.  /.'  Saint,  Guerre,  17-  ;>; 
LijYori',  Dor.  .]/(u'iiiiilitiiio,  ii.  XW,  etc.  See  ah'>  j.'/«  ..■lO'ii.s,  Kisai,  (US  tt  sti].; 
Ni-riif  />(«.!•  MoiiiliK,  Feb.  1,  Sept.  1."),  180(5;  J/eV.  Lrii/).,  1-13;  Diar'io  Im/i., 
.Inly  7  etse(].;  Nacioii(d,  id.;  KHzdijii',  Eiisnyox,  14."),  etc. 

'"She  remained  for  a  few  days  at  Miraniare,  and  left  for  Rome  .Sept.  IStli. 
At  Hoetzen  her  mental  conditi(>n  suddenly  became  manifest.  .She  bcliovid 
herself  henceforth  surrounded  by  hirelings  of  Napoleon  engaged  to  poiscjii 
her,  and  fre(|uently  refused  the  food  set  before  her,  preferring  the  water, 
chestnuts,  or  other  articles  which  she  sometimes  bought.  The  pontiff  re- 
ceived her  and  gave  her  his  sympathy,  though  he  had  to  listen  nuiinly  to  tlii-i 
now  fixed  topic.  After  a  stay  of  three  weeks  her  broliier  took  her  away  to 
Miramare.  Thence  she  was  conducted  to  the  palace  of  Tervuercn,  near  ISnis- 
sels,  one  of  the  most  picturesiiuo  localities  in  that  country,  which  hencefoitli 
liecame  her  home.  The  loss  of  her  iiusband  tended  to  increase  her  malady. 
Reports  concerning  her  continually  clou<lcd  mental  condition  are  gi\en  in 
CoiiDtit.,  Feb.  6,  Mar.  13,  1868;  Monit.  Hep.,  Oct.  17,  187'i;  Diario  Ojic,  and 


TIIK  INSAXK  I'KINCKSS. 


'J  I  a 


l.n  Voz  (h  Mfj.,  Mnr.  14,  ISSO,  nml  in  ISSTi.  Tlic  niinnr  ih  curront  anu)iii» 
ri'i't.'iiii  cliiMHr!4  ill  Mcxici)  tliiit  hIk.' N^MM  |)oiMiiii('il  w  itii  juice  from  tlic  liiiailcil 
|>iil()'il*'K'i'lif  tret',  ami  l>y  tlic  orders  of  Nii|Hil)Miii  or  ha/.aiiif.  AUinliiii;  to 
tliin  Hiiliji'it,  iliill  writiw:  'Her  |iiiysi('iiiiiH  imvc  lutrly  utti'il>iit<'il  lior  iii.'-aiiity 
1(1  tiio  t'llect  of  |ioi.t4jii.'  'Ill  till!  fall  of  JlStiO  liis  muji'Kty  Maximiliiiii  re 
■  civril  ail  aiiuiiyiiiouM  IftttT,  statiiiji  that  tliii  iMiipivus  hail  hciu  iKii.soiicil  in 
(  iiiiimNUca.'  'Her  insanity,  as  ciniinatiiii;  from  siicli  u  noiirii',  hail  lurii 
talki'il  alioiit  in  Mexii'u  liefore  tlu^  iirw.-t  of  its  actual  (K't-urrfiicf.'  I,ii'<  Mi,.i ., 
ii(i  7.  What  ohjeit  \a|)(iU'oii  miiiiit  have  in  poisoiiiii^  licr  is  not  iiicntiontil. 
<ttlior8  Mtute  that  hIic  was  siin-Mtruck  while  proiiieiiading  with  a  crown  on  hir 
iifinl.  N'elazniU'z  tie  l<eoii  Mpoku  of  |>eciiliaritie.s  during  the  trip  to  Kraiiii'. 
.l/r(«.<r/v(.«,  Kniai,  7!*S().  Arraiigoiz  imhliKhea  extriicts  from  iiiite.s  iiiaite  at 
liiiiiu',  allowing  the  extreme  form  taken  by  her  faiuies.  M'j.,  iv.  l.'tO  ."i, 
l.')7  !t,  'I'M.  The  einiieror  wu«  moved  to  te^irs  on  luarning  the  truth,  a-s  Itascli 
iiiiiiutely  relates.  Kiiiiin'riiinjeii,  i.  4.">-.")l,  71.  This  oceiirred  (K;t.  Lsth. 
Itefore  tliis  news  had  eoiiiu  of  Iter  leaving  I'aris  iiidisj>iiseil.  The  jiuhlii'  maiii- 
fisted  for  her  great  .sympathy,  and  pnlilic  prayers  were  otlered  hy  rei|iirst. 
.'see  Didi-io  Idi/i.,  (Jet.  IS,  hStiti,  et  seij.;  Art  IV.f/V  Mej..  id.,  also  Keh.  Is,  |,s7ti. 
'I'iie  truth  is,  that  while  Cliarlott*'  was  yet  a  girl,  it  was  umlersto<Hl  tiiat  siie 
wa^  preeoeious,  having  had  a  joyle.ss  eliildliood,  in  which  may  have  lieeii 
siiwii  the  seeds  of  her  disease.  The  death  of  her  father,  the  murder  of  the 
iiivoys  from  the  now  king,  the  irritatinu  ittitndeof  Xaiioleoii,  and  ti.e  l>"^fin- 
iiiiig  of  military  reverses,  all  shocked  her  sensitive  mind,  and  inclined  it 
tiiwaril  disease,  fostered  also  '>y  distrusting  selfret:traiiit  and  reserve.  IVIoiu 
.'icr  appearance  at  Paris  there  were  fancies  and  acts  which  struck  many  as 
peculiar,  niid  have  since  heeii  recalled  as  clear  symptons,  especially  those 
niuuifcsted  during  the  trip  tu  Vera  Cmz  aud  acru^ta  the  uueuii. 


CHAPTER  X. 


I     ' 


IMPERIAL  HOME  LIFE  AND  VICISSITLTDES. 
ISCO. 

MoVKV    M ATTKHS — XkW  TkKAIY  — AuMY   RkoHvIA NIZATTON    -ArSTRIAKS  DlS 
«iiNIKNTKI>   -Ito.MKSTIO    AkFAIIW — CHAKAt'TKU     OK    t'lIAKUlTTK        MaXI- 

»iii,iANS  Hai'.its  Hoi'iw  OF  Lahok,  Fooi>,  ani»  Exkucisk  -Dhkss - 
AMr.HK.MKNTs  -llKi.ic.'Drs  Sii()\vs — Washims  FK.Er  -Tuf.  Emi'Kuoks 
Cold  Wit— CojisKHVATisT  I'lot  -Santa  Anna— New  Policy  ok  Max 

I.VILIAN  UaZAINE'S  QlAUUKL  AND  RkcALL — CasTKLNAI'— AllIiICATION 
UkuKD— OUTEHA   ANU   TUK    UxiTEU   STATES— MAXIMILIAN    AT   OltlZAliA 

TiiK  departure  of  the  empress  only  served  to  pre- 
cipitate negotiations  at  ^lexieo,  and  on  the  30th  of 
July,  18(!(),  Maviniiliaii  was  obliged  to  sign  a  new 
convention  regulating  the  fnianeial  question,  wherehy 
the  Fn-nch  government  should  receive  one  half  of  all 
maritime  custom-house  receipts,'  after  November  1st. 
in  payment  of  interest  and  ca}>itul  due  for  the  loans 

'  Incluiliiig  i'X])ort  aii<l  iiii]M>rt  iluties,  'iiiteniaciou' ami  '  (!oiiti'arcj.'istr(i." 
'nu'jipri's  iiiiitciialia'  fiiinl,  now  lilHTiitiMl  from  piiyniciits  to  tlic  Vira  Ciii/ 
raili'oail,  Imt  loss  three  fouillis  of  tlie  I'acitic  custom  liousu  receipts,  whiili 
wi'ic  alriiuly  liypotlu'catud.  Tlic  siiuus  ^<o  gniiitcd  were  to  Ix'  applii'd  to  tlic 
payment  of  interest  and  cii)>ital  of  tlie  loans  of  ISthi-o;  *  the  payment  of  tliteo 
per  eeiit  interest  on  tlie  "JMi  million  francs  recoj;nize(l  l»y  tiie  treaty  of  Mira- 
inare,  and  on  all  sul>sei|neut  ailvances  ))y  tlie  French  treasury,  iimnnntint.'  to 
aliout  "J.'iO  million  franis.  Any  surplus  left  after  making;  these  pa,\nients 
Bhould  servi-  to  reiluci:  tlie  citpital  due  the  French  government.  N<i  ^liaii^c 
of  tarilVnmst  i)e  made  tendinis  to  lower  the  sum  now  granted.  Sptcial  au'i'rits 
luiiier  the  Freneli  llag  should  direct  tlie  collection  of  duties  at  Veia  ( 'ni/,  and 
Tanipico,  all  of  which  were  to  he  assigned  for  the  al>o\o  payments,  less  the 
part  already  set  iuside  for  acknowledged  claims,  and  for  salaries  of  ollicials  .it 
these  custoin-honses,  the  latter  not  to  exceed  live  |)er  cent  of  the  recei|ils 
Any  surplus  or  delieieney  remaining  after  a|)plyiiig  these  recei[its  to  the  l<iUd 
one  half  were  to  he  adjusted  in  the  accounts  rendered  from  other  custmii- 
houses  evry  tliiee  months,  with  assistance  of  Fi'ench  consular  agents.  This 
document  was  signed  hy  l>aiio  anil  Luis  de  Arroyo,  the  latter  a.ssistant  seiie- 
tary  of  state,  in  charge  of  the  foreign  portfolio.  It  had  to  take  etl'ect  on 
a  date  to  he  determined  hy  Napuluou,  whi>;h  was  Nov.  1st.  See  Ih'ncho  In- 
tern. Mex.,  pt  ii,  38G-90. 

( 2U  ) 


MILITAJIV  P.EORGAXIZATION, 


215 


ru'"jf()t lilted  iii  Friincc,  .111(1  for  the  heavy  war  expenses;. 
The  Vera  Cruz  ami  Tainpiocj  custoui-houses  were  .sur- 
rendered to  the  French  ajifents  as  guarantees.  A 
orcat  j)artot' these  receipts  being  already  iiypothecated, 
and  the  advance  of  the  republicans  cutting  ott'om.'  re- 
source after  another,  so  small  a  revenue  remained  with 
which  to  conduce  the  government  that  bankruptcy  wjts 
inevitable."  l^otli  sovereigns  nui.st  have  recognized  the 
usclessness  of  the  convention;  yet  they  signed  it,  one 
because  he  was  obliged  to,  and  the  other  to  save  ap- 
pearances.^ 

Notwithstanding  the  eflbrt  to  setdv  better  terms  from 
Xapoleon,  Maximilian  had  taken  several  steps  to  se- 
cure his  position  in  case  of  need,  and  among  tlu'in 
ranked  foremost  the  reorganization  of  the  armv. 
Xapoleon  had  ])roinised  his  aid  for  the  formation  of 
a  European  army,  to  embrace  the  Austro-J^elgian 
vr)lunteers  of  some  7,500  men,  and  the  foreign  legion 
of  the  French  ex[>edition,  placed  in  the  Miramare 
treaty  at  8,000  men,  and  Bazaine  was  occujiied  in 
organizing  a  Franco-Mexican  body,  under  the  term  of 
cazadore.s,  or  chasseurs,  which  should  become  fully  as 
strong.  Add  to  this  the  25,000  or  more  of  rural 
guards  and  auxiliaries  in  ditferent  })arts,  one  third 
mounted,  and  (iiOO  [)ieces  of  artillery,  together  with  the 
lueaiis  for  manufacturing  arms  at  mor-e  than  one  of 
the  fortified  points  in  the  empire,  and  the  .•strength 
nf   Maximilian  a[)peared    by   no  meiiiis  insigr.iHcant. 

^  Tlic  n(!t  roc'cipts  of  the  ('nii>irf  in  ISCm  aiiiniiiiti  4  to  lit  iiiilliniis,  of  wliii'li 
iiiurly  '>  inilliiiMH  caiiio  ffuiii  Vein  '  'niz,  '2\  iiiiriidiis  frnni  ntliiT  yulf  |ii)its,  ami 
."{  iiiillidiis  fi'oiii  tlif  I'ai'ilic,  the  ri'inniiiiliT  Iicjiil;  uht.iiiiid  fioru  cmmsc,  iliri'ct 
iMiitrilmtiuiis,  ami  otiicr  siniri'cs.  Of  tlic  I'acil'u'  iiM'iiiifs,  7">  i»'i'  i''iit  liail 
aliv:i(ly  ln't'ii  assii;iu'(l,  ami  a  laiiir  iii'n|iiii'tii)ii  of  tlic  l'uI;  (liitirs;  fiirtln-i-claiiiiM 
"'TO  iiii|i''iiiliiiL;,  a  couvi'iilioii  liaviii;,'  ix'i'ii  si)j;ii('(l  .liiiu'  "Jlitli  nnIhtiIiv  Kni;lisli 
<!:iiiiis  HJioiilil  111' ili'ciilcd  ii|i(m  liy  a  Ixjdy  of  foiii'  I'lUmnissionci-s.  'N'ailaso 
i'^ti|)iil('>.  ,  rtispfeto  ilo  las  r  'aiiiaciom'S  dc  oiiidailaiios  Mcxiitamis  coiitiii  ol 
K 'I'iiM'iio  l)i'it;iliico,'  olwo,  i  ■  .loniiTo  caiistii'.illy.  Mc.c,  Mini,  line.,  lS70, 
•>">•'!      'rill!  ooiitiimal  vovorsos  of  istili  cut  oil"  icsomri's  in  i  very  dii'i'dlon. 

^  And  to  sci'iiro  l>y  nianipnlatioiis  at  Vei-a  ("in/ .all  tiif  nionty  possihlc. 
"Mil  pi'ch'isiou  d'unt'  clinto  procliaint!. '  Xhix,  Erji''il.  ilii  .\/c.r.,  W.i.  'I'lio 
.liiai'ixt  niinisti'f  at  Wasliiiij^toa  protcsti'd  aijainst  tlirarraniicincnt  as  intondnl 
to  proloiii^'  tlio  stay  of  Frcnoli  troops.  Lriiiir.  ,\fi  r..  ( 'imilnrix,  ii.  'J44  !>.  TiiD 
I'dat'ons  with  Fraitci'  licironiiiii;  nioi'f  sfrained,  tiicuonvcntiou  wa.s  so(ju  ij.,'noii'd 
I'V  Muximilittii.  as  will  hv  Hvt^u. 


J: 


216 


IMl'ERIAL  HOxME  LIFE  AND  VICLSSITUUES. 


Bill' 


Unfortunately  for  him,  tlie  warfaro  was  ratlin.'  of  a 
guerrilla  character  iuvolviiii^  the  scattering  of  forces: 
many  of  the  soldiers  drafted  into  the  ranks  from 
unwilling  subjects,  and  from  the  class  of  deserters, 
or  even  malefactors,  could  not  be  relied  U[>on;*  and 
outfit  as  well  as  pay  pn^ved  scanty  or  lacking,  so 
that  altogether  the  value  and  efficiency  of  the  army 
were  greatly  reduced.'^ 

In  addition  came  discontent  among  the  Austro- 
Bclgian  regiments,  ever  opposed  to  any  subordination 
to  Mexican  officers,  or  even  to  French^ — a  trouble 
increased  by  unforeseen  hardships,  and  by  the  war  in 
Euroi)e.^  The  greatest  obstacle  of  all,  however,  was 
the  lack  of  mc^ney,  which  was  causing  an  outcry  from 
every  direction,  impeding  operations,  and  threatening 
wide-spread  disbandment.'  The  case  was  })laced  bi.'fore 
Bazaine  in  April,  with  an  urgent  appeal  for  assistance. 
A  small  advance  now  would  obviate  a  crisis,  and  savi; 
enormous  outlays  at  a  later  time.  France  could  ni>t 
allow  its  work  to  collapse  by  refusing  so  slight  a  sac- 
rifice. The  marshal  yielded  by  granting  a  monthly 
allowance    of  two  and  a  half  million    francs."*     The 

*  A  b.ittali<)U  onlered  to  Yucatan  during  the  spring  was  composed  mainly 
of  Viigaixiuds  and  criminals,  and  Casanova,  tliu  coiiiniauilci',  refused  to  go 
unless  a  relial)le  force  was  added  to  control  the  rest.  Xinr,  h'.i/iiiil.,  ."lol. 

•'The  cazadores  were  otl'ered  a  bounty  of  S'Jo.  It  was  pi'oposed  to  foi'rii  10 
battalions  of  them,  under  Fr«!ncii  otlieers  anil  Fren  ;i)  army  reguliitions.  'i'h.^ 
term  of  service  extended  from  two  to  seven  yeai's.  Osmont  and  Friaiit  ii.id 
immediate  charge  of  tiiem,  and  Courtois  !)"Uurl)al  organized  tlie  ur'illery  in  ,i 
nuinner  that  received  the  aeknowledgnient  of  Maximilian.  Domfncrh,  ///*'. 
J/('.t'.,  iii.  .S81,  4ir)-M);  fJrlrot/iU,  L'/iihrr.,  244.  Le  Saint  pays  a  tril)ute  to 
tlie  bravery  of  the  .Mexicans.  (I'liirri'  Mex.,  193.  For  drafting  or<lersaiid  otli(  r 
regulation's,  sec  Diario  Iiii/i.,  .Tune  lid,  '2.")th,  Aug.-llec,  pa.ssini;  I'oz  Mij.. 
Feb.  '.'.I),  .March  (i,  Aug.  2S,  .'U),  18(M),  etc.,  and  other  jonriuds.  Tiiis  systcin, 
so  fre(|uently  forl)idden  lus  unjust  and  iinsatisfactor-y,  iiad  to  lie  resume,!,  :i-i 
Kih'atry  shows.  Max'.,  I'M  '.).  Col  Shelby,  lately  of  the  U.  S.  confedcriitf 
army,  had  bionght  some  men  and  urged  an  enlistment  of  Amerii'an  s'lldiiis 
as  the  most  eH'ccKve  measure;  Init  Maximilian  did  not  entertain  the  idea. 
I'MiranVs  Shclhi/'n  Kx/xd.,  '2"2-4,  4'2,  !tO--2. 

"  Large  nnndiers  of  them  insisted  on  returning  to  Knropc,  and  great  ctForts 
had  to  be  nuule  to  (juiet  the  feeling.   Xiox,  Er/ie<l.,  r),"i4 -7,  •">"!'. 

'  I.iacun»i,  wiio  had  ciiarge  of  the  finance  department,  explained  the  critii.ii 
situatiim  in  a  letter  to  the  marshal  of  April  L'Stii.  Mejia  an<l  (,Jniroga  in  tin' 
nortii  were  suffering  from  actual  want,  an<l  had  to  impose  forced  loans.  Lope/. 
ci)uld  not  leave  San  Luis,  nor  Franco  Oajaca,  for  similar  reasons;  the  Austro- 
Ik-lgians  owed  half  a  million,  and  so  forth. 

"The  <iuestiou  was  discussed  in  a  council  presided  over  by  Maxindliiui. 
Dano  and  Muiutenant,  inspector  of  the  treasury,  objected  to  granting  any  ad- 


FINANCIAL  OUTLOOK. 


217 


French  goveninient  objecting,  tlio  allowance  stopped, 
and  c()n.se(|ucntly  any  progress  of"  army  organization. 
The  teinj)orary  cooperation  of  ]^azaine  was  greatly 
due  to  Maximilian's  effort  to  retain  French  army 
otiicials  for  the  finance  department,  thereby  placing 
additional  responsibility  on  their  government.'  But 
all  this  had  served  merely  to  postpone  the  trouble. 
Tiie  budget  for  18GG  placed  the  expenses,  with  a  low 
estimate,  at  over  $35,000,000,*"  antl  as  the  revenue  in 
the  preceding  and  far  more  prosperous  3'ear  cjime  to 
little  moro  than  half  this  amount,  the  outlook  for  the 
preivUt  -.u  '  may  be  imagined.  Among  the  measures 
adoj  tt  (J  III  .leet  a  portion  of  the  demand  was  a  con- 
tributi'>n  Oil  the  net  revenue  of  town  and  country  es- 
tates of  one  sixth  and  one  seventh  respectively,  and  a 
tax  of  six  and  one  quarter  cents  on  each  60,000  square 
varas."  But  the  difficulty  with  these  and  previous 
exactions  was  to  collect  them.** 


viinco,  in  accord.iiice  with  instructions  from  their  government;  but  B.izaine 
took  u])on  himself  the  responsibility,  altiiough  a  jirovious  ailvance  \>y  him  had 
lueii  olijeeteil  to  in  I'aris.  Kerutry  qiu.tf:3  tlie  letter  written  by  Maximilian 
ill  I'Vl).,  thanking  him  f(;r  this  aid.  Max.,  U7-10'2.  See  also  Arniiiijoiz,  Mij., 
iv.  !I0. 

'■•Langlais  having  diet'  in  Feb.  1806,  M.  de  ^laintenant,  French  inspeotor- 
griieral  of  finaiiees,  took  iiis  place  till  Friant,  intemlant  en  ulief  of  the  French 
aiiiiy  in  Mexico,  ''as  ])erniiito(l  to  occupy  it  jointly  witli  his  own — a  double 
ihity  wliich  led  to  eoutlii-' .iiu  ;i.ei,>.iire3.  Xiu.r,  L'.v/ii'il.  (hi  Mc.v,,  iM)H  !>. 

'"'I'lie  estimate  as  pr<)wred  ''y  Lajunza  for  May  till  Dec.  demanded  fortlic 

Ministry  of  war §4,.H!I.">,7I0 

Ministry  of  trt^sl.  y 'J,H7'.>,077 

Otlier  dep.irtme'it 2,S()7,!«>2 

SLdiventions  for  rai' road  .  stearnibip  line     etc l,4titi,.'W4 

Interior  debt 1,!W,(KK) 

( lid  contracts 7'J(>,!»4,S 

Interest  on  debt 0,7 1  "•,  I oO 

French  army  support .'i.'Jor),  l;iO 


g!'A(iL'7,:{ll 
"  'Contribuoion  injusta  y  designal.'  exclaims  .Vrrniigoiz,  MtJ.,  iv.  !t4,  since 
pni]ierty  near  towns  was  far  more  valiialile  tli.in  remote  lanil.  IJnt  tlieoliject 
",i.s  als')  to  compel  the  distribution  of  lainl  among  the  Indians  and  immigranta 
lor  cultivation.  Don.  uech,  //f-V.  .1/';/.,  iii.  '.\H',i  4,  takes  a  more  reasonable 
view.  An  attempt  ;  I'iug  sold  church  property  nmler  fresh  levies  failcil,  as 
ilid  many  another  ■>•  ,-nro,  such  as  Hascli,  Erin.,  i.  i;{U-7,  enumerates, 
'irgiibcn  auf  <leni  \\\\-    '.       i:i  sehr  annehiid)ares  Kesultat.' 

'-The  attempt  of  !>v  ;>at  and  others,  //Iiilirr.,  "241,  to  attribute  causes 
to  single  inilividual  etlbit  or  neglect  is  hasty,  (.'oniparison  with  muincipal 
ti^ 'S.  Jali.ico,  'J'uri/a,  ISOo,  1-14;  Triijueron,  Mini.  Muiiici^i.  Mex.,  1S(MJ, 
'  -liii. 


I 


Hf!' 


218 


IMPERIAL  HOME  LIFE  AND  VICISSITUDES. 


Maximilian  had  been  assigned  a  civil  list  of 
$1,500,000,  like  his  predecessor  Agustiii  I.;  but  in 
view  of  the  financial  distress,  he  now  renounced  two 
thirds  of  this  suni,^^  Charlotte  relinquishing  half  of 
her  allowance.  The  sacrifice  hardly  aftected  them, 
for  their  mode  of  living  was  extremely  simple  for  a 
court.  The  loss  fell  rather  upon  ofiicials  of  the 
lumsehold,  and  upon  benevolent  objects  and  the  i)oor, 
for  M'hom  the  list  had  mainly  been  expended.  Uoth 
of  them  ^vere  imbued  vith  a  noble  but  misguided 
ambition  for  all  that  \,  i  xl  and  just,  and  they 

were  courasjreous  in  folios  this   bent.     Charlotte 

had  a  more  nervous  energy,  as  was  displayed  in  her 
assiduous  attention  to  public  affairs,  and  in  her  disin- 
terested ap])lication  to  schools,  charities,  and  otlur 
institutions."  She  would  personally  examine  scliolars 
and  distribute  rewards,  enter  the  hosi)itals  and  cheer 
the  sick  with  a  kind  word,  decorate  the  soldier  whose 
bravery  deserved  the  medal,  ond  charm  tlie  multi- 
tude with  her  gracious  manner.  The  gallant  ]\Iexi- 
cans  could  n(^t  fail  to  show  devotion  in  return,  tlio 
more  stolid  Indians  being  mollified  by  the  marked 
intimacy  with  which  she  honored  one  of  their  own 
race,  as  one  of  her  maids  of  honor. '^  Like  tlioni, 
she  delighted  in  flowers,  and  found  one  of  her  great- 
est pleasures  in  su})ervising  the  garden,  leaving  also  a 
beautiful  record  of  her  taste  in  the  blooming  aspect 
of  the  Paseo  and  the  palace-ground. 


The  imperial  couple  had  at  first  tak(Mi  up  tlioir 
abode  in  the  national  palace  at  ^Mexico,  dating  in 
foundation  from  or  before  the  time  of  Cortes,  and  con- 
secrated by  a  long  line  of  viceregal  residents."^     In 

"Hy  letter  of  March  If),  1806.     See  also  IHarln  Imp.,  Mny  1,  ISSti. 

'•  As  prusiiUiit  of  !i  charitable  society,  sliu  inUueiiced  similar  ell'orts  liy 
proiuiiK'iit  hiilies  in  the  capital  and  elsiewhere. 

'^Sei'iorita  .losffa  Vaivla,  a  (hscciulaiit  tif  Montezuma,  alumt  22  years  of 
n.'C  and  of  daik  cuiiiplcxioii.  She,  like  Scfidra  (i.  1*.  I'aclicco,  nciived  sl.iMO 
n  year,  while  other  ladies  of  honor  who  attended  merely  on  certain  oceasiuiis 
iiad  no  pay. 

'*  See  iHfit,  Mix.,  vols  i.  and  iii.,  this  scries,  for  site,  building,  nnd  recuu- 
structiuu. 


THE  CAI'ITAL. 


219 


r.  r  ->  -!  r  T  H  H  -e  z  .-^  >  V! 

■  »^   1  m    ^  ^^ 


-  :  :  :  ■  ■  :  z~  ^^  ^^  "        3iia.i---i^5T  ^  ^t-    ^ 


aMilxiuu. 


l^i 


220 


IMPERIAL  IIOMK  LIFK  AND  VICISSITUDES. 


tliis  vast  tliougli  plain  ])ilo,  cmbraoinuf  tlirce  courts 
and  j)ractic'ally  three  stories,  tliey  occaipied  only  the 
Kouthorn  section,  the  central  beinj^  left  to  state  ofK- 
cers  and  the  northern  and  eastern  to  soldiers  and 
prisoners/^  It  faced  the  ^n-eat  plaza  with  its  throng 
of  peojile  and  iniposinj^  cathedral,  but  was  otherwise 
relieved  only  by  a  small  garden.  Maximilian,  with 
his  unassuniinjj^  informality  and  sailor  traits,  looked 
U[)on  it  as  a  cloister,  and  soon  selected  for  his  chief 
residence  the  palace  of  Chapultepec,  standing  on  the 
oval  hill  IGO  feet  high,  and  a  league  south- west  of 
the  capital.  It  stt)od  witliin  groves  of  cedar,  elm,  and 
poplar,  inters[iersed  with  wild  shrubbery  and  liowers, 
the  building  rising  upon  different  terraces  in  plain  and 
irregular  form,  and  nothing  gorgeous  within  to  re- 
mind the  royal  pair  oi  their  imperial  ])rcsence,*^ 

For  this  sj)ot,  hallowed  by  the  myths  as  a  resting- 
])lace  for  monarchs,  Montezuma  had  shown  his  pre(h- 
lection  when  oppressed  with  omens  of  a  falling  throne, 
or  drawn  by  longing  for  peaceful  intercourse  with 
nature;  watcliing  from  the  forest-girded  summit  tli».' 
city  reiiected  in  the  changing  waters  of  the  lake,  and 
surro.unded  by  verdure-clad  shores,  with  whitened 
tenements,  waving  fields,  and  the  shady  copse,  which 
extended  in  variegated  hues  until  it  merned  in  the  hazv 
distance  with  the  circlinu:  ranges  that  marked  the 
Junits  of  the  valley.     And  now  another  last  monarch 


iWn 


"  Juarez  prcfoiTod  the  central  court,  where  at  this  time  lived  the  prin- 
cess ltuil)iilc.  llor  liaiiio  \v;i.s  soiiietimes  applied  to  tliu  great  receptiuii- 
room,  ill  tiie  tiiinl  story  of  the  soiitiieni  part  of  the  palace,  with  its  gilt- 
edged  cross-titiiliered  ceiling,  holding  a  do/.en  jicudent  chandeliers,  its  IIi'Kr 
of  dark  inlaid  wood,  and  its  numerous  life-si/e  portraits  of  ])roininent  Mexi- 
cans and  of  Washington.  In  tiie  parallel  Lion  saloon  hung  likenesses  of 
diaries  V,  and  oilier  Spanisii  rulers.  South-east  of  tiie  former  room  was  tliu 
audience-eliam]>er,  the  walla  covered  with  crimson  silk  damask,  liaviiii,' 
iinvoveu  the  Mexican  arms.  The  former  senate-hall  had  been  eonvertiil 
into  a  chapel,  with  starred  blue  ceiling.  Consult  h'ircra,  Mi'.c..  J'int.,  i.  'J-'J'J, 
for  views  and  detailed  description;  iiiao  Arrnniz,  Viajiro,  liO-1-,  etc. ;  />'»/ 
lock'-'i  ArronH  ^f('.v,,  90-1;  }ViUoii\i  Mix.  (ind  Kelij.,  '2(i,")  0. 

'"The  front  formed  two  stories,  with  verandas,  flanked  by  a  tower,  anil 
connected  iu  the  rear  on  a  higher  terrace  with  a  line  of  one-story  buildini;  , 
f^urmounted  by  a  still  higher  and  more  pretentious  tower,  .slmdy  w;dks  .  :  1 
flower-bi'ds,  with  statuary  and  fonntiiin,  lent  their  attractions,  i'ur  vil  -j 
and  dutuilcd  descriptions,  see  authorities  ia  preceding  note. 


THE  EMrEUOU  AT  CHAPULlErEC. 


221 


;ii)iilod  hero  tlic  liftinj^  of  tlie  veil,  pondorinf]!'  on  tlio 
cliuMges  wrought  hy  christian  oivihzation.  Tho  tow- 
(iin<^  teniplo  pyramid,  with  vostal  fires  and  reeking 
stones  of  sacrifice,  were  rejdaced  by  crested  naves, 
with  domes  and  steeples,  and  tiie  famed  Aztec  garden 
(Iwellinijs  by  dense  and  cleerless  blocks  of  houses. 
Tlie  canals,  with  their  throng  of  irlidino;  canoes,  em- 
l)()\vered  and  flower-decked,  liad  disappeared,  and  tlit> 
ulistenin<j:  lake  had  shruidc  awav  from  the  new-built 
city,  and  from  the  ravaged  shores,  once  fringed  with 
groves  and  shrubbery. 

Here  Maximilian  lived,  on  tho  w'holo,  an  unosten- 
tatious life,  making  occasional  visits  to  Cuernavaca,  a 
score  of  leagues  or  so  south,  midway  on  the  slo[>cs 
into  the  tierra  caliente,  a  paradise  of  balmy  air  and 
enchanting  enviromnent.  He  rose  sometimes  as  early 
as  three  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  attended  to  letters 
and  documents.  Two  hours  later  ho  took  coffee,  and 
was  soon  al'terward  in  the  saddle.  He  breakfasted 
usually  between  eight  and  nine.  Ministerial  consul- 
tations were  held  between  one  and  half-past  two.  At 
half-past  three  he  dined  with  the  empress  and  a  few 
t'l  iends,  eating  but  little,  and  driidcing  either  mineral 
water  with  ice,  or  champagne,  but  neglecting  fruit aiul 
coffee.  The  table-service  was  plain,  and  also  the  food, 
<lcs|)ite  the  cooks  imported  from  Europe,  and  excuses 
were  not  infie(piently  made  before  guests.'^ 

Tins  was  usually  the  first  reunion  of  tho  consorts 
•luring  the  day,  for  the  empress  had  her  hours  and 
duties.  Slu!  rose  at  half-past  six,  opening  the  dny 
with  a  bracing  ride.  Prayers  were  held  between  eiijfht 
and  nine,  followed  by  breakfast  in  the  comj)any  of  her 
luaids  of  honor.  Then  slie  drove  round  to  schools, 
hospitals,  and  other  institutions,  turning  her  steps 
iihout  two  for  C.'hapultepec,  in  readiness  for  dinncn*. 
This  over,  she  sauntered  in  the  grove,  retired  with  a 


"'Halien  Sio  jcmti.iIh  ao  sclilerlit  poijosscn  wic  Ix'i  niir,'  lio  saiil  ono  il.iy 
npoli)i.'uti(.'iilly  to  ("niiiiti'ss  Kollonitz,  us  sliu  ruhvtfcs.  Heine  iiueh  Jli'xicj,  \y,i. 
•Sic  also  Court  of  Mcxku,  2'22. 


i 

i 


ntiy 


IMPERIAL  HOME  LIFE  AND  VICISSITUDES. 


book,  indulfjed  a  little  in  authorship,  or  yiohlod  to  the 
allurements  of  pencil  and  crayon,  not  forgetting  to 
scan  the  journals  and  mark  interesting  articles  for 
jMaxiniilinn's  perusal,  adding  keen  observations  of  her 
own.  Receptions  were  not  frequent,  but  during  tlu; 
winter  lier  saloons  were  open  every  Monday.  On 
these  occasions  the  cambric,  muslin,  or  plain  silk  and 
woollen  dresses  gave  way  to  decollctd  robes  of  ricli 
material,  with  a  profusion  of  ornaments  and  jewelry; 
and  she  manifested  an  almost  childlike  pleasure  in 
impressing  one  class  with  her  beauty  and  taste,  and 
another  with  the  glitter  of  her  apparel.  She  joined 
in  quadrilles  to  a  limited  extent.  A  series  of  court 
regulations  served  to  check  certain  easy  manners  that 
provincialism  had  introduced  among  an  otherwise  cere- 
monious people. 

Maximilian  personally  objected  to  formality,  as 
shown  by  his  preference  for  the  country.  He  de- 
lighted in  white  linen  suits  and  a  Pananui  hat,  or  one 
of  soft  white  felt  with  low  crown;  yet  a  plain  civil 
dress  was  usually  worn,  of  black  frock-coat  and  vest, 
with  light-colored  pantaloons,  gray  overcoat,  and  in 
the  city,  a  gray  high-crowned  hat.  On  great  occasions 
he  could  be  seen  in  a  simple  dark  green  uniform,  with 
gold-embroidered  collar,  red  sash,  and  white  gold- 
striped  trousers.  He  wore  little  jewelry.'"  On  special 
occasions  he  donned  the  national  dress,  preferably  tlio 
ranchero's,  with  a  view  to  flatter  the  masses.*^  Ho 
certainly  enjoyed  the  life  with  which  this  was  con- 
nected, riding,  roaming,  and  exercising,  especially 
Hilliards    formed  a  fav(.)rite  entertaiu- 


swnnming.- 


'"Two  heavy  plain  gold  rings  on  the  second  linger  of  tiie  right  hand,  mn; 
of  tiieni  with  tlio  initials  (i.  (4.  (J.  and  tlie  date  July  KS,")7.  On  tiie  liltln 
linger  of  the  liand  was  a  ring  with  a  large  blue  stone  bearing  the  Mt'xif.m 
arms.  A  similar  stone  setting  marked  his  studs  and  sleeve-buttons,  worn  fm' 
ye.ars  without  change.  On  tirst  putting  on  the  Mexican  uniform  at  Miiain.ir/ 
he  seemed  sensitive,  and  whispered  to  a  friend  something  about  'Niclita 
liicherliclies  als  solch  eitien  Anzug.' A'o^'ohjVz,  /iV/w,  ISl. 

"' '  Que  ninguna  persona  de  respectubilidad  usaba  en  poblado, '  exclaims  tin' 
punctilious  Arningoiz.   MuJ.,  iii.  '2'2'2. 

^' At  Acapantzingo  he  erected  a  bathing  pavilion,  and  cultivated  a  lit'.lt! 
^'ardcii. 


WASHING  OF  FKKT. 


823 


ment,  following  the  aftor-dinner  drive.  In  liis  drivin<jf 
ho  put  on  u  certain  pomp,  his  carriage  being  IVeijuontly 
drawn  hy  six  white  mules,  and  attended  by  a  groom 
and  a  mounted  escort  in  advance,  dressed  in  apparel 
of  soft  leather.  He  retired  between  eight  and  nine, 
reading  in  bed  for  half  an  hour,  always  some  instruct- 
ive book,  for  novels  he  never  touched. 

The  imperial  })air  j)aid  great  attention  to  religin!i, 
])artly  ft)relfcct,  as  may  be  judged  from  tiieir  descend- 
iii<>'  one  dav  from  their  carriage  and  kneelinuf  in  the; 
street  while  the  host  passed.  Another  silly  perform- 
ance was  to  wash  the  feet  of  twelve  poor  persons  on 
^laundy-Tluirsday,  in  imitation  of  the  pope  antl  amidst 
great  ceremony.'*  The  devotion  of  the  empress  and 
lier  I'raidv  benevolent  disposition  were  generally  recog- 
nized. Not  so  with  her  husband,  whose  geniality  and 
kind-heartedtujss  proved  insufficient  to  counteract  the 
often  intrusive  liberalism  in  views,  and  the  cold  wit 
and  innate  bent  for  raillery  which  spared  not  even 
friends  and  ])artisans.-*  This  examination  into  the 
])rivate  life  of  tlie  emperor  and  em[)ress  does  not  tend 
to  elevate  our  estimation  of  their  strength  of  mind  or 
originality  of  character. 


!i'i 


The  failure  of  the  last  conservative  plot  had  by  no 
means  stilled  the  efforts  of  the  discontented.      Santa 


'^^Tlie  cori-mony  took  place  at  noon  in  the  j:;ro!it  reception-room  of  tliu 
ii.itional  paliiic,  to  wliicli  tickets  fulniitted  a  lurye  nimilu'r.  On  one  side  of 
the  room  stood  a  tal)le  and  liench  for  twelve  old  nieii,  on  the  other  for  tuelve 
XMiiiicii,  liiith  parties  dressed  in  black,  with  white  collars.  The  emperor  in 
the  unit'orin  of  a  Mexican  general,  anil  tlio  empress  in  Mack,  served  at  this 
ris|iucti\  e  tiililes,  pourinj^  ont  wine  and  water,  ami  chan.u'in^'  |iiates.  'I'hu 
iliinicr  over,  a  dozen  hoys  and  girls  removed  tiie  foot-;.'ear  of  the  uhl  fulk,  and 
tlie  imperiiil  couple  knelt  and  waslied  tlieir  ft^et,  conchidinL;  with  eai'li  person 
hy  kissing  one  of  the  feet.  Let  us  hope  that  Ood  was  well  pleased  at  this 
fool'shnt'ss. 

'■'*  I'ni'  othiT  details  concerning  the  mode  of  lif''  and  traits  of  the  sovert^igns, 
nee  Kn/luiiit-:,  A'r/xc  jidcfi  Mexiio;  Jil.,  (Joiirt  oj  Mi.r/fn,  passim;  1 1  nil  .1  L'lj'i  aj 
J/'M'.,  ])assim.  especially  tiie  iirst  half;  liaxrh,  h'l  iiiin  riiii'/i  11  ani  Mi.riro;  lit., 
Ii'iimrildx,  ])assini;  .]/n.v,  1/  Crtr/oln  Ailrcii.,  passim,  th(!  authors  of  which  had 
(ill  associated  with  the  imperial  pair.  Additional  points  may  lie  found  in  the 
h'Miks  ipi()t<'d  for  Maximilian's  acceptance  of  the  throne  ami  an  i  val  in  Mexii'O, 
iii'liiding  those  hy  Domeneeh,  Flint,  Ki'Tatry,  Detroyat,  etc.  Keratry  speaks 
(if  his  leaning  to  mysticism,  which  fostered  his  bcliet  iu  the  divine  right  of 
kings,  and  himself  ua  a  ehusvu  uiiu,  JIux,,  101. 


224 


TMPKIIIAL  HOMK  LIFE  AND  VICISSITL'DIX 


Anna  ('oiitinucd  to  iiitiiiifuc,  issuing  n  stirrinijf  mani- 
festo;"' and  the  art'lil>isho|)  pursued  liis  agitation, 
joined  by  a  large  number  of  |)rominent  persons,  inelud- 
inyf  members  of  the  eabinet.  Encouraged  by  the 
(Ussatisfaction  in  tiie  army,  and  the  weakness  of  a 
government  now  to  be  deserted  by  its  main  supporters, 
they  resolved  to  act  decisively  up(Mi  the  French  desire 
for  Maximilian's  removal,  with  the  hoj)e  of  uniting 
parties  in  support  of  a  more  po|)ular  govermneiit. 
The  emperor  had  due  warning,  and  sought  to  defeat 
the  plot  by  conciliatory  measures.  These  failing,  he 
caused  the  arrest,  July  15th  and  I7th,  of  threescoie 
conspirators,  and  had  the  greater  number  deported  for 
safe-keeping  to  Vueatan,^^  ordering  also  the  conlisca- 
tion  of  Santa  Anna's  vast  estates.  This  schemer  w- 
ceived  about  the  same  time  a  decided  snub  i'rom  the 
Juarists,  with  whom  besought  to  ingratiate  himself^ 
The  jireceding  fiasco  convinced  Maximilian  how 
little  reliance  was  to  be  placed  in  liberals  who  had 
chosen  to  ])ocket  their  re|)ublican  sympathies  for  the 
sake  of  im[)erial  offices.  Nor  had  his  long  effort  t'> 
court  and  conciliate  the  Juarists  and  constitutionalisls 
produced  any  marked  benefits.  A  few  needful  and 
severe  measui'es  had  served  to  counteract  the  good 
impression  at  one  time  produced,  and  wherever  mili- 
tary authority  declined,  there  rose  at  once  anti-imperi;d 
sentiments,  ^[oreover,  in  the  futile  attempt  to  win 
over  the  main  ])arty,  he  had  lost  his  hold  upon  tlif 

■'•"'Of  June  r)th  from  Klizahelli  Port.  Santa  Anna  Iiad  niiuf^lod  fieely  witli 
IT.  S.  naval  otlicors,  timl  liail  even  been  visited  by  Seward  at  St  'I'lionias.  /)iiir'n> 
Imp.,  .Inly  10,  18(i0,  etc.;  and  the  nidst  was  inailc  of  it.  See  alsi)  /■J/izwjd,  Curif 
lit'  Romn  y  Max.,  1-!W. 

'^•Including  generahi .lost''  Rojo,  Zires,  Parra,  and  Partcarroyo,  also  Ignacin 
Riunirez,  J.  M.  Arroyo,  and  others.  Sec  iJiario  Imp.,  July  10,  18(i(i.  cti.: 
A  rraiiijoiz,  .Mij-,  iv.  1()!(-1 1.  A  few  arrests  were  also  made  in  the  departincn;  ■( 
and  several  ehange.s  in  otHcial  positions.  The  most  active  agent  of  Saiit;i 
Anna  was  I'adre  Ordonez,  his  natural  son.  LeJ'vi-re,  Doc,  ii.  ;*.'l."t;  Lc  Stiint, 
(ritirre  Mt'x.,  174. 

'■"  He  wrote  in  May  to  Minister  Romero:  '  Ka  mi  proptWito  coopcrar  :'i  li 
reinatiilacion  del  (Jobierno  constitucional  republicano; '  but  his  services  wcir 
declined.  See  correspondence  in  Mex.,  Col.  Leycs,  186;i-<>7,  iii.  ;")!•  70,  anl 
/;//('.<iri.s,  h'crixfiiK,  iii.  ti54-(V2.  He  could  not  be  trusted.  Tlic  Juarists  dccrii'l 
him  as  a  traitor.  Li'/ac.  Mex.,  ii.  '218-41;  Estrdla  Occid.,  Sept.  '28,  ISUiJ,  Jan. 
:.Vj,  Feb.  1,  1807. 


A  NEW  CABINET.  2-.V> 

clci'Ico-oonsorvativt;  uKMnoiit  wliicli  luid  oroated  liiin. 
To  pursue  further  so  I'ruitless  u  policy  seemed  thero- 
t'. ire  out  of  the  <|UestioM. 

As  earl V  as  January  I  8()(>  he  l)e'j;an  to  consider  a 
iliani^e;''"  yet  when  in  March  Jianiire/.,  Esteva,  J*e/a, 
and  Kohles'-''  resiLjned,  in  face  of  the  iiopeless  pros- 
pects, he  still  chose  for  their  successors  moderate  re- 
puhlicans,  in  the  persons  of  (ieneral  (iarcia,  h'rancisco 
Soniera,  a  rich  land-owner,  and  Salazar  llarrei^ui, 
lately  commissioner  in  Yucatan,  intrusted  respectively 
with  the  portfolios  of  war,  lomento,  and  oohci-nacion. 
Luis  Arroyo,  late  ministi'r  at  Washington,  was  oiven 
( liarij[e  of  foreiufn  relations  as  under-secn'tary,  Artiuas 
was  dismissed  froui  the  department  of  [)ul)lic  instruc- 
tion,^" which,  mei'ged  into  that  of  gohernacion  and  the 
treasury  control,^^  })assed  to  J.  !M.  Lacunza,  j)resident 
of  the  council,  m»w  made  presi'lent  of  the  cabinet. 
Several  of  these  chantj^es  were  dictate<l  hy  economy. 
The  conspiracy  of  July  brought  about  the  dismissal  of 
Lacunza,  Somera,  Garcia,  and  the  older  member  Escu- 
dcro;''-  and  now  a  decided  ap[)roaoh  was  made  toward 
the  et)nservatives,  by  appointing  Teodosio  Lares  minis- 
ter of  justice;  '"^  the  departments  of  fomento  and  gober- 
iKicion  were  combined.  The  otfect  of  this  de[)arturo 
was  neutralized  among  ^[exicans  by  the  otherwise 
connueiidable  surrender  of  the  war  and  finance  divis- 
inus  to  two  Frenchmen,  General  JJ'Osnu)nt  and  Fri- 
aiit,  intendant-general  of  the  army,  and  by  the  ap[)oint- 
lueiit  of  Father  Fischer"*^  as  chief  of  his  cabinet,  who 


'■"'Asking  Almonte  in  fact  to  suggest  ;i  nt-w  cabinet;  l)ut  tlie  general  did 
init  litliuve  in  his  sincerity,  and  did  not  do  so. 

•'••'riR!  last  tlireo  were  made  comisaiios,  and  tlie  learned  Raniiri'/.  president 
I'f  tlio  academy  of  sciences,  all  receiving  a  decoration.  See  U^tters  to  tlicni,  in 
Ari'iiKjoiz,  Mij.,  iv.  7!'-Sl. 

'"  Receiving  tiio  post  of  ahogado-general  in  tlie  supreme  court. 

■"M.  de  Castillo  liad  eliargo  of  the  treasury  and  foreign  relations  for  a 
wiiile.  Among  new  comisai'ios  were  IJureau,  S  iravia,  and  Irii)arrcii,  and 
till'  generals  Castillo,  I'ortilla,  Casanova,  and  (tuticrrez  received  the  military 
fiiiitidl  of  divisions  4,  5,  7,  and  8. 

■'■'■Sin  darles  aviso  previo,'  says  Iglesia.s,  /{evislnn,  iii.  63."),  hut  Arrangoiz 
H'!>i(i(hices  a  courteous  letter  to  Liieun/a.   J/*;/.,  iv.  7-,  77,  1 12. 

"  Assisted  by  T.  Marin,  president  of  the  Tribunal  at  Mexico. 

"A  German  Liitlieran,  wiio  after  a  varied  life  as  colonist,  notary,  and  goUl- 
HisT.  MiiX.,  Vol.  VI.    13 


I 


230 


IMFKUIAL  IlOilK  LIFK  AND  VIGLSSITUDFS. 


soon  a('(iuirc'(l  <a  (Iccidcd  iiifluence  with  ^raximlliaii 
(Icsjiitc  his  «loul)tf'ul  antc'ccdciitH.  The  Frcjiich  a 
poiiitmeiits  a])i)(>arc(l  a  iict'cssarv  adjunct  to  the  Ju 
convention  witli  Franco  and  the  Franco- Mexican  ri;- 
ors^anization  of  tlie  army;  hut  Xaj)olcon  oKjccted  to 
the  senii-oliicial  interference  inij»hed,an(l  ])azaineMas 
soon  oliliged  to  seek  an  excuse  for  withch'awin^^  them.  '' 
!Meari\vliile  advances  continued  to  he  nuuh'  for  con- 
servative favor,  and  on  Se[itend)er  I4th  Jjares,  as 
jtri'sident  of  the  cahinet,  was  reonforced  hy  (jlaicia 
Airuirre,  Teotilo  ^[arin,  and  Mier  y  Teran,  for  llic 
(K,'j)artnient  of  puhhc  instruction  and  worsliip,  odhn- 
luicion,  and  fomento  res])ectivc;ly ;  and  to  these  weic 
ad(h'd  tlie  I'ortu^'uese,  ,J,  X.  l^ereda,  I.  T.  Ijarrainzai'. 
suhse([U(!ntly  ^[.  Campos  and  ]l.  Tavera,  intrusted 
witii  foreii^ni  relations,  finance,  and  war,  Arroyo  hiini,' 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  household.^"  In  the  ]>ni- 
gramme  now  issued  the  necessity  was  pointiMl  out  of 
harmonious  cooperation  hctweiui  i)olitical  and  nulitary 
|>owers,  and  of  su}>j)resslng  liostile  demonstrations, 
while  otlmrwise  allowing  freedom  of  o[tinion  and  sus- 
taininij"  individual  uuarantees,  witli  inviolahilitv  of 
jiroperty.  The  administration  had  to  he  intrusted 
exclusively  to  the  ministers,  who  were  responsible, 
and  territorial  divisions  to  reliahle  adherents — an  ini- 


digL'cr  in  tlic  United  States,  became  in  Mcxici)  a  catholic  iiricst  and  socrotaiv 
to  llic  lii.di(H)  (if  I)iuuiii;ci,  ;uul  later  emate  at  I'arra.s,  uiKler  tlio  ]iatr()na<.'e  nt 
tlic  I'ii'ii  Sanchez  Navano,  who  suhsi'(|iieiitly  reconiniended  liini  to  Maxiiiiihaii. 
He  had  just  retiiined  Inini  Konie  wi  Jiout  acliievin;^  anything  at  tlie  X'atiran. 
His  coarse  heavy  physique  and  sniootli  sensual  face  stooil  in  marked  enntra-t 
to  the  oily  toULTue  and  IHtt in,;  eyes,  Maximilian  came  soon  to  sjicak  iioiiiially 
of  him,  and  JSa.sch  accuses  him  <;f  '.Nhmgelan  ( )iren  licit  inid  ])olitischcr  Khrlirh- 
kcit.'  L'riiiiK  riuiiji  II,  ii.  1,  ;{,  i(J  17,  etc.  Kcratiy  alludes  to  his  dismissal 
from  the  episcopal  palace  at  l)uranj,'o  for  loose  conduct.  Mar.,  ItiO:  ('oii-ili!,, 
.Juno  r.»,  KSti8. 

"■'Inllueneed  partly  hy  a  protest  from  tiie  V.  S.  Note  dateil  at  WasliiuL'tnu 
Au",'.  Kith.  I'ayno  alludes  to  I''i'iant  as  harsh  and  autocratic.  ( 'itiiila-t,  SM: -d 
man  who  licld  more  absolute  control  of  the  ti>'asury  than  any  pre\  ions  im- 
perial minister. 

^•*  I;4lesias  ei'iticiscs  Lares  as  an  '  hombi'c  malo,  pero  de  capaeidail,'  lie  ainl 
Ai,'nirre  lieiuL,'  secessionists  from  the  lilxu'al  ranks.  Tavera's  ri'conl  was 
blemisheil  with  cruelty;  the  rest  were  unknown  or  incapable  /\'i  i-'sUi.*.  iii, 
C;?7  !•.  He  adds  something  aliout  snh-secretai'ial  ciianges.  Arrangoi/.  grieves 
over  the  fate  of  Marin,  Teran,  Lacum/a,  and  otluM-s  as  liaving  to  dit;  in  exile 
M('J.,  iv.  137.     Niox  calls  Lares  an  agent  of  tlu  archbishop.   Eriml.  018. 


MOnil'IKD  I'OMCY. 


plii'd  conscrvjitlvo  rij^lit  to  oftlccs,  A  o-ood  uiidcr- 
Ntiii»<liii,L(  slioulil  be  restored  ln'twi-cM  rliurch  and  state 
l)y  means  of  a  concttrdat  with  Jloim;,  ( inbraciiiL;'  a 
ii'Mioval  of  tlio  iiiseciiritv  liahi^inii'  ovi-r  alii'iiatcd 
estates,  tlio  rin'lit  of  ac(juiring  |iio|>eity  and  the 
means  of  sustenance  for  the  eleri,'}'.'''  Meanwhile 
sti'jis  shouhl  he  taken  to  smooth  (hlHcnlties,  and  fore- 
most to  hastiMi  tlie  orLjani/aticni  ol'the  armv,  and  lur- 
feet  a  |)hin  for  the  finance  dej)artme'nt.  As  a  nu'ans 
to  improve  the  conchtion  of  the  jxtorer  chisses,  a  sys- 
tem of  land  grants  was  inaugni-ated*'* 

In  accordance  with  tliis  jilaii  came  a  host  ol'  addi- 
tional appointments,  and  changes,  esi>ecially  in  the 
lanks  of  prefects  and  councillors,'"  and  several  anti- 
catholic  enactments  were  I'evoked,  including  that 
which  had  transferred  the  cemetei-ies  to  niunliipal 
control.*"  Nothwithstanding  the  (Ujclared  inviolal»il- 
ity  of  })roperty,  an  embargo  was  laid  on  that  of  all  per- 
M)iis  hostile  to  the  empire,  to  be  administered  lor  the 
hijnefit  of  bereaved  loyal  families — an  act  w  hich  only 
ciicouragetl  the  Juarists  to  larger  reprisal.'^  The 
change  of  policy  was  received  with  mixed  feelings. 
Stanch  conservatives  accepted  it  as  a  triumjth,^-  and 

^'  A  1)aso  for  siicli  a  conconlat  Iiail  Ixiun  l)ronj,'lit  l)y  I'^isclior,  nml  it  wna 
V, iik'ly  liolii'Vi'd  that  a  payinuiit  of  tin  \wv  ciiit  of  tlu'  valiii'  of  .M.i/.i'il  cstati'S 
iiiiulit  l>e  ai;i;i'i)tL'il.  Maximilian  later  (iiclaixil  that  hr  lia'l  Ik'cu  (li'<M'ivi.Ml  hy 
Fi-^lIu'I'.  So  says  llasch,  Erhin.,  \\.  17,  t^tc.  StMiiiiiarios  shuiilil  liu  foiimluil 
l)  jiioiiioto  ediic'Jttion  among  thu  cli'igy. 

'"'  '1  ho  usual  suygt'stions  followeil  foi-  fostcfiiif.'  colonization,  ni,'ricult\iro,  ci  nri- 
mcrci',  utu.,  for  ruforminL,'  tiic  ailminiHtiatioii  of  justice,  for  hcttiinj:  hmd  dis- 
jiutcs  lictwccii  comunmitius  and  individuals,  'i'ho  nundicr  of  conn<iliors 
sii'iuhl  l)u  increased,  hut  only  a  fi'vv  to  receive  salar\.  The  !,'overnnient  hail 
t'l  sustain  its  freu  contiol  of  the  national  aiiny.  "  I'na  jiarlo  ilcl  ))rii,!j;ramii 
cia  la  lejii'ohacion  completa  de  los  actos  del  i-'mpei'aihir, '  uhserves  Arrangoiz, 
M'j.,  iv.  l.")l,     Ji,desiasan(l  others  sneer  at  it. 

'"Complete  lists  from  JJinrin  I/h/k,  Sept.  10,  Oct.  17,  ISOti;  La  l'<,-.  /li- 
M'ii.,  etc.,  have  been  preserved  hy  Arrau^oi/.   J/'./'.,  iv.   I  f.{,   1.">I,  etc. 

*"Thus  hy  decrei!  of  Sept.  I'.Uh  the  liodies  of  peisons  not  hehuigiui;  to 
the  catholic  religion  were  to  he  interred  in  special  cemeteries  or  ]jart». 
(  atliolic  gi'ounds  were  to  he  surrendered  to  the  hishops.  The  isstj'^  of  the 
ti\  il  code  on  July  (itli,  with  atlirmatiun  of  tlie  civil  niairiuge  rite,  had  left  an 
uiiiavorahle  inipression. 

"  Jiarger,  heciinse  conservatives  owned  most  estates.  >Soe  .Fuarez'  derrer  of 
coiitlscating  property  of  imperialists.  J/ax.,  Col.  Lii/es,  lSO'J-7,  iii.  I'-'S-itO, 
i:i4-7. 

*■  Depntations  come  to  thank  the  emperor  'for  the  step.  Rivera,  Uisl. 
Ju!.,  V.  061-2. 


228 


IMPERIAL  HOME  LIF'^  AND  VICISSITUDES. 


hoped  with  the  regained  cooperation  of  the  clentry  to 
achieve  good  resuhs.  Liberals,  on  the  other  hand, 
condeninod  it  as  a  suicidal  declaration  of  war  against 
the  ninjoritv,  and  foresaw  only  dire  consequences. 
Yet  it  was  but  a  return  of  the  government  to  the 
party  to  which  it  really  stood  |)ledged,  and  probably 
as  good  a  course  as  could  have  been  taken  under  the 
pressing  circumstances,  after  so  many  failures.**  It 
was  worth  an  eftbrt  to  win  over  the  clergy;  yet  it 
may  be  compared  to  the  clutch  of  a  drowning  man. 

The  reconciliation  of  the  emperor  with  the  clerical 
party,  and  his  evident  intention  of  retaliating  upon 
the  French  for  their  abandonment,  made  relations 
with  Paris  more  disagreeable  than  ever,  and  upon 
Bazaine  as  agent  fell  no  little  of  the  brunt.  The 
general  had  received  many  a  favor  from  Maximilian,*^ 
and  liad  granted  many  a  one  in  return,  as  instanced 
lately  by  advancing  funds  against  the  wishes  of  his 
master.  But  tlie  disposition  of  the  prince  for  ridicule;, 
and  his  occasions  for  discontent  with  military  opera- 
tions, aggravated  by  a  vacillating  character,  all  tended 
to  inter[)('se  frequent  clouds  between  the  two.  The 
failure  to  maintain  or  follow  up  advantages  gained, 
the  concentration  of  troops,  and  other  measures  were 
mainly  the  result  of  political  exigencies  and  lack  of 
sufficient  forces,  yet  the  attitude  at  times  assumed  by 
the  marshal  from  offended  pride  or  arrogance*^  le<l  to 
his  being  suspected  of  greater  iniquities.  Complaints 
had  not  been  si)aring,  joined  with  requests  for  his 
removal,  and  in  April  18(50  came  a  letter  authoriziig 
Bazaine  to  return  to  France,  leaving  Douay  in  com 

**  IviTatry,  in  coin''jinning,  nssuincsit  to  have  been  an  eflbrt  to  support  tlio 
apjieal  of  Clui'iotte  at  Home,  ^fax.,  101.  Arrangoiz  believes  in  ilie  iiiiiiuiiL'n 
of  .M.ixiniiliau's  niotlier,  or  tlie reprobation  in  Europe  of  his  liaviiigabamluiitil 
tile  party  whicli  called  him.  M<j. ,  iv.  1!(G.  Niox  regards  it  as  a  doubtful  move- 
ment. Expiiil,  (III  Mox.,  ()10;  as  do  several  others. 

**  Their  Majesties  had  held  tlie  marshal's  infant  at  tlie  font,  and  oven  of- 
fered liini  the  title  of  duke.  Letter  by  Loysel  of  May  lyiX\\. 

*■' There  were  ever  persons  ready  to  bring  hiui  an  account  of  Maximilian'* 
plejisiintrj  '"leerniiig  hiin.«elf,  and  the  consciousness  of  controlling  the  real 
power  whi^'li  upiiuld  the  throne  frec^ueutly  led  tu  disagreeable  self-assertiun. 


BAZA  INF.  AND  CASTELNAU. 


229 


mand.^^  This  .lirivecl  at  a  time  when  his  relations  at 
court  were  cii^ain  amicable,  and  he  replied  accordingly, 
without  pretending  to  understand  the  hint  to  return, 
for  his  connections  with  the  country  by  marriage 
and  business  affairs  made  it  inconvenient  to  depait. 
(  lianges  being  made  in  the  plan  for  evacuation,  it  was 
tiiially  thouglit  best  to  allow  the  marshal  to  remain  in 
conunand.*' 

There  was  no  objection  to  his  conduct  as  comniandor- 
in-chief,  but  he  did  not  show^  himself  suthcicntly  pli- 
al*le  to  the  wishes  of  Napoleon  in  carrying  out  the 
political  programme,*"*  and  it  was  resolved  to  send  out 
an  agent  in  the  person  of  General  Castelnau,  with  full 
] lower  to  give  ett'ect  to  it.  The  pecuniary  interests  of 
France,  which  had  now  become  tha  main  considera- 
tion, demanded  above  all  a  firm  government  in  Mexico. 
The  conservatives  seemed  to  offer  little  prospect  for 
its  formation,  owing  to  the  attitude  of  the  United 
Statt'S  and  the  strength  and  growth,  of  the  Juarists; 
and  furthermore  their  clerico-financial  ])rincipk'S  were 
unfavorable  to  those  interests.  The  only  ho])e  for  suc- 
cess appeared  to  lie  with  the  liberals.  Maximilian 
had  failed  to  win  them  over,  and  it  was  unlikely  that 
any  other  foreign  prince  would  do  better.  The  head 
of  the  new  government  must  therefore  bo  sought 
among  the  liberals  themselves.  An  urrangement  with 
the  tenacious  Juarez  was  unpromising  as  well  as  hu- 
miliating,*^ and  Diaz,  Ortega,  Lerdo  de  Tejada,  and 
liiiiz  were  assumed  to  be  preferable. 


50 


'• '  I'^n  lui  nnnorxjant  que  romperi'nr  lui  ri'servei'ait  en  France  une  haute 
liositidu. '  Xiii.c,  K.r/ii<l,  ila  Mi'.v.,  .J!((i. 

''  Doiiay  liad  olijecU'il  to  carry  out  the  evacuation  on  tliv'  plan  announced 
ill  Apiil.  Napoleon's  reasons  were  oveicouie  l)y  the  iiiadvisaSility  of  chan;^. 
iiig  ciniiinandci's  at  the  close  of  the  expe<lition,  and  on  Aui,'.  loili  the  nnr.shal 
was  advised  to  remain.  '.TuM(|a'au  dernier  sohlat,'  was  liis  eajjer  reply,  /li  , 
(i-.'i.  In  Pup.  y  Corrcsp.  Faiii'd.  I /tip,,  "Ji-SO,  are  given  reasons  for  this  eager- 

IRSS. 

*•  Often  only  implied.  lia/aine  preferred  to  act  to  the  letter  of  instructions, 
anil  siuh  were  not  always  sent,  for  prudent  reasons. 

•'•'riio  opinion  presented  by  Niox,  h'xjuil.,  M'2,  that  .Inarez  waa  rej^arded 
aa  a  tiL;ure-head,  could  not  have  been  entertainer,  by  many,  after  thie  exhil)iti()n 
(if  sti'iii^'th  tlurinj;  tlie  contest  with  Ortega  and  others. 

^"(Jasteluiiu  favurcd  Lvrdu,  uud  Buzaino  is  said  to  have  prvfctrvd  Kuiz, 


230 


IMPERIAL  HOME  LIFE  AND  VICISSITUDES. 


Castolnau  was  moreover  instructed  to  hasten  tlie 
(l*i|)arturo  of  tlio  French  troops,  nov/  fixed  for  tlic 
spring  of  18G7,  in  one  mass,  on  the  ground  tliat 
evacuation  in  detachments  might  cx[)ose  the  last 
(Uvision  to  the  combined  onslaught  of  the  rapidly 
swelling  republican  armies."'  This  measure  was  also 
intended  to  impress  Maximilian  with  the  necessity  of 
abdicating  before  his  position  became  wholly  unLn- 
able,  and  thus  ])romote  the  installation  of  a  new  gov- 
ernment favorable  to  Franco  and  acceptable  to  the 
United  States. 

Advised  beforehand  of  Napoleon's  desire,  and  rec- 
ognizing that  Maximilian  could  not  sustain  himsi'lf, 
Bazaine  began  to  recommend  abdication.  The  mo- 
ment proved  favorable.  The  efforts  of  the  new  con- 
servative cabinet  to  collect  means  served  onlv  to 
expose  their  poverty;  news  had  arrived  of  Charlotte's 
failure  at  ]*aris,  and  the  discouraging  aspect  was  ren- 
dered still  gloomier  by  the  delicate  health  of  tlio 
emperor, ^'^     Now  on  the   18th  of  October  came  the 

but  it  sooms  tliat  ho  looked  witl\  morn  respect  on  Diaz.  Lerdo  luid  dis]il.iyi'd 
ji(iiiiiiiiliIo  t;ict  as  Juarez'  minister,  ami  many  re-^'arded  liini  as  tiie  coiiliulliui,' 
jiower,  while  iiiseonueetiou  with  tlio  J^crdo  law  and  otiier  measures  presented 
iiiui  to  all  as  iv  leader  among  liberals.  Ruiz,  as  mere  oecujiant  of  Ortefr.'i's 
jdaee,  never  had  nmeli  influence;  but  Diaz  was  aj^aiu  assuminj^  among  Juari>t 
generals  the  leading  plaeo  aeipiired  before  hij  imprisonment  at  I'uebla. 

*' Troops  arrived  at  Vera  C'ru/  Sept.  'Jfitii,  ready  to  einiiark,  but  had  to 
return  into  the  interior  to  sujiport  tiio  general  retrograde  movement.  The 
order  eaiiie  in  adv.'ineo  bj'  telegrapli,  <late(l  Sept.  l"_'tli,  with  injunetion  to 
«lefend  tht  honor  of  tlio  Hag — agaiii.st  the  U.  S.,  explains  Ki'iatry,  J/((.i'.,  II).'}. 

*''  All'eeted  by  intermittent  fever.  Baseh,  the  pliysieian  and  intiin.ite 
nssoeiato  of  Maximilian,  ileelarea  that  tho  latter  fre(|uently  alluded  to  a  let- 
ter from  Na])oleon  imploring  him  to  abdieate  tlio  throne,  'den  ei- 1  Xiipuleon] 
niehtmehrim  Stande  sei  zu  halten,'and  that  iu  tho  beginning  of  Sept.  alieady 
he  had  tid^cn  the  resolution  to  liquidate  the  Mexieau  business.  Kriinin-- 
vii'ii  II  ;iHH  M'-.firit,  i.  '11~'A.  Arrangoiz  think.s  a  j)roof  of  the  latter  lies  in  tiie 
neglect  or  faihi''e  of  any  one  to  deny  it,  iu  the  face  of  iliisch's  bold  deelar.H- 
tioii.  M'j.,  iv.  107.  ]S'evertheless  there  are  <loubts,  supportecl  by  tho  state- 
ment that  Napoleon  had  stoopeil  to  plead  consiileratioii.s  for  his  dynasty. 
That  lesa  committing  verbal  iitteranees  had  been  transmitted  through  Char- 
lotte or  other  pcr.sonages  is  possible.  Baseh  may  not  be  so  wrong  al)out  tlie 
date,  however,  for  on  Sept.  2Gth  !Maxiniili:'.n  asked  Dazaine  to  recall  a 
iniinber  of  Austrian  troops  to  Mexico,  and  on  the  14th  of  Oct.  he  an- 
nounced his  departure  for  tlio  coast  '  to  meet  the  empress,' and  the  desire  tx} 
consult  the  inarslial  on  'some  points  of  exceeding  impoitance,' hoiiing  that  he 
wc)uld  let  110  obstacle  of  whatever  nature  ]>revent  his  ap])earanee  at  tho 
interview.  A  note  of  the  l!)th  again  denmndeil  attention  to  escort  'for  tiio 
cuipresa,'  luul  to  tho  insecure  condition  of   the   route.     Now,  tho  ouiperur 


THOUGHTS  OF  ABDICATIOX. 


231 


message  announciiiL,'-  the  niontai  condition  oi"  liis  con- 
sort. With  ti'eniblini>f  voice  and  tear-dinnned  eves  he 
consulted  with  his  intimate  associates''^  wliat  best  to 
do,  and  his  health  and  nerves  re(|iiiring  in  any  case  a 
change,  he  was  advised  to  proceed  to  Orizaba,  there 
to  await  dev(.'loi)nicnts,  while  benefiting  from  the 
balmy  temperature  of  the  tierra  temi)lada.  A  strong 
reason  for  leaving  is  saitl  to  have  been  the  ho[»e  of 
succeeding  to  the  sceptre  of  his  brother,  on  the 
strength  of  his  own  popularity  as  the  once  liberal 
governor  of  Lombardy,  and  of  the  discontent  evoked 
by  the  late  humiliating  war  with  Prussia.  * 

On  learning  of  the  intended  journey,  tiio  })ubiic 
in  general  immediately  suspected  the  truth,  and  the 
iate  of  the  empire  was  freely  discussed  with  voice  and 

already  knew  of  Cliarlotto's  mental  condition,  mid  that  Imsiiics!!  coiiiieotod 
with  the  estate  of  her  fatlier,  JjCopold  I,,  hitely  deoeiised,  and  other  nmtterx, 
l^|)llhl  iu  any  case  have  delained  her;  hence  the  escort  couhl  l)e  only  for 
himself,  and  the  departure  for  the  coast  meant  end)arivatiiin.  That  the  point 
to  he  discussed  incluiled  abdication,  'lo  sc  por  persona  a  (piien  loretirio  Max- 
imiliaiio  niisnio,' asserts  the  positive  Arranj.'oi/,.  M'j.,  iv.  lotj.  J\i'ratry,  Miu., 
liSi)-!(L',  reasons  to  the  same  efTeet,  as  do  Niox  and  others. 

'"'  Anionj,'  whom  were  counted  JJasch,  Councillor  Her/feld,  lately  consul 
general  at  Vienna  and  early  l)osoni  friend,  Count  de  iSonihelles,  fornieily 
cMptain  in  the  Austrian  navy,  ami  raised  to  a  general  iu  .Mexiro,  Kisilier,  the 
iiiKtuous  prief',  and  I'rof.  IJilimek  of  the  niuseuni.  iiasch  ilecl.ircd  that  tins 
IVeneh  having  hroken  their  compact,  Maximilian  was  justilieil  liefore  all 
I'linope  iu  departing,  and  was  called  away  besides  by  the  condition  of  the 
J'liiipress;  Jier/fi^ld  ilid  the  same,  and  urged  immediate  end)arkiition,  intent 
only  on  the  safety  of  the  'archduke.'  15asch  thought  tiuit  undue  haste  should 
not  be  allowed  to  rellect  on  the  duty  of  the  '  emperor. '  /'^riniicniiiiii  ii.  rnn 
Mixho,  i.  40-.")0,  etc.  According  to  Keratry,  Ba/aiue  urged  that  the  alxlii'ation 
siiould  be  jierfornied  iu  Kurope  :v  "s  to  pievent  anarchy  and  protect  French 
interest.'!. 

^' '  11  nous  rejMigne  de  croi.'e  i]Ue  ees  sentiments  coupaMes  aient  pu  ])enr'- 
trer  dans  lame  t'levee  et  si  gi'iureusc  de  ce  prince,' oljjeets  Detidvat.  L'lii- 
/irri'ii.,  "JlKi;  ami  JJasch,  h'riiiii.,  i.  "i'.)  SO,  naturally  defends  liis  jirince 
^vilnldy  against  'die  schandoseu  lusinuationeu,' d(;claring  that  he  iiitencled 
to  tii.vel  for  two  year.«(  bt^foie  returning  to  .Austria.  In  tiie  plan,  as  dictated 
by  .Maximilian,  (Jorfu  is  mentioned  as  a  ])oint  at  which  to  mei't  tii'^  empiess, 
'orsomel)ody  '  from  Miramare,  if  she  could  not  come,  lint  liasch,  who  would 
))ri)liaiily  not  have  been  informed  <•'  such  designs,  forgets  that  the  protest  of 
Maximilian  in  Dec.  I8(i4  again."'  his  renunciation  nie.oit  somethiug,  that 
I. iiitiu'ily  feeling  would  no  longer  h.ivi;  deteired  him,  and  that  the  letter  of 
J'lioin,  then  on  secret  mission  ni  I'jn'ope,  ns  will  be  alludi'il  to,  is  eiitiih'd  to  u 
certain  weight.  Ki''ratry  lays  great  stress  on  this  lettei',  and  even  believes 
t!iat  Maximilian  may  have  hoped  to  unite  tl.':  Austrian  and  iMexi(Mn  si'eptrcM. 
Mn.r.,  '221.  Arraugoi/,  :»d<ls  the  testimony  of  Fatlier  (lomez,  Spanish  ti.u'her 
to  the  prince,  and  liazaine,  to  the  etl'eet  that  Charlotte  iiad  moii;  than  once 
spulien  of  a  better  crown  iu  Europe.  MeJ.,  iv.  ai-o.  Tlua  came  from  Bccoud 
or  tiiird  hand,  however, 


232 


IMPERIAL  HOME  LIFE  AND  VICISSITUDES. 


pen,  some  journals  advocating  departure,  others  op- 
posing it.''^  The  conservatives  were  seized  with  con- 
sternation, for  the  fall  of  the  throne  implied  to  thcni 
loss  of  power  and  privileges,  the  fading  of  all  pros- 
pects, and  with  all  the  dire  vengeance  of  the  republi- 
cans on  their  persons  and  estates.  The  blow  startled 
above  all  the  clergy,  whose  prelates  were  even  then 
uniting  at  Mexico,  hoping  to  settle  questions  be- 
tween church  and  statc.^  Petitions  by  committees 
and  in  writing  came  pouring  in  against  the  departure, 
and  Lares  rushed  forward  with  the  resignation  of  the 
cabinet.  But  with  the  .aid  of  Bazaine  the  ministers 
were  reassured,  and  the  journals  gave  notice  that  tlitj 
journey  was  nothing  more  than  one  of  the  trips  so 
frecjuently  undertaken."''  This  served  only  in  a  meas- 
ure to  allay  the  excitement,  and  Bazaine  thought  it 
best  to  take  precautions  both  against  a  possil)le  mob 
in  the  capital,  and  against  a  combination  of  ])arties 
throughout  the  country.''^  Maximilian  left  Chapul- 
tejioc  for  Orizaba  before  dawn  the  following  morning, 
October  21  st.'» 

''^  L'Estafette,  tho  French  journal,  La  SoriedoAl,  and  certain  liberal  papers, 
showed  good  reasons  for  abdication,  to  which  L(i  Puifia,  tlic  ministerial 
organ,  re[)liud  by  pointing  to  a  probable  anarchy  iu  conseiiuence.  One 
juui'iial  declared  that  liazaine  would  remain  as  liput-gen.  of  the  empire,  and 
created  no  little  excitement  in  miml)er8  for  Oct.  '21st  et  seq.  Also  h'uirin 
Jill/).,  for  announcement  of  tlie  journey,  etc.,  Ld  Voz  <le  Mej.,  etc.;  Lfjrn-f, 
J)iii\  Mai-'niUhtiio,  ii.  S.VJ-'i.  Seveml  writers  ev|)ress  tliemsi'lves  as  if  .Max- 
imilian's departure  was  certain,  but  Kivera,  Hid.  Jul.,  v.  USS,  assumes  that 
this  rested  on  false  as^iumption. 

"". Maximilian  had  iiiinself  prepared  a  speech  for  opening  the  synod,  and 
IJascii,  I'Jriiiu.,  i.  .S!)  4-t,  produces,  not  without  a  ccrtaiii  vanity,  his  own- 
Latin  translation  to  be  read  by  the  emperor. 

''  .Vrrangoiz  upholds  the  self-sacriliciug  patriotism  of  the  luinisters  ai.'aiiis', 
the  charge  that  tliey  lost  tlieir  hea<ls,  recognizing  their  lack  of  strengtii  aiil 
energy.  JA;/.,  iv.  l<)'2-70.  He  scouts  tiio  idea  that  Buz'iine's  peisuanii  a 
proved  stronger  than  their  own  voice  of  honor,  liaseh  writes  that  Maxinul- 
lau's  first  impulse  was  to  form  a  regency  of  Lares  as  presiding  mii.ist.r, 
I^cun/a  us  presiiling  coiinciUor,  and  liazaine,  wilh  the  charge  to  sunnnuii  a 
congress  to  whicii  the  alxlieation  should  1)6  submitted.  The  decree  was  uuiiie, 
out,  but  kept  for  consideration.  The  second  tliougiit  was  to  leniove  the  go\  • 
eminent  to  Orizaba,  Minister  Arroyo  accompanying,  and  l>a/.iiino  renuiining 
in  control  at  the  ca|)itid.  Erinncnunjri)  (iiih  Mexico,  i.  .")(»-". 

''*(Jar  il  no  dcmtait  pas.  .  .on  verrait  k's  administrations  so  di^sorganiser  et 
tons  les  partis  unir  leurs  forces  contro  les  Kranyais.  Xio.v,  J'J.i/inl.  dn  Mix.,  (ilJ.'i. 

'"Attended  l)y  Arroyo,  minister  of  tiie  household,  Fat  ..f-r  Fiselier,  Dr 
ll'iscji,  I'rofessoi'  Hilimek,  otlieers  Rodrgucz,  I'radilii),  and  Secretaiy  Ilwir- 
ruudo.     iicri^fuld  wilh  uu  escort  of  3UU  niuu  under  iiudulitscii  rcmaiiucii  to 


ORTEGA  FOR  PRESIDENT. 


23S 


General  Castelnau  had  arrived  at  Vera  Cruz  more 
than  a  week  previously,  and  after  an  unaccountable 
(lelay^  set  out  for  Mexico,  passing  the  imperial  cor- 
tege at  Ayotla,  without  being  allowed  to  see  Maximil- 
i;iii.  Bazaine  subnutted  with  tolerable  good  grace  to 
the  subordination  imposed  upon  him  by  this  represent- 
ative of  his  sovereign.  Castelnau  dis})laying  laudable 
tact,  no  uni)leasantness  occurred.''^  Joined  by  Minis- 
ter Dano,  they  began  actively  to  prepare  the  way  for 
the  formation  of  a  new  government.  Xothing  could 
be  acomplished  with  a  man  of  Diaz'  stanch  loyalty 
and  ])atriotism;  Lerdo  de  Tejada  was  su[)posed  to  be 
(!<|ua]ly  unyielding,  and  so  the  choice  for  presidential 
caniUdate  finally  settled  on  Orteija.  He  possessed 
the  advantage  of  a  decided  claim  to  the  chief  niagis- 
tiacy,  which  had  been  set  aside  on  a  mere  teclinical- 
ity,  and  was  therefore  supposed  to  have  left  him  a 
strong  hold  on  i)opular  sym})atliies.  ^[oreover,  his 
active  su[)[)orters  were  by  no  means  insigniticant, 
notably  along  the  Texan  border,  where  Matamoros 
was  foremost  in  his  favor.^^  It  was  believed  that 
many  more  adherents  would  join  as  soon  as  he  could 
present  himself  with  sutHcient  strength  to  face  Juarez. 

Less  clerical  than  Santa  Anna,  who  httld  «o  large 
a  following,  he  was  also  less  radical  than  his  success- 
ful rival,  and  could  not  therefore  be  so  obnoxious  to 
conservatives.  In  his  ea<;erness  to  obtain  French 
su}t[)ort  he  had  shown  a  dis[)osition  to  promote  an 

lii('|iarc  lotters  to  Razaino,  an-aii;;ini,'  for  tin:  ('iiil)aikatioa  (if  tlic  Anstro-lk'l- 
j;i;iM  tioops,  farewell  letters  to  tlie  Itinliide  fiiiiiily,  proniisiiig  to  reeomiiu'nd 
tlniii  to  the  new  government,  onlers  for  tiiking  inventor}' of  eUV'its,  ami  to 
iilitiim  the  concession  of  tliu  estate  Olimlo  near  C'liei-navaca  for  L'ra^'a  ami 
(itiK  r  oHicers.  While  little  came  of  all  this,  it  siiows  what  decision  had  heeu 
riiched  ill  Maximiliiin's  mind.  See  liivfh,  h'riini.,  i.  (>(),  etc.;  K<  ralnj.  Max., 
'Jill I  in.  The  lailer  is  somewhat  free  in  fr imiiig  woiils,  etc.,  for  the  prince. 
Tiio  reception  along  the  route  was  all  tli.'it  could  lie  desired. 

""Attributed  to  the  intrigues  of  l>a/aiiie.  Maximilian  sent  ("apt.  I'erron, 
chief  of  his  nulitary  culiinet,  to  receive  him;  Imt  Castelnau  declined  an  inter- 
vii:\v. 

^'  While  lia/aino  could  take  no  stej)  without  consulting  the  envoy,  his 
power  remained  otherwise  unimpaired,  and  there  was  no  oeeasion  for  him  to 
Miiisir  son  Opi'e,'  as  the  rumor  ran.  /iilrui/nf,  //Iiifirr.,  '2\Ki.  lie  could 
liiivc  left  the  ^'ommainl  to  Douay  and  departed,  if  so  inclineil. 

*'  Then  held  by  L'auulcs,  who  was  besieged  by  the  Juariat  governor  Tapio. 


il 


234 


IMPERIAL  HOME  LIFE  AND  VICISSITUDES. 


II' 


arrangement  for  sccurinij  tlio  claims  connected  there- 
with,  and  liis  stanch  fodcrahst  principles  and  legal 
rights  to  the  presidency  were  believfd  to  prove  suiK- 
cent  inducements  for  obtaining  the  favorable  consid- 
eration of  the  United  States. 

Unfortunately  the  cabinet  at  Washington  felt  less 
disposed  than  ever  to  assume  a  yielding  attitude. 
The  first  news  of  a  change  in  the  plan  of  evacua- 
tion, while  really  approaching  more  than  the  forniLT 
toward  the  wishes  of  Seward,  provoked  a  haughty 
note  to  the  minister  at  Paris."^  There  were  no  objec- 
tions to  Ortega;  but  to  favor  him  M'ould  be  to  su})p()rt 
French  influence  in  Mexico,  and  it  was  })referable  to 
substitute  that  of  the  United  States  by  sustaining 
Juarez,  to  whom  moreover  the  latter  stood  ])lei]geJ 
to  a  certain  extent  by  the  recognition  accorded."*  Mr 
Campbell,  who  had  already  been  appointed  minister  to 
the  Juarist  government,  was  accordingly  instructed 
to  hasten  to  his  post/^  In  order  to  give  more  efll'ct 
to  this  mission,  General  Sherman*'''  accompanied  Iiiui. 

"Casting  doubts  on  the  real  intentions  of  Xapoleon.  The  U.  S.  wniiKl 
entertain  suggestions  for  the  lirni  establishment  of  onh;r,  etc.,  in  Mexico  ui;Iy 
after  tlie  evacuation  liad  been  ellected.  Despatch  of  Oct  8th.  IJigclow  was 
tohl  that  French  troops  wouhl  be  withdrawn  in  the  s|iring  if  Muxiiniliiui 
consented  to  abdicate.  In  case,  liowever,  tlie  prince  l)elieved  he  could  niiiin- 
tain  himself,  the  departure  of  the  troops  wouhl  be  as  previously  arranged  by 
Drouyn  de  Lhuya.  Despatch  from  I'aris  of  Nov.  8th;  see  Li'[i.  Mcx.,  Circ, 
ii.  204  et  se(|. 

••*  This  was  greatly  due  to  Minister  Romero's  active  support.  The  fear 
expressed  by  some  writers  that  Ortega's  entry  would  lead  to  disseiisiniu 
bears  different  interi)retations.  As  a  famous  sohlier,  with  a  large  liiieral 
following  and  the  adhesion  of  conservatives  and  moderates,  he  seenuMl  the 
man  most  likely  to  unite  the  several  factions;  but  the  late  Juarist  successes 
had  materially  ad'ected  his  chances.  Domenech  gives  too  much  importance  to 
support  accorded  to  Saiibi  Anna  in  the  U.  S.  lie  assumes  that  Sewai-d  pi(i- 
posed  to  install  tlie  arch  intriguer  ns  president  and  use  him  as  a  tool,  vliilo 
permitting  the  recognition  of  Frencli  claims  and  debts  contracted  by  Maximil- 
ian. Finally  his  intluenco  in  Mexico  was  thotight  to  be  insuflicient,  aud  lio 
was  cast  aai<le.  JIM.  Mi'x.,  iii.  .371--. 

•"*  His  instructions  of  Oct.  "22(1  allude  to  the  promised  withdrawal  frniii 
Mexico  of  French  troops,  and  tlio  observance  by  Fi'ance  of  a  non-interventinii 
policy  similar  to  that  of  the  U.  S.  The  withdrawal  would  lead  to  a  crisis, 
»nd  he  ought  then  to  be  present  as  the  represcutjitive  of  the  U.  S.  v  itii  the 
republican  govonimeiit.  Juarez  was  recognized  to  be  the  president,  and  lio 
must  acknowledge  no  other  head.  The  U.  S.  had  no  designs  on  Mexican 
territory,  Imt  wer.)  ready  to  make  demonstratiou  along  the  border  to  proiuuto 
the  reestiiblishment  of  onler. 

^''  Uraut,  the  gcuurul-iu-chief,  having  declined. 


POLICY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


23S 


In  the  same  month  of  November  Ortega  was  arrested 
in  Texas  while  on  the  way  to  join  liis  supporters  in 
Mexico,  and  American  troops  soon  after  crossed  to 
!Matamoros,  hoisting  their  flag  there,  and  indirectly 
])roinoting  the  ca})itulation  of  the  city  to  the  Juarists. 
J^enionstrations  like  these  could  not  fail  to  excite 
alarm  among  imperialists,  and  convince  them  of  the 
liopelessness  of  coming  to  an  understanding  with  the 
northern  republic/^ 

«■  See  Diario  Imp.,  Nov.  .30,  18C0,  etc.  The  Extnlla  de  Ocrid.,  Dec.  21, 
ISfifi,  reproduces  triumpliantly  (ieii.  Shcriclan'a  onler  to  tlie  coniinaiider  at 
JJrowiisville  against  Orteguists  and  other  opponents  of  the  '  only  recognized 
government.'  Let  Voz  de  Mij.,  May  20,  18(iG,  etc.,  alludes  to  tiie  significant 
attentions  paid  at  that  date  already  to  Juarez'  wife,  then  at  Washington. 
For  correspondence  and  comments  on  the  relations  between  the  U.  S. , 
^lexico,  and  France,  see  V.  S.  Forei'jii  Aff.,  1-423,  passim,  .S'Jth  cong.  2<i 
sess.;  Lcij.  Mcx.,  ('irr.,  i.  ]t.l-4r)4,  passim,  ii.  2U0-8;{;  Id.,  I8G.>-(i,  187- 
1)1;  Li/rh're,  Doc.  Mdxbniliano,  ii.  .Tw-Tl;  M<x.  Aff.,  ii.  275-8,  o9th  cong. 
1st  sess. ;  Seiiatu  Jonr.,  .W-'i-O,  39th  cong.  2d  sess. ;  House.  Jour.,  71i); 
Ciniij.  (llohe,  18(J0-7,  71,  etc.;  U.  S.  II.  E.c.  Doc.  DJ,  xii.,.1!)th  eong.  Istsess.; 
IT.  .S.  Mt'sx.  and  Doc,  \'.i  et  seq.,  ."Jflth  cong.  2d  sess.  The  position  of  the 
U.  S.  in  the  (juestion  is  discussed  from  dillerent  standjxjints  in  Doc.  Hid. 
Mi'.i:,  18;{2-75,  pt  x.  '10-4;  Mcx.  vndcr  Max.,  i:!8,  etc.;  Fl in t\H  Mcx.,  228  .t 
sc'(|. ;  in  Mcx.  and  U.  >S'.,  Anicr.  Vi<ir,  in  Mux.  and  the  Mr.r.  Km/iirc,  IS, 
and  m  Doiiifiiech,  L'Emjiirc  Mcx.,  .").")-08,  the  prospect  of  acon(|nest  l>y  the 
iiortluM-n  republic  is  considered.  There  was  even  talk  of  a  secret  treaty  at 
Fl  I'iiso,  ceding  certain  territory  in  return  for  the  arms  and  funds  wiiieh 
liuil  now  become  so  abundant  among  republicans.  In  Mcx.,  Co/..  Leijca,  1803- 
7,  iii.  0-9,  ia  oji  eil'ort  to  rouao  feelings  against  imperialist  cruelties. 


CHAPTER  XI. 


MAXIMILIAN'S  VACILLATiOX— REPUBLICAN  SUCCESSES. 

1860. 

Maximiliax  at  Orizaba — Preparations  for  Departfre — Ixdecisiox — 
Peusuamions  of  Father  Fischer — Return  of  Miramo.v  and  Mau- 
Qi'EZ — Austrian  Cisown  Prospects  —  Maximilian  Warned  not  to 
Return  to  Austria — Council,  ok  Orizaba — Fi!Ench  Protests— .J ua- 
rists  Gainincj  Strenotii — United  States  Volunteers — Armv  Move- 
ments—Orteua's  Party — Bazaine's  Quahiiels. 

jVEaximilian  had  meanwhile  been  recreating  at  Ori- 
zaba,^ relieving  his  conscience  by  modifying  theblootly 
decree  of  October  3,  1805,'^  and  making  arrangements 
for  departure,  by  settling  his  private  aftairs  and  sliip- 
i)insjf  his  effects' on  board  the  Austrian  friijate  Da/*- 
dii'lo.  But  while  the  rumor  spread  at  the  close  of 
October  18(30,  from  Mexico  to  foreign  parts,*  that  lie 
liad  already  left  Mexico,  he  was  still  meditating  what 

'  Milking  fieiinont  scientific  expctlitions  in  the  noit.'lil)orliootl,  with  lliii- 
iiu'k,  ]5;iscii,  and  Fischer,  ami  leading  a  simple  invalid  life,  as  Basch,  Erimi., 
i.  117-1,  dcsciihes. 

'On  tiie  way  to  Orizaba  he  had  asked  Bnzaine  to  arrange  with  the  minis- 
ters to  this  effect,  and  to  forbid  courts-martial  in  political  matters,  even  urging 
t!ie  stay  of  persecution  and  '  hostilidades,'  the  latter  term  very  propeily 
ajjplied  l)y  tiie  marsiial  only  to  political  offences,  for  a  stay  of  'hostilities' 
was  not  to  bo  thought  of.  See  Xiox,  Exited,  da  Mix.,  l.'i'J.  Basch,  d't  S,  gives 
extracts  from  Maximilian's  diary  to  sliow  that  ho  j)lace(l  tlio  i'es[)onsibility  fur 
tlie  decree  on  Bazaine  and  the  ministers.  Kcratry  l)rings  up  tiie  fact  tli.it 
wlieii  Maximih"  m  in  August  sought  to  proclaim  martial  law  Bazaine  dissiiiulcd 
him  from  tlio  iiiuasuro  as  needless.  Max.,  l-l!l-r)4.  Arrangoiz,  M<j.,  iv.  l^'-'- 
7,  rcproduLcs  tlie  modified  decree  of  Nov.  4tli. 

"  Tlie  shipment  of  his  effects  liad  begun  before  the  news  came  of  Charlotte's 
condition,  it  seems.  Herzfchl  was  now  sent  to  Europe  to  prepare  for  liis  ar- 
rival tiiero.  lianfh,  Eniin.,  i.  74.  The  account  of  his  civil  list  sent  in  sliowed 
a  lialance  in  his  favor  of  §18(  ,000. 

♦//A'N^rf/W^f,  Oct.  .^1,  KSG6,  etc.  See  also  A'/oa-,  (;.31-.3.  D(mbts  were  dis- 
sipated to  some  extent  by  a  telegram  nmiouncing  tiiat  his  hcaltli  liad  im- 
proved, whereby  tiie  oliject  of  his  journey  was  achieved!  This  was  intended 
merely  to  allay  any  excitement  which  migiit  arise. 

(230) 


A  CHANGE  OF  PLAN. 


237 


to  do,  swayed  now  by  reported  disasters  to  his  arms, 
and  again  by  mirages  coMJured  up  by  interested 
advisers. 

The  best  evidence  of  his  varying  mood,  as  influenced 
hymen  and  liai)peniMgH,  is  furnished  in  the  correspond- 
ence with  ]>azaine  and  his  colleagues,  entered  upon 
j)artly  with  a  view  to  learn  the  plans  of  tiie  French  for 
ivacuation  and  for  })rotecting  imperialist  interests,  nnd 
jtartly  to  arram-.e  matters  connected  with  the  civil  list, 
intimate  adhere!>ts,  and  Austro-Belgian  troops,  which 
api)ealed  to  his  personal  synipathy.  The  nature  of 
these  arrangements,  as  well  as  verbal  and  written  ex- 
])ressions,  continued  to  inspire  a  confident  belief  in 
liis  withdrawal."  Suddenly,  however,  came  a  change 
which  overthrew  all  these  ex})ectations. 

'•'  Laics  and  Arroyo  had  been  pcrmittod  to  confer  with  the  French  repre- 
suiitiitivcs,  and  informed  of  the  project  for  a  new  ^'overnnient,  they  dunianded 
ii  reply  in  writing  as  to  tlic  war  material  to  be  left  to  the  ^iexican  minister 
( f  wai',  and  the  measures  for  securing  protection  to  towns  and  the  country 
^"•iiciidly.  By  letter  of  Nov.  9th  it  was  answered  that  Castelnau  came  to 
I'loniute  the  departure  of  the  French  troops,  during  the  opening  months  of 
1MI7,  an<l  to  ascertain  whether  Maximilian  could  sustain  the  gov-rnment 
willi  tlic  resources  left  to  liim.  The  Mexican  troops  and  tlie  war  niatcri.d 
Mere  ever  at  his  conunand.  Tiie  goveriuuent  would  be  informed  of  tiio  evac- 
uation of  towns  l)y  the  French  in  time  to  take  measures.  So  long  as  tlie 
IViMcli  troops  remained  at  a  place  tiicy  would  protect  the  people.  As  for 
f^U'l IS  to  pievent  anarchy  in  case  Maximilian  abdicated,  they  would  be  dic- 
liitcd  liy  French  interests  and  tiie  need  for  maintaining  order.  Meanwliile 
(  asti'lnau, had  become  alarmed  at  the  resolute  declaration  of  Laris  tiiat  tiic 
^"iMiiiment  could  maintain  itself,  supported  by  a  note  from  Maximilian, 
wlurcin  he  alluded  to  negotiations  the  failure  of  which  would  iletermine 
liiiii  to  abdicate.  Arrangoiz  interprets  the  negotiations  to  be  with  republi- 
can leaders,  il/c/.,  iv.  174.  An  intercepted  letter  from  Eloin  conlirnied  the  ad- 
vice of  certain  conlidants  that  an  abdication  before  the  departure  of  the  Frendi 
viiuld  be  an  act  of  weakness  and  a  triumph  for  Napoleonic  inti'igues.  'J"he 
I'leiieii  envoy  accordingly  sent  (Japt.  Pierron  to  Orizaba  to  promote  tlie  abdi- 
catiiiii.  He  returnetl  on  the  Dth  of  Nov.  witii  the  a.ssurance  that  Maximilian 
Wdidd  depart.  IJetore  renouncing  the  crown,  however,  he  wanted  certain 
Hssiirances.  These  Castelnau  was  ready  to  make;  and  in  a  dcsiiateh  to  Paris 
lie  yave  tlie  impression  that  his  object  had  been  attained  in  this  respect.  The 
ie(|U(st  by  Maximilian  came  in  a  letter  dated  Nov.  l'2th,  and  in  a  declara- 
tiuii  of  the  IGth,  signed  by  liazaine,  Dauo,  and  Castelnau,  he  was  assured 
tiiat  the  French  government  would  send  home  the  Austro-lielgian  troops 
Ik  lore  the  last  French  brigade  departed,  paying  gratuities  to  crippled  and 
invalid  soldiers,  and  indemnity  to  all.  An  cllbrt  would  be  made  to  .secur 
an  advance  on  their  pensions  for  Princess  Josefa  and  Prince  Salvador  de  Jtiir- 
liiclu.  The  debts  of  the  civil  list  and  the  gran  chancelleria  were  to  be  settled, 
aiiil  if  necessary  the  aiil  of  the  new  government  invoked  to  this  effect.  Max- 
imilian had  requested  a  promise  of  fixed  sums  for  these  payments,  to  be  luado 
heioie  the  French  evacuation,  and  the  answer  was  tlieref(ji'e  not  wholly  sat- 
ishictory;  but  in  transmitting  his  thanks  for  the  efforts,  he  add^d  that  there 


, 


I: 


2:J8 


MAXIMIUAN'S  VACILLATION. 


Futlic'i'  Fischer's  persuasive  toni^ue  had  been  wag- 
ging iluently  yet  cautiously  in  behalf  of  the  clerical 
cause,  and  was  acquiring  ever  greater  power  as  the 
inij)r()ving  health  of  the  emperor  gave  buoyancy  to  his 
Bpirit,"  Xor  had  he  been  unaided,  for  Xavarro  and 
otiier  conservatives  came  to  support  his  promises  of 
large  pecuniary  assistance  from  the  church,"  and  tlic 
speedy  formation  of  an  army.  In  their  anxiety  for 
the  imperilled  estates  and  otlier  prospects,  they  were 
intent  above  all  on  delay,  and  Mexicans  arc  prover- 
bially lavish  with  promises."     The  outlook  for  an  army 

yet  roiiiained  to  arrange  ineasurca  for  a  stalilc  govcrnnicnt  to  jiroteut  tlio  in- 
terests jieiiiling,  and  ti>  tliia  end  he  luid  Kiilninoncd  tin;  coiinuil  (jf  state, 
Bazaine  liuing  invited  to  attend.  This  overtiirew  all  the  calculations  of  the 
French  leaders,  for  the  joiuiiey  of  so  large  a  iinndier  of  juoniinent  eim.serva- 
tiv<;a  would  hardly  iniply  or  result  in  a  siiniile  ahilieation.  On  tiio  I'Otli, 
indeed,  tame  a  telegram  fi'om  the  cmjioror  intimating  that  none  of  the  stei-s 
so  far  taken  authorized  the  belief  that  he  would  ahdicate  in  favor  of  any 
party.  The  council  had  heen  called  to  determine  into  what  handa  the  supremo 
power  should  he  placed  from  the  date  of  alidication  till  the  result  of  a 
national  vote  could  he  ascertained.  lie  must  i-estorc  the  power  to  the  nation 
which  eonferi'eil  it.  The  marshal  had  declined  to  attend  tlie  conneil,  and  now 
'  se  arrepi  111  ii>,' says  Arrangoiz.  J/c/.,  iv.  i!)4.  Keratry,  .!/(/./•., 'J-tl,  dilates  on 
the  trap  into  which  ^laximilian  had  drawn  the  J'"iench  representatives  liy  their 
disclosing  that  »  new  government  was  near  at  hand;  but  the  trap  is  proliahly 
an  assumption.  Jlaseh,  !);!-4,  admits,  however,  that  the  discovei-y  of  iie^ci- 
tiations  f(ir  a  new  I'uler  without  deference  to  his  own  wishes  <lid  alleet  the 
emperor  deeply.      '  Mehr  denn  je  fiihlte  er  jctzt  die  tiefe  Verletzung. ' 

"Fischer  feared  at  lirst  to  press  the  point,  and  aimed  oidy  to  keep  Maxi- 
milian irresolute;  'and  1  aided  him,'  says  IJasch,  7l)-7,  but  vith  tlie  object  of 
preventing  alxlication  till  the  proper  time — when  the  Frcncli  left.  He  could 
then  have  retired  Mith  honor,  (observes  Keratrj',  '2'^,'^.  JJasch,  C(j-T,  det  laici 
that  the  abdication  would  have  been  performed  on  the  way  to  Orizaba  but 
for  the  remonstrances  of  Fischer  anil  himself.  Diiz'  triumphs  in  Oajaea  had  a 
veiy  tle]iressiiig  ellect.  Domenech  scouts  at  the  innuence  of  Fischer,  //i>7. 
Ml  X.,  iii.  401,  liTit  others  held  it  at  a  higher  value.  l)'Ile!icaultnn(lerst;inil!j 
that  JjloOjOOO  were  otl'ered  to  induce  Fischer  to  urge  the  -departure  of  .Maxi- 
milian, and  names  ^lartin  Daran  as  tho  lianker  liolding  the  check;  yet  it  m;iy 
have  been  an  invention  l)y  Manpiez  and  otiiers.  Max.  et  Mix.,  HS-i).  IJascli 
alwaj's  suspected  the  sincerity  of  tho  oily  priest,  and  states  that  the  em])eii  r 
came  too  late  to  a  eimihir  conclusion.  '  I'atcr  Fischer  hat  niicli  niit  dem  Cmi- 
cordate  betrogen  und  belogen,'  he  exclaimed  in  his  prison  at  t^ueretaro.  Ertn- 
venniiini,  i.  tti). 

' ' -Slille  promesscs,  <le  la  part  du  clcrg(5.'  Di'lroyat,  2fl4.  Fixed  at 
$4,000,000  without  delay.  Ki-rafn/,  254.  The  sources  were'asecret  withtiic 
party.'  Rivera  indicates  Campos'  hacendarias  laws  as  tha  means.  J I  int.  Jul., 
V.  COG. 

''Intent  on  the  arrangement  for  settling  British  claims,  jSFinistcr  Scailett 
is  said  by  IJasch  to  have  supported  Fischer's  pleading,  but  Arrangoiz  iloulita 
it.  Mi'j.,  iv.  ISl.  Maximilian  ratified  the  convention  with  Kngland  'Sow  !*tii. 
Mi'x.,  Mem.  I/iic,  1870,  GS2.  For  text,  see  Derirho  Iiiti-ni.  Mix.,  ptii.  ST^i- 
8.5,  ;iJ)l-408.  'Le  ministre  tie  Prusse,  M.  le  barou  Magnus,  parlait  dans  lo 
meme  sens,'  declares  DtStroyat.  L'liUerveu,,  295. 


NOT  WAxNTED  IN  AUSTRIA. 


2no 


was  based  on  more  solid  j^rounds,  liovvcvcr,  for  just 
then  Miranion  and  jVIanjuez  returned  from  Europe 
uiid  tendered  their  cooperation."  Their  tame  as  tlic 
aliUist  and  most  influential  of  conservative  j^unerals 
could  not  fail  to  draw  recruits,  and  their  assertion  that 
they  had  more  than  once  extricated  themselves  from 
worse  positions  than  the  present  tended  toward  wide- 
,s] tread  encouragement. 

And  now  came  a  letter  from  Eloin,  at  the  time  on 
a  secret  mission  in  Europe,  who  brought  his  undeni- 
able influence  to  bear  against  abdication  before  the 
French  <leparted,  as  a  sign  of  weakness,  and  a  triumph 
to  Na})oleonic  intrigues.  Called  by  the  nation,  the 
emperor  should  appeal  to  it  when  freed  from  the 
jiressure  of  foreign  intervention;  and  if  the  appeal 
jailed,  he  might  return  to  Europe  with  the  i)restige  of 
a  mission  nobly  fultilled.  Such  conduct,  he  intimated, 
would  have  its  eftect  in  Austria,  where  the  discon- 
tented i)eo})le  were  turning  from  the  present  ruler 
to  himself"  The  as[)irati(jns  of  his  brother,  real  or 
i'ancied,  reached  the  ear  of  Francis  Jose[)h,  and  he 
took  the  precaution  to  warn  him  that  he  would  not 
be  permitteil  to  enter  Austria  as  emperor  of  ^lexico, 
and  tliat  the  family  compact  would  be  adhered  to,  thus 
attaching  to  the  return  as  many  humiliations  as  [)ossi- 


bl 


e. 


11. 


His   motlier  wrote  at  the  same  time  that  he 


'All  admit  the  value  of  the  offer,  ami  DC'troyat  assumes  that  this  de- 
ficli'd  .N!;ixiinilian;  not  so  Basch,  9"J,  wlio  states  tluit  at  tiist  their  armuiieiits 
hail  no  cll'ect.  Mai'(juez  had  heen  suniuioiied  hack,  hut  Miraiucm  caiiiu  of  his 
ou  11  accord,  allured  liy  the  prospects  ot  beoomiiij^  the  leader  in  vie\r  of  the 
mipiTor's  de[)arture.  Finding  him  still  here,  he  sacriliced  his  own  hopes, 
(Ic  spite  the  treatment  ho  had  reeeive<l.  Arran-oi/,  18H,  stoutly  defends  him 
!iL;uiiist  the  charge  that  he  really  came  to  work  against  theeiii[)ire.  The  truth 
]iriil)iil)ly  is,  that  he  saw  no  good  chance  for  himself,  owing  to  opposition  from 
tiie  French  and  others,  and  thereupon  yielded  to  the  nohle  impulses  he  un- 
doulitcdly  possessed.      The  two  generals  ari'ived  \ov.  i)th. 

'"This  letter,  dated  at  Brussels,  Sept.  ITtli,  Mas  heedlessly  addresseil  to 
the  caie  of  the  Mexican  consul  at  New  York,  and  fell  into  the  iiaiids  of  Ro- 
iiii'i-o,  .luuiez'  agent,  wiio  distril)ute<l  copies  of  it.  Arrangoi/,  1S!I-!I0,  assninea 
t  hat,  the  secret  mission  was  to  sound  the  prospects  in  Austria.  K('ratry,  Max., 
--'I,  attrihutes  to  this  letter  a  decisive  ell'ect,  and  so  does  I)omeneeli,  40(),  in 
the  iiuiu,  while  Detroyat  believes  that  the  empeior  had  already  resolved  to 
st.iy  hefore  the  letter  came.  There  is  no  denying,  however,  the  coineidence 
hetueen  the  advice  of  this  letter  and  the  course  adopted. 

"JJetroyat,  iiiU,  uluinis  possessiuu  of  several  documents  attesting  the  hostile 


240 


MAXIMILIAN'S  VACILLATIOX. 


sliould  not  coniproiniso  his  honor  by  yielding  to  the 
proHsuro. 

These  letters  impressed  Maximilian  with  the  idea 
that,  whatever  his  plans,  circunistances  were  not  then 
favorable  to  his  reappearance  in  Euroj)e;  and  as  the 
extent  of  the  secret  negotiations  for  a  new  ruler  be- 
came revealed,  his  pride  revolted  at  the  slight  cast 
upon  himself,  and  the  humiliating  role  of  sHid<ii»g 
away  at  the  bidding  of  Napoleon,  like  a  disgraced 
servant,  or  a  tool  which  had  served  his  puri)ose.  Find- 
ing him  in  this  frame  of  mind,  his  conservative  advis- 
ers pointed  out  how  unworthy  of  a  }£apsburg  to  turn 
his  back  to  a  foi'  and  desert  his  party  in  the  hour  of 
danger.*'"  The  effect  of  such  an  a})pcal  can  readily  be 
understood  upon  the  frank  sailor  j)rince,  whose  idealis- 
tic and  chivulric  disposition  had  been  impressed  by  the 
lustre  inherited  from  a  long  line  of  noble  ancestors. 
Duty  now  became  a  guiding  motive — duty  to  his  fam- 
ily record;  to  himself,  with  a  view  to  his  more  or  loss 
important  projects  in  Euro})e;  and  consecjuently  to 
the  party  whose  cause  he  had  embraced. 

The  course  he  now  [)roposed  to  follow  was  outlined 
in  a  note  to  Lares,  the  chief  minister.  The  condition 
of  affairs  seemed  to  demand  that  he  should  return  to 
the  nation  the  ])ower  vested  in  him,  and  to  this  end 
he  sunnnoned  his  council  to  give  their  advice.*^  This 
body  met  on  the  25th  of  November  at  Orizaba."     Tim 

attitude  of  Baron  Lago,  the  Austrian  minister,  toward  Maximilian.  Arnm- 
goi/  and  otiiurs  assume  that  a  total  cxcUision  from  Austria  was  intcnilud. 
Ahle  lawyers  held  tiieopiuionthatthefamilyuomiiact  was  null.  Niox,  Expisd., 
6ol,  considers  tiiat  Francis  Joseph  had  reason  to  suspect  his  brother. 

'■'Lacunza  is  said  by  liasch  to  have  given  this  successful  prompting. 

"  As  reasons  he  enumerated  the  deplorable  civil  war,  the  hostile  uttittido 
of  the  U.  S.,  and  the  widely  uttered  belief  that  a  republican  government,  for 
which  France  and  the  U.  S.  were  negotiating,  alone  could  benefit  the  country. 
He  would  not  stand  in  the  way  of  such  prosjiects.  The  entry  in  his  diary, 
'  deseo  de  s<alir,  llamado  de  losconsejos,'  implies  that  the  advice  of  thecouiii.il 
would  determine  his  duty.  By  this  time  all  otfieial  coninuuiications  by  liini 
were  in  Spanish. 

'*  Rivera  names  19  who  attended,  including  four  ministers.  Niox  reducis 
them  to  18,  and  Arrangoiz  makes  tlie  nuud>er  23,  on  the  strength  of  Bascli's 
vague  intimation.  Bazaine  had  also  been  invited,  but  pleaded  the  need  of  his 
presence  at  Mexico.  Lares,  in  the  opening  speech,  stated  that  nothing  official 
was  known  of  Franco- American  negotiations  for  a  new  government;  Maximil- 
ian should  returu  to  Mexico,  aiid  there  uustuiu  his  govermneut  after  the  du. 


RKl'UJiLlCAN  SUCCESS. 


241 


(•((lu't'iitraiiiiyf  and  retroijfriulu  niovononts  oi'  tlio 
I'liiu'h  troops,  now  ^oino-  on  for  souu'  tiint',  liad 
|ilacc'(l  tlic  republicans  in  possession  of  the  j^itater 
part  of  tinj  eountiy,  incliidiiij^  practically  all  tlie 
It  i^don  noilh  and  west  of  a  lim^  drawn  from  Tnxpan 
llirou<,di  San  J^uis  j'otosi  to  Moiclia,  and  south  of 
("nernavaea.  Success  had  swollen  the  nuniltei-  of 
lliiir  adherents,  even  hitherto  passive!  or  hostile  fac- 
tions joininjii;  lor  prudential  reasons,  till  t;very  [>rov- 
iiice  was  oveirun  hy  their  triuni[)hant  hands,  lu-nnning' 
in  the  retiriui,^  foreii^niei's,  and  threatening  the  neigh- 
In  hcxtd  of  the  capital.  Kven  stuhhorn  con.servatives, 
tlierefore,  hegan  to  loek  upon  the  struggle  as  hopeless. 
Lures  nevertheless  j)revailed  with  his  views  in  so  far 
tliat,  as  uhdication  at  the  j)resent  iu(»nient  might  lead 
to  anarchy,  it  should  he  deferred  till  measures  could 
he  tidu'ii  to  <jbtain  better  security  foi'  the  interests  at 


4a 


i\e. 


Although  this  resolution  was  carried  hy  a  hare 
I'lajoi'i.y,  Maximilian  hastened  to  respond;  yet,  in 
ordir  CO  render  the  sacrifice  of  value,  lie  desired  the 


|i;iituru  (if  tlie  French.  Tl>o  cominittue  on  tlie  subject,  roinpoNcd  of  N'iilanrri, 
I'liiisi'iii,  luiit  Aniiiyii,  rt'poituil  that  tlio  icasoii.s  tor  iil)ilicating  wnc  insii/li 
I'll  III,  iiiicl  tliat  .Maximilian  siioulil  lit'  r('<|iu'stui1  to  i'(.'lini|iiisli  that  iilca  for 
the  prusuiit,  Araiigo  cxjihiiniii^;  that  aliiliciitioii  at  tliis  tiiiK;  nii;.'lit  |provi'  ilia- 
a-liiHis;  it  \v;is  noccswaiy  to  iii.s|>iii!  tDnh.hiiL'i!  I>y  rctiiiiiiiiL,'  tlio  t'liipirt!  till 
( Iriiiciits  had  liocii  colk'utfil  for  coniliatiiiu'  illNorclci'.     Tlui  linancc  i«'|iri,',M(iit.i- 


iiM' wikI  that  ii  ri'veimo  o 


f  lift 


ecn  nnnion.s  ctm 


hi  h< 


ltd 


iiiioii,  am 


1    tl: 


o 


j,'itati^i'  pai't  of  this  coiihl  he  usi'il  to  raise  the  army  to  .Sl),(l(M)  nun,  not  coiitit- 
iii'4  tlie  militia.     Silieeo  had  his  doiilits  altoiit  olitaining  thi.s  ainonnt;  it  was, 
ly  ejise,  insniiicii'nt;  a  levy  of  troops  would  not  answer;  he  saw  no  ele- 


iiiiiits  with  width  to  sustain  the  empire 


d  .Ml 


iximilian  hail  no  loiiL;er 


inlii 


eiiiit  ciiiiugii    to   rally  .sullieient   suppoi't.      Kearinj,'   tin;   turn    given    to  the 
dix  ussioii,  l.,are.s  interposed  hy  deelurinj,'  that  tlii!  (piestion  was  \v  hat  to  di 


it  how  to  do  it;  tli'e  jioint  was  not 


IS,   hut  the  advisahility  of   presi'iit 


iili'lieation;  the  nation  would  not  then  tak(!  liack  tln^  power  hesti  wed.  Men- 
dc/.  and  Orozro  foresaw  a  repuliliean  triuni[)li,  hut  the  ahdieatiou  should  he 
iindes\ith   honor,  liy  enteriiii^  into  ai'iantrcnieiits  to  secure  tlie  iiiteiests  at 


■i'l 


ijeetioii  was  laised  tiiat  an  ;iriani,'ement  eoiild  haiilly  lie  eti'eetei 


ily  a  Vote  of   10  to!),  it  was  ihereupoii   I'csoived  th.it   Maxi 


lid    Ih 


•iteil  to  defer  hi.s  alxlieation. 


Sili 


te 


leeij  and  (.oi'ti's  hspar/a,  tormer  mini.- 


ui\i.'ed  uni'onditional  ahdieatiou;  anotiier  lander  party  lieiieved   that  tlio 


<'iii|iire  s 
tlu 


lioiild  he  ,sustain(.'(l   \ui 


dh' 


ly  eiri'umstanee;   hut  tlu;  niiijority  took 


evealni''  Ml 


ith  ri;,diteous  inclii'nation.  Eriinic 


iiverseh.imt  ilireii  naekten  Kgoisnii 


I  lllll/CII 


lla.sch 
i.  lO'.t.     kixera,  ll:M..I<il. 


V    liSil,  (i!);{,  appear.s  contradietoiy  in   his   aeeount  fif   the  aliair.      Detioyat, 
J.'li'h  ii-.H.,  -J'tS,  deelares  that  Vidaurrl  ur^red  inauiidiatc  ahdieatiou;  hut  Uia 


Vule  Went  v.ith  Lares  nevertheless. 
Hjst.  Mex.,  Vol.  VI,    Iti 


242 


MAXIMILIANS  VACILLATION. 


council  first  to  report  on  the  prospects  of  calling  a  na- 
tional cont^ress  for  deciding  what  form  of  goveinnitMit 
the  countiy  desired,  the  means  for  raising  iiuuls  and 
armies,  and  the  settlenumt  of  the  (|uestions  with 
]^^ ranee  and  the  Ignited  States.^'  The  (|uestions were 
too  uncertain  to  he  entertained  l»y  the  conservatives, 
and  content  with  having  gained  what  thev  considered 
the  main  ])oint,  they  j)assed  them  over  with  a  [)iiiiii- 
ise  to  consider  them  in  due  tinu;.^"  The  empeior 
himself  must  have  recognized  that  the  solution  was 
exceedingly  douhtful,  yet  he  acce[)ted  the  promise  as 
satisfuctorv,  and  on  the  1st  of  J)ecend)er  issui'd  a 
manifest  to  the  ])eople,  declaring  that  he  had  yielded 
to  the  desire  of  his  council,  on  the  condition  tliat  a  tnn- 
gress  rejireseiiting  all  parties  should  be  sunnnoned  to 
(le(M(le  the  ixistence  of  the  em[)ire.''  The  reunion  of 
a  national  congress  could  not  be  efU^cted  without  a 
jjrevious  armistice,  and  Juarez  was  not  likely  to  vw- 
tertain  sucii  terms  in  face  of  tlm  French  withdrawal, 
,uid  the  victorious  ])rogress  of  his  arms  sustained  hy 
tlie  United  States.  Maximilian  saw  the  dilliculty,  lor 
the  repul»liean  leaders  so  far  apj)roaehed  had  rejielKd 
him;  but  his  Ibremost  aim  now  was  to  achieve  with 
the  forces  at  his  connnand  ti'ium])hs  of  sutlicieiit  im- 
portance to  induce  the  enemy  to  listen  to  this  or  any 
other  reasonable  proposals,  and  to  enable  him  at  least 
to  retire  with  honor,  conscious  t)f  havmg  I'ullilled  liis 
duty  toward  his  adlierent.s.  Like  a  reckless  gambler, 
he  somewhat  blindly  risked  all  U[)on  one  cast;  yet  liis 
motive  nuist  be  ap[)lauded,  even  if  wounded  pride  an  I 
self-interest  f  )rme(l  inufretiients  therein.^^ 


N ' 


!•' 


'■''Also  laws  for  col(iiiiza.tiou. 

'"A  iiiiiuiiily  uf  iiiiiu  jnotcsti'd  a^rain.st  tlilft  poatponomont  of  vital  iioiiit-^. 
I'ascli  stiimi)s  the  e<miliU't  of  tliis  iiiajoiity  a><  (li>li(iii(iialili!  ami  lioci'ptivr. 

"'I'fxt  m  /)i'irio  (>jii\,  Dec.  (i,  ISi;().  if  tho  cnjiiio  \\  cio  coiiliriiuii,  In; 
V  iiiilil  ili;voti!  liiiimclf  to  inoiiiote  its  '     Ifavi'. 

'■■  Tiio  coiivo(;ation  wan  iliaii^htcil,  also  tlio  cnniimiiiication  t  >  Jiiaroz,  willi 
trniis  for  ai'inistitu",  and  a  inaiiit(.st  to  tin;  nation  in  oasc  .luaic/.  inovi'il  olnlil- 
rate.  Quoii'taro  was  named  in  tiio  lust  plaeo  for  itiniion.  In  v.itinu'  lui" 
ompiro  or  repulilic,  the  ruler  was  to  ]h',  desiixinited  and  the  eonstitniional  ma- 
j.'ress  HUinnioned,  a  L'eneral  anniesty  attendiii;.'  the  new  eider  ut  iill'iirs.  It  ^^.•l'^ 
jirupojicii  that  co]i^'resd should  inlrodnco  lUu  fullowiug  ruluiius;  cstablisluiifiit 


n 


QUARREL  WITH  N/.POLKOX. 


243 


The  Frencli  roprcseiitafivos  fornially  si^'nified  tlicir 
i'i'j;ret  at  tlio  course  U(l()[)te(l,  and  the  coiivit-tii!!!  that 
the  eiii|(ire  couhl  not  .sustain  itself?'  On  thi:  IDtli 
(if  J  )fc<'inlH)r  came  the  intimation  IVom   Xapoli-on   to 


witliiUiiw  a 


11   F 


renchmen,  soldiers  anc 


I  otl 


icrs,  wiio  so 


(Icsiivd,  inchidiiiijf  the  foreign  le<j;ion  and  the  Austro- 
]}(,!;^ian  colnnm.'^  This  was  an  open  violation  of  the 
coiixi'ution  of  Mirainai'e,  which  still  held  in  this  re- 
s^prct;  and  in  return  Maximiliai  ri'soKcd  to  i;;in)rethe 
liiKincia.l  agreement  of  'ridy  <'}()th.  The  result  was  a 
series  of  protests  and  end)arjj^oes,  with  iiitcrru[ttioii  to 
luHiness,  and  a  bittei'ness  of  fecliiii;-  which  neither 
(.iiijii'ror  nor  subjects  took  pains  to  conceal.'*^ 

ot  a  clininlii'i"  of  sciiiitoi's;  jiidufs  (if  tlic  siipiTiiie  (.(Hii't,  cxt'upt  llu'ir  |)re.siilent, 
tu  liolil  nllico  fur  !itr;  |ifi'>iil('iit  ami  ik'putics  to  l)o  (-■Icctcd  liy  ilirci.'t  viitc;  clci  l,'}' 
t'l  iTMssiiiin' Mctivc  and   passive  vciti';  c((i|i(irali(iii.s  Id  liu  at  lil»;rty  tu  ai'ijuii'i; 


t'l  'rassiiiin'  active  and  jiassive  vcite;  eoipdralidii.s  in 

jiin|iiiiy;  anniesty  to  bo  issued,  [lersoiis  exeliided  from  tliis  to  l)e  tiii 


d 


coiiiiiiiiii  euurts  under  tlio  laws  of  I)ee.  .'!!,  ISCiI;  the 


lelnre 

,'iiiliiiii  of  the  d  Ills 


CdU 


fiirtlK 


traeted  and  tliu  grants  niailo   by  tlu;  emiiire  shoidil   !)■„  eons 


7(10   I.      K 


iniriif  11)11 


Lil'.:  F.sinlht  ihihl..  May  10,  Is(i7;   U'ln  ni,.  His/.  Jul. 


oris  so  tar  iiiai 


de  t 


o  \\\\\   reimlillean    jeaile 


fiii 

al.l 


Se(!  M:. 


ian'.s  letter  ill  l/dH'n  Lih-  .U" 


for  ii  eon'jr'ss  iiad 
I    4.      It   was  (iidli- 


it  ilnly  eonsideietl  liou"  many  victories  mi^lit  lie  riMjuin  d  to  picvail 
willi  the  irrepressililu  and  iinllineliin:^  .Tuarez,  nor  tliat  the  I'epuiilieans  w.iidil 
liii\e  *\\{i  ailvanlMLje  over  the  forii'.;n  jirinci'  liy  intimidation  and  other  inai 


A  f: 


iision  ol   parties  seeiiie 


A 


d  th< 


nproliaiile. 


'I'l 


lien- 
le  Nolitilu  character  of  ihu 


ill  r.insirlenil;' 


M; 


liatiility  of  iirelects  and  soldii 


IS  u I  I  e  a( 


Idit 


ion 


d  fact: 


lis. 


all's  im^tives,  Jlaseli  ejves  pidininenei!  to  family  pride; 
.\i.\,  ratlior  to  tlie  humiliation  iiiiixjsed  by  I'raiiee;  l)etioyat  eoinbines  tlio 
tun:  '11  no  voiilait  jias  se  retirer  vainell,  eliasse;'  and  so  does  Keiatry,  while 
I'lii-ily  assumiii'^  that  lie  places  great  eoiili'-eiiue  in  eoiisi'rvativ  e  pr(»pei,ts. 
Air,iiiL.'oi/.  seei^s  to  defeiul  this  jiarty  from  the  ciiar^e  of  deception,  by  inply- 


in.' 


■it  on 


Mi 


iximilian  s  siile, 


'Ii 


no  personally  appro\ 


■d  the  deterininatiiiii  ( 


f  M 


iximiiiaii,  am 


Ii 'Vi  d  liiat  ho  mii^dit  \\ith  prudence 


his 


ou  II,  lu  the  inti  nor  a 


favorable  monieiit.      lie  felt  an  interest  in  tlie  empire  h 


In 


L't.       \, 


A\(7-c,/.,  (i, 


(i 


I) 


rouvii  <le 


J, 


I' 
iiiys  doiihtei 


I  be- 
t  lea<t,  till 
id  assisted 
ryy  for  a 


c.iiii|i.ii 'w  that  nleae  liii'ht  )irevent  'line  tache  ]>iiiir  sa  vie  ))i;'itii[ue.'   ////, 


/■'- 


;{i)'J.      A  eiicular  of   I  Ice.   Kith  ad\ised   the  forei;;ii  ministers  of 


ihition  I'oriiuil,  ami  not  without  L'iviiii,' emphasis  to  t!ie  rule  pi.iycil 


friends 


Another  circular  e.xhoi 


ted  t! 


>>■ 


d  I 


oes  imdcrstai 


d  til 


o  comisarios  to  eooperati!  by  Icttiir 


latriotie  intci. lions  of  tln'  emperor 


M 


( '  istelnau  and  I  ).iiio  had  mcaint  hile  ma  le  another  vain  ell'ort  to  dissuade 


xniiiliaii. 


lie  intir\U'W 


.•  took  jil 


it   I'uebia 


Ul 


M 


pr- 


iiiiiiirii.ia  salv.i  el  pais  do  esto  pcliu'io' (of  plunderin:j;  Mexico  by  an  ana  niac- 
in ut  with   OrtcLia),    runs  the  en'ry  in  his  diary.   See   l!(i«h,  I'. 


\<\l 


It,    .1/-I 


:«)-40, 


ideis    that  the   l''reiicli   ell'.rts   f: 


•k  of  . 


lelieacy. 


At    Mexico  the  people  had    hissed    the  portrait  of    Xa|ioleoii  di 


ill  iiiiatio  )ii'eseiitation,  mill    Ila/aine  closed  tin-  theatre.    .Irniiiiin 


ol 


.M 


iximilian 


had 


ilwavs   entertained   an   antipathv  tor   the   I'reneh 


.1/. 


i;irtls' 


IV. 


js'.rvui  Keiatry,  Miu.,  "Jll-  !_'.      Ivuly  in  Nov.  l}i,'Llow  had  been  iiifoiined 


til''"" 


244 


MAXIMILIAN'S  VACILLATION. 


Tn  tlio  inidst  of  the  rt-joiciiiLj.s  iiisf ioatrd  by  the 
juljilant  coiLsorvativcs  after  Maxiiiiiliaii'.s  rt'smnptidn 
of  power,'""  iu;\vs  caiiie  that  the  United  States  eii\()\> 
lia  I  ai-rived  olf  \^era  Cruz.  They  eaiue  with  the  iiu- 
})ressioii  that  the  ein})eror  had  departed,  and  were  j)i(  - 
pai'ed  to  enter  the  country  to  meet  Juarez,  yet  with 
a  friendly  s[)irit  toward  France.  Findinj^  uiaLUi-, 
different,  tliey  turned  hack  at  onee,''' 

^raxiniiiian  left  Oiizaha  for  IVFexieo  in  the  middle 
of  i)ei-(nnl)er,-*  lin<^-ei'ing  at  J.'uehia  ior  nearly  tliiee 
weeks,  and  taking"  steps  above  all  for  the  campai'^ii. 
The  country  was  divided  into  three  great  mililarv 
distr'icts:  the  west(.'rn,  (toniprising  the  ])rovinees  mutii 
of  Colima,  includinu;-  JJurani^o  and  Chihuahua;  the 
eastern,  stretchii.i^  from  A^uasealientes  and  Tanqueo 
northward;  and  the  central,  embraeiuL;'  all  the  va.st 
remainder  to  Chiapas.  Miramon,  who  took  eonnnaiiil 
of  tiie  western  district,  had  already  set  out  to  erca!.' 
his  ai-mv,  with  little  reijfard  lor  the  means  to  b(>  em- 
jtloyed,  but  ^leji'a  in  the  east  stood  ;it  the  liead  <:i' 
nearly  4,000  nan;  and  ^Eartpiez,  controlling  the  c(  li- 
tre, had  4,000  under  ^fendez  in  ]\lichoacan,  and  r;il!y 
2,000  at  l*iu;bla.  ^Sfaximilian  assumed  the  stqireiin' 
r-ouunand,  and  issued  orders  for  tlie  active  f<inii:i! i'  ii 
of  the  new  national  arn>v  as  well  as   militia,  and  f  w 

that  if  Miiximiliiiii  clioso  to  I'diiaiii,  x\w  Fniifli  tnx.pa  wouM  stay  aocoiiliii,' 
to  tlu^  iDiuicr  tfi  MIS  li\i  il  hy  Drouyii  ilo  l^liuys,  'I'his  new  ri'soliitioii  i.ni.-t 
tlu'ift'iiri!  Iii^  attiiliutcil  til  tin;  iimrcr  of  Nairn, imui  at  Ma\iinili:iu's  still  Imi'i 
opponiliou  to  Ills  [ilaiis.  'I'lnj  otiicials  had  ahi'aily  plaoo<l  olistiiuk's  in  tlir  was 
of  l''lill(;ll  ill'orls  to  astiUiiH'  I'oiitiol  of  tin;  \\  l a  (Jrii/  eilHtoiu-hoiis.'.  .iinl  pin- 
tests  ami  ri'inisaU  took  place  which  seriously  iiitorfficil  with  liiisiiicss.  Sio 
ol'scrvatioii.s  in  />iiirio  O/ic.,  .Ian.  7,  liStiT,  ami  other  d^itcs,  also  in  A'.' 
yiiiirtH,\  the  French  oi'j,'aii,  anil  other  journals.  Scseial  I'li'iich  wi'U'is  en- 
(Icniiicil  the  foreilile  eiicro.ii  Imu'iit  hy  their  govi'i  iinieiit  on  tin)  f'.xv  avalLMi' 
resources  of  an  enipiro  which  it  had  'coii(leniiH'd  to  death.'  See  K'Tufiij, 
Max.,  •J7;5  et  sc(|.;    l),fro;ifil.  L'liilnr.,  •Jll.'i-t,  etc. 

'■'•'Attended  hy  salvns,  riiiijin,!^  of  lull'^,  :;!;,iiiii.uions,  etit.,  )_'roatiy  to  Mii\i 
liiiii.iirs  annoyance,  as  liasch  declares. 

'•'•''roiichini;  at 'I'ainpico,  Imt  fniling  to  eo'immiiicatc^  wiili  .liiarez  fi'  mi  tin' 
giiif  coast.  'I'liey  nri'ive  1  Nnv.  "J'.ltli,  in  i'le  Sii^qni  hmniii,  and  retiieil  diiiiii,' 
the  iii;.,'ht  of  Dee.  L'd,  after  leccivin,,;  friemlly  iii\  itation-i  fr<ini  the  l'"reiicli. 

'•'On  till!  I'Jtli;  yet  with  half  an  intcntinil  to  let  Ori/aha  i-eniain  the  seat 
<if  Lriiverninent,  urcxeii  to  cross  to  ^'lleatan.  I'hvrii,  /li-il.  Jul.,  \.  lif'T.  H'J 
was  still  pripaiiii'j  [)la;is  for  iniprovcnieiits  at  Mirainaie.   />'i'..<i7*,  103, 


MILITAllY  PllKPARATIOXS. 


24;-. 


tiM^  dissolution  of  the  Austro-l^t'loian  lo<j;-iotis,  vet 
Iinldiiijr  out  sjjcoial  iiulucoiMcnts  lor  their  rcoiilistnieiit 
ill  the  now  ^fc^xicaii  aiiiiy,  witli  a  vii-w  to  foi'iii  a 
r.iirin'ii  nucleus.      l"\'\v,  liowx'vei-,  took  the  hint.'' 

Thijy  (.'ouid  hardly  ho  hlained,  lor  the  eiitiro  west 
rill  ai'.d  eastern  army  distriets  were  in  possession  of 
the  lepublicans  "IS  well  as  the  I'eirion  south  of  l*uol>la, 
while  tlu;  lew  reinaininu^  central  pi'ovinces  were  ovei'- 
iiiti  hy  hostile  hands,  and  ahout  to  ho  invaded  hy 
t!ie  victorious  Juarists,  On  the  other  side  the  Ioul;;'- 
jirojected  national  army  had  hecome  re(hiced  to  in^ii;-- 
iiiiicitnt  proportions  amid  the  lack  of  means  and  energy, 
i-|M'cially  of  late,  xvheii  the  (piestion  ol'  maintaining' 
the  empire  hunt,'  in  the  halance,  to  the  demoralization 
of  all  hianches;  and  the  ])rospects  of  raisin;^- the  force 
III  any  elfective  pro))orti()ns  seemed  slight.-'' 

The  disa]>pointments  and  reverses  of  the  imperial- 
ists, so  iar  outliiUMl,  incUcate  in  a  measui-e  the  coiri;- 
^pniKhnu'  hopes  and  j^'ains  of  tlieir  opponents.  With 
(■\rrv  reti(),i;'rade  step  of  the  French  ;^'rew  the  couian'O 
aiid  activity  of  the  duarists,  and  eveiy  \ictory  serxi'd 
tn  swell   the  nuiiihei'  of  their  adhei'eiils,  and   expainl 


i 


'^'Tlio  olTcr,  with  tl\MiiUs  for  tiu'ir  p.i-t  sci-vii'i'^,  was  iii.ido  l»ct'.  Idlli.  An 
,'iilv:iiu(!  of  (iiio  giMili!  \Mis  ti'iiileicd,  witli  inoijii.-i'  iil  hmd  j,'i'.iiitH  aflcr  six 
\i  ir<' >'('iviio,  or  tiii>  pn--s;i^;e  lioiiic.  Sci^  J)iiiri<t  /mji.,  |)t'c.  "Jt,  Isdti.  'I'lio 
i.ui-i'  fill'  tlic  small  it'iMilistiiii'iit  is  iittriliiitt'd  to  tlici  I'ri'iii  h  uliiciT-;,  mid  os- 
I'c  ially  til  tlu'  Austrian  aii<l  Hil},'iaii  iiiiiiistci'.s.  SiH'cliai'ms  liy  olliicis  iiirainst 
H.iiiiii  do  Jjai^ii,  ill  Siilin-Siihii,  J>'firi/,  ii.  '_'(!!)-"!•;  ;ilsi>  llns'-h.  I  i;t  I;  /)i/r<>;/ii>, 
'."•ii,  ItTti,  fto.  Kri'iioli  rli.ifts  jirdinotiii'^'  militia  triiii|is  had  lircii  made  already 
111  Ncu.  The  dciieu  fnr  the  three  army  distiiets  apiie.ned  iu  IHnr'ny,  <>lii'., 
':.■!■.  I:!,  Isi'iii,  Miiaiiioii,  Maii|iK'/,  and  Mejia  luiiij,'  entitled  elii"fs  of  the 
1-t,  "Jd,  iinil  ltd  arm)'  eorps  i'es|)eeti\(ly.  Marine/  reeeixi'd  tlie  grand  einss 
I'l    the  ea^iile. 

"'Iia/dne  re])iifted  earl\-  iu  Ort.  that  tlii'  national  army  liunilieicd  -l-l  hat- 
t.ili'ius  lit  inf.intry,  iuelinliiig  ea/adoi-es,  Itl  re^'iimnts  of  eavah v,  and  -X  enm- 
I'.iiiie-,  (if  ;:endarnies,  v  iih  ]ileiily  ef  ai  tiili  ry  Mid  other  arms;  4ii,(i;i()  mnskc  ts 
iiiid  other  ara.s  had  lieen  ilistrihuted  anion;;  t lie  army  and  |ieii])K;  within  tliree 
ye. lis.  See  Kir((/ri/,  I'.IS.  All  this  had  deelined;  it  was  deehired  that  e\eu 
tiie-e  mimlieiH  were  eorreet  oidy  so  far  as  eoneerni'd  the  I'attalions,  w  liieh  .at 
t'le  lime  eoiinieil  only  -00  or  ;i()0  men  eaeh.  /'(//.  i/  ^ '.,,/•.  Fninil.  Iini<.,  ".'Oti. 
li  II  lieaidt  enumerates  sonii^  ".'.."idd  foreii^n  troojis  in  I 'ee.  Mux.,  IX-'i.  See 
I'.li'ii's  disi'(>ura,i.'in>;  review,  H'l'li  l/f  f'r'  ih-li,  17'J  7;  /'■'/'•.  I'"/'.,  exii.  Jit  viii. 
^'  t  Miramoa  had  already  written  rather  ho|)efiilly  of  the  jiidposed  levy  of 
I1IMII..1  nun,  in  li  divisions,  with  Well,  I'rag.i,  and  I'arrodi  ;i.i  udditional 
i  nunuudersi,    Jtuitivmch,  Hint.  J/eX.,  iii.  ;I17. 


■  If 


1--  ) 


240 


MAXIMILIAN'S  VACILLATION. 


11 


« 


lit':'? 


tlio  confidence  of  tlioir  syni])athizers.  Tl)('  oftorl  to 
])rocuiu  a  loan  from  the  govcrnnicnt  at  Wai^liinqtoii 
had  been  rejected  in  congress, "-'  hnt  ju'ivate  coileis 
wei'c  opening  more   freelv  everv  dav  amoni*;  baidveis. 


trad 


ers,   and    otliers 


tl. 


Ar 


ms  and   ammunition  wir. 


obtained  in  any  (juantity,'^*  and  a  large  nund)er  -if 
vohniteei's  oti't'i'ed  themselves,  more  indeed  than  it 
was  thonght  needl'nl  or  jtrndcnt  to  accept.''" 

In  [)ui\suaiice  of  the  plan  for  witlulrawing  tlif 
Fi'encli  troops,  IJillot  had  retired  on  the  ;]lst  of  J;iii- 
iiary,  ISGG,  from  Chiliualma,  leaving  it  in  charge  of  a 
INFexican  garrison,  sustained  by  the  Indian  ti'ibes  \\lii>  li 
had  pronounced  for  tlie  emi)ire  and  pi'ovi-d  its  stai 


V 


ncii- 


cst  adherents ;^^  but  erelong  the  whole  countrv  was  in 
revolt.  Chihuahua  fell  in  March  into  the  ham's  of 
Luis  Terrazas,  the  Juarist  governor.  Allende,  J>atn- 
pilas,  and  o*  her  places  I'cvolti'd;  and  the  jtostsstill  It'l  1 
at  J\irral,  ( V;rro  (>lordo,  and  to  the  south  had  to  Im 
evacuated.''-  The  pi'ovince  of  Durango  also  responded, 
from  the  beginning  of  tlie year,  to  the  lil»eration  move- 
ment, esj)ecially  as  tlie  b'rench  in  July  fell  bad 


IV    Ol 


^' Only  by  ii  small  majority,  li<i«t'Vi_r.   Sfo  C.  S.  If.  Join:,  'A'C),  otu 
7/.   A*'--.,  SO,  ."fOtli  coiij,'.  Ifit  sr.--'s. 

lustaiK'O  aloin!  the  ailvaiu'os  rejiortoil  liy  (iaroia,    T/ihro    Mni/or. 


MS. 


rom  (.'aliiDiina,  .si 


■M  J'i<im  Witlman  &  Urotiiui-.s,  anil  .sj4,0.t()  fmin  ( 1.  n 


^'a'ik■jl)  and  tlirt'e  (illicr  native  (.'alifurnians.  la  Vijn,  Pm.,  i. 
li-its  (it  loans  anil  con  tiil)nt  ions  from  tlit'samcstato.anil  in  L'  ijii'\ 
conisponih  iKV  on  loans  goncially,  csiifoially  on  \i\t.  li.Xt -40;{,  4:11    '.111 


11!, 1 


M. 


J! 


( 'ih:fni'ui  1 ,1  J-J.  ('.  )!(})•  Mi.i\,  l--.-)!K),  fur  a  liistory  of  i-on- 


tracts  for  war  material  uml  other  supplies,  inclmlin,'  money,  olitained  in  tin 
U.  S,;  also  Vi';i'i,  />i-/'0''!'),  M"'.,  Do.,  etc,      KMriil.;c(,)f  Sa:i  Fi'anrisco  ligure(l 
)ii'.;  tlio  creditors  for  .^fUt.OOJ.     Sec  also  notes  on  similar  points  for  pie- 


ami 


vioas  years. 


'Col  (iicea  lii-oii''lit    from  San   I- 


I'ancisco   Hi 


A I 


iiieriean  ollieers  wiio  h:i' 


Bi-rveil   in 


tlic  n 


ii;on   war. 


(iell. 


^lajor  MeXulty,  fioia  Texas,  with  mmc  than  a  dn/eii,  not  to  mriitioii  othei 


followed  with  a  laiL'er   ntiml)er.  and 

th. 


partiesot  oliieers and  jirivatt 


M)liUi'r.- 


Ovr  tiireese 


ore,  seiviiii;  umler  Aianil.i 


111  l)ee.  iSOi!,  were  i 


uii/ed  into  a  eomiianv,  lis  the  Ainericaii  liition  ot  Imiinr. 


(•nrciii. 


Lih, 


.1/. 


S.  r.  linlh-t, 


!/">•' 


M^ 


II.  Sent.  14, 


I  Slid 


I';/". 
S.  /•'.  T, 


l>oi\,  iii.;  Orir/oi'il  Monthlfi.  \ii.    41" 


,1; 


I. 


I'OtI  ■ 


.1/. 


ii.,  )iassiiii;  V'thdili  ro,  lli.-^t.  Aim.,  47  -S;  Ivlimril-i'  Shilhifs  K.c/  nl.,  •_'"_' 
on  eonfederate  t'ldistliriits. 


Gi 


Notalily   in   the   districts  of    Cu^iliuiriaeliie,   Cone 


Al.as.,1, 


"■^Maximilian  almost  cominavideil  T'azainein  May  to  retakcChihiiaima. 


Castauny  was  aetiialiy  ordered  to  prepare  at  |)iiran;.'o  ii  new  expedit 


the  intention  to  push  as  fa;  as  I'aso  dil  N'oitt 


it  til 


c  new  ins 


ion.  Willi 


friietioiis  troiii 


France  ca 


d  t 


10  iii.iN  I  men 


t  to  he  suspi.'ii  led.    Xio.v,.  h'.cji  ■!.  ttit  ilf 


"iSO, 


KKPUBLICANS  I\  TllH  WKST. 


247 


c.'ipittil,  wliicli  in  its  turn  was  (.'vacuatcd  in  X(tvonilH>r, 
(  astao^ny  luiving  already  removed  his  liead([uarters  to 
Leon."'  The  repuUlieansatonee  took  |)()ssessi(!n,  le\y- 
]\v^  a  lieavy  eontrihutiou  on  tlio  inlialtitants,  and 
Juarez,  who  luid  lor  some  time  lield  forth  at  Cliihua- 
hua,  made  Dui'an^o  the  seat  of  liis  goveriunent  on 
J)eceml)er  iJGtli.''*' 

In  Sonora  and  Sinaloa  ri'iiuhliean  triumplis  liad 
111  e'U  attended  with  nioro  arduous  cam  pa  1^11  in^'.  The 
l'"i(!ich  had  conlhied  themselves  properly  to  ( i  nay  mas 
;iiiil  ]\ra/atl;ui  r'''  hut  in  the  interior  of  Sonora  the  im- 
j).'!;;d  comisario,  (lenorul  Lannhei-g,  held  ])ossession 
(  r  the  central  and  northern  districts,  assisted  especially 
hy  the  hra\'e  ()j)atas.  In  the  south  the  .luarist, 
Mai'tine/,  had,  with  ibi'ces  j'rom  Sinaloa,  managed  to 
M  .MU'O  possession  of  Alamos,'"' and  to  intlict  some  shai']» 
Ics-niis  u[)on  the  ATayos  and  Yacjuis.  ][e  thereujton 
iiiaiched  north  and  ca])tured  1  [ermosillo  on  AEay  llh  ;''' 
hut  the  im[)erialists  regained  the  place. '''  In  Se[)tem- 
hri'  tho  French  were  withdrawn  from  Guaymas,  and 
idieut  tho  same  time  Langherg  fell  in  a  haitle  which 
injured  to  the  re[)uhlicans  the  town  of  Ures/''-'     The 

"'111  An.;,'.,  leaviiiL;  Cotti'ot  to  liuld  in  cliock  a  wliilc  tlic  rciuili'.i.'aus  wIik 
!i«;ii'iiucl  jiiiniiul  iiml  tlu'ciitt'iic'il  ti>  I'ut  oil'  liis  ciiiiiiiuinii"(tii)iis.  lli;  niadi; 
ftMTil  sdrtii'.s  iigiiiiist  tluiii  ami  the  iiivailiii:.,' Apai'lu n,  ami  a  iiioi-o  ri'iriilai- 
lii'iviiiu'iit  in  St'[)t.  aLTuiiist  tlio  lar^'o  force  wliidi  liail  ociii|iiocl  tin-  foail  to 
I'lciiiilo.  '  Itituniiii'^  ill  Ort.,  lio  at  oiice  iiiaile  ]iic|)aiatioiis  to  cvai'iiati',  iiiicl 
ili'cct'il  tliis  \ov.  llitli.  'I'lii^  Mi'xii'aii  gariismi  followud  liim  tlil'coilay.ilatei', 
l'i_' iriliii;,'  it  as  liopulosn  to  liiaiiitaiii  tlif  position. 

''^'  Mi\:,(nl.  {.<!/,.<,  lS(;:!-7.  iii.  14(1;  ])iil,!,ii,  and  Loymo,  /,.;/.  .lA.  .*•  .  )\.  7.".{). 
F'lr  il(t;iils  conciMuiiig  tliu  cani|iaiu'ii  in  thrso  ]iroviiici'-i,  I  rrtor  to  ///-'.  Xurl/i 
.'./'  r.  Sftitr.i,  ii.,  tills  si'i'ii's,  lia.-si'd  on  yovcrniiK'iit  rciiort.s,  local  histoiies, 
j'lUiii'ds,  etc. 

■'''I'lic  j.'airisons  nnnilM'rin!,'  rcs|KHtivily  almiit  S(tl)  and  l..'iOO  nicii. 

■'  III  •Ian.,  at'uT  an  o[Knligiit  inviliirli  ilir  conniiandaul  T.  .Muiada  j.ist 
alii.iit  luili'  of  liis  41)0  men. 

Massaci'inj,'  tlic  Ficiich  residents,  aceoidin;,'  to  iin;ierialist  nc<'. ■nuts. 
V.  ::Miaiiics  ( lov.  I'esiiueira  as  leading  1  ,.'ii)lt  men  against  tlic  garrison  of  li.'iO 
iiiia  !iiii|er  .Minada.   ,1 '/.v/'/V(r-.-.\  Ms. 

•'"  Laiigliurg  caiiU!  up  Willi  NM)  ukii,  and  would  have  lii'eii  defeated,  .«ays 
Igli'sias,  but  for  the  einhisioii  created  liy  .M.iitine/.'  cavalry  eliaigi;  among  hi-; 
•  iwii  party.  The  rcpiiMie.ins,  ik'\  ertlieUss,  held  )iossession  of  the  town  till 
till'  morning  of  tlio  otii,  w  lieu  news  of  Wieiieli  reeiitoi cements  .  is,  il  them  to 
I'.avr  it.  /,'.  ri^hii,  iii.  (;,S7  S.  Ill  .liinc  the  repulilirans  ass.aih'  I  i"itii  this  place 
aii'l  I'm w.  lilt  without  succes;^.      In  Xnsi.  they  held  it  for  a  few  days. 

"'  I '  inoii,  .\ie\alo,  and  Tcrati  lle'l  with  the  leiimant  of  Langherg's  forces, 
and  I'rcri  was  captured  Sept.  .">t!i.  ;,fter  a  hiicf  icsistance.     The  French  coiilil 


l!! 


I 


J. 


IM 


248 


MAXIMILIANS  VAriLLATKIX. 


;!!:.  if 


rest  •>!'  ilic  jiittviiu'o  now  yielded  alu;o^;t  without  a 
.strunu'le,  l)ut  luindivd.s  of  j)L't)|)K«  IiasteMcd  awaytotlie 
United  States  oi'  attempted  t<>  place  themselves  under 
the  win^s  (if  t]u>    I'^'eueh  to  cseapc  the  vengeance   nt' 


ItrUANiiO    Wli    SilNALOA. 


rcinliT  111)  nssi-^t;iiiri',  for  thoy  \mm-('  Jilniul  to  <'inli.irk.  tin-  lust  (if  tliciii  Iciviii,' 
( iu;i\  MiMS  tcir  M.i/'all.iil    Scjit.    |,'iili.       l.t-ml    l'"isUr,   uim    liMil   n  nun  nulol   tiir 

jraiiison,  kiUi'il  liinisdt'.  partly  nut  (if  tlesi>uiukucy  i.\\cv  ccrtuiu  tuulty  luii- 
iKLUViL'S,   Sivx.,  L'xind,  da  Mtx,,  (303, 


OI'KKATIONS  AT  MAZATLAX. 


249 


tli(!    victors,  .'UuoiiLr   tliiMM    Tanori   and  Almada,  wlio 


were  ()\<'i'lakc'ii  and  s 


shot. 


i'l 


Corona,  coniniandt'r-in-cliief  <>{'  tlio  western  repub- 
lican army,  lia<l  Keen  praetically  in  jiosscssidii  of  Si- 
iialoa  since  tlu'  |ii'ece(lin<^  autumn,  and  hcLCan  soon 
alter  a  sciies  ot"  assaults  on  ^Ta/atlan.  The  French 
I'liund   it   necessai'v  to  clear  the   immediate    ^icinity; 


a  III 


1    I. 


jozada  havuii^'  consen 


ted   t 


o  ass  is 


t,  tl 


ii!V  !j,"ame( 


.some  advantai^es  duriiiL;  the  .s[>rinL;',  hut  were  unahlo 
to  maintain  them."  The  Te[)ic  chiel'tain  hecame  dis- 
satislied  at  not  receiviii'L,^  the'  payments  expected,  and 
lindiu'^  the  struLTU'le  uiipromisinn'  he  ri'tircd  shortly 
after,  proclaiming''  neutrality.  In  Septemher  the  re- 
pul.licans  M-;iiiird    one   of  the   outj)osts    of   AFazatlaii, 


alti'r  a  hard    iiatth 


ai 


id   hai'assed    the    French   coii- 


4anllv  till   thfir  embai'kation  on   Xovemher    l;itli  for 


S; 


m 


IJL 
Jnth 


IS. 


ic  eastern  pi'ovmces  the  imperialists  occujiicd  m 
the  hi'i^iniiiiiL;'  <»i'  the  year  a  line  extriidinu"  iVom  ^^ata- 
nioros,  tliroU'''h  Cadereita, 


}»'o 


nterey,  and   Saltilio,  to 
J*an'as,  under-  the  control  <tf  the  trdU'rals  ]\rejia,  Jean- 


lUn'Jl'OS,    ;iM( 


1    1) 


onay,  the  last  named  as   v\\'u 


\\ 


ith 


liead<]Uarters  at  JMatehuala.^''     Fears  of  an   intfiveu- 

^"^Vitll  tlu'ir  families,  'sin  ilistir.cioti  ilo  scxo  iii  ciImiL'  Arr'nujih-.,  M''j., 
iv.  "JOO.  Oil  tin'  ]ifiiiiisiil;i  (if  IjOWi  r  ( '.ililurnii  the  l''rt'ii(li  li;iil  not  toiiiiil  <>p- 
]iur|iiiiity  to  set  tout,  ami  it  liaii  icinaiiicil  in  llii'  (.oiiLiiaiativrly  [la-i^ive  (ncii- 
(lalioii  ot  tliu  ivpiililifaiis. 

■"  I'li'^idio  «as  takiii  Maicli  l!ltli,  Imt  rcciifnix'cil  to  fully  .S,l)()(»  hum,  ( ■^iioiia 
c'liiipi'lliil  till'  Fraiii  i>-,Mi'\itaii  ciiliiimi  to  n'tiii'  a^aiii,  witli  {.Ttat  lc»-i,  sayB 
J.;ksias,  iii.  (ITU,  Init  with  i;roat  uiuilit  (urnriliiiy  to  /*'//).  //  Cun:  Jhiiiil. 
Lii/i.,  184-.").  'J'lio  I'ri'in  li  aro  ULCiifii'il  of  iMUfltiL'.-J.  I.ozaila  (k'foatcil  I'liir.'to 
Oa/miui,  Corona's  lioutt  iiant,  iiiiil  rcaolicd  e'ono)rili;i  A|iiil  l.st,  willi  "J. (KM) 
iiiiMi.  Iltro  ho  va.s  altaLktil  liy  (inv.  lliilii  un<l  (ion.  ( iiitit'i  ri/.,  lii;l  m.iii- 
a_'ril  to  .sustain  liinistlf.     (Jutii'iri'z  fill  in  tin'  ass.inlt. 

"  l\\  tlii.s  tiiiio  tiu?  foicu  troni  (luaynias  li.'iii  i-\M'lliil  the  ^.'.-inison  to  fully 
'-'.(H)i)  lut'ii,  iif  wlioni  7-"0  \wi\i  on  tlu'  sivk-list.  'I'ln'  intention  to  uiaii  li  liy 
lanil  had  to  In;  aliamionid,  (luiuL;  to  tlin  stienjj;lli  of  tin;  t  ncniy  aucl  ilio 
liiiiiculty  <jf  tliu  I'oulo  for  inv.iliils  and  liaiiragc.  Of  tlio  .siik  tiOO  witc  .-■(■nt 
to  I'aiiain;!.  (..'ol  lioi_',  tlio  L-oniuiandant,  was  joiiuil  at  'I'l'iiio  hy  ( '.(.--t.iuiiy 
V  lio  p'.-otfcted  till!  retreat.  I'oi-  details  conri  rnin;4  the  alio\e  eani|i.iii.'n,  I 
lifer  to  my  JHnf.  Xmih.  Jfir.  S/ii/i<.  ii.,  fir  uliicii  \'i^d  and  llij.ir.  the  his- 
torians of  the  western  army,  liavn  heeii  consulteil  amoiiL' other  sM|i|)leMientary 
<'!•  more  oriLiinal  authorities.  'J'he  ellort  to  form  a  Mexiean  gan  ison  at  .M.iz;i- 
tlan  i)!oved  futile. 

"  I 'arras  was  left  in  ehar^e  of  I'refeet  Campos.  .Saltilio  was  held  liy 
Briaiit,    and   (jaduruitu  by  Col  Tiiiajcro,  while  Jcamiiiigius  occuiiied  .Mou- 


11 


i 


I'' 


1^ 


250 


MAXIM ILIANS  VACILLATION'. 


tioii  ])\  U\c  United  States,  fostered  l.y  tlio  saekiii-^ 
of  l)ai4(lad,  kept  the  Freiieli  from  aetivt  eMiiiiiai^-niiiL;-, 
(oiit.'iit  to  Jiold  a  few  sti'oiii^  positions,  and  to  main- 
tain eomniunieation,  esj)eeially  with  the  ports  (tf  >rata- 
mnios  ;ind  Tampieo.  But  tiiis  }»lan  eould  not  l)e  lon<^- 
adhered  to,  in  view  of  the  projeeted  r«>troL,n'ade  conceii- 


■,"■  ^*     ... 

°Tula 


A^'       _.oJtatl 


i.r.TilMr'ICCI 


|_^  4  T-iitoyucl 


'vCT^liipfln 


,  I  y    Zaonll; 


TlatKiiitlniu /ly  1 1  u,_ 


lAMl'All.N     IN     WW.    XoKlM-KASr. 

tration  and  tlie  L;i'owint^  audacity  of  the  n^puhlicans, 
eneourageil  ns  they  were  hy  the  ])assivc  attitude  of 
their  o[)p()nents  and  the  motix'e  influencing  it. 

The  princijtal   forces  threatening-  the  hue  of  posts 

tcivv.  frniii  wliii'li  ;i  sciivs  <if  jiosts  onmiircted  witli  Mateliuahi,  by  way  of 
Sultillu,  Hiiouriiucioii,  Saliulo,  ami  Ccdial. 


IN  THK  XOltril  KAST, 


231 


wc 


ro  tl 


K  >S0  () 


I'  Meiulez,  \vh(»  blocki-d  tlif  routi!  ti»Tam- 


1 


)i(.'i>,  (» 


f  Msc-obedo,  cluL't' of  thii  army  ot'tlii'  iioilli,  win 


hold  foith  hutweon  J^iiuuvs  and  iiortliwni'd,  and  (imi- 
zalfz  Hcnvraaiid  Treviiu),  who  hovi'i'i-d  round  I'ar- 
ras.  Tliis  j)hi('o  boiii^'  surprised  (hii'lnn;'  a  sortio  hy 
thi'  Mi'xicau  garrison,  C'oiiiiiiaiidanl  Ihiaiit  of  Sal- 
tillo  caiiiu  to  the  rescue,  and  reinstalled  Campos,  t!u! 
iiiijii'i'ialist  prefci't,  on  the  liOth  of  {''ebruary.  A 
few  days  later  he  st>t  out  with  400  men  to  attac!<.  tlie 
liherals  at  the  adJoiniuiL;"  raneho  of  Santa  Tsnlnl;  !)ut 
he  had  misealculati:d  hoth  their  nund)er  and  jtosition, 
;iiid  his  force  was  cut  to  |)ii,'ees  and  captured,  u  few 
hoisenieii  alone  cscapiniif  to  Parras/^  This  place  was 
now  attack(jd,  i»ut  relief  colunnis  ari'ived,  and  it  was 
iield  till  the  proL;'ress  of  events  enahleil  the  .luarists 
to  occupy  it  pei'nianently  tt)ward  the  close  of  June 


T 


ad  result  of  .l>riant's  rashness  caused  Inizaiui 


to  issue  more  strini^ont  orders  than  ever  against  any 
operation  hy  Frenchmen  beyond  the  inunediate  \icin- 
ily  of  their  jiosts  ami  lines;  the  }>ursuit  of  i^'ueri'illas 
must  be  K'I't  to  the  ATexicans. 

A  still  i^'ri'ater  disaster  to  the  imj»erial  arms  oc- 
curred on  the  route  from  ^[onterev  to  ^latainoros, 
tr.iNeised  at  ii>tervals  by  convoys.  Jeanningros  had 
in  April   ad\ance(l  to  C'harco  Jvscondido  to  exchann'e 

lavans  and  eive  ^[eiia  a  rec'nforcenient  of  OOO  .Mex- 


e;i 


||-;uis. 


With   this  aid   the   lattei'  was  able   to  tal< 


noro  determined  attitude  toward  the  closely  pressini:;' 
ipponents,  whose   I'anks   wen,'  swelled   by  discharged 


soldiers  li'om 


i-liani 


the  T 


exan   sii 


1(>.      In  J 


une  ai^'ani  an  ex- 


^  (C 


;e  of  convoys  was  to  be  elfected;   and  to  this  entl 
neral    Olvera    K'ft    ^Fatanioros  with    about    1,800 


*''riio  liberals  ostiiiuite  liiiiiiit's  fnivo  a-<  lii^'li  iis  ilOO.    Li-ijuc.  Mix.,  (  "imil, 
l^dJ  7,  HIS;  wliilo  Kltoii,    Win,  I/k'  Frfiir/i,  idtRi's  it  to  iiaiLly  ;i(K).      lie  had 


ii'iiid  hv  ( 'ai 


11" 


Imt  1)1 


cl  tiie  r(-)inrl.s  of  tlii'  I'luuiy's  stioiiijili  to 


111!  I'xauuit'i'atod,  and  paid  for  liis  rasiiiioss  witli    Ids   lifi'.     (hie   ollicc 


<1 


o\  t  r  tluti'scoi'i!  111(11  \vi  ri!  cantiirii 


1.  tl 


ic  wouikIkI  iK'iii-'  iiini'i 


Ifird, 


iKlt.; 


shoals 


>  unjustly  auciiscs  the  M','\icaiis  of  fo\vanlii.'e.      Xin.r,  Kxpid. 


1^  more  ooi 


root,      i^t  Jiastidoii  i-i'iiiaiiioil  at    I'aniis  vitli    .SO 


111''!!,  ami  was 


lusicjcd  on   MiU'oh  1st  to  .'id.     Afias,  !;< 
tlie  liold  to  Ids  acoount. 


50- 


•)!  •_»-!; 


d.lH 


a  I'lan  ot 


'Tlie  hitliuito  loyal  militia  prononnoed  .Tunc  "J.'ld,  and  Campos  hail  to  lieu. 


M 


i    li 


MAXI.MILIAXS  VACILLATIOX. 


iiicii,  iiicludini;  800  Austriiins,  in  (luu'jfc  (if  nrailx-  -JOO 


wan'oiis. 


On    tliu     Kith     of    Jiuu 


W  IK'II     Ileal' 


( 


iiiar^o,  Ik;  was  siU'r'outuK'd  l>y  the  tnnips  of  Kscoljcdo, 

^)\■v)•  4,000  stroULi;',  and  after  a  hloody  hattle,  in  which 

lialfdf  the  Austiians  [terislied,  tlie  coiiNoy  was  oap- 

l;ired,  together  with  nearly  1,000  |irisoiiers.      0\ 

reuained    ^Fatanioros    with     I  oO    cavah'v,   and    T 

w 

men  to  meet  Idm,  was  ()hli<>ed  to  return  wi 


Vera 
u<-e, 
ho  ]iad  achaneed  from  ]\[oiiterev  with  ahout  2,000 


ith  1 


Ic 


1 


ivaiis.  less  a  lartie    numoer    o 


f   d 


es' 


rtt'i' 


w 


lis  ear- 


I. 


ho  t 


advantage   of  tlie  proximity  t(»  tlie   Texan  frontier, 

Meiia  was  now   K'ft  with  only  TjOO   men,   manv  i 

them   disalfeeted,  to  (K'feiid   Mataiiioros;   yet   he   \ 


lOOiC 


■M 


tared 


to  ( 


()  so,  W 


itlidrawiii'*'  to  this  elleet  the  ci'arrison 


at  HaLi'dad.      ForeseeiiiLi"  onlv  a  useless  loss  of  life  and 


proj 


)el 


■tv,  A 


mci'iean   merehants  and  otlier  inllueiitia 


illi 


jiersons  hastened  to  pi'e\ail  on  (governor  ( 'arhajal  and 
( Jeiieral  (hir/a,  then  hesii-ging  the  town,  to  grant  a 
favoralile  ea]iitulation,  under  which  Meji'a  on  Jii:u.' 
'2-U{  I'etired  hy  sea  for  Wra  Cru/,  with  all  liis  men, 
arms,  and  l)aL'';j'ai''e,  sacrilicin<x  oi.l\-  the  artillerv. 
Juarez  refused  to  confir'iu  the  arrangement,  and  tl 
inhahltants  were  held  in  suspense  for  a  time,'*'' 


le 


«A1) 

l)\ltf.S,   .'Mil 


8,)  iif  the   fmci:;!!   U'Lrioii  left  liii 


lii 


a  a.l 


VMIK'Cll    1)V  t'll 


I  linil 


ill;;  foiiiin  iiiiratiiiii.s  cut,  lie  left  liis  en 


traiuc  at  Ccit; 


L'liar: 


;o  ot    tlio   l)i'l''ians,  am 


.1    to  .M 


iiT,   tliti'e 


to  1 


earn  of   tl 


(iisastcr.      Jli!  luaiiaucil   lo  iiH'iilcr  .Moiiincv  .Itiiio  •JSili.      Tlici'o  were  saiil   1' 


i: 

iUl 


{.•-(lOor  l,."i()>)  Aiiii'iicaiis  ill  Ksi'olnilo".s  army.  ^V, 


colu'lo  ri'iioi 


tod  Olvtira's  t'oivo  at  'J.OiKl  iiici 


'■/' 


!,/.   -/,/   ,U, 


111  liis  own  at  l.l.'O  iut'atitrv 


i  two  coliiimis  of  cavalry,  the  lattor  nmlcr  Tri'viiuj.     'i'lio  tiifht  was  dcciili  il 


in  Olio  iiour,  wifii  u  loi^s  Uiiloil  of  l.Vi  ro[)iil)lioaiis  aiiil  .'!!l()  iiiiporialistf, 
in;;  14.")  AiistfiaiiH,  liosiilus  '2M  woiiiuloil  and  I.OiM  [nisoiiors,  of  wlioiii  \:i~ 
wore  Austiiaiis,  J.(t  L'.^tn  l/ii,  (h-  Drrhl.,  Sopt.  'Ji  0>t.  IJ,  IsCfi.  Aimtiui- 
rojiort  nioiitions  only  100  v  a:.;oiis  us  capturod.  /(/.,  An;:.  "JOtli.  i^o  .Saiiit  gives 
Olvoi'ii's  force  at  I,();K),  and  his  loss  in  iii-isonor.s  at  mK).  (liurri-  Mi. v.,  I(l."i; 
/'((/).  y  t'lirr.  Futn'il.  Jm/i.,  I'.ll.  Klton  as  usual  oa.sls  a  slur  on  tin;  .Moxiian-^, 
liy  saving  tliat  tlicy  dosorttd,  loa\iii;4  tlic  Aiistiiaiis  to  lie  i<laii_-!iterccl. 
U'it/i  lite  J'iriirli,  il'.).  The  iiieroliaiiis  of  Mataiiioros  liad  [laiil  heavily  to  liu\o 
the  ooMvoy  sent.     The  fulK  ^t  ariount  of  the  ali'air  is  to  he  found  in  J 


/•i-.st  lid,  00-70,  100-1,  etc.,  with  i>lan  of  the  lield.   See  also  I'lc  .l/c/.,  Dot.  4-li 
l:SO(ii  /' 


r. /•</,.  Oct.  3.  ot. 


Il .vitiii.iK  e:e. 


1.1  Sal 


in-.Sahii 


^/||  J)i 


7S,  who  states  that  I'^soob^do  ke[)t  a  sum  for  liiniso.f  out  of  the  luillioiis  cap' 
tured,  S,O0>i,O0()  francs  aciMirdiii;;  to  Lo  Saint. 


Carl.Hji 
ateli  in 


aiK 


il  (iarza  wori.'  hesiiles  held  to  answer  for  their  condiiet.    Sc< 


.1/. 


Cnl.    Li  I/I. t,   18(i;?  7,  iii.  7.'>-<>.     Thev 


nieritod   re|iniii;iiid; 
iniandel'-iii- 


for  Iv-eidiedo  was  then   hniryiii'.;  to  tiie  spot,  and  to  him  as  eon 

cliict  aliuuld  have  boon  rcfoiToil  the  capitulation.     _Not  that  lie  >\ould  h 


I  i 


\\r 


Tllli:  KASTKUX  CAMi'AKJX.  -Jo:} 

ImToi'O  tlio  victoiy  ovfi"  ()l\(i';i,  Kscobodo  lind  in 
]\[arc'li  iliscoiulcd  IVoiii  liis  rrtrfut  Itotwi-in  Liiuins 
and  (iidc'uiiji,  with  "JjOoO  iiini,  as  far  as  (^itorrt',  at- 
tiMiiptiiit;' also  a  futile  attack  on  Matcliuala,  and  tluMici; 
swooidnL*'  upon  Tula,  from  which  the  approach  of  a, 
stroni;"  force  drove  him  hack.  .Jcannin^ros  and  Douay 
pursued  and  inllicted  eonti'il)utions  on  the  tt)wus  sup- 
porting him;*^   but  ho  csca[)ed,  and   the   whole   line, 


BCAt-E  or  VAHAS    ■*     , 


1000        <V  <j,       ••^ 


r^^y::^/:^^^®:^ 


"^-VC/^M*?^-  /V^ 


I'LAN  111-   TA.Ml'lfo. 

from  the  TEuustoca,  throun-h  Victoria  and  Linares  to 
Ivio  (Jrande,  remained  in  rejiuhlii-an  hands.      Tlio  val- 

ol.taiiUMl  imich  l).-ttrr  tcrins.  fm-  Atncriraii  iiitcrc.fts  were  largely  cMU-cnKNl, 
ami  tlie  AiiuricMii  lla^,'  was  actually  hoisted  to  iirotoet  tlio  eiiiliarkatioii  of 
Mejl'a.  In:  .1/,;/.,  .Inly  7.  Oct.  '.1,  JSiKl;  A'v',v/'rt  Orr/,/,,  Aul;.  •l^\  Oct.  I  J,  'Jli, 
ly.ili;  y;/'.,/, !)'.!;  l.i' s':i\iit,(;iiivn  MiK.yVWV,  Ar'M<,  lU^nx,  1(11,  etc. ; /.'mv/v», 
ll'ixl.  Jul.,  \.  ()7,").  Over  forty  caunoiiwi'ro  left.  Maxiini'iaii  isr^iied  a  jmcrile 
(lucreu  closiii'.r  the  jiort  to  trade;  but  the  AVaslii:e,'toii  govcninient  (leelaruil 
it  void,  alihouuh  >ia\iiniliau  could  not  have  cuforeeil  liis  'ili-[io  icioli"S.  .  . 
ihisijiia.s,' as  Airaiigoi/,  .'/•;/.,  iv.  1(1!),  very  in-oi>erly  terms  them. 

^•"They  ailvaiiccd  l.y  ditVerent  routes  from  .Monterey  and  Saltillo.  wliilo 
I)u|iiii,  who  had  resumed  rominand  of  the  eoiitre-guerriUis,  guan^  d  tli<'  Solc- 
'lad  >ide.  Warned  l.y  the  friendly  iuhahitants,  I',sc.)1)imIo  was  al>le  to  avoid 
cnutlict  with  the  hetteV  trained  French  troops.  Mlton,  ]Vtlhjh''JWiich,  117 
et  Sfij.,  gives  iuteiestiuj^  details;  nUoJ.cjoc.  Mt.r.,  i'irvitl.,  170-(. 


i:i 


■'■  •:      i 


t      . 
1      ■■ 

Si  If 


2*4 


MAXIMILIANS  VACILLATION'. 


iailt  !Nri'ii(li'/.,  \\ln»  li.'id  liitlicrfo  iiuidc  tlic  ciiiiiiiiiiiiica- 
tioii  hi'tueoii  Sail  Luis  l*(>tt)siaii(l  the  _L;uir  so  (liHiciilt, 
f'l'll  (liiriiit,''  a  siicccssl'iil  I'aid  oii  tlic  luana/iiiis  of  'I'an- 


cXK-aii  ''■arrL><Mi  lia\- 


t(iyu(|uita,  near  'raiii|»i('(».^'  ^V  >,[ 
iiig  i'('[)la(V'(l  the  I''r  iich  at  Tula,  Aui'diauo  1{I\(  ra 
iiiana'^ed  to  ('aj)tun'  it  early  in  May;  and  in  conjunc- 
tiou  with  Ai'Micnita  and  dthef  leaders,  sc.eral  entries 
ere  made  into  the  .l{i<)  \"ei'de  and  .lalpan   districts, 


w 


Mlueli  encoura'. 


-ed  II 


iia-teea  to  east  oil'  the  \'oke  oiu 


more.'"'     'rh(!s»}  movi'ments  triKU-d  to  isolate  Tanii 


ilco; 


and  alter  a  elose  sien'o  ot  two  months,  duiiiii;'  wlin-h 
desci'lion  and  le\'er  i>'i-eatlv  redueed  tla.'  "'ai'risou,  tin! 
French  suri'eiidereil  the  poi't  to  (ieiio'al  Pa\on,  hy 
Inmorahle  ea[)ittdatiou.''''  This  Avas  i'ollowid  a  month 
iti-r  hy  the  sun-euder  of  TiL\j»ai 


so  thai  N'ei'a,  ( 'ru/, 
remained  the  oidy  gulf  [tort  in  imperial,  (»!•  rather 
French,  hands.'"''' 

Th(!  rt'solution  to  leave  ^Tatamoros  to  its  (ate  ren- 
dered the  o(>eupatlon  of  ^roniei'ev  of  little  value;  hut 
the  emneror  i'e<''ardfd  it  as  the  k'>v  to  tlie  north-east- 
ern  provinces,  and  in  ordei*  to  please  him,  the  J^'iciich 
deferred  their  departure  till  another  garrison  eouhl  he 
found.  Discontented  with  their  lot,  and  aware  of  the 
growing  odds  against  them,  ])elgiansas  well  as  ^[e\i- 
cans  refused   to  stay;'*  and  on  the  'Jath  of  July  tl 


le 


*"T]u'y  W(M-o  biinicd,  uith  n  Idss  of  ■'?'J()0,()()0.     (iiii.  <  iai/:i  took  lii.-<  ]il:i 


)iinitti'<I  to  tlic  eiiipin 


Ins  uri'iliii'i 


1  .h 


th 


alilion  ■:!i  lie  luiil  lately  su 

two  (i|)  iiiiig  iiKiutlis  (if  tlio  yujir. 

•■*"  lliujitll.i  was  takin  liy  llie  insnri^olits  ii>  the  latter  part  (if  May,  ami 
iiltluniu'h  iitakcn  liy  tlio  Austriaiis  in  ,111110,  revolts  in  tlie  rear  eoiuiielleil  the 
latter  to  ivtiro  soon  after. 


r 


fanisoii  eonsisteil  of  nearlv  ■_'<)(>  eoiitre-L'iien'iiliii  ami  r>(K)  ^lexieaii 


I' 


iler  ('a])iain  Lan;.'lois.     Tlio  town  niul  one  f  <vt  were  eaiiture 


von,  w  ho  eoinniaiicled  o\i'r  '_',()(;;)  tiieii 


The  Mexieans  w 


1st. 


I'eserlion  to  Irirciv  I0(\      j'ood  and  iuiniiniiition 


low  (iwiiKilc  ii   i>y 
Init  the  iiri'ival  cf 


reiieli    ve> 


•Is 


M'hile    iKpt   Slitlieieiit   to   e 


iaii''e 


fell 
materially   tli"    jxisii 


Kill 


it 


.h.irs,  cnahled  LaiiL'lois  to  ohtaiii  a  eaiiitulation,  with  yuaianteo  of  arms  am 


;a;:o.      lie  reached   X'era  (':'U/.  Ai;l'.    lOtli.    /.r  Siiiii',   (,'iitri 


;/. 


171! 


I  _)vefoot  do  la  ToiTe  was  assassinated,  a  detMl  ascribed  Ly  Arraiigoiz,  J/"}". 
1  l.'i,  to  repul)lie:;n  exeessi': 


■Wl 
.M; 


lose  f,'arrison  was  lakeii  liy  sea  to  A'era  C'riiz,  Sept.  L!Oth 


of    th.'   1' 

h:r/,e,/.,  nil-lt. 


ix'.iniUaii  (lemam 


reiieli,  am 


ded 


)■(  circiipatioii 


hut 


n  \  leu  o 


f  the  speedy  ilci'arti 


I  the  land  hl.M'Uade,  it  was  not  thouitht  ad\isalile. 


X. 


I''Jl'orts  to  cut  eoinnuinieation  with    the   south  L're\\    more    threatening' 


IV  (lav,     The  lie 


lans  also  ohjeeted  toa  mixed  oceupatKin  whieh  gaveaiiy 


JlKPUIJLIi  AN  VICTOKIKS. 


!»3 


t'ily  was  fVficuiitt'd.  al'tcr  (Ifstructioii  nf  tli<^  I'ort,  S.il- 
tilli)  ln'iiiij;'  altjimlMiu'd  mi  August  4lli.''''' 

Tlu'  iv[nil)licaiis  took  imiiifdiati'  |»i).s.sossi()ii,  amidst 
iii()i'(^  or  li'ss  sincere!  ifjnifi.i^s.  AhliMimh  many  ini- 
jn-rialists  liail  lu  re  as  clsowlieiv  t'oimd  it  |iiiidriit  to 
di'|>ait,  titluTs  vt'iilmcd  in  stay,  in  (lie  Impc  that  tlio 
|iiiialty  ndLclit  lie  icducfd  to  a  mtr.'  contiilmtion. 
I'lscolicdo  was  j)ri'vailf(l  upon  to  rcstoro  (d  tlio  A  nuii- 
c.ins  at  least  a  part  of  tlu;  inti'i'ft'[)tL'd  convoys,  and 
now  trade  j.i'oniisi'd  to  ri'vive  a^'uin.  I'nt'ortiinately 
.^^atamol•os  declared  itself  at  this  time  under  ( 'anales 
lor  Oi'tcLja,  the  lival  of  .luare/,  tlu;  port  heinn'  an'aiu 
lie>ii!L;'i'<l  till  tlu,'  close  of  \ovend)er,  when,  with  the 
sonu'what  susjiicious  intei'veiition  of  I'nited  States 
troops,  ICsi'olu'do  I'cgained  it  under  eapitidation.'" 

This  diversion  anu)n!jf  the  repuhlicans  relieved  llu' 
Fi't'uch  somewhat  in  their  I'etreat,  although  sisveial 
slvii'inishes  took  place  en  route."  iJa/aine  had  him- 
scll'  come  i.oi'thward  ti>  direct  the  uu)veuuiit ,  im|)elle(l 
hy  anxiety  over  the  recent  disasters,  and  a  de>iri'  to 
survey  the  Held.  I  fearing'  of  alar'_;'e  mu^terin^' a^ain;  t 
Matehuala,  which  siiu-e  .Vu'^ust  foi-nu'd  his  most 
northern  post,  he  ^■av(>  oi-ders  for  a  sweej)  of  tju'  \icin- 
i;y  within  a  distance  of  tlwee  days'  march.  >o  as  to 
>lrike  a  Mow  and  then  I'etire  to  (..)neretaro.      This  was 


sii|H'iiiiiity  to  tiio  Mcxiiiiiis.      Miiti 
tlivy  will;  si'iit  to  (i>iicritiini. 


lUe  mil  on  tlu'sc  unrstimis,  .•iinl  lili.illy 


'Ivltoii  followi'il  l>(jiiiiy  Irom  Siiliillo  li  ]ii(ih'it  tlii'  ivai'iiiilion  of  Monti'- 
:iiiil  tlH'nix'  Imi'li  tln'oiii'.h  Saltillo  Noiillmaiil,  anil  ilcsciiln-s  in  .Minuw  liat 


/'^ 


ni'ii'iinit  loni!  tho   iiiiicliius   en  rimti' 


\\'l//i  III,'  /•■/ 


Ml.-i 


IdfO 


\'inli'  nnil  Mc 


M 


Oit.   'JO,    I.S(!();   D'tnn,,  I,, 


i.'iili,  oti'.,  anil  alioNi!  al 
l''i,-'i' 


'■./• 

'in,  iias>ini,  for  a 


11  tl 


'/'■ 


;{,  ft  I 

Am 


IIS  iiortli-i'ast  rnni- 


^Curliajal  had  i 
.11 


U'ovfi'iior  takin  jiosfii'.' 


■<ion  w  lii'ii  Miii,!,  U'ft  tl 


t.MJ 


•luiin>/  ili.safiprovcil   lii.s  I'oniluit  ami  a]i|ioni 
ifluii.  Taiiia.      Canali'S  took  ailvalUav'i' of  this 


II  new  i.'"Vi 


lint 


;aiiist  ( 'arl)ajiil,  anil  lia\o  hinisilf  )iri)ilainitMl  LToviTiior. 


fiior  III  ilic  pc  Tsiiii 
nrus  to  ri'Viilt,  to  iiroiiipiiiifi! 
viTiior.     . I  nail'/  i  .'iioriii''  this 


niovinii'iit,  Ml  i\,  ( 'ill.  I.I 


utry 


A  U.  S.  tl' 


loops  (liinn; 


ISI 
tl 


>•>    I 


iii.  '.17    l(li>,  hi'ik-.laiiil  tor  Oili';.'a.     Tl 


11! 


lu  siil)sf(|ni'iit  sii'uc  was  >ati>lai'toi-ily  cxiilaiiHil 


to  iO-iiohi'ilo.     It  was  I'aiisi'il  partly  liy  thi'  appral  of  I'.  S.  trailers  for  |i;cil' 
ti'iii,   partly  to  fivor  Juaiiv.,  as  (liii.   Siilu-wiik  ilnlariil.     (.'aiialis  ami 
troiips  wi'ii'  iii'-orporati'il  in  the  army,  hut  proviil  nhi'llioiis  ai^aiii.    Ai'i 

IS(I(>,  aiiil  ihitis  ami  journal 


/,', 


li 


///-/..  T'.l  !•!»,  ftc;    Vir.  M, 


si.pt.  -i: 


at  La  Noriu  ill!  C'ustoilio,  thu  I'lunch  claiiiicil  to  liavi;  kilkil  IJ.) 


auvir.sant's. 


III-       -3: 


'j:,() 


M A X I M I I.I.WS  VACILLATION. 


ellccfed    in   tlu!    lattiT  part  of  October,  l)ut  witlioiit 
iiiucli    riluct,  for  the  r('[)Lil)li<'aiis   I'ctircd,  and  on  tlic 
2«stli    Douay   evacuated    tlie    ]»lace.^^     A    fnm!    was, 
nc\  urtliclcss,  left  at  San  Ijuis  I 'otosi  to  sustain  Mi'ji'a. 
wiio  proposed   hero  t(>   make  a  stand  for  tlu;  cnipirc; 
but  the  troops  sent  to  him  |)rovc;d  insulHcient;  lack  ot 
I'unds  dampened  what  little  ardor  reinain;.Ml,  and  a  few- 
days  after  the  di^parture  of  the  last  French  colunm,  <ii 
Christmas  eve,  he  retired  to  San   Felipt;,  in  (Juana- 
juato.'''     C'asta«>iiv  rc^ached  (his  state  about  the  sanir 
tiiiK;  witli  the  French    force'    from    Duran^jo  and    the 
nort  h-west  provinces,  Zacat(.'cas  ha\in;^'  been  L!vaciiat(  (| 
a  month  befoi'e,  and  subsisijUently  A^^'iiascalientes,  ti:e 
]\re.\ican  iin])(.'rial  troops  follo\\■in^'  close  upon  his  heels, 
unwilling'  and  unal>le  to  face  the  trium])haiitJuarists.^' 
Jalisco  had  been  l(;ss  subject  to  revolutionary  move 
m(  .its  than  mi'j,ht  have  been  expc'cted  from  its  position 
between   the  ever-distui'bed  Sinaloa  and   ^[ichoaciii, 
o\\  iul;'  to  the  imposing'  Ibrces  stationed   in   the  Te[iic 
rei^ion    under    Lo/.ada,    and    at    (iuadalajai-a    and    in 
(Juanajuato  undei'  tiie   J-'ivnch  connnanders.      XeviT- 
thelr^s,  inroads  from  the  Suialoa  and  Zacatecas  lines 
had  become  morii  threat eniiit;',  as  well  as  those  iVom 
the  south;'"  and   with  the  a[)proachinj^  dejtarture  of 
the    j-'rencii   troops,  the  libei'ated    re[)ublican    armii.'s 
lV<»m  the  north    pi'epared  to  overwhelm  tlu;  jtrovincf. 
Joined    at    I'epic   by   tiie    ^ar*'isons    v,  ithdraw  ii   IVoai 
(iuaymas  and  Mazatlan,  Casta<^nv  retired   into  (iua 


^''Aflif  ilcstroyiiiL,'  (he  furtilii^iitioii!*.      During' tlie  preceding;  iiii'iitl 


Hoillcs  liaii  i;;'cii  iiiaili'  ii'i.llllHt 


Maili 


l-'l 


OI'CM,    11.111 


Idtl 


UTS, 


/•;//-. 


li'^ih 


Ihv  /' 


JO  (I 


lassiiii 


fi>r  (Ida 


AW/-('//«t(/«' O, /(•(/.,  Oct. ;{,  l.Slili.    t.sr 


l},s,  I'l'i,  IJO,  .")l  \,  et>J 


■•'Ilia  iiiaiiitrsto  of   Doi'.  .'il.st,  .Inaii  lliu.tainauto  as  ;^)Vi'rii(>r  pro  lii 
till' .statu  tVi't' fidiii  iiiiin'rialist-f.    Esln  Ihi  tli'  <  h;-iil      \\h.  S,   I  S(I7. 


'I' 


iil''iia 


lia.l 


iisi.'ii  III  .Jan.  anil  (Kiciipiei 


.1  tl 


R' 


I    .)< 


|)il:i,  tlcspilc  llif  illcirt  1')  iiu.st  him,  aiicl  llicyinrr    lasot  i   .  La-iiiia  lia     lu-l|"il 


t  )  liiilcl  till!  uiii'tli-i'.-iHttTii  put  lit  Z.U'al 


1> 


ffaa  Hliu:(    .spi'iii;K'. 


/■;, 


i.L:  M 
fr 


lirio  Imp.,  Maiili  "2,  iSlKi,  ct  ki'ij  ;    I 


.)/ 


VXIfitiiil,   Hi 


I'.l 


7 


// 


i.i'ii-, 


i: 


<y- 


ill..  /' 


'./'"■' 


/..  .lll^. 


111/(1 


.'•J((,  I'tO.       .Maitinr/.  riillli'  (|ii\oi 


riiii  Soiupia  liy  .him  to  assist  in  iliiviii;;  tin;  niipiTialisls  out  ol  .la! 


r 


JJn 


;-j;f  L  I't. 


■ai-  ( 


iilniia.   wliiTi' 


r.dli  ■-,    ///s'.    .|;/(i 
Clllt.     UlTtiu'l 


Ill,   coliiiiiaiiiliii. 


till 


diuiiii's    .t,i.-i  BUipii.iuil  uiul  ivilk'il  in  \ov. 


# 


RKTRKAT  OF  THE  FRENCH. 


■^.'< 


naju.ito,  nbaiuloiiiiig  Gu.'uliilajaro.  on  the  I'itli  of  J^c- 
.  ciiibi'i'  to  tliu  impLi'ial  t'orce  undo!"  (;!utici'rez.  'Flu; 
hick  <»t"  fuiHls  liaiiiitcred  tlio  latter  yreatlv,  leadiiiLj  to 
,1  st'iioiis  rallin^-ort'  among  'is  men,  anil  with  the  ap- 
111, nance  of  the  advance  j^uard  of  Corona's  army  his 
position  hecame  precarious.  Tiie  (Hsastrous  i'aihire  of 
;in  adva'.ice  movement  h'-  his  Franco-^[e\iean  com- 
l»;inics,'''^  involvinii:  the  loss  of  450  sohhers,''''  brouiiht 
iiiattei's  to  a  crisis;  and  on  the  foHowiiig  (hiy,  J)ece;n- 
hci'  I'Jtli,  the  imperialists  evacuated  the  city,"^' ha- icn- 
Iiil;'  to  take  refuge  in  (Guanajuato.  Lozada  had  Ijy 
tills  time  proclaimed  the  nmiti-ality  of  the  department 
uf  Xayarit,  wherein  he  had  long  ruU'd  lik*;  a  sover- 
eign.'" Thus  Jalisco,  the  key  to  the  north-west,  was 
lost  to  the  em[)ire. 

The  last  days  of  the  year  saw  the  Frc.ich  leav- 
ing the  mining  state  of  Guanajuato,  joii.dng  at  Que- 
'.(•t;i!o  the  coliunns  from  San  Luis  ]*otosi,  and  thence 
1  ('tiling    during    January    toward    Vera    Cruz.      In 

<  iiiaiiajnato,  however,  the  im[)erialists  coidd  safely 
make  a  .stand  hv  themselves;  and  sustained  l>y  the 
numhcr  here  accumtdating  under  INTejia  and  other 
leaders  who  had  retreated  from  the  [))'ovinces  north 
;iiid  west,  tln.'y  were  ahle  to  check  the  local  move- 
iiinit  inau<jfurated  since  sprin<'  hv  Antillon  and  his 
|i.itili»t  compaiuons;'"'  hut  the  victorious  ai'inies  from 
ilie  noi'th-west  and  fiorth-ea.st  wei'j  aj)[)roaching. 

'-  N'nw  aliout  to  1)0  (li.ssolvi'il,  owi-ig  to  onlcrs  from  France  to  witlidnnv 

iVi  11  tlui  t'nil'itjh  |i't,'ioll. 

'  '  \\\'\  tluMltsitli  of  S.nyii,  tlio  Ictilcr.  f'nl  rarra  of  Corona's  army,  assi,s*'i'i 
1  V  <  liiailarratiia  ami   .Momloz.-i,  acliicM'd  tl.is  \  it  toi'y  1»(h:.   Istli,  at  tlif  I:'!!     f 

<  'iMiiolla,  ami  clainiud  to  liavi;  killtil  l.">(t  im|i(ii,ilists,  iiiLliuliiii;  l.'{."i  Frcr.ili, 
.ai'l  to  have  capturcil  '.W'l  men,  of  wliom  lol  l''riiu;li,  w  liilo  lii.s  own  lossi  s 
ii'^i(1h;iI  only  .'{It  killtM':.  KainUi  ilJ  \i'rii\  Jan.  'I'l,  ISllli;  ]' ii/il  und  Jlijur, 
/;■"-'//■>, -ll'f,  L'ti'.;  J)liii-io  Iiiiji.,  .Mar. -JT,  I. Slid,  etc. ;  \'<iz  ,1,'  Mr'j.,\i\.:  .In-'i,,- 
11"'.,  M'.'J.,  iv.  "J'-U.  Coron.'i  now  swupt  down  toward  (^)liina,  and  Mar<|ii(/ 
'1'  l.ion  adv.iiii'rd  hy  way  of  La  l'.ari;i.  to  tdoar  tlii' .state  of  iiu]i(iiali.st.-i.  .)/«/■■ 
7".,  .!/</».  /'<..•</.  .MS.,  'JS?. 

''  I'aria  licliavccl  i^on.sideratcly  on  takini.;  |iyssr.-i.sion  tin;  day  after. 

"'To  .sustain  tliis  nenliidity  till  the  natioi;  luid  estalili><li<'il  a  ;,'overnrm'nt, 
llHti)  imn  weri^  to  he  kept  nndrr  .'O'liis;  yet  armies  miiilu  pass  tliron>;li  the 
'!  p.'iitnient  after  niakiui^  iliie  airanj.'ements.  Tiie  adniini.stratioh  wa.s  to  1" 
\''s1ecl  in  persons  eliosen  liy  a  re|iresentativ(;  eonneil.  Fall  text  w  Kf^lrdlu. 
f/'  O,,;,/.,  ,Iiiii.  IS,  I.SdT,  i.sHued  at  .S,-n  l.iiis  de  Lo/ada,  I>ec.   I,   IS(i(i. 

"""Mure  lliiin  one  defeat  at  the  hands  of  the  prei-ediiig  Fieueli  garribuna 
Ui.sT.  Mkx.,  Vol.  VI.    17 


WM 


258 


MAXIMILIAN  S  VACILLATION. 


fhi 


I'  \  h 


li;  ,| 


'kW 


In  Miclioacan  the  irrcprcsslhlu  Kegules,  chief  of 
the  foiitre  army,  had  sustained  the  cani|iaign,  despite 
ii  series  of  reverses  at  the  hands  of  French  and  ^Icx- 
ican  troops,  which  in  April  caused  a  dissohition  of  hi^ 
forces."'  A  montli  later  he  was  a^ain  in  t]ie  fi(;ld,  and 
extended  his  operations  into  tiie  Toluca  region,  tiii.l- 
ing  ever  a  refuge  among  tlie  ranges  of  liis  proviiicr, 
and  warm  and  generous  adhei'cnts  in  the  rich  valleys, 
especially  round  Zitacuaro,'"'*  as  Avell  as  stout  allies  in 
the  neighboring  })rovince  of  Guerrero,  wliich  had  \)cvn 
little  trodden  by  imperialists.  Acapulco  aloiie  i"- 
niained  in  their  hands,  defended  by  Montenegro,  Imt 
fever  and  desertion  were  making  sad  havoc  among 
them,  and  paving  the  way  for  the  entry  of  the  })atieut 
Juarists."' 

In  this  state  Porfirio  Diaz  also  had  found  refuge 
after  his  esca})e  from  the  })rison  at  l^uebla,  and  means 
to  form  anew  the  dispersed  army  of  the  south.  Sup- 
ported by  the  French  fleet,  the  impei'ialists  had  oh- 
tained   a  foothold   along   the    Oajacan  coast,  I'refeit 

had  tended  to  limit  tlieir  extension,  .is  Tglesius,  /iVrfj-'riv,  iii.  (iTU,  confesses. 
Seu  Sor.   Mt.v.  Oroi/.,  ^p.  2\  iv.  74S;  Xio.v,  h'.t/iiil.,  (il.">,  (i"2"2. 

"'(ien.  Mendez  overtook  liiin  near  Tanj^aneeciiaro  .inn.  'JStli,  and  nttiily 
louted  liis  forces,  estiniateil  at  from  *2,riOO  to  ;i,(li)(l,  against  TOO  of  liisMun, 
taking  (iOO  prisonets  and  most  of  the  arms  and  iKiixtrage.  On  Keb.  "JOtli  lie 
met  Uiva  I'alaeioand  Canto  near  Urnajian,  and  received  in  his  turn  a  deiiili  .1 
check.  IgK'sias  sijieaks  of  "J.-'iOO  imperialists  atrainst  1,700  ii'pni)lieans.  T:  >• 
former  attacked  and  were  routed  witli  a  loss  Me  masde  las  do.s  teicerasiiar:e3 
de  su  fuer/a.'  I'l  rit/d",  iii.  (iTo.  Imperialist  accounts  reverse  the  forces  to 
],.")00  against  .'i.OOO,  with  a  loss  to  thenisehcs  of  l.'iO  killed,  w  idle  the  re|Mih 
licans  lost  200  killed  ami  ;{00  prisoners.  The  hitter  retired  in  giio<i  oiiKi, 
aftei' leaving  a  garrison  at  L'ruapan.  ReLTides  was  surpiisul  a  month  hit' i' 
neai-  /.imoia  hy  Aymard.  \i  lio  dissi|)ated  ids  forces,  capturing  !IO0  Imi'scs,  and 
theieu|ion  took  rnmpan.  Mendez  follnwcd  np  tiie  advantage,  aided  liy 
French  columns,  and  reacidng  UnetJimo  at  tlie  end  of  .\piil,  he  dhliged  Kcgidi  h 
to  disliand  tiie  remnant  left  iiim.  Vet  the  latter  wrote  lio[iefully  as  ever  "f 
his  |)ros])ects.    I'';/",  J>i}i\,  iii.  Ut4-r). 

"*  Which  remained  hiyal  anddst  all  tiie  horrors  of  «-,irs.  It  Mas  liiniicl 
over  and  over  again.  The  inhahitant.s  mostly  ahandoneil  it  on  the  appnuicli 
of  the  imperialists.  The  more  fortunate  J-tiva  I'alacio  iiail  been  chosen  hy  his 
comrades  chief  of  the  centre  army,  hut  the  appninlment  of  lli'ijules  cauic  In- 
fore  tiiis  was  known.  /;//(s/Vc(,  iii.  07.")  (i.  For  details  concerning  the  precedins^ 
and  later  movements,  set;  llliirio  Imp.,  Feli.  '.\,  iMid,  el  ni'i|.  ;  Wiz  ile  I/'/., 
I'djiro  Viril'',  -t/('.i(('fn/o,  and  others. 

**It;lesias  assumed,  in  Oct.,  a  loss  hy  fever  of  nearly  000  mit  of  S(M);  others 
place  the  <k'ut!iK  at  a  little  over  \  out  of  7oO  men.  j  desertnig.  On  .\ng.  -7ili 
the  supreme  government  declared  tlie  province  in  a  state  of  siege,  conliiuiiiu' 
Diego  Alvarado  us  governor.   Mrx.,  ' '«/.  Liij<x,  I  SOI?- 7,  id.  S'J  ."{. 


m 


IN  THE  SOUTH-WEST. 


2')) 


Prieto  holding  Tehuantepec  since  the  middle  <»t'  18G5, 
and  making  it  a  base  for  operations  in  this  vicinity 
till  the  autumn  of  the  following  year. '*^  Westward, 
among  the  ]Miztees,  the  Austrians  helj)ed  to  hoM 
si'veral  ixiints,  especially  along  the  valley  of  the 
Atoyac,  and  roucd  TIajiaco.  iJiaz  obtained  in  tlio 
spring  several  advantages,  notably  at  Jamiltepeo  and 
I'utla,'^  and  he  thereupon  turned  his  attention  more 


^^j  f' 


'°-^''' 

=  0 


v■•::..<^c^^::.. 


v^^: 


tC-iC 


50    (I   Ififl  Villi  niKHrO  Moiros 


l*A|>lanatiou  of  jiluii- 


lUlTI.E    UK    MlAlllATI.AN. 


I.JL'lit  ri'ctaiigli!!  with  ihiuiIkih  disiiiiiato  tin' riinil.iUiiii-i,  ami  Murk  limswitli  IfttiTs  llii 
iiiil"  riiilists. 

I.  I  ii-t  pii-iilioii  of  Cii'Mi-nil  Dill/.  ■),  0,  Ailvann' nf  ri'iiuliliniiH. 

■J.  >•■(•.. IF. I  i.u,itiiiii  nf  (Ji'iii'i-al  Hill/..  A.   Fii-it  piwitimi  nf  iiii|ii'riali-N. 

:'.   I'iiM  |ii»ili.iii  i.f  ii'inihliiMiis.  It.  Sicuml  iJiwitimi  hI  iniiiciiKli-<ls. 

1.  Mcciiiil  |ifwitiim  of  rciiiililii'inis.  r,   Fiiii;!  jiasitiuii  of  iiii[iiriali.-.tr( 

|).    Iii.*pi'r-iim  iiT  impiTiali-ls. 
Till'  <  "tunm  ill  tin-  iipiicr  li'ft  Curiicf  niiresciin  tlif  coiiiiiniucnitivi'  inoiiuun^ut  laisej  mi  tlir 

Hiljiilllilm'  lull. 

(liicetly  to  cutting  off  connnunication  between  Oajai-a 
and  l*uebla,  a  task  already  undertaken  witli  some 
ttlivt  by  General   Figueroa,'-  who  in  June  had  occu- 


i! 


"'When  he  (lioil  from  fovcr,  iiftcr  a  scvtrt!  <h  fis'it  luiir  .Tiichitan  in  Sipt., 
f'"!!!  whicli  only  ^>0  esaipud  to  Tj'hiiantopLiL',  say.s  Jgk'sian.  Scu  also  Li  Snint, 
'•"■rn  .   l.V)  (i. 

'  Mi.ihiiathin,  Ejiitla,  ami  other  pl.-u'es  hail   liscn  for  the  reimlilicaii  eatite 
'iiilv  in  the  year. 

"After  sei^iug  Villa  Alta  in  Doc.  lS(j."»,  tiii.-t  iailefatiyablu  uiU  of  Diaz  liad 


-i-. 


J'?  1 


I- 


-i^ 


llf 
11    ' 


200 


MAXIMILIAN'S  VACILLAIIUN'. 


\)'\vd  Tchuacan  for  a  i'uwo,  and  was  now  with  Fdli.v 
i)iaz  menacini2f  the  I'lu-hla  hnes,  assisted  hy  the 
i)roken  nature  of  the  country.  Porfirio  J)iaz  took 
Teotitlaii  in  Au<^ust,  but  failed  at  Huajuapun,  and 
Iiad  to  retire  into  the  sierras  before  the  advaneiiiLj 
Austro-Mexiean  troops.  Early  in  ( )ctol>er,  however, 
Ik;  surprised  Oronoz,  counuandiiiL^  in  Oajaca,  who  h;hl 
descended  tlie  valley  with  the  yn-ater  part  of  lii^- 
forces.      Nearly  all  were    killed  and    captured, '^^  ami 


Battlk  ok  La  CvituoNKiiA. 
Explanation  of  jilan: 

Tim  lilack  duts  iiiiil  Hfrnki'S  mi  tin-  rirlit  liaml  rciircwiit  tlui  ri'imblirain  furcps. 

1.  Iiiittaliiiu  Kil>]rs,  uiitlir  Ciiliiiii'l  Diu/,  .'i.   li('s<rvi',  uihIit  Culonol  Oros. 

2.  Huttaiiiiii  .'^iiMia  JiMiiv,,  uiiil'i- ('.iliiiifl  Hiii/.         (;.  lii'iiiTiil  J)i.i/.. 

II.    Uiittaliuii  Si'Valtcpt'c,  iiri'liT  (it'iirral  I-'iL'titTua.  7.    Itri^aiif,  uihitT  Citlmicl  fion/alt'/. 

^.  Ciivalry  Sdvalli'iMC,  iiiiili'r  lii'iii'ial  liiiinos.  S.   liattii'v. 

Tii*^  H;:lit  nijiuu't'ri  auii  I'fCUiut^lvB  uu  iho  lut't,  tuair  Luiuii  de  la  CttrlK>Mera,  iloiKitu  thr  iia^'e- 
riiiUet  I'lilmiiiis. 

Oronoz  narrowly  esca[)ed  with  a  remnant  to  Oajac;i 
city,  followed  by  the  yictor,  win*  now  laid  siej^e.     Thi> 

RexiTcly  piv^sst'd  T'lioto  at  Tcluiantopec,  ami  lati-r,  in  Aju'il,  siiccosstull".  ii' 
fiiHtod  An.strian  attiulvH  in  tlu?  Ixoatian  region. 

^'Mostiif  till'  Frcncli  sdiilicis  trli.  ini'ludini;'  'IVstard,  tlu'ir  leader.  Tlie 
total  foree  imndiiM-ed  l,'J()()nien,  iiei-ordin.u  to  l'"i'i'neli  aei'oimts,  while  jiia/li.e! 
2,(M)0.  Thi.'i  oeeuiTi'd  iK^ir  Mialuiatlan  bet.  'M.  Diaz,  Uiui/.,  .MS,,  '2-17  ."i>; 
Ukirio  O/c,  Uct.  2,  ISS'J. 


VICTOKIKS  OF  DIAZ. 


261 


]\r  suspoiulod  for  a  few  days  to  mnrch  au'aiiist  ;iii 
Aiistro-Moxit'tiu  relief  coliiinn  of  about  1,000  men.' 
Alter  roiitin'jf  it  and  takin'jf  nearlv  half  of  tlieni  i)ri.^- 
oners,'"  he  again  appeared  before  the  eitv,  which 
rajiitidated  on  the  1st  of  Xovenibei-.  A  \'c\v  addi- 
tional movements  toward  the  coast  completed  the 
ricovery  of  ( )ajaca,''"'  and  he  thereupon  advanced  into 
i'ucbla,  giving'  fresh  impulse  to  the  I'ising  along 
the  lines  from  the  lakes  to  the  gulf,  yet  without  the 
useless  risk  of  measu?'ing  his  main  forc(\s  against  th.e 
retreating  French,  Tabasco  and  the  countiy  s(»utli 
had  been  restored  to  order  for  some  time  already, 
and  the  troops  thei'o  were  assisting  the  still  struggling 
npublicans  in  Yucatan.''' 

The  repul)lican  movements  in  southern  Ycru  ( 'I'uz 
liad  btx'ii  steadily  approaching  the  main  b'rencli  lines 
nlniiuf  the  Ori/aba  road,  harassed  bv  guci'i-illas  from  the 
mountain  fastnesses.  A  decided  struggle  toolc  ))la<'e 
ill  ATarch  Ibr  the  })ossession  of  the  Papaloapan  lliver; 
hut  by  xVugust  Tlacotalpan  and  Alvarado  had  to  be 
>urivndered  bv  the  ^lexican  u'arrisons  then  left  bv  the 
Kieiicli;  and  now  the  neighborhootl  of  A'era  Cruz 
liaihor  itself  became  subjec-t  to  inxMsiou.'"*     Xorth  of 

'Nidx  lias  SOO;  ilivura,  J/kt.  ./a/.,  v.  (iH."),  gives  tJOO  Anstii.iiis  and  400 
Mixiraiis,  ami  ill  /'lip.  11  Con:  Fain,  /iii/i.,  '.'ll!",  !S(H),  and  -lOO,  iis|)iLtivcly. 
Ji.^i:,  IhiiQ*  /)io;i.,  SO  ',)•};  Diaz,  Misrrl.,  ])t4;{,  ]\  :i;   /'«/•--,  Jfin-.,  iii.  I'lT-lS. 

'(ii'ii.  Diaz  was  re#uili'il  as  tlio  most  Imiiiaiu^  of  tlie.liiaiist  loadors,  truat- 
ill:;  foil  i^iKTs  with  coiisiilcialioii.  and  sliowiiii;  most  si'vcrity  toward  tliose 
wlmiii  ho  regarili'd  as  iiativt;  traitors.  Sec  his  own  letter  on  foihiarance,  in 
I'l/'f,  /'o''.,  iii.  rjl.  See  also  i'lltou's  testimony,  ]i'it/i  lln-  Fn  iir/i,  |S(i~!U,and 
Xiiii.  (i7S.  Diaz  admits  shootiiii,'  the  Mexican  (jllieors.  He.  claims  in  this 
la>t  hattle,  on  Oct.  ISth,  to  ha\  I'olitaiiicd  TOO  rifles.  Jlio;/.,  .MS.,  •_•(').•{.  Thii 
wiiik  'jjives  the  full'.'st  details  of  this  i-ain|iaij.;ii. 

'.Niid  active  steps  were  tlieiciipon  taken  to  restore  order  in  the  atimiiiis- 
t';iti'>ii,  Lie.  .iuan  .^l.  Maldonado  U'iiij,'  appointeil  governor  and  l'"i'li.\  Diaz 
cniii;jii(laiite  inilitar.    /'/.,  -77. 

■'■loiiiita,  the  only  iilace  held  hy  impcriali-'t>  in  'I'.ihasco,  in  the  early  jiart 
of  iMiti,  fell  in  tlic  middle  of  April;  ictakeii.  it  liiially  yii'lded  in  .\uj,'.  /'<  riml. 
'ijl'-.  (Chill.).  .Inly  "JT,  ISOO;  l'".i'i,  />"•■.,  iii.  -JIH.  kiill  iletails  of  oi>erations 
aiv  i;iviMi  in -lA /(lA -,  AV.v< ;)'/,  (i"2  et  setp  ;  /'a/i.  !''//•.,  I'iv.  pt  \.  ^'ucat.■ln  move- 
imnts.  Vozdi'  .1/',/.,  Feh.  l.S,  Nov.  (i,  ISlKi;  Diarin  Imp.,  .\nir.  •J7,  ISfili;  I'liji. 
lac, ,  civ.  )it  V.  til)  et  seq. 

'"The  leailin;,'  spirit  in  tlic;*  oi><'rati(>iis  had  Ihh'ii  (!pii.  Henavides  and  .Vle- 
jiiiidin  O.ircia,  the  latter  now  made  a  i;enonil  for  his  ai  hievemeiits,  and  soon 
iitiir  LjoviMiior  of  the  provin.v,  Heiiavides  Vieinu;  set  aside.  lHaz,  Hioir,  M.">., 
-'i'i  7,  -70.  Alvarado  wa.x  .apture.J  hy  l.ozaiio  at  the  end  of  duly,  and  I'lii- 
c'ltaliKiii  a  inontli  later,   /ijlisia-t,  K'vitt-*.-^  iii,  070. 


v    i 


..  » 


262 


MAXIMILIAN'S  VACILLATIOX. 


.1^ 


this  the  Austn (-Mexicans  had,  in  the  early  part  of 
1806,  siiiothcn.'d  the  revolt  led  l>v  Alutorre  in  tiic 
districts  of  l*a[»antla  anil  ]\!isaiitla ;'"  but  with  rej)iil)- 
lican  i^ueceshes  in  Taniaulipas  and  lluastoca,  Alatoric 
and  others  rose  again,  retaking  their  former  stamp- 
iniJiifrouiid  and  advancini;  a<jainst  .Jalaoa,  which  sui- 
rendi.'red  in  Novenilier."""  Perote  tell  in  January,' 
leaving  to  the  Frencli  only  a  narrow  strip  by  which  to 
reach  Vera  Cruz.  This  was  also  the  case  in  I'ucijl.i. 
wliere  Fitjueroa  luAered  along  the  southern  line  </t 
inarch,  and  other  leaders  along  the  northern,  ;i> 
far  down  as  Huaiuantla."''  In  .Se[>teud>er  Bazaiuc 
had  tiie  <jfarrisons  stren^tilened  on  either  side  i'unn 
Teliuacan  throut>'li  Chalchiconsula  to  Tlascahi  and 
Tulancingo,  yet  his  opponents  carried  Pacliucu  in 
Noveniher."^ 

In  the  jtrovince  of  Mexico  the  republican  spiiit 
had  been  sustained,  especially  along  the  west  bordcis. 
The  hills  encircling  the  vallev — hitherto  nesthii<j- 
places  for  petty  bands,  which  had  ever  made  the  route 
to  I'uebla  unsafe*^^ — now  became  the  headciuarters  I'ni 
the  ever-growing  guerrilla   forces/'"'     Cuautitlan   \\a>- 

^'Mainly  by  the  ciipitiiliition  of  Jan.  l.")tli,  witli  Major  Sciionow. sky.  Il'Ii'- 
Bias  gives  Alatorio  477  nuit  iigivins*  I. .■)(>()  of  the  ii>i|icnalists.  Lilicnil  tiiins 
were  granted,  like  those  to  thi'  lliiiMU'tiuiM,    /.>■  Sniiit,  Oiirrn'  .t/i.c,  l.">(i. 

''"CaUleroii  wiiM  allo«c(l  to  wiHiiliaw  thcKiuiill  .\iisti()-.Mexii.'an  f.';nrisiiii  to 
Puel)l;i,  Nov.  Iltli.  Ii'irirn,  //i<l.  Jul.,  v.  (jNO;  J'kji.  y  Von:  Fain.  Imp.,  S;<- 
100,  I'.Mt  -JOO;  Ciino  .l/«//i.,  Se|it    -JT,  l.SO(). 

■''  .\ymaril  on  Jan.  Sth  taking  away  tlie  Austrian  garrison,  which  hail  iici  n 
closely  pressed  since  it.s  relief  in  Nov. 

•■^  N'ot.iltly  (x)l  Rodriguez,  who  estaMished  himstdf  at  Los  IJanos  in  Scut. 

^^  Rodriguez'  attaek  on  'ri.isi.ala  was  repulsed  Nov.  'Jd,  with  assistnin" 
from  S.in  M.irt.ii,  luit  .\l)ani  yielded.  Tehuaean  had  to  l>e  reenforeed  ;iL;aiH--t 
Fiiiueroa,  an.i  Ayniaul,  then  eounnandiug  iu  I'lielda,  took  up  u  pusilinii  nt 
I'ahuar  with  a  strong  foiee  so  as  to  remler  aid  to  either  s^idr.  Col  i'lipui. 
whose  contre-gueriillas  guarded  tlie  eoasf,  assumed  tlie  enuunand  in  \  ( !a 
Ciuz.  In  l>ee.  Douay  reaehi'd  I'uelila  wi;li  his  ti<>o|)s  ami  a.ssuuieil  the  e'liii- 
laand  there.  For  iiis  retreat  thus  far,  see  K/lo.i'.i  ll'/V/t  the  l'ir:fh.  Hill  7-> 
1>4;  Siii.c,  E.r/ieil.,  (j,4-80,  Diario  Iihji.,  Oet.  Li,  IStid.  etc.,  and  other  jmiu- 
uals. 

*'Anioiig  other  vieiims  were  the  Belgian  envoy,  (>en.  Foury  and  '!\s  iml, 
Capt.  D'lluart,  hringing  news  of  the  coronation  ot  Leopold  II.  They  «••!•• 
attiicked  at  Rio  Frio  on  March  4,  KsiMi.  Their  death  created  no  little  scu'.i 
tion.  ArraiKjoiz,  MiJ.,  i\.  84.  The  Mexie^m  escort  was  accused  of  eo\v.,r(hce 
Pap.  y  Corr.  Fnni.  hnji.,  17!'  SI.  Tohiea  was  nearly  eiiptured  hy  Regiiies  in 
Aug. 

"The   Belgians   were   severely  repulsed  when  at   the  chise   of  Sept.  thvy 


IM  I'i:i!IALIST  RE\KRSi:s 


2C3 


laiik'd  ill  October;  and  two  inoiitlis  later  Clialeo  and 
Tlalpan,  within  sight  of  Mexico,  were  equally  exposed, 
while  the  route  fVoni  Queretaro,  with  its  wagon  trains 
hi-arinof  the  etl'eets  of  returning  Frenchmen  ami  fugi- 
tive  Mexicans,  atti'acted  hordes  of  eager  despoilers. 
()rtiz  de  la  l*eria  had  retired  in  disorder  to  Cuerna- 
vaca  after  a  severe  defeat  at  Ixtla,  and  liegules  and 
Iviva  Palacio  had  followed  uj)  their  victories  in  ^li- 
clioacan  hv  occupving  tlie  Lerma  Vallcv.  Toluca 
alniio  stood  between  them  and  the  ca[)ital.'*" 

ficiiij^rJit  to  rct:iki!  Ixmii|uilp!iii  from  .Miirtiiicz,  I;;lcsiii.s  gives  their  luailor,  Col 

\  :ui  cli'i'  Siiiis>c'ii,  .">.")()  iiKii.    /i'l  n.'ilds,  iii.  (i7!{.  Me   liiiil  to  rotiif  to  Tula. 

"■'' Twice,  early   in  JJue.   aiul  in  Jan.,   hail  French  troopn  gono  to  the  re- 
lief uf  Toluca. 


i-:iy 


/|'|fe|te,.,;;|:S4 


I 


CHAPTER  XII. 


i    ^ 


i ' 


DKl'AKTUKK  Ol'  THE  lUKNClI. 

KSOT. 

l''rnTMi;i;  l>isAri-i;(i  ihn  hktwhi-.n"  IIa/aim:  ash  tiik  foiKT — lircAi.i,  nr 
iMKiirKVN  Siii,hii;i;s-  P.aza  ink's  ('(iMncr  am>  Cm  akaci  i.u  -  I'Aiii  \\c;k 
OF  l*i;isi)NKi;s  I)Kr\.UTiiiK.  (ir  Tkooi's  —  1)A/.aisk  in  1)is(;i;a(  k  i\ 
I-'ka.sce— ('nsT   Oh'    K\i'Ki>iTi(iN — A  Nknv  C<iin(ii,   Uimkh.ks   tiik    1!m 

IMKK — MoVK.^lKNTS     UK     MiKA.MON        MaM.MII.IAN    AT    TIIK    II|;AI>     OK    TIIK, 

AuMV— His    ^Iaikii    to    (j)iKKi;rAi;o      Invkstkd    i;\    nii:    1;  i.i  i  in.n  \  s 

KoKCKS. 

TiiK  iiiiiiistrv  cxjioctcd  BazaiiK'  to  make  a  few  iiKtrc; 
cffoi'ts  ill  tlit'ir  Iichalt' against,  the  Jiiarists,  Imt  a  tdi- 
HJ'aiii  from  J'aris,  of  tlio  1 0th  of  January,  I^^Co,  in- 
structod  liim  to  liasten  the  departure  of  the  ti'oo|)>. 
His  measures  in  ai-cordauee  therewitli  increased  the 
l)itterness  of  feeliniif  between  tlie  mai'slial  and  llie 
court  till  intercourse  was  com|iletely  broken  oll'.^ 
Among  the  strongest  reasons  for  this  ru[)ture  was  the 
strictness  with  which  the  commander-in-chief  cai-ried 
out  the  order  for  returning  to  their  homes  all  Euro- 

'  In  ii  k'ttcr  to  liaz;iiiio  of  Jan.  -Mi,  Lai'cs  allmlcd  to  the  ])roiiii.su  ina>le 
to  protect  the  distiirtu  OL-cii])icil  liy  Frciuli  soldiers,  and  juiintiiif,'  out  tliat 
tliis  liad  not  lieen  fultillcd  witli  ruspcct  to  'J'tziuico  and  otlicr  near  lying  tow  lis, 
lie  siici^ringly  iii(|uire(l  ^vllat  course  vould  lie  piirsnod  if  the  capital  wimu  at- 
tacked \\  liilc  still  licld  liy  the  French.  IFe  also  demanded  when  tin:  I'rcin  h 
would  dejiart,  and  the  surreiulcr  of  the  citadel  and  wy.r  stores  take  place,  ai 
\\(dl  as  satibfactiou  lie  j^dvcu  for  the  sn)i))ressioii  of  La  Palna  iounud,  wliirh 
had  aliuscd  the  marshal  liecause  he  interfered  in  lielialf  of  a  suspected  dualist 
named  (laray.  JSa/.aiiie  curtlj' leiilied  that  lu^  would  liold  no  further  inti  r- 
course  vith  the  ministry.  lie  wrote  to  .Maximilian  comiilaiiiing  (jf  their  iu- 
«iniiatiii„'  l.iiiL;uai;i  and  (ivil  jiolicy,  explaining  that  arrangeinents  were  iiiade 
with  .Miir(|Ue/  for  the  surremlcr  of  the  fortilieations,  etc.,  and  that  he  would 
depart  during  tlu^  lirst  half  of  l'"ei).  Maximilian  I'etiUTicl  the  Icttei',  and  de 
clared  that  no  further  iiiti'irourse  would  lake  ])Iace  nntil  satislaetion  w.is 
gi\(ii  for  the  rellectioiis  cast  on  his  iiiiuisters.  Detroyat  adds  ti>  Keratry  i 
extracts  tlie  comments  of  Murphv  on  the  rupture.   I/liili  rvciitinii,  'Mi-H. 


r.AZAIXirS  ACTS^. 


Sfi' 


|h;iii  soldiers  wlio  so  (k'sli'od,  e\c:ii  those  wlio  had 
eiilisti'd  uiuler  ^raxiiiiiliaii,  in  ju'eoidaiico  with  t\\v 
(•(iiiwiitioii  of  ^Nrirjuuare;  thus  eiicoura<'ini''  thi'iu  to 
hi'eak   their  oatli  and   to  uiilairlv  retain  the  hoiiiitv 


ii'iven 


tl 


lelll. 


Furtl 


ler,  as  luaiiv  o 


y 


,t'  tl 


le  arniv  e 


trect.^ 


could  not  profitably  be  taken  to  France',  horses,  sad- 
dles, and  ot  her  cund)rous  nuitt'rial  were  sold  by  auction 
at  the  diil'erent  eanijis,  goiuL,'  at  insi^iiilicant  [)iiccs 
often  direct  into  the  hands  of  tlu'  republicans,  while 
a  lar_L;'e  (juantity  of  [)roji'ctiles  and  [)owder  was  de- 
stnjyed,  instead  of  being  allowed  to  swt'll  the  ivsourci's 
of  the  imperial  n'overnnient."*  l>a/.aiiu'  has  \)cv.n  widely 
ahtiscd  for  these  and  <»ther  acts  in  which  Ik-  uinloubt- 


Miiiinj^  iviii  SI)  fur  us  to  jiljice  tliose  who  vcfilsed  in  tlif  category  of  dusLTt- 
Tliu  ol)ji.'ct  W!is  jiiirtly  disgust  m  itii   M-i\iiiiili:iii,   inntly  a  iiicasuri'  to 


1" 


)tc   liis  alxlii-atioi 


dtl. 


th. 


lo   tcl 


(■■n'aiii    torliadu   aiiv 


fuitli 


ill  this  itsiXMt;  hut  also  a  (h'siru  to  save  further  Kaiiiliocs  of   Frciu  h 


/Idiiii.    This  '<'iiiiioi-tasur  toutc  autre  consii'i 'Tat 


lou,   SaVH 


])JI. 


hv  loavi'ii'  tht'ui,  ho  achls,  the  lifo  of   Maxiiidliii 


It.  J/n 
dilv    h. 


liicn  saved,  for  a  few  thousainl  forciun  sohls  rs  eould  jn'iittrati;  au,\  wiiere  in 
.\h\iiu>.  .NhixiTiiiliaii  at  lirst  refused  to  'el  them  go,  hut  yiehle<l  hv  teU-iraiii 
ef .hiU 

fnr  {h~ 


1  Uh.    /'/.,  'M.     Tiieir  hmiutv  h:<d  heeii  8- 


hesid 


)esiik'S  oti 


iier  expeiulituie 


j)ressed  trea^ury.     Sahu-Salni  uitiniates  lliat  'n 


it  k:ss  tiiaii  six  th 


s;ia<l  nil  n    ( 


U'sertiMl  iievertiieh's«  t'. 


M> 


ixiuiiliau.   J///  /'('< 


'7/, 


tl 


lis  is  an  exaL'i-'eratiiiu. 


result  of  the  n.eas 


was   that   !• 
I' 


i.  JS    1!);  hut 
I 


sei. hello  causei 
at  the  (hfeat  of 


tu  lie  shot  more  than  100  Frenehnien  eaittured  carl 
Miranion,  on  llio  ground  that  they  eoiild  no  luni^cr  elaiin  the  jiroteetion  (.f 
the  tricolor.  Several  l''reneh  otlieers  ajipeared  with  a  hittei'  jirotest  in  /.<•■ 
I'd'irriir,  at  ^lexieo,  lelleeliiij;;  on  tiio  steps  whieh  iiad  led  to  sueh  slaugliter 
of  tiieir  eoniradi's,  now  tinned   liamlits  hy  the  .Inarist^ 


laseh  is  naturallv 


ri\i  re  iitioil  liazame. 


i; 


A' 


/■//(/((  ruiii/i  II, 


i.  1  i;{-8. 


it  eould  not  pay  tho  tritle  deinaiuled  for  the  sto; 


It  must  he 


diiiilled,  however,  that 
ut 


le  projeetiles  were  as  a  rule  iisi 


•less  for  the  -\l 


exieiin 


utilleiy,  and  that  the  empire  liatl  ]ilenty  of  aiiinmnition,  as  intimated  in  a 


-Iter  hv  Ma 


lilian  to(ien.  I)'IIurlial,  win 


uiized  this  artillery.  Vuim  im-li, 


lllsl.  Ml  .c,  iii.  41.")-  1(J.     Ki'ratry  puhlishes  a  report  from  the  artillery  depart- 
Hunt  hhowin'f  that  the  Mexieans  had  veeeived  from  Franee  .'{j'J'iS.'JiM)  i  art- 


ri'lires  am 


k 


tliiMli 
.Sdlleli 
lir'd  hv  ^the'Austro  Be 


lines  of  Jiowder,  ami  that  the  eapital  possessi'd  at 


31,741  shot  of  diU'elvnt  ealiherw  i;  h  theiiei  dful  pow  der,  at  the  rate  of 

IS  per  ))ieee;  also  a  reserve  of  ■"(I0,0(!()  eartridires,  liesides  the  supply 

is.    M(ix.,   lU.'i.     Xoverthi  liss  the  deslruetion  of 


a\ailalilu  amninnition — estimated  hv  oni'  authoiity  at  14  niillioii  cartrid' 


LL.t, 

:>f   till 


luhl 


;u:! 

loans  ma 


-was  wanton;  and  the  sale  of  horses,  etc.,  fort! 


V  1)0  U 


I'rnu.'d  even  Worse. 


Aft 


er  aliaiiiloniii 


tl 


lienellt 
le  eiii|iii(' 


tn  its  fate    this  matiii.il  should  at  least  liav 


)een  .surri'iii 


lered. 


IS  liidmisecl 


ni  tho  joint  note  of  Nov.  Iltli,  fri 


the  Freiah  represeiitat 


t,\|iiessi's  himself  liitterly  on  the  point,    B 


\ia\innliaii 


AiilKpier. 


A'. 


'/..  ()'.(.-. 


111(1   Detroyat,  .•}()!)-l(i,  h 


iS'ioX  lilids  it  'illlilel! 
les  the  Freiieh  i^ovein 


iiieiit,  u  hieh  had  h-ft  orders  for  reniittiiij;  sueh  armament  to  tin'  'head  to  In 


illy 


I'eeoj'nizei 


1.'     \< 


\viM'  than  he  di.l.     A  .) 


me  sueh  apiiearing 


to  1! 


A  Juarist  deereo  stani]i 


d  all 


eh.  it.- 


aiiiiy  as  just  l)ooty.   BiiUau  inu\  /.ozaiio,  Lnj.  J/( 


iidd  not  aet  other- 
dd  hy  the  F'rench 


fV  Tf^v 


21)0 


DKrAIITL'UK  OF  THE  KllKNCH. 


t'dly  followed  only  instructions,  allliou«4li  ini|Mll«(| 
(K'casionally  |H'rlia|»s  to  a  certain  excess  liy  the  ln»til 
ity  and  misconstruction  apjtlie^l  on  every  side;  yit  it 
must  be  admitted  that  sordid  avarice  was  anions'  thr 
(lel(M't.s  of  character  which  tended  to  justify  suspieiou 
against  him.*  A  letter  from  General  Diaz  was  not 
w  ithoiit  its  cifect,  accusing  him  of  ofleriniL;'  to  surrender 
all  (he  towns  in  French  jiossession  with  ai'mament, 
and  even  tin-  jiersons  of  ^Maximilian  and  his  leadiu'^' 
supporters;  hut  this  rests  on  the  misinterpre'tecl  utter- 
ances of  the  a^'ent  sent  to  confer  with  him  ahout  ;i>- 
sumin;j|;  the  leadei'shin  of  the  new  ii'itvernment  sought 
hy  France.  Xen'otiation  with  Ortega  had  lu-en  liu>- 
trated  hy  the  United  States,  as  we  have  set'ii,  and 
iJiaz  was  too  loyal  to  entertain  the  otter; '  yet  he  as 
well  as  several  other  leaders  showed  every  considera- 
tion lor  Frt'uchmen,  and  readily  exchanged  tlu-  piis- 
oners  of  this  nationality." 

•Ilosold,  fur  instance,  for  priviitc  bonoCit,  the  furniture  of  liis  ri^sidcnce. 
plai'oil  merely  at  his  Ntivice  hy  tiie  government;  and  also  a  earriage  hehmgiu;; 
to  Santa  Anna,  a.s  Maximilian  himself  puts  it.  Ittimh,  i.  17;{,  ii.  T-").  A  writer 
in  /'a/'.  (/  Corr.  lam.  Im/i.,  ~ i  SO,  adds  that  t'ol  JJoyer  was  lii.s  agent  in  all 
manner  of  sjiejulation,  ini'luding  ih-'alings  in  ainiy  pay  warrants.  See  al>ii 
Mi'.i-.,  AV  Iiii/i.,  IS  '20;  Alli'iift,  /idzdiiii'  ArKsmlo,  1-4.  Aspirations  are  alM> 
hinted  at  tow  aid  a  position  as. supreme  ruli'rover  Mexieo;  hut  these  i)etroyal. 
.'{14,  will  not  enti'rtain.  He  eonsidered  that  the  favors  received  from  .Ma\i 
milian  eor.hl  not  have  licen  forgotten  hy  him.  Keratry  also  defends  him,  :ui'l 
stitcs  that  this  refiisil  to  t:ike  extreme  st(?ps  against  the  em|iire  without  posi- 
tive instructions  hronght  upon  him  the  auger  of  Napoleon,  who  ohjeeted  to 
eommit  himself  iu  writing.  Max.,  "JSO.  This  anger  was  increased  hy  the 
eH'ort  of  IJ.i/aine  to  justify  himself  before  liis  olUcers,  to  whom  he  revealed  a 
poition  of  tl'.ese  in.iti  lu'tions.  Arrangoiz  echoes  Keratry,  hy  ]iointingout  that 
wit  I  all  the  accusation  against  Ba/aine  his  eouduet  was  not  investigate!. 
MeJ..  iv.  "JIS.  Later  we  hud  him  in  a  responsible  connuand,  duiuig  the  wnv 
witii  Prussia.  SalmSalm  insists,  iievei'tlu'less,  that  his  eonduct  was  more 
brutal  than  it  should  have  been.  Mji  Dhtrii,  \.  1(1;  and  so  does  |!.i.-~rli,  who 
iissumes  th.it  his  failure  to  carry  out  his  (Napoleon's)  plans  roused  anger  ami 
'  liess  nun  der  .\birsch,ill  die  Maske.  .  .fallen.    Loc.  cit. 

■'  Which  involved  the  recognition  of  French  claims  'la  eual  descclu''  por  no 
ivcerme  honrosa, '  says  |)ia/.  Li/vi'n,  />0'>',  ii.  .'STli.  The  oiler  implied  the 
previous  abdieatiou  of  .Maximilian.  The  sale  of  arms  to  l)iaz  was  to  taku' 
eli'ect  only  after  hi.>  acceptaiu'e  of  the  presiih^iey  had  been  settleil.  So  Kir 
atry  vei'y  reasonably  exjilaius  it.  Mux.,  "248  .">1.  The  agent  was  the  L'.  >'. 
consul  Otterburg,  who  had  pecuniary  reasons  for  favoring  a  uew  goveiir 
meut  w  ilh  KLcneh  aid,  and  also  a  frenchman  named  Thiele,  emplo>ed  hy 
Diaz.     Salm-Salm  assc'rts  himself  somewhat  too  positively  on  mere  hearsay. 

''l)iaz  refused,  however,  to  surrender  the  Austriaus.  Keiatry  pnblishe.-' 
several  of  the  letters  exchanu'ed  on  this  subject.  Not  having  I'uough  militaiy 
prisoners,  says  Arrangoiz,  MiiJ.,  iv.  245,  political  otl'enders  were  included  iii 
ll.izaiue's  delivery. 


HAZAIXK  MlAVi:-;  MMXICO. 


207 


Till'    .•ii'r;iiiL;-('iiirMts    nf    IJu'/aiiH'    Iu'IIil;'     iiiadc,    lu' 

111MP('1k'(I    out    tVolll    Mexico    oli    tlu'    i)i\\   tit"    l''rl)fUaiV, 

tlur  iiihahitaiits  Itciiij^'  coinpaiativcly  silent;  lor  if  oin; 
jiarty  i't'L;'artK'<l  the  departuro  as  an  liumilialiiiL;"  iiect's- 
sity,  aiKttlu  r  looked  upon  it  as  a  dex  rtioii  of  their 
cause,  and  ti'einliled  I'oi' the  conseipUMico.^  At  I'uehja 
the  leejinn'  \vase\('n  less  iViendlv.  iniluenced  toa  yreat 
extent  l)y  the  proximity  of  the  repuhlicans,  who  I'ol- 
lowt'd  closely  though  iplietly  upon  the  heels  ol'  the 
French,  occupy in^'  the  e\acuated  towns  aloULj  the 
route."*  The  national  iinpei'ial  army  did  not  attempt 
to  hold  a  simple  place  between  Puel)laand  N'eiaCru/. 
lli-ariui;'  of  a  disaster  to  the  im])erial  aims,  lla/aine 
considerately  sent  a  niessas^e  to  Maximilian,  oit'ering 
to  wait  lor  him  in  i-ase  he  should  decide  to  join  him. 
This  was  naturallv  dtjclined;  yet  the  mai'shal  toojc 
pains  to  add  to  the  strength  of  \'era  Cruz,  intw  k't't 
ill  charge  of  (leiiei'al  J*erez  Gomez,  so  that  it  might 
serve  as  a  refuge  for  the  unfortunate  prince."     The 

■  IJiiryiiii^  tlu'ir  j,'iilil  aiiil  '  li's  l)()iitii|iu'.s  sc  toriiio'viit  I'oiiiiru'  iles  tomln's.' 
h' ll>  rii-Kiilt,  S.'{.  '  No  fiiiuiiUy  woicl,  no  f:irt'\vtll,  ^'luflcil  tlic  li.itcd  o)i|iics- 
mirs,  writes  Saliii-Salm  in  iiii'jiiilii.'iMl  an  wi'll  as  foiiliailirtn; y  niaiuuT.  My 
i'viii/,  i.  17.  Kven  Uw.  I'.ri  Xmiril/i' »{  Felt.  5111,  wiiili;  alliuling  to  .Hynipatiiy, 
ihlinits  tliut  ni)  iKMiiiiiistratiiin  too!-:  place.  It  may  hv.  will  tn  nuneMilnT  tlio 
kniil  anil  Hoeialiiu  iiiU'icouisL'  between  tlieni  and  tlu;  [leiijile,  tlie  yond  lieli.vv- 
iui'of  the  soldiers  as  a  rule,  and  the  many  fiiendshi[>s  fi^rmed,  to  understaml 
that  the  sileiiee  must  he  attiilmted  mainly  to  niouientaiy  politieal  motives, 
t  leneiiiuen  an:  the  most  favoie<l  foreij.'neis  in  Mexieo.  I5a/aine  eamped  for 
tile  ni),'ht  not  f.ar  fi'oiii  tile  city,  lea\  ini;  there  a  force  till  the  morrow.  He 
had  removed  the  cannon  from  the  ramparts  into  the  cita<lel,  under  jiretext, 
Favs  Niox,  of  iirevenlim;  the  t  neniy  from  suddeidy  carrying  lluin  oli".  Kximl., 
(i'.l.">,  l>(troyat,  ;{1S,  heliext's  rather  that  IJa/aine  feared  a  hostile  nioveiinnt. 
Ill  his  proclamation  of  l'"eli.  ,'{d,  liiddmg  tiiein  farewell,  the  marslial  assund 
the  ]»eople  that  tlie  oliject  of  France  had  never  hceii  to  iiiipnse  on  them  any 
jroveriinieiit  ojiposed  to  tlieir  wislies.  This  expression,  as  will  its  the  aliseiu'O 
ot  any  reference  to  .M:ixiniilian,  could  not  he  reixarded  as  complimentary  to 
the  latter.  In  the  address  to  the  army  he  spoke  llattcriiiLdy  of  tiieir  live 
\ears  of  victorious  cani[iaii;ns.  .V  ilistriiuiliou  of  medals,  nominations  for  the 
U'u'ion  of  honor,  and  promotions  took  iihice  hefore  einliaikini;.  On  assiiniiii:^ 
niilitary  command  of  tiie  city,  .Maniue/.  also  issued  a  pinclamatioii,  wiiereiii 
occur  the  words  '  ya  me  conoceis  y  no  teiiL'o  ipie  decir  mas  — you  know  mo 
iilreadv,  and  1  iie"d  say  no  more — ;i  phrase  wliich  liecanie  proveihial.  Le  Saml, 
<M(«  ;•;•/■  .]/(.V.,  -JO'      4. 

*■  Xotice  hail  lieen  tjiven  that  repuhlicans  niiist  not  approach  too  near.  A 
trou[ie  dill  so,  however,  near  Chalco,  and  was  severely  inuiislied — a  lesson  not 
l'>st  to  the  rest.  ,\rrani.,'oiz,  Mej..  iv.  L'l'.l,  alludes  to  insults  heaped  on  the  re- 
tiiatini,'  soldiers,  iiiid  sneeriiigly  intimates  that  an  aj,'rei'iiieut  seemed  to 
exist  with  tlic  repuhlicans  for  occuiiyiuj;  the  ahandoiied  towns. 

''A  certain  amount  of   arms  uiid   other  eli'ccts  were  left  there;   and  the 


' 


a  'Mm.    1 P  -£4s  H 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


12.2 


1^ 

t  lio  iiiiiio 


im 


1.4 


1^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  ^TtSflT 

WEBSTiR.N.Y.  M5S0 

(716)  873-4503 


c^ 


208 


DEPAUTURK  OF  THE  FRENCH 


rii»l)aiktition  of  troops,  28,000  in  all,  had  boon  goiii«f 
on  re<,'ularly  since  February  14th,  more  than  tliiitv 
vessels,  includini^  transports,  niail-steaniers,  and  ships 
of  the  s(juadron,  having  gathered  in  the  harhor  lor 
the  [)urpose.'"  The  last  of  the  Belgians  had  left  in 
January,  and  most  of  the  Austrians  followed,  only  a 
regiment  <»f  hussars  and  a  battalion  of  infantry  of 
the  latter  remaining  with  their  prince.'^ 

Bazaine  embarked  the  last  of  all,  on  ^Fareh  rJth, 
for  Toulon,  there  to  bear  the  brunt  t)f  popular  ill-will, 
which  had  been  slowly  ijfrowinijf  under  the  accumulat- 
ing  news  of  sterile  victories  and  wasted  millions,  till 
cap[)ed  by  the  humiliating  reasons  for  the  retreat,  and 
the  iiiLjlorious  circumstances  attending  it.  The  Lfov- 
ernment  sought  prudently  to  divert  attention  as  nnjch 
as  })ossible  from  itself  by  fostering  the  feeling  against 
the  marshal.  No  salutes  of  honor  were  accoided  to 
him,  and  he  retired  for  a  while  under  a  cloud,  silent  as 
beseeine-d  a  subject  to  his  sovereign;  yet  it  escaped 
not  attenti(»n  that  he  was  never  called  to  answer  tbr 
the  mi.sst('ps  imputed  to  him.*' 

Castelnau  returned  at  the  same  time  and  obtained 
l)romotion.     ])ano  remainetl  after  ^         lij:  in  Februarv 

adniirul  was  imlucod  to  ceile  .SO  quintals  of  pnwiU  j ,    .^aiiiKt  a  chock  for  l.V), 
OOOfcs,  'qui  ii'iijiiiimis  ett^  payee.'  L  Iiitcri'.  f'ruii^.,'Mfi.     ]{ii/.aiii»!  souglit  even 
to  jiroinotc  the  sale  of  a  not  very  ilesirahlu  j^unhoat,  but  failed.  Sec  his  letter 
to  tlio-  udiiiiral  of  .March  Ttii,  Krivtlrif,  Max.,  .'Uli  18. 

'"Castagiiy  icaclR'd  Oriwiha  with  the  last  troops  on  the  '21st  of  Fehruary. 
'J'iiey  were  spread  out  from  I'aso  del  Maeiio  to  Stpledad,  so  as  not  to  crowd 
tlie  port.  From  the  latter  place  they  were  brought  in  daily  l>y  railway,  up  to 
a  certjiin  hour,  ami  after  camping  (luring  the  night,  sent  on  hoard  before  '.) 
A.M.,  tliiiH  e,\[iosing  them  as  little  as  possible  to  risk  from  ft^ver.  Includim; 
three  vessels  which  in  the  ndddlu  of  I>ec.  and  .Ian.  took  about  3,(XK)  men. 
there  were  41  in  all  assisting  at  the  embarkation;  .'{  of  the  s<|uadron  received 
none  for  conveyance;  three  transports  took  mainly  war  stores,  one  was  sent  to 
New  Orleans,  two  received  merely  a  score  of  men,  but  the  rest  took  from  'JOO 
to  l.'J.'tO  each;  seven  were  mail  steamers  and  thirty  may  be  calleil  transjjorts. 
The  total  foice  end)arked  numbered  'JH,(i!U,  including  alumt  "J. !RH)  Aust.ro- Ikl- 
gians  and  Kit)  superior  otlioers.  See  tjible  in  A'ior,  AV/it'i/. ,  7<>l. 

"  IJotii  tlie  IJelgian  and  Austrian  ministers  having  opposed  their  stay,  a8 
I  have  shown.  See  also /'((/>.  !'((/•.,  cxxx.,  pt  ii.  p.  liS;  /iasrA,  i.  14M-4.  Salm 
Salni  sought  in  vain  to  enroll  Austrians;  but  Count  Kherenliiiller  succeeded 
in  forming  tiu3  hussars,  and  Haron  Hammcrstein  the  infantry,  botli  of  wliii  h 
rendered  good  service.  My  li'mry,  i.  15-  lU  Niox  places  tliein  at  4(K)  a^rd  'JtX) 
men  respectively.   Kx]»'ih,  70S-4. 

".Napoleon  had  certain  reasons  for  dissatisfaetion  with  him;  yet  he  was 
RWare  that  the  lilame  lay  almost  wholly  with  himselt. 


THE  EMPERvIR  WILL  Rl'.MAIN. 


•J»\9 


!irniii<;(Ml  that  tliu  custom-house  at  Vura  Cruz  should 
1k'  itst(»ru<i  to  the  Mexicans  for  a  iiioiithlv  |>avMK;iit 
i>r  {?J0,0()O,''  a  proposed  pittance  on  l)ohalf'  of  the 
scattered  Galhc  treasures,  whereof"  more  than  tliree 
hundred  million  francs  had  disappeared  in  expiiisi-s 
paid  l>v  tht;  government  <»f  France,  and  other  hundreds 
of  millions  had  been  })aid  hy  deluded  subscribers  to 
.NTexican  bonds,  not  to  mention  the  millions  of  unrecog- 
nized claims  and  of  losses  to  trade.'* 

On  reachin<^  the  capital  in  Jamiary  18(57,  Maximil- 
ian held  another  council  to  determine  whether  the 
empire  should  be  sustained.  Xeaily  twoscore  per- 
sons attended,  including  ministers,  councillors,  ecclesi- 
astics, and  army  men.  ]^azaine,  strange  to  say,  luul 
thought  it  best  to  respond  in  [)erson,  representing  tlu; 
tutilitv  of  continuini;  with  insutlicient  men  and  means 
the  sti'UiTule  aijainst  the  n^publicans,  whose  armies 
occupied  the  greater  part  of  the  country,  and  whosi; 
cause  was  sustainotl  by  most  of  the  people,  l^ut  his 
objections  were  overruled.  The  minister  of  war  spok<; 
alluringly  of  2(5,000  men  at  his  conimand,  and  after  a 
glib  enunuiration  of  pre ►vinces  still  declared  to  be  under 
imperial  control,  he  of  the  finance  department  gave 
tlie  assurance  thata  reveiuie  of  elevi-n  millions  could  l)e 
counted  U})on,asum  which  might  be  <loubled  twice  or 
tlii-ee  times  by  the  recovery  of  a  few  other  provinces. 
This    glowing    [)icture    failed    to    produce    any  gieat 


Ii..,l47,(»0();  lS«i7, '2:J,:<I0,IH)0.  Totui,  ;»(l;f,l.").'),000  fus,  of  whidi  -.'.n.iMHt.lJdO 
IKitiiiinil  ti)  till!  war  (lipailiiieiit,  I  l(l,S7;{,(KK)  to  the  iiiivy,  1 4,:it>-.'>iK>  to  tin- 
iri'iisiirj ,  In-siilrs  L't,(KK),(HK»  extras,  •_','_*.")(».(»()0  luaa  of  wa/slinvs,  ami  •_'lt,(MKt,- 
Oi  10  fur  return  cliai'gcs.  Against  tliese  sums  and  tliu  loans  l'"iain;('  rt'ci'iM'il 
only  (iL!'T'>,(KH),  Add  to  tliis  tiie  tlumwinds  of  lives  sairiliic(l  in  hatties  and 
liuspit  ds,  the  latter  Ijeing  plaeed  at  over  ."),(i(M(.  I'aynci  mentions  anioUL!  Ilie 
turns  jiaid  Ity  Mexico  §l,Oi;i,;i.~)H  for  ((uartering  Freneii  troops  and  oiluiex- 
peiiditurcH.  i'ldii/iin,  37i>-4<)8,  5'J1M»74,  73'<-40.  Figures  vary  sonie«hal  as 
given  ill  Xioj;  7<i.'J-4;  An.  Eron.  Polil.,  1S";S;  Diur.  (t/ir.,  Aug.  17,  Istit!; 
''•iiistihirioiinl,  Jan.  28  it,  Keb.  8,  Mar.  2,  ISUb,  with  uUusiun  to  u  pressure 
ou  Fiuuct)  fur  Jucker'a  cluiui, 


270 


DEPARTURE  OF  THE  FRENCH. 


eiitliusiasin,  Ijowcvur.  On  takin<^  th»'  vote  tlio  empire 
was  uphold,  but  by  a  u«)t  very  du«M<lc(l  exprossU)u  ot' 
contideiioo.'' 

Miixiiniliari  acceptod.  If  doceivod,  as  his  syuipa- 
thi/trs  Iijistoiiod  to  avow,  ho  must  have  l)ooii  blind 
indoojl.  The  truth  is,  that  prido  and  fanciod  lionor 
bade  iiini  stay.  Ho  could  less  afford  to  reeedo  now 
than  after  the  conference  at  Orizaba.  A  proof  of  his 
niisorablo  (;ondition  came  at  once  in  the  desporato 
ert'ort  recpiirod  to  collect  a  forced  loan  of  a  million. 
Oidy  a  part  of  the  sum  was  obtained,  and  a  <'ontril)u- 
tion  of  ono  percent  had  to  bo  iniixwed.'*^  ( )n  the 
other  hand,  came  news  that  Miramon  had  trium- 
phantly penetrated  to  the  capital  of  Zacitocas,  and  had 
nearly  succoeded  in  ca])tufing  Juarez.*^ 

Exultation  was  speedily  cheeked,  however.  Mira- 
mon did  not  propose  to  advance  faithor  in  this  direc- 
tion with   his  present  force.      Satisfied  with  a  forced 

'*Am<mn  tliu  incmlHirs  present  were  the  arclihiHlinpaiul  tlio  prcliitc  of  Siiii 
Luia  I'otO'ii.  TIrtu  were  'Mi  in  all,  uf  wlium  a  liaru  majority  Hust.iiiu'il  ihu 
empire,  yet  not  without  some  wavering;  the  rest  eitlu-i' alKstfiineil  from  \ntiiii; 
or  declared  for  alxlioatiuii.  Kemeuil)tiring  that  the  eoiincil  was  lonipnsi  il 
almost  wlioily  of  friends  of  tlie  ministry,  whose  interest  it  was  to  uphold  tlie 
empire  at  any  price,  the  value  of  the  vote  is  ohvious.  Manpie/ siiid  thtie 
were  enough  men  and  means  to  eoutinue  the  tight;  the  present  aspect  was  hut 
a  phase  of  ci\il  war.  Cortes  y  Ks|)arza  asked  pertinently  where  the  eleven 
millions  could  be  found,  and  whether  the  'J(J,(KH)  men  were  soldiei's  or  only 
armed  men.  A;!uiri'u  declared  that  men  could  be  levied  and  money  extortcil. 
Marin  niaintiiinrd  that  the  country  really  ilesired  imperial  lule.  lia/aiiLc 
intimated  tiiat  he  had  found  it  different,  ami  impossil)le  to  gain  the  end  in 
view  with  the  superior  forces  at  his  command.  The  t\M>  prelates  would  n')t 
express  an  opinion  on  a  point  involving  civil  war.  Moth  Ivivcra,  Hi^i.  Jul., 
V.  7U:{,  and  jtoiuenech.  /li.-it.  Mix.,  iii.  411,  intimate  a  vote  in  the  atlirniativc 
of  two  thirds.  'l"he  /^rr  Xoiiri'llc,  ,Ian.  18,  KS(»7,  etc.,  after  a  full  aecoiint  "i 
the  proceedings,  phices  the  athrnuttive,  against  any  change,  at  '2't.  I.ii  Suru 
dwl  gives  the  opposing  v(jte  at  only  4  or  .">;  ( 'ninhifi  avoids  figures.  Ki'iatry, 
28!>,  assumes  that  4  only  opjtosed  the  empire.  See  also  l^rirnr,  />(»•.,  ij.  ;{(>_'- 
3.  hijitro  I'liv/f,  .Ian.  17th,  quotes  brieHy  other  journals.  .Vrrangoiz,  iv.  "J."!'.' 
8,  is  iion-connnittal,  and  wastes  his  jmges  on  a  vnpid  speech  of  .\rango. 
'Mismo  dictiimen,'  is  Maximilian's  comments  on  the  residt.    It'i.tih,  i.  Hi.'). 

'"The  foreign  represt^ntatives  protested  in  vain,  and  alluded  to  the  struL,'- 
gle  as  v:un.  Se<^  conunents  in  Coimfittn  iDiiul,  |)ci'.  '20,  IS(I7.  The  tinanic 
measures  proiMtscd  at  Oriaiba,  as  enumerated  by  Jlnsrli,  i.  I.'IO-  7,  remained  in 
alieyanee. 

^' On  .Ian.  '27.  ISfiT.  Oov.  Auza  was  not  suHiciently  strong  to  resist  tin 
2, ")()()  men  of  Mii'amon,  including  S.'iO  Frenchmen,  an<l  beat  a  retreat,  covcriiiL; 
the  escape  of  .luarez.  Republicans  claim  an  ordci'ly  retreat  with  artillery. 
Eitrelln  ill'  (f'l-iif.,  N[arch  1,  1867.  Not  so  im]ierialists.  Salm-Salm,  h'mni. 
i.  3.'M),  speaks  of  Frttnch  excesses.  .\  large  coiitriliation  was  exacted.  .X^ua.s- 
Cttlituite«t  hail  yiuidud  witliuut  lUHUUiUcc.  (JuunUti,  JJisl,  A-jkus.,  '61o, 


DKFEAT  OF  MIRAMON. 


271 


contribution  and  the  supposed  diversion  created  ainon;ur 
the  n'puhlicans,  he  retired  to  join  Castillo,  who  Iwul 
made  a  iiiuvcinent  t<nvard  San  Luis  Potosi'.'"*  Unfor- 
tunately tor  him,  Kseohedo,  eonnnanding  the  re[>uMi- 
caii  army  of  the  north,  divined  his  intiMitioiis  and 
intereepted  him  at  San  Jaeinto  on  the  1st  of  Fi'hiuaiv, 
iittaeking  with  a  skill  and  determination  that  led  to  a 
complete  rout.  Eseohedo  stained  his  achievement  with 
tlie  wanton  execution  of  a  vast  numher  of  })ris()iu'is, 
iiotahly  a  hundred  French  soldien-."  Miramon  ar- 
iaiii;'ed  to  join  Castill(»  with  a  few  followers  and  t(»ok 
ict'uge  in  Queretaro.  (xuanajuato  had  already  fallen."" 
Morelia  followed  in  the  erash,^'an(l  now  fntm  Michoa- 
can  northward  to  the  Ijorders  of  San  J^uis  l^otosi  the 
iiii[»eiialists  fell  hack  to  Querdtaro,  where  the  fortunes 
of  the  em[tire  were  to  be  decided. 

In  ordi-r  to  counteract  the  discourau^ing  effect  of 
Miramon's  defeat  and  other  disasters,  Maximilian  was 
[»ersuatlt!tl  to  place  liimself  at  the  heail  of  the  army,  a 

"Yet  it  1ms  hoen  gimerally  assumed  tliat  tin?  news  of  approaoliiiig  tnxipt 
Inl  Miiainoii  to  retire.      Hi-  woulil  have  bi'eii  eiit  otl"  li:iil  lie  lem.iiiuMl. 

'"Till!  liliimo  for  this  was  widely  laid  on  ba/.iiiii!  Iiccause  ot  his  recall  of 
Fieiich  soldiers  who  had  enlisted  under  Maximilian,  depri'  int;  of  l-'rench  pro- 
tei!tion  those  who  remained.  KsoolH.'do  exinises  himself  partly  hj'  jMuiiting 
to  eNeessi's  by  these  men  at  Zaoatecas.  Arin.'<,  /tixiiiu,  lit  IS,  .S.V2.  Iii  this 
Work  is  given  a.  plan  of  the  Uittle,  Saim-Salni  ^'ives  ;in  elaliorate  aeeount  of 
lueillessenieltit's  attending  the  exeeuiion.  Diitri/,  i.  .'}7-S.  Miramon's  hrother 
.lii^n'iuin  Was  sliot,  though  half  dead  with  wounds.  The  general  had  nut 
c  oiiiittd  on  the  improved  ili.seipline  of  the  re]>iil(liean8.  His  own  men  weie 
partly  i;n pressed,  and  many  showed  signs  of  <lefi'ction;  70()  of  them  were  in- 
eiirporated  with  the  vietorions  army.  Dim:  Iiiii>.,  Feh.  (i,  IH,  18tM),  ete.; 
h'<iri/!ii,  Cos,  etc.  '  (S"  regiment  do  cavalerie)  (pii  trahit,'  bought  hy  EseoiH-'do. 
h'Ut-rinuUt,  Mi.e.,  lOo-ti;  Anlliiiio,  Ult.  //omx,  '24  8. 

"'(Japtured  .Ian.  "JOth  hy  Antillon  and  Kineon,  l.ieeaira  escaping  with  a 
renm.iiit  of  his  (>0()  or  80()  men  to  Queretaro.  The  prisoners  are  \arionsly 
^;i\enat  from  l.')0to400.  Hxtnlla  ilf  Orrii/.,  .Mar.  I,  iSiiT.  ''te.  (ien.  (in/m.iii 
u  as  the  new  .luarist  governor.  Arids,  h'cti'ni,  l(K{  7,  II-.  Herrera  attaeki  d 
•  'i.stillo  on  the  way  at  l.ia  C^uemada,  and  was  defeated  -an  inijirndenee  hy 
wliieli  Kscolinlo  failed  to  intercept  the  latter,  and  then  capture  t^uert^taro 
ere  .succor  eanie.    fil.,  I'i'J. 

■^'Corona  had  com|Hilled  (,'lmcon  to  evacuate  Colima  l>y  lionorahle  capitula- 
tion Fe  I  >.  1st.  The  ."iOO  men  chosen  to  accompany  Chacon  to  the  nearest  im- 
peiial  army  desertiul.  In  Michoacau  K(5gules  had  in  .Ijin.  made  I'at/cuaio 
his  headipiarters  aiul  begun  to  encircle  Morelia  after  taking  Zamora,  w  heieupon 
Menilez  thought  it  better  to  mass  his  troops  with  these  collecting  at  Queretaro, 
iiitluenced  by  the  defeat  of  .Miramon.  He  left  Feb.  \'At\\  with  nearly  4,0 '0 
ui.u.  /A»/(.s,"V"'''''-. 'Jet  seij.;  EiUrellade  OiU.,  Mav.  IJ,'2'2,'2\\  1807;  Dint. 
I  mi,.,  Feb.  I'O,  etc. 


i^ 


272 


DEPARTURE  OF  TUE  FREN'CII. 


step  proper  oii()u<,di  iiii(ler  the  circuin^itances,  altlioiiLrli 
jtrouijitod  1)}'  tlio  ministry  partly  with  a  view  of  re- 
moving liiiii  to  a  distance,  and  drawing  Jiis  attention 
from  tliciu  and  their  assumed  task  of  providing  re- 
sources. -  The  em[)eror  accordingly  set  out  on  the 
13th  of  Fel)ruary  with  1,(500  men  and  twelve  cannon, 
the  Austriaiis  heing  left  behind  for  political  reasons,' 
and  to  assist  in  holding  the  capital,  which  was  deemed 
of  vital  im])ortance.'*'*  Minister  Aguirrc,  ^[iinjue/,, 
and  the  traitor  Lopez  were  among  the  party.  Tin; 
campaign  fund  scraped  together  for  the  occasion  with 
gieat  trouhle  amounted  to  .SjO,000 — a  muniHcent  simi, 
truly,  with  which  to  sustain  the  impatient  army  wait- 
ing at  Queretai'o!  .Vnd  yet  the  ministers  continucti 
to  hold  U[)  the  golden  prospects  disjilayed  at  the  late 
conference. 

Lares  remained,  with  his  s<»mewhat  leconstructcd 
cabinet,-''*  in  charge  of  alfairs,  the  defense  of  the  city 
being  intrusted  to  (jrem^ral  Tavera,  late  minister  of 
war,  aided  by  Oiloran  as  ])refect.  To  this  end  the 
troo})S    in    Cuernavaca,   Toluca,    and    other    (»utlying 

'■^  llnsoti  jTliovr.t  Fischer  and  Baron  Majjinis  from  tl»c  charpc  of  liaving  in- 
flili'iR'cil  llii;  sttip,  l)ut  cast.s  tliu  lilaiiiu  especially  on  the  '  plvittiuj,' '  .M;ii<|Uez. 
Si(  do  Arelhuio,  b'lt.,  J/uni-',  '2~,  I'eza,  Max.,  IS-ID,  and  otiiei'.s;  yet  .Miin|iie/, 
(liHulaiiMH  .'iiiy  iiand  therein.  I'lj'itt.,  'J8-9.  Oiiu  of  iii.s  motives  is  Maid  ti)  ha\e 
hteu  a  desire  for  Miranion's  loss  of  independent  eonniiand.  l<aeun/.:i,  pri.-s- 
idi'nt  of  the  council,  and  many  leading  i)eoplo  oi)jccted.  Arramiu'r.,  M^'j.,  iv. 
'.'4<J--.(). 

^■'To  kUow  tii;it  he  now  relied  wholly  on  national  jirnis.  r>a.si'li,  who  is 
nonicwhat  \iiireasoiialile  on  these  jtoints,  accnsea  tho  nunistry  of  seekinj,' the 
Austriuns  lor  their  own  protection.  The  best  among  the  troo])s  wen:  tliu 
nninieipal  gu.-irds,  containing  a  slight  sprinkling  of  Austri;in.s;  iialf  were  un- 
relialile  lecniits.    /'<  \ii  ij  /'nulil/o,  Jlcu;.,  20,  gives  a  list  of  Maxindliau's  force. 

'■"  Fori'ii,'n  repress  iitativi.s,  said  the  ministry,  would  not  recogni/e  the 
government  iinlcss  it  held  tliu  eapitjil.  Miir<iii<z,  I'lj'iit.,  'X\.  ]juseli,  J.'riiui., 
i.  r)4  -■">,  and  otliers  lilauie  MariiueiS  severely  for  letting  tiie  emperor  depai  t, 
M  »  poorly  provided. 

'■•At  the  opening  of  the  year  it  stood  as  follows:  Lares,  minister  of  jiistioo 
and  president;  M;r.i;i,  goliernaeion;  Mier  y  Teran,  fomento;  IVredii,  in 
charge  of  fonign  jill:dis;  Agiiirie,  judilic  instruction  and  woishiji;  t'anipo-i 
in  charge  of  linames,  and  T.  .Mui'pliy  of  war.  After  tlie  decision  of  .Inn. 
14th,  several  conniillois  resigned,  and  now  Murphy  received  the  foreign  poit- 
folio,  .Sanchez  N:ivairo,  the  rich  land-owner,  hecame  nnnister  of  the  liou^i' 
liolil,  and  ( icn.  rortilla  figures  afti'r  this  as  war  nnnister.  Fischer,  who  li.c I 
replaced  I'ierron  in  tiie  private  cahinet,  sfaiyed  at  Mexico,  widle  lianiirc/. 
Kscu<lero,  Itoliles,  and  others  lutsteiied  to  leave  the  country,  in  view  of  the 
impending  crash.  See -l/v«((;/o(;,  M(J.,  iv.  209-i!8,  23l>,  284;  Doniemrh,  Hi-'t. 
Mtx.,  iii.  412. 


AT  QUERE'lARO. 


273 


pniiils  were  withdrawn,  •jfiviiiu^  them  a  L^arrisoii  of 
J. 000  iiicii,  wliicli  (.'ould  ho  f^wolk'd  hy  I'lirthiT  iiiipross- 
iiKiit.  L'uchla  had  liaH'tliat  iiuinhcr,  uiidor  tliu  a^^'il 
Xoriega,  and  aiiotlicr  forco  stood  locked  up  at  A'cra 
Cruz  and  in  Yucatan. 

^faxiniihan  readied  Qucrctaro  on  tlic  IDtli,  and 
was  received  with  tlio  enthusiasm  to  bo  expected  iVom 
one  of  the  stanchest  of  imperial  cities,  an<l  witlud  of 


1  ■  ■^^-...-rr<riN^«rk^ 


■^i^^Mfr 


1.  I'al.ico.  ' 

3.  1'  III  -iittluCajiiichi 

I.  ll"V>tItUlt;Mi>.  ~-.^^»'         /  «.,.>-^-  j( 

h.illllnr.  ^     \    ^""*"°*-      ..— ■ 

7.  ft:»n  s-liaiftlaa.  j^  Vi 


f  OKhanL 


Plan  ok  yi  kuktauo. 

stroH!^  clerical  proclivities.^"  The  vicissitudes  of  war 
had  restricted  him  to  tliis  sj>ot  as  tlie  most  northerly 
rendezvous  and  hoad(iuarters,  although  a  better  one 

"^  His  ])arty  had  two  skirmislics  on  tlic  way,  ono  witli  Ti'af,'o.so.  ni'ar  Cuau- 
titl.iM,  tlu:  otlitT  near  Calpulalpaii,  in  l)(jtli  of  wliioh  iMaxiiniliau  ficily  t'X- 
Jiisi'l  liiinsrlf  to  (lansfcr.  Miranion  ami  otlior  gcnoials  came  forth  to  meet 
Iniii  at  (^lucn'taro,  nntl  tho  city  appeareil  in  gahi  attire.  l)iiring  tlie  iciijition 
ccreiiKinies  (ien.  Escobar  closed  liissiieecli  with  tlie  declaration  that  posterity 
voiilil  inid()iil)tedly  Ijcstow  upon  tlio  emperor  the  gh)rio\is  title  of  Maximilian 
tlie  Great,  liaxvh,  ii.  2.  Sahn-.Sahn  observes  that  Muxiiniliuu's  liorse  stum- 
bled on  entering  the  place — omen  enough  to  settle  his  fate. 
.   Uiax.  Mes.,  Vol..  VI.    18 


27 1 


DKPARTURE  OF  THE  FREN'CII. 


niiglit  li.ivo  boon  found.  Tlio  }»lacu  was  )>icturesrjiic, 
Iviiii;  within  a  narrow  vallov,  on  the  soutiicrn  l»anks 
of  the  Kio  Hhmco,  forinin|Lif  a  (jiiadran^lo  of  Ikmiscs 
about  8,000  foot  in  leni^'th  ))y  4,000  in  breadth,  freely 
iiitt!rs[»crs('d  with  consjiieuous  ehun^lies,  chapels,  coii- 
vt'iits,  and  a  nundier  of  other  fine  edifices  with  jifar- 
dens.  Jtwas  not  only  the  capital  of  tlie  state  bcjuju.;- 
the  same  name,  but  one  of  the  leadiiiLj  )nanufacturiii^- 
places  in  tlit!  country,  (»wing  partly  to  its  water  jiowi  i ; 
an<l  it  sustaini-'d  a  population  of  nearly  40,000  souls. 
For  straten'ie  purposes,  however,  the  situation  was 
bad;  for  hills  conunanded  it  in  every  direction,  and 
the  river  was  fordable  at  more  than  one  place."' 

A  few  days  after  their  arrival  a  review  of  tlio 
troops  was  hehl,  showiujL^  1),000  men  with  31)  cannon, 
includiiiLj  about  GOO  Frenchmen."'*  !Miramou  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  infantry,  of  which  Castillo 
and  Casanova  received  each  a  division,  ^Icndez  assum- 
ing command  of  the  reserve  bri<^ade>  in  which  J^opt  / 
served  as  colonel.  ^lejia  became  chief  of  the  cavaliy, 
lieyes  of  en<dneers,  and  Arellano  of  the  artillerv.  To 
^^al•(jue/.,  chief  of  the  general  staff,  was  accorded  the 
Ibremost  place,  greatly  to  the  anger  of  !Nriramon.'' 
Although  a  large  portion  of  the  tr(»ops  consisted  of  raw 
and  not  very  devoted  recruits,   forcibly  enrolled,  yet 

■'''  A  Rtvikiiij;  feature  was  tiio  massive  aqueduct  entering  tlic  eastern  Uoi'Ur. 
On  tlio  niitlicrn  li.ink  liiy  the  sulnu'h  San  Luis,  itti  gardens  riiiing  on  tiic  slo|ii  s 
(if  tlie  range.  I'"cir  jilan  witli  military  positions,  see  J/«((v,  JUxiiia,  \'J-.  It 
once  l>ore  tiie  term  'Ciuilad  levitica,'  for  its  cliureh  ten<iencies. 

""  D'Hi'ricault  doulits  if  tliunund>er  mueli  exceeded  r)0«).  Mux.,  1 1'J.  Siiliii- 
Salm  iilisurdly  intimates  that  'not  less  tiian  (>,(K)0'  deserted  from  Uayaiiu  i 
rinks  hefiiro  lie  readied  Vera  Cruz.  J>i(tnj,\.  Vd,  A'l.  Tiio  best  Mexican  in- 
fantry is  said  hy  iiim  to  have  been  tlio  veterans  of  Mendez,  and  of  tiiecavahy, 
tiio  men  wlio  serv.'d  under  Vidaurri  when  he  opposed  tiio  other  pattiis, 
I'oza,  Mux.,  'J!),  declares  tiie  Empress  and  5tli  tiio  best.  For  details  of 
Mendez'  fore(!s,  see  llaiin,  Qiicriit.,  14  et  seq. 

'•*It  was  even  announced  in  tlio  council  of  Feb.  '2'id  that  Marqnez  slioul'l 
he  the  geiieral-in-cliief.  Miramon  mat lo  several  remonstrances  against  I'liu,' 
fiulwrdinate  to  Manpiez,  as  he  had  bee  i  president  of  the  republic,  and  supe- 
rior to  Manpiez  also  in  the  army;  yet  ho  had.  served  under  the  latter  bclin'. 
Trouble  was  avoided  by  Maximilian  lOntaiaing  to  act  as  chief  of  the  aimy. 
Art'llniio,  Ultimnit  Horns,  3.H-7;  M  irqitrz,  liij'ut.,  38-4.'»;  /V;a  //  /'nnli'io, 
M(u:,  '25  et  seq.,  give  a  roster,  slioiving  oHicers  cuminanding  battalions  and 
regiments,  and  contradict  Salm-^alm's  version.  They  rate  Manpicz  ai 
(luartermustur-gcueral.     Cuaauu\T.  was  suuii  removed  for  iuetticicucy. 


MIRAMON,  MARQUEZ,  MEJtA,  AND  MRXDKZ. 


275 


ns  a  wliolo  tlioy  presented  a  fair  average  en<)U!^h,cveii 
jiiiums^  tlic  otticcrs,  though  too  miinerous,  and  of  whoso 
ahility  Sahu-Sahii  and  otlior  foreigners  si>eak  fslight- 
in^dy 

The  bravo  and  dasliing  Miranion,  handsome  in  face, 
with  mustaelie  and  imperial,  and  with  a  oarer-r  ahnost 
uii<<|Ualh'd  for  hrillianey  at  so  early  an  age,  for  lie  was 
(Uily  in  the  middle  of  the  thirties,  made  a  good  iin- 
]>irssi(>n  ;  but  his  military  scienee  was  indiftereiit.  So 
thi'V  said  was  that  of  Marquez,  a  keen-eyed  little 
fcllnw,  with  sinister,  swarthy  fare  and  full  beard,  and 
known  for  his  cruelty  as  the  Alva  of  Mexico.  The 
loyal  Mejia  was  a  tawny,  unprei)ossessing  Indian, 
w  ith  high  cheek-bones  and  an  enormous  mouth,  sur- 
iui»inited  by  scanty  bristles.  He  was  a  god  among 
the  natives  of  the  adjoining  Sierra  Gorda,  who  called 
him  bv  the  endearing  name  of  Don  Tomasito.  ^ren- 
drA  was  also  classed  as  an  Indian.  He  was  jdump 
and  rather  handsome,  devoted  to  the  emperor  and 
beloved  by  his  soldiers,  yet  not  free  from  cruelty. 
Unimposing  in  stature  but  daring  in  character,  these 
UK  11  formed  with  Maximilian  the  so-called  five  magic 
M's  of  the  empire.^  The  only  soldier  of  acknowl- 
edged education  was  Severo  Castillo,  a  thin,  delicate 
man,  ahnost  deaf,  cool  in  battle,  and  the  best  strategist 
among  the  Mexican  generals.  Good  in  his  line  was 
also  the  artillerist  Arellano,  a  dark  young  man,  agree- 
ahlo  and  well  educated.  The  most  distinguished-look- 
ing of  them  all  was  Minister  Aguirre,  stanch  and 
well-meaning,  with  a  bent  for  religion.  Their  devo- 
tion to  the  emperor  was  not  doubted,  save  in  the  case 
cf  ^liramon,  who  stood  suspected  of  ambitious  ))lans 


31 


'"  Bn-ich,  i.  176.  Maximilian  hail  nicknames  for  all,  partly  to  avoid  nttcr- 
vnn  iiiiinos.  Miramon  was  known  as  the  young  general;  Mejia,  as  tlie  little 
<lai'k  Olio;  Mendez,  as  the  little  stout  one,  etc.  Snlm-Salm,  i.  r24.  Arias 
>[ic;iks  liigiily  of  Mejia's  military  talent,  of  Mendez  as  a  rmle,  severe  solilior, 
and  of  Marquez  as  ferocious  and  persevering.  lienrila,  107-8.  See  also  Lej'rrir, 
I >■'<•.,  i.  .S!)8--403.  Peza,  13,  objects  to  Saliu's  statement  that  Marqucz  tiguicd 
list  u.H  an  organizer  of  troops. 

"  Maximilian  is  also  said  to  have  remarked  at  this  time  that  MiramoQ 
iietdcd  watching.  D'lUrkault,  Max.,  114. 


•270 


DEPAKTURK  OF  THE  FRENCH. 


It  was  (locideil  to  (k'niiiiid  fiom  ^[t'xic'(»  all  tlir  fdr- 
cij^ni  tfoop.s,  t<»t,^('tlu;r  with  war  matfrial,  aiiiltuiiiiM'i^, 
and  iiioiioy;  l»ut  no  n's|M»ii.si;  was  niiidt!  to  tlu.'  a]>|»tal. 
The  ministry  appcaictl  intt-nt  on  kLcpinLj  cvcrvtliiiiL,'' 
for  its  own  cn<ls  and  safety."''"  Maximilian  fnuud  it 
necessary  to  roly  on  himself,  and  appointed  asniinisUi- 
of  finance  and  war  the  e-xperit-nci-d  X'idanrri,  a  iitnk 
man  of  Vani\ee-lookinsjf  exterior,  ai»(»ut  sixty  y(•al■>^  <it" 
a«(e,  who  had  acMjuired  fame  as  the  liberal  ruKr  i>[ 
New  Jjeon,  which  he  for  a  time  maintained  uhiiM>t 
inde|iendent.  Forced  loans  were  levied  with  ((nn- 
j>aratively  little  trouble,  and  the  troops  ke[>t  in  mxid 


iinnor 


This  feelinur  was  j^^reatly  promoted  by  the  conduct 
of  ]Maxiniilian,  who  «jave  his  |>ersonal  attentinn  to 
almost  every  detail,  min'jlini;  freelv  w  ith  the  soldins 
and  citizens,  in  plain  uniform  (jr  national  i^arb,  oftiii 
joinin^^  the  crowd,  accei)tinL,^  a  li^ht  for  his  ci^-ar,  and 
liviny  like  a  ))oor  olKcer  in  two  simi)le  moms,  lb' 
eni(»ved  walkim;  unattended  in  the  alameda,  and  ciuiM 
hii  si-en  in  the  evenin<^s  at  a  uame   of  skittles. 


coohu'ss  uiu 


ler  ti 


re  exc 


ited  <; 


fenera 


1  ad 


miratidu. 


11 
J I 


IS 

is 


commandini.;"  stature,  an<l  the  never-absent  lield-^lass, 
remlered  him  ajipai'ent  to  the  f<»e,  and  in  making  liis 
tour  of  inspection  he  became  a  target  for  their  shots.-*^ 

In  the  first  council  held  on  the  '2'2d  of  February,  it 
had  been  api)arently  agreed  to  set  forth  and  tight  the 
approaching  republicans  in  detail,  before  they  shoulil 
by  combining  prove  too  strong.  This  admirable  reso- 
lution, which  might  have  given  victory  to  imperial 
arms,  and  achieved  the  conciliation  })roject  of  ^laxi- 
milian,  was  not  acted  upon,  evidently  by  advice  of  tlie 


"  The  only  remittance  matle  was  a  paltry  ?1 0,000.  Maximilian  rcsorvnl 
for  tlic  civil  list  only  §10,000  a  niontli.  SalniSaliu,  ii.  4!).  An  otler  was  iiiailo 
to  send  cannon,  etc.,  but  on  condition  that  troojw  from  Querctaro  advamo 
half-way  to  receive  them. 

"  Vicli  finde  in  dcr  Kriegsfiihrung  eincn  gro.ssrn  Reiz,'  writes  lie  to  a  fririi  1. 
JidKch,  ii.  7-,  24-5,  95-G.  He  attended  tiie  hospitals  to  soothe  the  sick,  and 
personally  inquired  into  the  comforts  of  the  soldiers. 


IN  TlIK  MOUSE  TRAP. 


277 


.'ill-Iiifl'U'iitial  ^rar»|n«'z.  His  roasons  aro  Tn»t  i,nv<ii. 
Ill  case  of  (Icfral,  (^)uurotan>  would  still  liavt.'  sitvcmI  ms 
a  ii  Ing*'."'  -.\ii(l  so  tin;  |)rocious  inniiu'iits  wvw  al- 
li>\V(.'(.l  to  glide  liy,  tin;  iiM|H'rialists  passivi-ly  waitiii 


till  the  Jnaiist  lorct's  liad  conic  Uj>  and  iiivi-stcd  tin; 
]ilaco  with  liiirs  and  Uatti'iics,  slnittiiin'  tlinii  up  in 
llicir  luoust'-tra]),  as  tlic  cniiHTor  not  ina]itly  Ix'^'aii  to 
ti-rni  it.  Now,  wlifu  the  dispiriting,^  iW'ri-i  ol'  a  sic^o 
III  Man  to  1)0  felt,  Mar([Uoz  roooiniui'udcd  that  tiny 
should  ovacuatc  tlio  <'ity,  heat  a  irtinat  to  Mexit  o, 
and  thero  with  all  availahh;  forces  delivr  hattle  to  the 
united  repuhlican  ainiies  an«l  settle  the  <piestion  at 
eiir  cast  'J'his  advice  was  not  acted  upon,  paitly 
(i\\  ill!,''  to  tliu  (It'inoralizinLj  inthieiice  ol'  a  retreat  and 
till-  dan_L,fei-  of  assault  IVoin  tln'  i;rowinij  masses  of 
pmsuers,  who  already  nunihei'ed  •J.'),()()()  het'ore  (^)uerc- 
taro  alono,  includiii^-  nearly  a  third  of  cavalry,  not  to 
mention  the  laro'e  forces  which  J)ia/.  and  other  leaders 
could  hrini;  against  tin;  rear."' 

On  ]\ [arch  .Mh  the  repuhlican   forces  app(^ared  he- 
f'lrc  (^ueretaro,  and  hegan  to  occupy  positions, at  fn  «t 
!'•'  the   south   and  west   liui;,  extendinLi'    lati-r  east 


aio 


and  north,  as  additi<»nal  troo}»s  arrive<l,  and  pi'otectod 
hv  the  hatteries  estahlished  on  the  surroundinij'  hills. 


hi'V  eini)race(. 


d  tl 


le  army  o 


ftl 


th 


lu  north  un< 


der  T 


lovino. 


"  Itans,  IViscli,  Salni-Siilni,  ,iii<l  others,  nil  coinliiiu"  in  IdniiiiiiL'  Miiic|ii(v. 
fur  tliis  iK'gU'ot.  'I'lit^  niiaiTil  tlicii  rising  iK'twccii  liiiii  .•iiid  Miruimm  is  mi|)- 
jMi.sid  liy  sonic  til  iifivc  I'oiitriliMtfd  t<i  it;  yet  the  lattii'  in  siil).s((|M(nt  I'uiin.-ii 
openly  I'hargi'H  Marc|u<'/  witii  tlio  soli'  iis[)oiisiliility,  an>l  no  satisfacloiy  cx- 
cu.so  was  tfrnlcri'il.  Anllmio,  41  -I5;  /lii^'/i^  u,  ;">(!.  A  K'ttcr  si^iUMl  sonn  \^  hat 
latiT  Ity  till!  leailiiig  ^'cniTals  contiini  Miraniou's  fhiirgf,  ami  this  Arias,  /'>  ■ 
S'iifi,  'Jj,'),  also  pnlilishus. 

'■'■'  Marc|niz,  who  rlaiins  this  as  a  liriiliant  [ilan,  uxpi'i-tcl  to  ha\c  17,<'li()  to 
■JO.(HM>  nun  on  leaching  Mexico.  Hi'  assumes  that  Mejia  and  Arellano  aJMiii- 
(ijHin;(  d  it,  tile  lalttT  seeretly.  Meji'a  urged  that  in  ease  of  a  letieat,  artil- 
Kiy  and  euniliioiis  liaggage  slioiild  lie  aliandoiied,  and  a  mountain  route  taken. 
Viii:iurri  helievi'd  tiiat  Monterey  \\i>nld  oiler  lntter  advantages  than  Mexieo 
f<,r  ohlaining  men  and  means,  /,'ri'iit.,  'u<  fS.  .Maximilian  lutterreil  to  gather 
fiintidenee  and  try  the  foe  hy  a  serie.s  of  sorties.  AnlhuKi,  I'ltiiiiiis  //onix,  4!). 
.Maii|Uez  this  time  rihjeeted  in  vain,  says  Ifans,  \hh  /•.,  CiS,  \idaurri's  ]iiii|iosa! 
ftr  a  eamiirigii  in  the  north  had  found  iitteranee  aliiNidy  on  th<!  way  to  <,>iier(''- 
taro.  in  a  proelamaticn  l>y  Maximilian  to  his  army,  wherein  he  aisoailiided  to 
tile  iiis|iiiing  sen.sc  of  lieing  freed  fi'oni  foreign  |)ressnre,  and  of  lieiiig  ahle  to 
lift  liigii  their  liunner,  Amuoji/K,  M>J.,  iv.  '2oO — retlcctions  hy  no  means  [  leas- 
ing to  thu  Fruucli. 


278 


OEPAKTURE  OF  TUE  FUENCII. 


to  wliotti  Escnljcdo  luul  ruliii(|uislie(l  tlic  iiunu!<liat<' 
coiiiiiiiiii(l,  tlio  Jinny  of  tlie  west  under  Corona,  .tml 
tliu  army  of  tlio  centre  under  Kdy^ules  and  Uiva  I'u- 
lacit*,'"  the  latter  l>ein<^  anion;^  lator  aiiivals. 

VVitli  clie  u.sual  niixturo  of  veteran.s  and  liastily 
drilled  and  ininn.fssed  recruits,  and  a  sprinkliny^ol"  foi- 
t'ii^niers,  notably  Americans,  these  forces  i)resentt  d  as 
fail'  an  average  as  those  o\'  the  imperialists,  ulioin 
they  exceeded  in  nuud>er  l>y  nearly  two  to  one,  ahiady 
at  the  outset.*"  The  n«>rthern  armv  was  the  last  in 
()rL,'ani/ation,  and  the  trcx^js  from  Sinaloa  excelled  in 
good  arms,  while  those  from  Alichoacan  appeared  tho 
most  neglei-ted  tif  all,  although  infused  with  the  in- 
dtnnituhle  spirit  of  their  energetic  leader,  Kegules.'"* 

'"Trovino  li.iil  two  infantry  divisions  iindiT  Ruclwi  y  Arcc,  ami  a  lnivr  limly 
of  caviilry  iiiulir  Amiini!.  A  tiiinl  )livi»iiiu  umlcr  Aninclii  w.m  iilacoil  with 
(iti'Diiii,  wiio  tilso  ciiiiti'olk'il  tlie  Sinuldii  iliviNloii  iiiiik'i  Ve;;a,  tiiat  ol'  .l,ili.sc'ii 
uiulti-  ManiR'I  MarcjUf/,  ami  IU'i;ulii8'  Michuacaii  foiccH,   Arias,  /'(m  /in,  \'>]  (i. 

" 'I'ln!  I'stimutrs  vary  ii'oin  l.'>,000ti>  18, (HK).  Aitlioiijjli  this  iiinnl>or  whs 
iiKiri'  than  iloiildctl  iu  the  oniMoof  tiiu  sic;,'!;,  yet  ili'.scition  ami  withdrawal 
riduffd  it  to  ftliont  .'{•J.IMJO  liy  tin;  t'loHc,  with  100  lainion.    H'ni.-i,  (^m  r.,  8;i. 

*•  Haii«  intiiiiati'H  thiit  tin-  cavalry  was  iinixming  cliiclly  in  ntinilx'r;  Imt 
tills  cxiircswion  may  in;  dtiu  to  liie  gi'iicral  fwlinj;  of  cuntcnipt  whirh  oiii'  «iili; 
Sought  to  infu.sea^;ainst  tiieotiu:r.  Salni-Salm,  i>inri/,  i.  lOS,  'Jd,')  (i,  s|M-aks(if 
nialtrfiitni(;iit  and  la'gliiut  atnon<4  tlio  rciaililicans,  as  i'(,'i>()rti'il  by  thu  uil'ii. 
'I'livy  r<ci'i\ od  only  now  ami  then  a  iiaif  of  tim  |iionii.sf(l  pay  of  oni'  ri':il  a  d.iy; 
tiii'ir  food  wan  tiio  invarialili!  tortillas  and  frijoh's,  with  thin  collet!  and  oh' ap 
iiujiar;  meat  came  randy.  Jk-foiu  hattlu  a  real  antl  a  gia«;i  of  liinior  «fr\''d  to 
cheer  tliein.  Those  who  complained  Were  l!oj,';.'eil,  and  close  waleh  was  kept 
to  prevent  desertion.  While  superior  otiicers  ^  acled  in  j^litterinL;  unit'ireis, 
with  iieavy  ^'old  cliains,  Hulialterns  stooped  to  :  iportnnc  pri.'soncr.s  and  citi- 
zens for  >.'ifts,  ylad  toacce))t  iven  small  coins. 

Kmil  <lr<(l'  K<rittrii,  Kii'm  r  .\f(uiin'iliiiii'n  Krhihiin;/  iiinl  Full.  Dri'i'ii'tl- 
COii'i  ■'jiiiitili  ir.i  II  mill  iJdiiiiiii  nil'  in  iji  mhiihlHilii  m  Zntnniini  iihnmii  ilnri/f  'h  III, 
Leipsic,  1S(!7,  S  ,  pp.  vi.,  ;V_'8.  Thi^  greater  jiart  of  tiiis  woik  was  lirst  piih- 
lisiied  iti  Paris  in  tlie  Iti  I'ln  ( 'mili  ni/i'irniiii-.  Sever.il  documents,  not  alloweil 
to  appear  in  that  jieriodiitai,  were  inserted  in  the  Leipsic  editions  for  it  was 
«lso  piililisiied  in  French  itt  th;it  city  in  the  same  year  in  1"_''  form.  'I'lic 
volnmo  contains  a  history  of  the  intervention  from  the  first  causes  down  lo 
the  evacuation,  ami  is  a  clear  expose  of  the  unfortunate  expeilition.  It  is  re- 
plete with  valualde  documents,  and  in  his  prei'aco  tiie  author  as.sures  Ids 
readtMs  tliat  tiu!  greatest  reliam'e  can  lie  placed  ou  such  as  are  in  strange  con- 
tracliction  to  public  opinion,  and  at  variance  witll  politic;d  uttiMances.  'i'liia 
assertion,  hv.  says,  is  guaranteiil  by  the  high  reputation  of  tlio  A'l  riif  ('inil'ni- 
poniiiif  for  conscientious  investigation  ami  impartiality  in  regard  to  fnieii,'M 
matters  under  tlio  nianagenieut  of  N'icomte  de  Colonne.  These  doeuuieiits 
bear  on  the  relations  that  existc.'d  between  .Maximilian  and  IJa/aine,  ami  mi- 
elude  correspondence  witll  the  U.  S.  government  relating  to  the  w  ithdi.iual 
of  the  French  troops.  Count  Keratry,  w  ho  was  an  aidc-de-eainp  of  llazaiue, 
speaks  in  eumplimuntary  terms  of  the  army,  which,  lie  says,  had  little  cliaMco 
of  disi)layiug  Urillioucy  of  aution  in  so  vast  a  tield.     Ilia  laiiguugv  with  ic&ptct 


Al'TIIORITIKS. 


179 


t'l  Nnp'ili'Dii  mill  the  fi't'iii'li  >;ovL*ninioiit  in  (lifri'i'ciit,  nml  lii>  <'X)MmiM  tlii> 
il'iiil'Ic'tiK't'il  |ii>lii'y  iif  till'  iui'iiicr.  Attention  in  ulwi  calluil  to  Mikxiiiiiliun'rt 
iiliickv  clioii't!  "f  iiiUisi'iH 


nil 


Ki'i'iktiy  |iiil>lis|it'il  ill    I'.iriH  tliu  hhiiu-  y<'ar  1/  f'.li  ,;,ii,,i,  ,'  lit  rhiil'  li  i 
iir    Mtiriinili'fi.     IhIi  rvi  iiimn  /ruiinusi    mi    Mrrfjiii     IS'il   ISi,!'.    |' 


IsiiT.  N  .  |>|>.  XX.,  .'IT-.      Ill  I.StW  tliurn  wum  imiIiIIhIuiI  in  l.i>iiil(iii  '/Vi.   AVx   iiml 


t' ill  <i/ till  Kiii/i' riir  M'l.riiiiil 


II  n. 


A    XuiT'tlifi'  ll/llli'   MiJ-irilll    J:'ill/iiir   />'./ 


Aiiflii  iil'ii-   Jhii'iiim  iiti,       H'ith  till'    /iii/xrinl   i  'iitn  iimii'li  III 


l»v 


(  niiHt  Kiiiilu  (le  Ki'i'iitry.     'rriin8lnt»'il . .  .i>y  <i.  II.  W'liiililiH.     LoihIhii,  \Sk')S, 


\1  ,  i>i>.  viii.,  :»rj,  jilatf.     Otli.r 


■  »•  K"rutrv  arc 


/,'i  '' 


Jr.ki 


iiiil'iniiil''i /r(tiii;iii''ii,  if  In  iinin'iiiitH  ^li  xirniitM,  I'iuIh,  iHiis,  S,  |i|i.  •_', 
|."i>;  nnt\  Lu  ('iiiili'iijiiiiilla  j'rnnriUML'  uii  J«  ■•■/u*.  ^Sl,■l.•ullllt' eilitiuii.  I'uii.., 
lsi,!l.  Hi",  y\y   »,  ;{|:!.' 

Hi  rUlit  /•'(/(is(i/(Vft  (/«■  III  ll'iKtin-ia  I'lililint,  Monterey,  ISWi,  H',  !Mi  np.  A 
|iliiliiHi«pliii:il  ii'xicw,  (ir  riitlicr,  11  Vfiy  xki'ti'liy  iircuuiit,  «)f  Mfxii'ini  liistory 
ii'iiii  till)  Sp.iiiisli  coiHuii'st  til  till' tml  (if  till'  KiTinli  iiitri'vi-iiti'iii,  wiiil  to  liiivu 

ly  an   Aiiici  iciiii   citi/ni.     'I'lif  |ii'iniiit  <'i'i)y  \-*  ii 


11      ISMlll'l 


New  Vcik   I 


aiM 


paiii>li  ti'aiisl;itii>ii  nf  tlic  l')ii^li'<l>  i>i'i;;iiial  liy  I.  < 
/,'/   Jiii/iiriii  1/ In  liiti  rri  II'  inn,   n.  p.  n.  il.,   S  ,  pp.  K\,  contain^   particula- 
iloi'iiiiuiit.s  rclatiiiL;  to  tlit^  iiitiTVi'iitiiiii  ami  tlu^  I'stiklili.shiiit  lit  of  tlu^  riii 


'I' 


la.st  pi 


ir.'<  till!  ilali'  Ffl).  "J,   iMlTi  lliiil  is  !«ii,'ii<''l  i"  .'/>  riiiti 


riif  wiitiT  uuH  I'viili'iitly  n  Htroiij,'  rnimcrvativf,  ainl  difciirls   .Ma\i>.    liiiUH 

piilicy,  explains  tlii'  naMdii.s  wliy  iiionarcliy  oii^lit  tn  lie  prcfi^rrcd  ti»      '    piih- 

ill!  fiiiiii  (if  ;,'ii\crniiiciit  ill   MtxiiMi,  and  (Icjiivcalcs  tlu;  w  itlnliaM.n  nt  tin? 

Kiiys,  wax  il  (li.slKiiinr  to   the  loiirt  of    I'aii.s  ami  a 

U),'i(i'os.siiiii  (III  the  part  (if  tin;  L'.  S.  is  liic  iiKiiniiii  nt 

•Il 


IV(  iicli   tr(M)|iH.  wliicli.  It 

lianii  III  .M( 

fi.itiirc  ill  this  proiluctinii,  and  the  luitlior  sums  np  Im^  result  (it    Mie  F:    i.iili 


•(lit 


Kill 


(Ap 

I'.iiiM  mure  iiivii 


i'liiai'kiii>;  that  it  had  loft  tln^  V.  S.  iik 
led,    !• 


ire  mil 


Lrnnt,  tin    .Mi  \i 


reiich   interests  more  iiiseeiire,  the  iiilliiciii 


if   Ki 


III! 


Iliticd  in  the  new  world,  her  delit  iii('rea.se(l,  and  h 


ler  arms  le.ss  resjiec 


led. 


pp.  Sl--.». 

Chiirli^  !>' Ih'ricniilt  ~ MaxiiiiHifii  it  Mijii/m  -Hi^lnir<  'li^  itirnii  ri  Mi>ii\ 
ilf  r  L'/ii/iiri'  Muiriiiii,  Tiiris,  l.Sli!l,  )•_'',  pp.  il!).  The  author,  an  niicdiiipro- 
iiiisin,'  supporter  of  the  iiiterxention,  re;,Mrds  it  and  all  (•\inlse(inne(  leil  with  it 
finiii  a  tlioiouiihly  l''rencli  point  of  view,  lie  dcmiuiiees  the  execntiun  of  .Ma\- 
iiiiiliaii,  w  hieli,  he  .says,  was  instigateil  hy  .savaye  fiiliiiu's  of  hatred,  and  nut  liy 


patriotic  desirt!  to  savi 


M( 


ll(^  coiiiliares  the  Mexicans  with  tin 


apaches 


III  ferocity  and  rapacity,  Imt  admits  that  anioiiu'  them  there  I'lc  ;;ic,it  d 
ti'isof  imreand  el'vati  d  scnlinieiits.      After  the  f.iU  of  Maximilian  he  could  >eo 


future  for  the  country.      Lilicrty  and  indcpeml 
!-pokcn  of  in  refereiic( 


an  no  longur 

to  .Mexico.      l!y  liberty  was  meant  the  riijlit  to  ove!- 

thidw  a  ;_'overiiiiieiit  that  was  not  ready  to  make   promotions  to  any  desired 

extent;  liy  n^piihlicanism  \»as  me.iiit  the  rii;lit  to  impose  a  foiced   loan  on  a 


town  the  mornini;  after  losses  at  iiionti^ 


and  liy  indepeiidenci 


tlh 


ri''ht  to  iiii- 


]iress  and  arm  hordes  of  Indians  whencNcr  the  spirit  of  warfare  or  |iillai;c' 
iiisti^rated.  D'llcricault  ]iredicts  that  Mexico  \\  ill  lie  gradually  alisorlied  by 
tile   I'.   S.,  which   he  speaks  of  with   much   liitterncss.      He  reviews  tli 


si'ipieiiccs  of  the  intervention 

liuiiiili 


to   1' 


ranee,  am 


atiii'' 


fail 


lire.  111  everv  res 


I  sketches  a  vivid  picture  of  the 
pect,  of  the  cxpcilitioll.  I'licn  Ik  discusses  the 
ciiises  of  the  failure,  at' liliutiiiL.'  them  to  the  lilindiic.ss  and  \Miiit  ot  pie\isi.in 
(il  the  I'rencli  government,  which  did  not  recogni/e  the  diliicnlties  attending 
the  coiii|iiest  of  an  expensive  country  like  .Mexico,  with  its  great  diversity  of 
pliysical  features,  and  its  inhaliil.iiits  of  a  warlike  'haracler  hut  wanting  in 

c pactness,  then  liv  |irecluding  their  sulijiigation  hy  one  great  victory.      A.s 

a  climax  to  these  ditliciilties  was  the  jealous  attitude  of  the  U.  ."s.  ami  the  pres- 
iuru    aiiplied    hy    that    nation.      The     French    govermneiit,     I'll'i  ic.uilt    re 
iiiarks,    instead  of  having  espoused   the  Confederate  caiLs."  when  the    North 
WHS  Weak,  insidiously  hit  it.s  talons  when  it  had  lii'coiiie  iiroiig.      His  work 
includes  the  perioil  from  the  autunm  of  ISOU  to  the  dejarture  from  M-:.vi(;oof 


280 


DEPARTURE  OF  THE  FRENCH. 


tlie  last  French  soldiers  in  Fel).  1867.     The  22(1  chiipter  is  ilevotcd  to  roflcc- 
tii)iw  (111  till!  I'.xpeditions  of  wiiicli  tlie  ;il)ovo  is  iin  outline. 

J.  I'lis^ania  Doiik  inr/i—L'  L'liiiiir.^  Afcxicuiii,  /.it  I'lii.r  it  li.i  lii(<^riV.<  da 
Moiiilf.  Mexico,  .Setit'iiiiire  I8(i!'>,  M',  !IS  ])|).  Tiie  author  enters  into  iin 
exjilaiiatioii  of  the  advaiUajics  of  estalilisiiiiig  a  nionairliy  in  .MexJL-o  and 
theieliy  seeurinj,'  its  independence,  whicli  he  considers  to  lie  a  necessity  for 
the  [icace  and  interests  of  the  world.  He  disenssca  tlie  Monroe  (hutiiiit-, 
wliich  he  |)ronoiiiu'es  to  l)e  ii  law  of  despotism  on  the  part  of  tlie  U.  .S.  ovir 
the  rest  of  Am  rica,  and  an  attjiek  on  tin:  rights  of  F,uropean  nations.  'I'ji.' 
attitude  of  the  U.  S.  towards  Mexico,  and  tiieir  f.'iiidual  all^^orptiM|l  of  lur  terri- 
tory, next  occupy  his  attention.  Doinenech  declares  the  empire  to  lie  the  only 
connterlialance  to  their  aggressive  intentions  ami  a  solution  of  the  Mixicun 
(pnstiiHi,  and  maintains  that  France  ought  to  sustain  it,  ami  no*  e\aciiat('  the 
eoiintiy.  He  argues  that  there  would  be  uothiug  to  i\MS  from  a  war  u  Uh  tlit 
uorlhera  lepubliu. 


f - 


CIIAPTEll  XIII. 


IMrEKIALISM  (.'Al.ED. 

ISOT. 

JlARiANd  EscnnEDO — ITrs  Piiysiqi-f.  ano  C'n.\f!ArTF.r. — Impkiuai.   Linin — 
Skikmisuinc — CiiNVKNio  UK  i.\  Cut'/. — Maki^ck/.  Sknt   I'o   Mr.xico-- 

NeW     MiMSTKV  — MiUAMON  — HK.SIF.(iK.R.S    RKK^F^IK(•^•.Il-A^SAl  lis     AMI 

l!i:rri.sKs  —  Maximilian    I)k<'okatki)    foii    ISuaveky      Siakxation  — 

MAKt^rF./   Srsi'K.CTKli   UK   TUEACUKUY— SaI.M-SaL.M    ri;KKAi;i:s    III    (ill  IV 

Skaucu    vv    Him— Plans  to  Bkeak  Tiiuurcii  Tin:    J-l^l;.-^   1»i;ki:aiki). 


]\rAKIAX()    EsCOHEDO,  wllo    lu'ld    tllO    cllil't' 


('olllllKIIUl 


of  the  besioi^iiig  i'orocs  at  Querctaro,  was  a  li'aii  man 
(»r  lair  stature,  forty  years  of  age,  with  a  dark  coin- 
jtlcxion,  i'lill  l)laek  Iteard,  and  euoriuous  cars,  wliioh 
liad  jtrocured  for  liiiu  tlio  nickiianie  of  Ori'joii.      He 


liad 


servec 


I  with 


I  crc(ht  siiu'e  his  lir'st  eiuistniciit  duninr 


list! 


the  L^iiited  States  invasion  of  1847-8,  and  disjilayrd 
(•on^iderahle  aihninistrative  ahihty;  he  had  also  cai-ncd 
a  r('[)utation  for  severity,  unitt  I  with  a  decided  aver 


^10ll 


ior  f 


orei'-'ners,  am 


I  at 


cniper 


that 


I'asilv  CXI 


iidcr    provoeation.      His    hlemish 


es 


.  loded 
Were    otiset    1>V 


strong  patriotic  instincts  and  rare  iinostentati<»usness.^ 
Second  to  liini  stood  the  e(]ually  severe  ( 'oiniia,  a  fine- 
looking    man,   somewhat    bron/.ed    in    visage,    whose 

'Altlumph  l>c'loni,'iiij^  to  a  wealthy  family,  says  Arias,  liis  iisiiul  liail  nut 
lui'ii  iiiroi;ti,Ml  to  kiiriiiiif:  Jlo  jiossi'smmI  ii  m;imiiI  iinaj^iiialioii,  \\itli  iiiiicli 
piai'tit'til  saiiai'ity;  liis  lialrt-i  woru  toniin'ialt'.    Hcii'm,  II,")  (i,  iti 


II 


i'oi'ii  at  tialcaiia,  Nucvo  I 


I-.',  LS-.'T 


I'  was 
il  had  ho'ii  tli\  I'tcd  to  trailo 


fiiiiii  an  early  iii^e — nmlett'criiiji,  say  others,  fuUuweil  liy  ti  sii|)(ilieiul  leading 
<if  law.     ItiiriiiL'  the  reform  \\;ir  he  was  eaiitiiied. 


eiitiiiii,      ]\^'  shared  lis  l)iiL,'iidier  in   the  <leti'iice  of    I'm 


ami  nil  now  ly  eseapiil  exe- 


hSd 


l''orei 


riteis  return  his  antipatliy  hy  allndiiiL'  t( 


fe 


«» 


it  V.  as  in  SifniSulni, 


hi 


I'fein  he  is  deeliirtd  to  ho  little  of  a  soldiiM',  and   eanfiil  of  ids  pirsoii 


V,  i.  'J(t 


emiL'!lUs. 


^17;  a*. 


I  1.'!.      l>'Herie;inlt  eommeiids  his  'art  cTacheter  les  j^eiieruU.X 


lluusiiays  he  reseinhled  a  -iexv  trader.   V" 


<•), 


(JM) 


282 


IMPERIALISM  CAG;i:D. 


vivacious    energy   had   raised   liiiii    foremost   amoii^^ 
iiortli-we.steni  soldiers.^ 

lieguler^  was  a  Bascjue  \vlio  had  served  uiuler  ])oii 
Carlos  as  sergeant,  liiva  Palaeio  stood  distinguishtd 
for  ability  both  with  sword  and  j)en,  and  the  humane 
sentiments  conveyed  in  his  poetry  he  practised  as  a 
soldier.  Trevino,  tall  and  of  fair  complexion,  also 
jtossessi^d  a  heait  and  an  admirable  integrity.  An- 
tillon  of  (iuanajuato,  Echeagaray,  so  prominent  ten 
years  bef(»re,  J*az,  the  artillerist,  A'elez  and  Koclia, 
old  com[)anions  of  Miramon,  (jiuadarrama,  Juan  Men- 
dez,  .Joa(inin  ^Fartinez,  Aureliano  Rivera,  Jimenez, 
and  the  iliuhtv  Carbaial  iigured  among  the  abk.st 
leaders,  under  whom  ranged  the  usual  dispro[»ortioii- 
ate  mass  of  inferior  officers,  who,  in  guerrilla  or  militia 
service,  or  by  inti'igue,  had  ac(juired  titles,  from  gen- 
eral down,  which  they  Haunted  with  no  small  bravado. 
The  imj>erial  olticers  could  safely  be  rated  a  gradi; 
higher  as  military  men,  on  an  average,  and  the  record 
of  their  four  leadini^  nunerals  with  the  initial  M  could 
hardly  l)e  equalled  so  far  by  the  leaders  of  the  siege. 


The  im[»erialists,  who  at  first  extended  their  bat- 
teries U)  the  slopes  of  San  (Iregorio,  .soon  confiiird 
their  north  line  along  the  southern  bank  of  the  river, 
from  CV'ri'o  de  la  Camjiana,  an  oblong  hill  some 
seventy  feet  high,  which  formed  the  western  a[>ex  «;1' 
the  del'ences.  to  the  eastern  line  skirtinLif  the  sliiiiit 
elevation  on  which  rose  the  Convento  do  la  Cruz. 
Thence  the  line  of  fortifications   -'an  parallel  to  tlie 

"liiirii  .'It  Tus('i\L'(.','),  .FalLseo,  .tiiiI  cmployi'il  in  n  liaiiiiula  slmit  near  Aim- 
pniicla  almnt-  tlic  tiiiio  tliat  tlie  reform  'Ini^i^li'  lii'u.in.  Iiispiri'd  liy  mhhc 
giu'irilliis,  !i'  ,!  iikIoiiiiI  trado  for  liglitiii^:,  ami  with  iiitiUij^iiui' ami  hravLiy 
rose  rapiilly  Uc  all'octi'il  j.'ri.'at  .simplicity,  ami  for  a  long  tinii'  ilii'.s.s('il  iji  a 
rod  cotti  1  »\\  rt,  witli  a  ri'il  liand  ronnd  liis  liat.  /i'kiz,  I'i'iu'J.,  MS.,  .")(MI  '.'. 
Vigil  and  liija''  sp<  ak  of  him  a.s  '  admin  i.-^tradnr  de  >ina  mgoeiacioii  ilu  mi  Mas. ' 
\\\\v\\  in  ]S."iS,  at  the  age  of  21,  he  was  indiunl  to  Join  a  Hmall  party  wld'  li 
seized  Acaponeta  from  the  then  triuniphanleonservativcs,  jmd  liegaii  areaetioii 
for  the  lilieral  cau^e.  Coron.'i  rose  rapidly  from  a  pett\'  .ilieer.  h'nsui/n,  1  ."> 
t't  Neij.  Mari|iiez  du  Leon,  Mi  in.  /'u</.,  MS.,  j;!!*,  is  severe  npcjn  his  lathi  is 
character.  ]  fe  applied  him.sulf  to  study  iii  kisiire  niumcuts,  and  j^pa.-:scd  uniung 
many  as  educated  iu  Puris. 


OPENING  SKIRMISHES. 


2S3 


liver,  along  tlio  southern  edye  of  the  town,  turnnig 
from  it.s  south-west  corner  toward  the  Cerro  de  la 
CauipMiia.  Only  a  part  of  the  walls  and  earthworks 
JKid  been  constructed  before  the  siege  Ijegan,  and  the 
ivniainder  had  to  be  done  often  under  a  galling  fire. 
The  southern  and  western  lines  were  more  regular; 
but  elsewhere  house- walls  anil  barricades  foi-nied  a 
considerable  })art  of  them,  and  wholly  s<»  for  interior 
lines.  The  elevations  of  La  Cruz  fiyuivd  as  the  kev 
to  the  ])lace,  the  ponits  next  ui  un[)ortance  being  the 
bridge  of  Miraflores  street,  crossing  the  centiv  of  the 
town,  the  Campana  hill  and  the  l*ueblito  gate  at  the 
south-east  corner,  where  rose  the  strongest  batteries.'* 

The  hills  surrounding  these  lines,  and  '.•(»mmandiiig 
the  entire  town,  had,  with  the  exception  of  San  Gre- 
gdiio,  been  passively  left  to  the  Juarists  for  their  bat- 
teries, with  which  they  soon  began  to  rake  the  ])]act'.'' 

Skirmishinijf  beijins  a  few  days  after  the  aiiival  ol' 
tl)e  besiegers,  a  score  or  two  of  horsemen  apjudarjiing 
iVoni  eitlier  side  and  conunencing  at  long  range  with 
volK'Vs  of  epithets,  one  seeking  to  excel  ihe  other  in 
lliis  species  of  savau'ism,  varvinii'  it  at  times  with  a 
slitill  viljratinu"  cry.  Soon  the  bravest  Lialldo  (brward 
a  distance,  discharge  their  I'illes,  and  turn  rapidlx'  back. 
Otliers  imitate  them,  until  they  tire  or  till  the  loose 
lirin'j'  inilicts  some  hai'm.  The  party  first  to  retreat 
is  giiicrally  [)ursued  by  the  other,  and  the  latter  as 
readily  takes  to  lliLiht  in  i-ase  of  a  rally  by  the  itursued. 
The  re])ublicans  having  exti'nded  theii' lines  eastward, 
the  emperor  {)assed  on  the  l.'lth  of  ^[arcli  from  ( V'l'ro 
de  laCampana,  and  hishea(l<[uarters  biM-amc  liiiicefoi-th 
tlir  ('on\ento  de  la  Cruz,  the  ceiiti'e  point  foi'  attacks, 
and    exposed    es[)i'cially    to    the    battery    on    ( 'uesta 

'■  Sovi'ijil  otlicr  liiicH  (if  L'lins  iijijuaK  il  at  dill'i  rent  jioints.  Sec  Snlm-Sti/m, 
i.  Ill,  77,  ftc.  Ill  jy Ih'iiriiiilt,  Mux.,  l.')l  (i,  i.-<  j,'ivtii  a  ilitaili'il  ancniiit  nf 
tlic  line  tif  (lufi'iicL's,  and  several  otluT  liouLs  hiin^;  in  licsci  iptinns  ulun  ntir- 
liii:!  to  sii'L'i'  (iiicration.s,  u.s  /"<:«  and  I'lutlilln,  Mti.r.,  ,'U,  » ti-. 

*  'I'lii'  aliandonniL'iitof  Sun  I'alilo,  on  tlie  iiciilli  side,  was  csijccially  n  'ifctti  d, 
nnd  an  ulMiilivc  attempt  niado  to  Hci/.o  it  en  the  lOlliot'  .Maiili.  A  ^kmjiisli  on 
tile  tolluwiiig  day  proeiired  for  Salni-Sulm  tlic  culoueley  uf  lliu  ta/.udijics  regi- 
ment. 


284 


IMPERIAUSM  CAOED. 


China.''  The  convent  had  onre  been  occupied  as  a 
a  Franciscan  propaj^^anda  fide  coHege,  famed  throus^di- 
out  the  nortli,  and  (hitinir  iVoui  the  davs  of  Cortc.s." 
It  was  a  stone  e(Utice  of  Liirejit  strc'iigth,  standinu^  at 
tlie  lower  end  of  tlie  convciit-L'ronnds,  whicii  weru 
enclostid  hy  heavy  stone  walls,  and  had  at  its  hij^lu  r 
oast(irn  extreme  a  somewhat  sn)aller  but  i'(|ually 
strouij:  Iniildiuir  known  as  the  i)antheoii,  the  burial- 
place  of  the  convent. 

The  followinuf  dav  the  rei)ul)lioans  made  a  iTji^iU'r.il 
attack  on  the  town,  in  three  divisions,  against  th  ■ 
bridu^e  of  ^Firaflores,  the  convent,  and  the  line  west  of 
the  Alameda,  a  fourth  movement  a;^ainst  the  (^impana 
hill  b(!iniL(  a  feint.  The  assaults  were  executed  al- 
most simultaneously  under  cover  of  batteries;  the  cav- 
alry being  dii'ceted  against  the  south  side,  then'  ^[eill 
received  them  with  similar  forces,  driving  them  back 
in  disorder.  .V  second  attack  resulted  still  worse,  and 
in  the  pursuit  the  reserve  was  overthrown  with  great 
slaughter.  Castillo  <lefend»Ml  the  bridge  line  witii 
e(|ual  spiri',  the  cazadores  distinguishing  themselves, 
and  earning  the  title  of  '/ouaves  of  Mexico;  hut  tlie 
sununit  of  San  (rregorio  was  nevertheless  occu[»ieil 
by  the  o[>ponents,  under  the  direction  of  Tr'evino. 
The  main  struggle  took  ])lace  at  the  convent,  h<»wever. 
The  pantheon  having  most  unaccountably  been  left 
unjtrotected,"  it  was  carried  at  the  first  advance,  and 
turned  to  advantage  by  the  repid)licans.  The  im- 
portance of  this  connnanding  structure  now  became 
evident  to  the  negligent  imjterialists,  and  A[ar(|Ue/, 
led  in  tlu!  stru>2't>-le  to  recover  it.  In  this  he  sue- 
ceetled,  although  at  no  snuill  sacrifice.  By  five  o'clock 
the  I'l'pulse  was  concluded  at  all  }»oints;  ami  it  is  not 
unlikely  that  with  a  more  sustained  eftbrt  to  follow  up 


*Arpll(ino  invcisihsi  acainst  what  Iio  callotl  this  u.sek'sa  and  criiiiiiuil  expos- 
ure of  tli(!  iiiipt.'i'ial  porsoii. 

"Till'  iiaiiu'  caiiK!  tVoin  a  iniraonloiiH  cross  crcctt'd  lioro  in  i'oiniiK'Micii'ati"ii 
of  tiu!  ooiKiut'st.    /Ii.'<t.  ,l/(./'.,  ii.  ."i-l.S-t,  this  scrii's. 

'Another  uviilcuce  of  .M,ii(|iuv"  iiollish  (lesi:,'ii  to  saoritico  Maximilian  and 
tho  cnjpirc,  sayathu  rabid  Arellano,    iltiiacui  JJura^,  (JO  1. 


THE  BESIECJEUS  RErULSED. 


285 


advantages  tlie  bosief;oil  iniurht  have  obtained  better 
it'sults.  As  it  was,  the  day  eost  tlicni  about  000  lives, 
wliile  the  more  exposed  repubhcans  eounted  tlieir 
Idsses  above  a  thousand,  including  several  hundred 
prisoners.^ 

Tlieu  followed  days  of  inaction,''  during  which  the 
iK'siugers  hemmed  in  the  town  closer  than  ever,  after- 
ward directing  their  batteries  against  the  houses.  At 
liist  the  inhabitants  kejtt  in  retirement  as  much  as  po.s- 
siitlc,  but  gradually  they  became  so  used  to  the  whiz- 
zing messengers  that  the  women  and  children  returned 
In  their  accustomed  haunts,  notwithstanding  the 
casualties,  and  the  cafes  were  thronged  with  news- 
uioiigers,  es[)ecially  after  a  day's  sti'uggle. 

Mar(|uez  again  bnjught  to  bear  upon  Maximilian 
his  project  for  a  retreat  to  ^[exico,  sustainetl  to  some 
extent  by  ^lendez  and  Mejia,  who  I'elt  discoui'aged  at 
the  prospect  of  a  long  siege ;^"  but  Miranioii  and 
ethers  stoutly  opposed  him  in  a  council  hehl  «.m  the 


'Arias  ailmitH  '201  killecl,  27-  wouikUmI,  and  41!)  captured  and  missing'. 
Till'  ivpoi't  in  lliiL  Xutiiiux,  Aj)iil  12tii,  ways  7">'t  captives.  For  details,  see 
Ai-' llitiio,  Ull.  lloni-i,  ")()-().");  I'l-.ii.  ainl  I'rwIUlo,  Max.,  'XXS;  lliuix,  ijinr.. 
Ml  !t.S;  Sdlin-Snliii,  JJiari/,  i.  ."»(J-72,  with  special  attention  to  tlie  hiidLre  lii,'lit; 
Mitr'iiii-.,  lli/n'.,  U!)-4.  Medals  and  (H'oniotiuns  now  auie  freely,  and  Salni- 
Sidni  claims  to  have  olitaineil  the  coinniand  of  a  hrigade  for  liis  share,  but 
this  I'e/a  denies.  The  j^eneral  of  <livision,  Casanova,  anil  the  hri^'adiem 
II.  ncraand  (,'alv(j,  were  removed  for  inetliciency,  or  lather  i)ecause  they  were 
.Miratunii's  friinds,  says  Arellano,  tiie  enemy  of  Mar([nez.  Aiia.s  avoids  ilis- 
iigree;d)le  iletails,  and  in   V'njH  the  aicoujiL  is  too  partial. 

'••  .\  pro[)osal  to  act  upon  tile  demoralization  amon^'  the  hesiei^ers  hefore 
tliey  iiceived  further  rernforeements  was  <ipposL(l  hy  Nliiripie/,  yet  Miramon 
cuiried  liis  point  for  a  movement  to  ri'cover  tlie  iiill  of  San  (Iregorio,  allhoiiL,di 
it  was  deferred  for  the  17tll.  When  the  time  arrived  for  tlie  sally,  a  false 
alaiiii  eaine  that  the  convent  was  'hreateiied,  ami  confusion  diiiini;  the 
iiiaichof  t'  r<'si'iv>'s  arose  to  prevent  tln'  maiuenvre,  j^'reatly  to  the  dis.;iist  <if 
Miramon,  ;:lt  sure  of  a  triuniph.    //mix,  (Jik  r.,  lUS  ',(.      Maximilian  was 

','|Ually  aii;^!')  ,  and  caused  Meiidi/.  to  he  transteired  from  the  leseivc's  and 
pl.tced  under  Miramon  clirect,  Ih  command  of  Casanova's  late  cli\  ision.  'J'ho 
traitor  Ijopez  was  pro.uoted  to  the  leserve.  AicUano,  fl/.  //<)/•'/.<,  71,  claims 
that  holh  tlie  failure  of  the  movement  and  the  change  of  commanihrs  were 
part  of  Maripie/' plot.  Tile  latter  ridicule-,  the  whole  charge,  and  di'cl.ire.s 
that  lie  ohjccted  to  l^ope/.  Hascli,  Kr'niii.,  ii.  .VJ,  writes  that  Miramon  wa.s 
allowed  to  oversleep  himself,  and  tlif.s  lie  failed  to  oodpcnite,  udils  Arrangoiz. 
.'/■./.,  iv.  27.-.. 

'"  .Vrillano  maintains  that  NIaxiiuilian  iiad  lioen  persuaded  to  prepare  for 
evacuation,  Imt  tliat  Miramon,  and  aliove  all  himself,  managed  to  overrnh'  the 
'  MUcidal '  plan.  '  IJehold  their  witiduni  1 '  ol>serves  Manpicz,  iu  alluding  to  the 
fall  of  l,>ueretaro  oud  ita  rcsulta. 


)  !Ml 


286 


IMPERIALISM  CAGED. 


lii 


^i- 


9]' 


20th  of  March,  in  which  it  was  finally  resolved  to 
continue  the  defence,  taking  advantage  of  every  favor- 
ahle  ojjportunity  for  attack,  and  seek  reenforccnients 
froni  ^[exico/* 

The  latter  task  was  intrusted  to  IVfarquoz,  witli  full 
])o\ver  to  act  as  he  thought  best;  and  to  this  end  he 
was  appointed  lugarteniente,  lonnn  tencni^,  of  the  em- 
peror." The  ministry  which  had  shown  so  little  <le- 
sire  to  carry  out  its  promises  was  to  be  reconstructed. 
Tlie  loy.'il  and  ai)lc  Vidaurri  should  formally  assuiiu! 
the  finance  portfolio,  together  with  the  presidency, 
assisted  by  Iribarren,  who  was  to  ttike  charge  of  tlic 
interior  and  fomento  departments.  Of  the  existing 
ministers,  ]*ortilla,  ^lurphy,  and  Aguirre  were  con- 
fiiMued,  the  latter  assuming  ciiarge  also  <U'  Lares' 
portfolio  of  justice.'^     At  the  .same  time  ^Maximilian 

"  III  ,1  copy  of  tlic  original  proceedings  publislicd  by  .S.ilm-Salni,  it  is  sli<i«  ii 
that  tivt'  proji'L-ts  wore  fiiiliinitted:  to  retreat  witii  artillery  and  train:  to  ri  ■ 
treat  with  army  alone,  sjiikiiig  the  guns  and  leaving  the  war  niatiTiiil;  to 
continue  tlio  ilct'ence  with  the  wliole  armj';  to  send  half  the  force  to  Mcxici) 
for  recnforcciiu'nt.s  wiierewith  to  compel  an  abandonment  of  tiio  sieLri';  ;ind 
la.st,  to  let  one  gener;d  as  couiniander-in-ehief  attack  the  enemy  w  ith  all  the 
army,  saxc  a  small  reserve  for  guarding  the  emperor.  'J'lie  latter  was  Are- 
llano's view,  altliiMigh  ln^  also  advocatetl  the  final  plan.  There  was  plenty  of 
ammunition  for  a  considerable  time.  Mcndez  lefused  to  express  auy  I'pinion. 
t'astillo  and  Mcjia  fa\oreil  u  defensive  attitude  for  some  time,  but  atlrr  an 
attack  by  the  foe,  their  repulse  .should  be  availed  of  for  gaining  an  advjuit.igc. 
\'idauni  adiled  that  attention  should  be  given  to  destroy  the  besieixiui,'  liius 
to  the  west  so  as  to  secure  the  way  for  a  later  retreat.  These  last  views  wtic 
approved  by  Miraniou  and  Manjuez,  the  latter  .alluding,  like  Mejia,  also  to  the 
need  of  rei'iiforcenicnts.  Tile  emperor  now  rejoined  the  council  and  sided 
with  the  latter,  w  hereupon  it  was  resolved  to  disembarrass  the  h^ft  w  ing  of 
tiie  Cerro  <le  la  Campaiia,  to  direct  the  uiounted  guerrillas  against  the  rear  of 
the  enemy,  to  consider  the  tpiestion  of  reenforcements  and  funds.  Dmrii,  i. 
80-7.  Arellano,  SO  !I7.  who  acted  also  as  secrt^tary  to  the  council,  g'ves  the 
report  less  fully.  He  states  that  Mar(|uez  prevailed  upon  Maximilian  to  let 
liiiii  go  to  Mexico.  Maicpuv.  elaiiiis  tiiat  his  propo.sed  retreat  was  a  strategic 
movement  to  draw  the  foe  from  an  advantageous  position  to  a  field  where  tiio 
imperialists  with  increaseil  force  might  have  crushed  them.  Jiefti/.,  SI.  Maxi- 
milian speculated  afterward  that,  victory  achieved  with  the  aid  of  reenforce- 
ments from  .Mexico,  he  would  estal)lish  the  government  in  the  centre  of  the 
country,  evidently  (Juanajuato,  and  tliere  summon  the  projected  congress. 
'Xach  Xueva  Leon.  .  .eine  Stadt,'  writes  Basch,  ii.  73,  somewhat  confusingly 
— meaning  no  doubt  Leon,  not  the  capital  of  Nuevo  Leon,  though  he  lepcat-s 
the  latter  form. 

'^  Mai(|iiez  gives  a  copy  of  the  commission,  'inveatido  de  plenos  poderes 
scguii  las  (irdcnes  verbales  (pie  ha  recibido.'  Itefut.,  200. 

'* Navairo  also  remained  as  head  of  the  household,  but  only  for  a  while, 
Salm-Salm  obtjvining  this  office.  .See  p.  226  for  composition  of  ministry 
hitherto.  IJascli,  EniiwriiiKjeii,  ii.  5.3-4.  Arrangoiz,  il/«?/.,  iv.  278,  2S4,  dc- 
feuda  the  Uisuiissed  inunibers,  aud  aska  if  ^'idaurri  achieved  anything  more 


HrtililUiV' 


MIS>;iOX  OF  MARQUEZ. 


287 


provided  for  a  case  of  captivity  by  an  alxlication,  and 
tor  a  possihlo  death  by  appointing  as  re<^eiits  N'idaurri, 
liiU'Uii/.a,  and  ^ranpie/,  wlio  sliould  be  ^ovenicd  l)y 
the  organic  statute  of  the  empire,  and  convoke  the 
conLjress,  bv  whicli  tlie  form  of  tjovernnient  must  be 
determined.^*  ^Manjuez  should  strain  every  mrxe  to 
obtain  lunds,  war  materiab  and  men,  and  he  might 
aliaiidon  Mexico  if  tliouglit  best;  but  (.^)ueretaro 
uuist  be  iven forced —this  was  a  matter  of  the  very 
tii'st  i)uportanco.^° 

tiiau  I.arus.  AroUano,  \vho  agnin  liiats  at  Manjuuz'  inachiiiiitions  iii  tliis 
iliiingi',  is  not  wi'll  infoniiLMl  aljout  the  aippointiiieiitM. 

"As  soon  as  tli'j  cungruss  could  be  installed  the  rej^'enoy  e.xpired.  Mai'tiuez 
should  act  as  chief  of  the  army  till  the  regency  met.  As  suhstitiite  icmnts 
were  named  J^ares,  Meji'a,  and  Councillor  Linares.  This  docunieiit  is  dated 
March  "JOth.  Several  co[iies  have  been  jjuhlisiied.  Those  in -1 /■/<(»;/«/;,  iv, 
:i'_'4,  and  J/ «•<«/•((.•<,  4-.")  it,  dill'er  somewhat  in  foi'm.  In //<(//"«  l/ih  Max., 
i^|{,  is  given  uidy  the  earlier  draught  of  the  document  of  March  lltli,  naming 
J.ares  instead  ni  Vidaurri.  Masseras  has  wrong  dates,  and  many  cu|iies  give 
May  instead  of  March.  Lacun/.a  failed  to  publish  the  abdication  in  due  time, 
instigated  by  tiie  false  reports  of  Arellano,  says  Marcpiez,  l!)7.  Many  eon* 
f'lUiid  tins  with  the  regency  document,  and  otiiers,  like  Massi  ras,  cnncludo 
that  it  never  existed,  but  a  solemn  assurance  was  made  l>efore  the  later  court- 
martial  tliat  it  dill.  Max.,  Cauyii,  and  Lffi'rre,  J)ur^,  ii.  44"_'.  See  also 
I'alacio's  statement  in  Max.,  M<  in.,  9-11.  'J'lie  thite  gixeu  by  .Mar(|ue/.  to 
his  ap]iiiintmeut  as  lugarteniente  is  March  lOtli,  whicli,  if  cornet,  would  in- 
dicate that  he  had  iirevailed  on  Maximilian  to  take  the  present  stej)  befoi'o 
the  council  met. 

'■"MarijUez  denies  that  his  instructions,  wholly  verbal,  rei|uired  him  to  re- 
turn with  recnf(jrcements,  as  generally  declared.  He  was  to  hold  Mexico  as 
the  capital,  and  as  a  centre  in  case  Queretaro  fell,  sending  to  Maximiiau 
funds  and  war  nuiterial,  and  reports,  so  that  he  could  receive  further  orders. 
His  sole  statement,  however,  is  oppo.sed  by  overwhelming  testimony  on  tiio 
other  side.  Sei:  his  Hifnt.,  i).'}-?,  and  Maitiju.fto.  Maxindlian's  in.-.tnictions 
at  tliis  time  to  Navarro  indicate  that  Mexico  might  be  left  less  protei'te(l,  and 
tiiat  ids  archives  and  other  valuable  ctlects  should  in  such  a  ease  be  placed 
with  .Manpiez  and  the  army,  except  such  as  could  inipeile  the  movenivnt  of 
the  troops,  Sciiatler,  the  ollicer  in  charge  of  the  palace,  iiaving  to  bring  tiio 
etl'ects  most  needed  for  a  long  campaign.  A  letter  to  this  Schall'er,  written 
by  clictation  to  Ikisch,  indicate  still  more  stro.igly  that  Mexico  nnglit  be  left 
wholly  without  troops,  in  which  ease  Schatler  and  others  would  accompany 
-Manpie/ and  his  army,  'bringing  to  this  place' (C^ueivtaro)  certain  needful 
etl'ects.  This  'bi'inging'  is  repeatedly  nientiouBfl.  These  remarks  do  not 
exactly  define  what  option  Maniuez  had,  but  they  prove  that  ids  (jwn  ileda- 
ration  is  false.  See  full  text  of  letters  in  Iia.Hr/i,  ii.  60-4;  Arrnii'jo'r.,  iv. 
-SO-.'i.  Hasch  adds,  he  knows  for  a  certainty  tiuit  Manjuez  was  instructed 
'  in  any  case  to  return  witii  aid  to  (Queretaro,'  'was  in  14  Tagen  gesciiehen 
musste;'  his  only  option  being  to  take  all  or  a  part  of  the  troojis  at  Mexico, 
ii.  ")4-(!7.  ManjUez  states  that  it  was  understood  he  should  go  to  I'ucbla 
from  Mexico,  but  the  absurd  manner  in  which  he  seeks  to  pi'cjve  this  siihj 
issue  tends  only  to  confirm  his  unworthinesa  of  belief.  SalmSalm  dedari's 
that  he  was  forbidden  to  underUxke  any  other  expedition  than  to  bring  troops 
from  Mexico,  and  before  all  the  generals  assembled,  Manptez  'ga\e  his 
wurd  of  honor  to  return  to  Que rtStaro  within  a  fortuight,  coilte  c|ue  cof.te.* 


if 


288 


IMTKltlALISM  CACJKD. 


Til  order  to  distract  the  attL'iit'KJii  of  tlio  l)csiogcrs, 
^[iruiiKUi,  oil  the  2i!d  of  ^larcli,  Icil  an  exj)(.Mlit.ioii 
down  tlui  valley,  wliieli  (•a[)tured  a  (juatitlty  of  jno- 
visioiis.'"  ThI.s  (Mial)le(l  ]\rai'(|Uez  to  dej)art  uiiol)si  rsed 
during  the  night,  across  the  hills  to  the  south,  w  ilh 
1,1^00  horsL'iiien,'"  and  attended  by  the  new  priiue 
minister,  Vidaurri.  The  well-instrueted  Castillo  took 
jMan^ue/'  place  at  (^ueretaro,'"^  and  Miranion,  now 
ack Howled' 'ed  as  the  leadin<jf  ij'eneral,  rai)idlv  uained 
favor  and  inllueiice  with  the  emperor. 

With  the  additicjnal  inroads  of  desertion  and  bullets, 


I    :r! 


D'tnrii,  i.  !)l.  But  tlii.s  open  proniine  in  douhtful.  Salni-Saliii  was  not  at  tlin 
council,  ri'/.a  and  I'raJillo  as.■^^•^t,  lii>wfv(.'i',  tiiat  at  i)aitijii,'  Maximilian  iu 
pifsi'iiL'C  of  so\i'ial  witiassfs  said:  ';(I(iural;  no  olvidu  vd.  ijuu  tl  llll|M•^io^o 
cnuiunitra  hoy  t'li  (JiuTttaro  ! ' — '  JK'sciiidt'  V.  M.;  antes  di;  (|iiinci'  dias  (staii'i 
di.' viU'lta,' V as  tlif  answer.  Max.,  110.  'I'liu  unitnl  declaration  of  llie  le.id- 
in;L;  goneials  at  ii  later  conncil  twice  alludes  to  a  relieving  army  from  Mrxieo, 
wlueli  miyht  l>o  ali.mdoned,  .\Ian|iiez'  chief  nii>.sion  bein^'  to  return  to  <^»ueie- 
taro  \\  ith  all  the  tro^ips  jiossihlc,  Maximilian  liaviiiLj  conliiKd  to  Mar(|Ue/,  thu 
glorious  nn^^ioIl  *<lo  \enir  ii  auxiliar,' for  which  siiHieed  'l.'i  o  "JO  dias  i)ai!k 
Uegar.'  Arias,  "Jiy,  'I'lO.  'J'his  scenis  iiio-st  conclusive  testimony,  contirnied 
also  Ijy  La.!,'o,  to  whom  anioni;  others  .Maxinnlinn  related  his  insiruetions  t(j 
Marijuc/.  J)n,ii  ■I'c/i,  J/i<t.  Mix.,  iii.  4;!7.  Arellano,  thu  bitter  enemy  of  tlio 
general,  veak'  us  it,  however,  by  intimating  that  the  plans  of  Mari|i,ez  weie 
to  bo  kejit  a  secret  even  fr^tn  the  other  generals,  and  that  no  eombinatioii 
was  arranged  for  oiit'ratiiig  against  tin;  besiegers.  L'/liimi-i  //urn.:,  '.)~.  Mar- 
(|iU'Z  naturally  takes  advantagi;  of  this  to  state  that  as  none  knew  his  instruc- 
tions, lu;  cannot  be  accused.  It  might  also  be  .supposed  that  Maximili.in's 
revelations  to  llascli  ami  others  were  intendi  il  for  ellect  to  inspire  conlltience. 
Nevertheless  there  can  bo  no  doubt  that  \\  hatever  Manjue/.  hail  to  do,  lie 
certainly  had  to  send  or  bring  reenforcements  of  lueu  as  w  ell  as  tunds  and 
mateiial.  'J'his  becomes  evident  from  the  subseijuiiit  attempt  to  send  after 
Mar(|Uc/,  and  arrest  him,  and  from  the  very  fact  that  the  alrtady  meagre  gar- 
rison was  dcsiioiled  of  its  best  troops  to  aid  Maniue/,  in  the  i)lan  for  reliel— a 
plan  which  could  not  have  nu'ant  opi'rations  in  the  scjuthern  districts  where 
J)iaz  was.  Maximiliairs  jirojects  foi'  a  congress,  in  the  ccn*^'  e  of  the  country, 
and  his  orders  for  bringing  archives  and  valuables  from  Mexico  to  (^)nei'itaro, 
show  that  the  latter  was  now  ri'gaiiled  as  tho  key-point.  Manpic/.' evident 
fabiications  should  therefore  have  been  made  to  prijve  that  he  \\as  un.dile  to 
bring  or  send  the  reijuired  troops,  etc.  As  for  his  motives,  the  desiie  for 
bitter  vengeance — for  what  is  not  explained — attributed  by  Arellano,  ici.olves 
itself  rather  into  strategic  ell'orts,  >\  ith  blunders  and  o^■erweening  amlution 
to  retain  the  autocratic  jiositiou  (jf  lo'iiin  /<  ii<  /(<,  etc. 

"'. According  to  JJascli,  '11  wagons  of  provisions  and  war  material,  00  oxen, 
and  'JOO  sheep  and  goats;  but  I'e/a,  Mux.,  4l),  reduces  tliem  to  (J  wagons  auil 
some  goats.  Tho  large  train  reporteil  by  spies  had  been  mostly  distriliutcd 
by  this  time.  SalmSalm  claims  great  credit  for  his  share  in  the  sally.  JJiuii/, 
i.  S7  !K);  which  I'e/a  disputes, 

"  Including  (^>iiiroga's  regiment,  from  Xuevo  Leon,  and  Xo.  5,  1,100  men, 
says  .SalmSalm.  The  bronze  medal  for  military  merit  was  fastened  on  his 
breast  as  he  left.  An  llano,  ('If.  //oAf.-j,  'Ji). 

'"  Valdcz  Bucccediujj  to  hia  di>isiju. 


UKPUBLICANS  AGAIN  REPULSKD. 


289 


jlic  (garrison  was  soon  reduced  to  loss  than  7,000  luoii," 
w  liilc  tlie  l)esic<,niiu^  forces  were  at  this  tiim^  increased 
Itv  the  ari'ival  of  Kiva  Pahicio,  ^^artinez,  and  otlier.s 
witli  marly  10,000  men.''"  Thus  streni;tiiened,  they 
iiKidi'   another   determined   assault   on   tho  24th,  this 


tmit'   on 


ly 


au'ains 


t   tl 


le    sou 


th   line,  het\vet;n    the  Ala- 


iiicda  and   the  Puehlit*^  corner  <'ate,  defended    s(»  far 
I'V  the  cavalry,  for   tho  fortifications  were   not   coni- 


I' 


•ted 


Tl 


le     new 


ly 


arrivec 


I     tr 


oops    wore     main 


ly 


viii|iioyed  under  tho  tlirection  of  Corona,  second  in 
cniimiand.  After  a  simulated  charge,  and  amidst  tho 
play  of  hatterios  from  every  direction,  ^Fartinez' column 
tl  11  upon  the  line  immediately  west  of  the  Alameda; 
l»ut  ^Iiiam(»n  was  here,  assisted  hy  uremic/.,  and  ne- 
loii'^'  it  was  driven  hack  in  disorder,  with  tho  loss  <»f 
iiuincrous  itrisoners.-'     ALeanwhile  Kiva  l^alacio  had 


\\i 


til  still  larger  force  moved  against  the  Casa  Hlaiica, 
llic  main  point  of  attack.      Mejia  directed  the  reduced 
I \ airy  with   great   spirit,  notwithstanding  a   severe 

in  re[»i'lliiii;  tin;  first 


tl 


wuiiiKi  111  tlie  tace,  and  succee( 


.led 


liaige.      The  re[»uhlican  ofiicers  hiavely  rallied  them, 


inwiver,  and  onward  tliey  rus 


1th 


died, 


carry mir  an 


hef 


ore 


tlniii.  It  was  a  critical  moment;  hut  Arellano  saw 
the  danger,  and  hastened  in  jierson  to  direct  the  guns 
upon  the  densest  jnasses.      The  effect  was  overwlielm- 


IIILT. 


() 


lice  mo 


re  the  attackiiiir  column  wavered,  i>iv 


iiig  time  for  roenforceinonts  to  come  up  from  the  now 
lili'iated   Alameda;    and    then    the    cavah'y    led    the 


return   cliarL^e 


hy  tl 


lo  nnneri 


imis.',  wi 
It 


th  tl 


P 


le  mspiriiiir  crv  o 


alisfj' 
f  '\ 


s   with  resistless  im 


th 


na  el  emperadoi 


w 


as  an  acknowledged    and  costly  defeat    lor    the 


'*S;iliu-Siilin  fixes  it  as  low  us  (»,.")(K). 

*''riiuy  iirrivrd  March  U*;!!!,  tliu  otlicr  generals  In  iiii,'  .liiaii  .Mciidcz  and 
Maitjiu/.  Arraui^oiz,  'J8.'>,  names  the  snhordinate  .linicni/  ami  N'fli/,  and 
^■iliii-Salni  :,'iies  C'arbajal  instead  of  Mendez.  lie  now  estimates  the  lilwral 
f'T.v  at  '  ali'ove  40,(XK),'  with  70  to  80 guns.  Diary,  i.  !»•_'.  liaseh,  (iS,  wlio  eon 
tiniis  this  niiniher  from  deserters'  statements,  places  the  forces  hiDUght  liy 
i'.ilacio  and  Martinez  at  2,8^)  and  "), 000  respectively;  Arias,  while  iivoiding 
luniilHTs  for  Martinez,  allows  Mendez  '2,r)00  men.  Eiisai/o,  Hi.'-J-.").  Arellano, 
ilo  II,  places  the  imperialists  at  a  little  helow  7,000  and  the  republicans  at 
ovir  ;{().0(K). 

''Taken  mainly  hy  Col  (Jonzalez  with  hia  Emperatriz  regiment. 
IIisT.  Mex.,  Vol.  VI,     19 


t ' 


•JfM) 


IMl'KiaALLSM  CA(iKI). 


republicans,  who  admitted  a  loss  of  12,000  in  killed  and 
wounded,  besides  several  liundred  prisoners.-^ 

Arellano,  whose  proni[>t  and  spirittd  action  had 
proliivlily  saved  the  ilay,  was  made  a  ij^eiieral,  and  the 
rare  hi'oii/e  nii'ilal  tor  valor  was  bestowed  upttn  the 
leading"  otlieers,  gold  and  sil\ei'  nn-dals  beini^  dl>trih- 
uted  amoii;^  the  lower  ranks.  At  the  eonclusii»n  ot'tliis 
ceremony,  Miranion  took  a  bronze  medal  and  asked 
permission  of  the  emperor  to  decorate.'  him  in  the  name 
of  the  army,  as  worthy  abovi;  all  to  reccsive  the  token, 
for  his  fearless  conduct,  noble  endurance-,  and  si  ll- 
(hmying  and  sympathi/inu'  partici|)atiou  in  the  dang(  i> 
and  hardships  of  his  soldiers  Deeply  affected,  Maxi- 
milian accepted  it,  and  wore  the  medal  ever  after  a> 
the  most  valued  of  his  decorations.-^ 


< 


After  this  the  republicans  decided  to  waste  no  nMii- 
blood  in  rcLiular  assaults,  but  to  await  the  fall  of  the 
setairely  invested  city  by  starvation,  while  submitting' 
it  to  a  continual  bombardment.  'I'he  latter  proveil 
not  an  unalloyed  torment,  however,  for  tlu;  missiles 
were  welcomed  bv  the  besicLTed  as  additions  to  tlieii- 
scanty  war  niaterial,  rewards  being  j)aid  to  tho>e  who 
brought  them  in."^  The  energetic  Arellano,  cliief  ef 
artillery,  had  established  factories  for  powder  and  pm- 
{(M'tiles  assisted  bv  the  stock  of  raw  material  in  the 
warehouses,  and  by  that  obtained  from  church-bell>, 

'■'''Arias  plii'fs  the  lattor  at  '  mas  di"  '200.'  Kii-^'ii/o,  170.  'J'lu^  ri'pulM'  ni 
I'alacio,  iiDt  aL-kii'iwlu(lgf(l  as  a  dt'tVat,  was  attiibutcil  as  a  cniisiMnifiiLU  ut 
Mai'tiiii'z"  rout.  IJascli,  ii.  71,  [uits  the  captives  at  400,  ami  Salm-Saliii  tin' 
(Icail  at  l,r>(K),  till!  iiiipoiial  losses  heiii;,'  ooiiiparatively  small,  owiii^'  to  tiie 
liiisitioii  (it  tin:  repulilieaii  lines,  wiiieii  [uevcnted  a  flee  play  of  tiieir  lue-aiiii>, 
and  to  tiieii'  reliaiiee  on  tlie  hayonet.  />/'//■//,  i,  OS-!).  Ho  speal\s  liiL,'lily  "l 
Mall)ui'gV.  eliai'LCe  witli  a  l(o<ly  of  cavalry.  Kiva  I'alacio  alone  is  ussuiiieil  to 
liave  i)rou(.,'iit  Kt.OiO  men  against  tiie  Casa  Blanca  line. 

"So  far  he  iiad  worn  tiie  knight  cross  of  the  (iuadalupo  and  Ivigle  orders. 
The  medal  was  accompanied  l)y  an  appropriate  letter  signed  liy  thi'  eomnuuid- 
ing  generals.  Jl(i->rh,  t'Jriii.,  ii.  7S-0,  02--;i.  On  tiie  'J4tii  an  attiick  liad  al~o 
lieen  made  on  tiic  convent,  whicli  the  emperor  repulsed,  not  without  daiiLrtr, 
for  a  grenadi!  exploded  close  to  him.  On  sui'ii  occasions  he  hoi'e  iiimself  wilii 
a  coohiess  tiiat  surprised  tiie  hravest.  Arellano  speaks  very  modestly  of  his 
own  dcetl,  Clliiiiai  J/onis,  100;  but  Hans,  (^>«(  /•.,  I'JO,  among  others,  accords 
dne  credit. 

"  At  the  rate  of  two  reales  for  cannonballs,  siiys  Baach.  Sahn-Salin,  i.  7'i, 
allows  a  dollar  lor  shells  and  half  a  dollar  for  a  shot. 


»■ 


XO  I'.Ki'XFOUrKMKNTS. 


i:oi 


I'd' if  lovri-Iii'j^,  jukI  uOut  sourcos.-"     Work  at  tlio  foi-ti- 
liiMiidiis  was  caniL'd  forwanl  with  iiuiroasod  uctivitv; 


;iii(l  tit  this  riui  wwii  iiu[)ri'ssr<l  tlu)  pnsoiu'i's,  aii<l  also 
.it  i/.('iis,"'  \vli(t  had  ol'tt'ii  to  cxposi-  thctiisL'lvfs  to  licavy 
t'lrr,  i'>j»i'('iall_v  iVoiii  Auicri'-aii  sharpshooters.'-"' 

Tlie  ti'ouhlf^oiiu'  proximltv  of  the  hrsicn't-rs  on  tlu; 
north  side '^^  iiuhiccil  Mii-aiiioii  lo  malcr  an  attack  upon 
th(>m  hcfore  dawn  on  the  1st  ot'Api-il;  hut  wliiU- tho 
ca/.adori's  i»us]u'd  their  wa\'  to  tlio  very  siinimit  of  Sa;i 
(ircy;orio,  and  Ljaiiu'il  a  decldt'd  advaiita:,'''',  (■a[)tui'in;_;; 
two  ^,uii.s,  they  wero  not  projierly  snpj)ortiMl  hy  tho 
other  forces,  and  the  niovenient  proved  futile. -"  An 
efpially  vain  and  costly  attack  was  undertaken  a'^aiiist 


tlie 


arita 


lie 


M 


OXlco,    e;is 


t  of   tlie  C<invento  de  la 


(  Vuz,'"  the  day  after  cclehratiuLC  the  aiuii\ersai'y  of 
Maxiinilian's  accejitance  of  the  throne.'" 

Xotwithstandin^'  the  hoastful  tone  of  the  Kpeechen 
oil  this  occasion,  it  may  Ix;  inia;j;ined  that  their  s[iiiit 
was  rather  forced,  and  niaiidv  owin^  to  the  ;d)senc(! 
of  news  from  ^[ar(^U(;/.  J*]veryl)ody  had  felt  contidiMit 
that  the  expected  rei3:  'orcements  would  arrive  witliin 
a  foi-tni,L;'ht,  hut  three  weeks  had  i)assed  without  a 
si''ii.      'I'he  numerous  enemies  of  the   u'eneral   he'jfan 

•■'Ciii)s  were  iiuulo  from  stilF  juiiier,  An  Hani),  100-10,  aiul  tin:  (.11111011  wen; 
[iIolll|itly  rt'iciircil.       For  tlliuls  glillltcil  liiiii,  ^^\^■.,  soo ','/"  c,  i'lthhi,  17."!-S. 

■"  llctweiii  tlio  ages  of  II)  iiiiii  00,  wiyt  IaIov  re,  harn,  ii.  :{S4,  who  i'X;iL"_'tr- 
iitrs  till!  s(,'\tiity  iLsud.  Hans,  IJt  (i,  states  tiiiit  Miiximiliiii  iiiliitfruil  to 
>|i.iri'  tliu  prisoners  from  exiinsiiio. 

•'  Siicli  {US  (ireen'a  ligi.ni  of  Inmor. 

-'"Two  .sli-'lit  attacks  liail  Inoii  iiiailc  oil  tlii.'  Minillorcs  brills  on  tlie  2-"th 


ill  'Jlilli,  iiiiiliT  tliu  (liivction  ''f  Aiitil! 


on,  SI 


iKontinati!  to  Meiidc/,  wlio  «' 


0111- 


il.'.l  111 

IX,     A'c 


ir  111)1  til   iiiio,  Ircvino  having,'  now  takoii  cliargc  ot  tin;  wi  .st  liiii 
171-3. 


•"■'Arias  ailnilts  a  ilofuat  for  Aiitilli>n,  an  1  a  lu'avy  loss,  lait  the  liiial  ii.-iult 
was  that  the  repnlilieaiis  advaiieeil  their  lines.    Kiimii/o,  17--t.     Salin-Saliii, 


l(»   IS,  \-2i,  will 


le.l  tl 


a/ailores,  intimates  that  he  was  left  in  tlit 


liiriii 


liy  .Miraiiioii;  ami  the  freinieiiey  with  which  the  latter  exjmsetl   him  ami  his 
iiir'.i  rmiseil  a  suspicion  th.it  the  foreigners  were  to  he  saeritieeil.      I'e/a  and 


.'),  attrilaite  the  f.iiliiie  to  .S.ilin-Salm's  disoUedi 


if  orders. 


The  1 


iiie  was  held  liy  Kiva  1', 


inieiie/.  renillsi 


d  the  attieU.    .1/ 


Sahn-.Salin  had  renioiistrated.      I'eza  and   I'radillo  agi'ei 


Th 


vi:!--  to  fa\()r  the  departure  of  couriers.    Ildiii,  <)ni 


In  th 


i:iu. 


ijci't 


declared  to  lie  the 


e  speeches  oil  this  oecasiou  the  enipiio  was  still  i 
i.hiiiee  of  the  people;  .Mexico  h.id  iiotlieeii  deceived  in  .Maxiinilian.  The  lat- 
tc- assured  his  adherents  that  a  llapshurg  would  never  desert  his  post  in  daii- 
;;ir  -a  soniuwhat  ditlicult  thing  to  do  at  this  jniieture.  Iltoh,  ii.  So  S. 
i'eiliaps  tho  subsuipieut  sally  was  part  of  the  celebration,  .snarls  Arias. 


iHttrtUJ.I  !•' 


2M 


l.MI'KKIALISM  CA(.i;i>. 


I 
I 


()|ieiily  ti»  hint  lit  trruclirry,  and  to  idusu  suspifioii 
r\»'ii  aiiiuiiiLf  his  ;i(llicr<iits,  Miixiiiiiliiiii  imt  e\ct'|itiM|.'- 
Mort'  tliuii  »)iu'  iiicssfiincr  had  l»rt'ii  siiit  to  coimiuiiii- 
catc  witli  hitii,  hut;  llu!  coritsrs  left  coiisiiiciKiusly 
dMiinliiiL,'  l»y  till.'  ht'.>>i»"^('r.s  created  a  fear  that  inMit^ 
had  |telietratcd  their  hlics. 


I). 


I 


lys  passed  III  e\tr-iiiereasiin^  sus|)eiise;  evis  an 
ears  sti'ai lied  in  \aiii  I'or  the  sound  of  hattle  in  the 
I'eai',  wliieh  slioiild  ju'ove  the  weh-oiiie  siL;iiaI.  At 
last  it  was  deeidi-d  to  send  a  leaihiii;'  oljiccr  in  search 
of  him,  atteii(h'd  hyapieked  hand  of  hoi-semcn.  Tlie 
t;isk  was  (hin^'ennis;  for,  aware  of  all  nio\cnuiit.s,  JOs- 
c'((he(lo  kept  close  ^uard,  and  had  not  «»nly  warned  )'e- 
piihlican  leaders  in  all  directions  to  watch  I'spocially 
the  route  to  Mexico,  hut  he  had  detached  considerahlf 
forces  to  clii'ck  the  advance  of  any  relief  ex[>edition." 
^Fejia  heiiii;  too  ill  to  move,  the  mission  was  intrusted 


t.)   1' 


mice  Salm 


•Sail 


111    and  (ieiiera 


1   M 


oret,  with  in- 


structions to  return  at  once  with  rei'iiforceineiits  and 


i'uiids,  the   fornii'r   hcim 


SCi 


■retlv  chan'-i'd   to  arrot 


:\ii 


irijUe/,  and  evacua 


ite   M 


exii'o  it'  desirahh 


Tl 


KV 


SfVoiiil  tiiiR'S  lu;  wii.s  t'au''lit  with  Ji  liall-olu'(l;i;il  uttiTiiiK't'  of  ilcnilit. 


ItiiMili,  ii.  ."il-i"),  (i.i;  am 
OIK!  iii-tiiiice  when  M; 


1  Salm-Saliii,  i.  ,'il   •_',  vtc,  now  ri'iiu'iiilii'it'il  iiioi'i   than 


iriiilt'/  liai 


ICIl    fdUlK 


ll.vt 


H'lii  w  itli  siiiistoi',  iDiiscii'iii 


KUii'ktii  coiiiitiiiaiKc,  (loiil)tlurss  laying  the  tU'vilish  plots  of  whicii  ArtllaiRi  i.j 
foii'HKist  to  acLiiso  liini. 

"'■  Dlvi'ia  vas  oven  tlifii  lioKlini:  fortii  in  tho  mountains  iiorth-wustward, 
vit!i  fully  l.OltOnu'U,  hut  liu'olii  il   hy  a  ivpuMican  cohunn;   l»ia/,anil  other 
Mexico  were  oKnirvin^'   Maiciue/,  and  ( Juailai'raina  had  ad- 


'fuuials  louml 


vanrc'd  with  4,(100  lavaliy  to  niert  him.   .1/ 


171  •-'. 


M 
but 
l)eisona 


iiamon  an( 


I  A 


lellano  ui'Tci 


I  Maximilian  to  start  with   1,000  cavali 


M' and  duty  hado  liiui  stay.     Moivtvas  projioscd  liy  .Miranioii  a.s  a 


1   fi' 


d,    nnioli  ai'ainst    Maxiniilian'.s  wishes 


Mi 


h 


to   \>. 


courted,  anil  so  it  was  decided  to  send  hoth,  with  C(]ual  command,  but  tiie 
former  received  merely  instruct  ins  to  find  Mariiue/  anil  leturn  wilh  liiui  and 
his  troops,  wiiile  Salni-.Saini cai-i  •(!  additional  secret  instructions,  with  onhn 
to  Maniuez  to  ])lace  at  the  disi    ^al  of  the  prince  all  cavalry  in  nml  round 

o.      With  this  he  was  to  return  within  "_' 4 
I)  come  to  their  relief.     At  lease  ,s'_'00,000 


^Mexico,  or  on  the  way  to  l.hur 


)i 


lours,  unless  iManpie/  promise 
must  ho  brought,  incliuliug  the  iperor's  pri\ato  money.  lie  nii','iit  arrest 
Moret  if  he  thought  best,  and  al;  .Manpiez,  should  tiie  reports  of  his  treason 
])!-i)ve  reliable.  Tiie  Kuropeaii  t  >ps  at  Mexico  must  obey  him  alone,  and 
Olvera,  tiieii  in  tiie  Sierra  (iorda  tihouUl  give  him  his  cavalry.  Tlio  dipln- 
liiatio  cor])s  should  be  in\  ited  to  ml  some  of  their  members  to  Qnerctaro  to 
in(lu(;e  tiie  Juarists  to  act  hunuuicly,  ami  toannounco  that  the  einpei'or  would 
Hot  yield  unless  he  could  surrender  his  c(>niniission  to  a  legal  conixress.  The 
public  slionld  be  cheered  with  good  news,  and  N'idaurri  and  MarijUe/  almio 
informed  of  the  true  state  of  atfairs.     It  was  to  be  stated  that  all  the  genciaU 


1  AII.ri;E  OF  SALM-SAl.M  AM>  Mt.IlKT. 


'-"I.I 


Tiintl(;  tl;o  atl('in[>t  oarlv  oik;  iiinniliiL,'  to  liroak  t'lrou^li 
tlio  liiHs  ill  the  dirt'ft  lull  of  Sicri'a  Cionl.-i,  l)ut  Sfi-iii- 
iii'^ly  iiiiofiiird  of  tlio  [inijt-rt,  tin-  r<'iMilili«';iiiy.  i  nis- 
t  rt_(l  ill  .such  I'orce  as  to  (It'lrat  it,'*' 

This  failufo  iiicfcas.'d  the  (liscoiirai^^oiiioiit,  and 
Hovcral  otKctTs  inaiiilVsU-d  it  so  Ww  as  to  write  to 
^^('jla,  urn'iiij.cn»',L,^oti;itioiis  fnr  .sinifiidcf.  Thu  [ni'iiiitt 
ariTst  of  the  Icidn-s  sirvrd  to  clieck  a  desire  which 
si'cins  to  liavo  hiMMi  \vide-s[»rcad.''"'  Shortly  aftej-,  as 
if  in  accord  witli  tlio  other,  came  a  jiro|>(isal  from  Jvs- 
cnhedo  for  oajiit illation,  tilU'riu^''  to  let  Araximiliaii  de- 
|i;irt;  but  it  ujis  rejected,"'''  \> '.ih  th«3  assurance  th:it 
there  wa.s  no  lack  of  resources,  of  which  jtroot'  was 
trndend  in  a  I'velv  reply  t>)  the  hoiiilKirdmt.'iit.'"'  This 
w.is   inteiideil  also  to  distract  the   attention   of  Iho 

Irnl  ilrsircil  tlio  emlKTor  to  leave  Qiieretiuo  willi  all  tiio  eava!i>.  Mi  \iii> 
hliniild  liealiainlolieil  if  all  the  triMi|vs  there  wire  iieeil.  .1  for  tlie  nlnl.  >a!iii- 
N.iliii  liilL,'lit  liegoliate  >\  illi  tlie  ri  [iiililirail  IiihIiih.  i)eeia-atiiiiiM  ami  a  lija>s 
(it  [irivali:  clleets  Were  to  he  lii'ouL;lit.  S'l/ni-Sn/iii,  hhin/,  i.  I.'i.">-10.  Ua^li, 
«  )  wrote  out  the  iiistruetioiis,  j^i'.e.s  tiieiii  less  fully,  Kr'm.,  ii.  HT,  lO'J,  Ir.it 
)iu  ailil.s  at  liii;.'tli  11  letter  to  the  L'.  S.  eon.sul  Otterlmrg,  iiresiiitiii^  ci  rtaiii 
cruel  (leeils  of  the  rejmlilicnus,  niid  lir.'iu'^  nioie  liuuiaiie  treatuuiit,  liue  that 
iiieonli'il  to  the  (iOO  jirisoiiers  at  (jhuiitaro.  The  lett<  rn  are  ilateil  Aji' il  lOtli 
fiMil  ITtli.  See  also  ^l/vvu/i/o/s,  iv. 'J'.l  1-7;  <>Vo//i),  .luly -"<,  iSiiT;  ami -I /•'•'/!(/((), 
1 1  I  'li.  The  latter  aiMs  that  the  jirojxisal  for  Maxiuiiliaii  to  leave,  inail.;  on 
Ai'ril  1  ttli,  waa  iiiteiuleil  to  s.ivo  liiui.  Jf  no  aid  eonlil  naeli  the  reiuainiu^ 
tiKops,  they  vould  then  lueaL  throii^'h.  The  illiicvs  of  .Mtjia  ililayed  tl.''. 
jiiojeet  for  ei^iht  days,  '  'u  tlie  llltli  the  couinil  tinally  determined  a.s  at)oV( , 
tli'j  losvn  liaviiiq  to  l>o  held  till  news  came  from  .Me\ieo,  or  till  all  nsouri  rt 
Were  exhausted.  Man|uez  aeciises  Miranioii  and  Arelhuio  of  .i  desire  to  ;.-(!; 
lid  of  Maximilian  at  any  cost,  exposiiiL;  him  to  rout  and  death  in  the  cH'ort  to 
I're.ik  tlirouj^h  the  lines.   It'j'nfiicioii,  I'Jl  -S. 

^•'Salm-Salm  siisjieets  that  tlio  traitor  I.opez  had  already  hejiin  his  iiiaLui- 
iiatiiiiis,  hut  he  hlames  especially  Moret,  v  ho  lul  the  \an,  for  his  iudeeisioii 
at  a  nioinent  when  the  break  might  have  heeii  illeeted,  and  he  hints  at  iiU'ii! 
than  carelessness  in  Miramon  for  selecting  him.  A  daiii;i.' gueiriila  naiiud 
/iia/.iiii  dicl  jieiietrato  with  ahoiit  50  men,  and  I'eza  ainl  rnidillo  point  to  tl.i^ 
as  |iro()f  that  the  prince  failed  in  ener'y  and  duty  on  tlie  oceasion.  Mnr.,  .".0  • 
Cit.  There  seems  to  he  some  truth  in  what  tiny  say.  Sahii-Salni  imlicatu 
th;it  the  attempt  was  made  after  midnight  cm  the  l.stli,  hut  I'.iisdi  say.^  t!.e 
-Jl;  others  are  divided. 

•■"Mejiaand  .^Iendl'/5  are  rnid  to  have  been  in  favor  of  caiiitulaling.  Ai<- 
V.itiio,  I'JS.  The  ohject  of  the  letter  to  Mejia,  sent  hy  l.'i  oliicers,  says  Salni- 
Salin,  may  have  hecn  to  sound  the  prosiiects.  Those  arrested  were  (uii. 
Hainirez,  Col  Rubio,  and  Maj.  Ad:imn.  At  this  time  MaximilianM-aastartli  d 
hy  till!  report  that  Miramon  intended  to  arrest  him;  but  even  .Salni-Salm 
lloubU  it. 

'•  Made  on  April  1st.  Baxch,  ii.  W2  X 

"  Kspouially  on  April  '24th,  from  the  no-^y  fortifications  at  the  c<i:\yi  iit,  nt- 
tcu  led  by  a  sally.  Ammunition  was  plentiful  cnoiu;h  so  far,  thanlij  t  >  Are- 
liaiio's  energy. 


234 


TMrEllIALISM  CAGED. 


S  ■ 


soldiers  and  citizens,  to  ^vllolu  crumbs  of  coi.ifort  were 
dlstribiitctl  in  tliu  Ibrin  of  fabricated  news,  amidst 
ringing"  of  bells,  of  important  victories  by  ^lanjuez. 

As  if  in  derision  of  tlio  ellbrt  came  seemingly  relia- 
ble news  of  the  annihilation  of  Marcjuez'  forces  and 
the  fall  of  Puebla.  This  was  naturally  kept  a  secret 
amoiit^  tlie  most  trusted  othcers^^  of  ]\taximilian,  wlio 
now  be_L;"an  to  entertain  the  project  of  lig'htinu;'  his  way 
out  with  the  army.  Preparatt)ry  for  this,  3Iiramon 
])lanned  an  attack  on  the  Cimatario  liill,  commandiiiLC 
llie  south  line  of  the  town,  and  early  on  the  27tii  ol' 
.V[)ril  he  advanced  aj.'i'ainst  it  Avith  about  12,000  men, 
another  less  stronij;  colunui  boin^'  l.'d  l)y  Casliilo 
against  the  Carita  do  ^.lexico,  to  divide  the  opponents. 
JSo  une\j)ected  and  deternuned  was  the  charge,  tliat 
the  republicans  fell  into  disorder,  and  within  an  jioiu' 
their  entire  line  was  in  I'nll  ilight,  guns,  anununition, 
and  ])rovision  trains  being  abandoned  to  tlie  victoi'.^N 
\\]u)  made  an  inunenso  havoCj  and  caj>tured  more  tli;.  i 
500  prisoners,  raiding  to  the  hcad(piarters  ol'  Corona. 
'^i'liousands  of  the  lleeing  dispersed,  never  to  return, 
'^i'he  joy  of  the  soldiers  at  this  unpnu-edented  captuiv 
was  intense,  and  joined  liy  the  ihmished  towns-peoide, 
tliey  began  lo  carry  in  the  Ijooty.  ]']ven  jNIiranidn 
seemed  da/i  d  by  his  success,  and  joined  by  ^»[aximili;ui, 
he  strutted  about  the  battle-rield  speculating  on  tlu 
cU'ect  and  on  the  next  best  movement.  In  this  m;;n- 
ner  more  tlian  two  jtrecious  hours  were  lo;.t;  ;u;  I 
when  at  l.i.-t  he  eidlected  jiis  troo;;;-;  and  resolved  io 
]>ursue  litis  advantagi^,  s\\ee[)Ing  tlie  summit  of  tlic 
Jiill  and  thence  falliu'''  in  tlie  rear  of  tin;  a  lioinln.;- 
lini's,  the  more  active  Ji^scobe'do  liad  m;,naged  to  bring 
l'.)rward  his  cdioicest  reserves,'*"  and  gain  the  best  jto;  i- 
tioii.  So  severe  was  the  repulse  now  met,  that  iln' 
late  victors  turned   in  llight,  het'dless  of  the  dari'i  ;• 

''•'  iiiiihrac'iiig  i".i  tliisoocJiMioii  mily  MirjimiDi,  Ciistillo,  ami  S.ilin-Saliii,  n  -u 
chioi  iKljiitiiiit. 

*"  lii'ai'iiii,'  tlio  ii:iiin>  iif  Siiprciiiiis  I'imIi'i-cs,  ;i.^.;'i.s'nil  liy  cii/iidwrcM  f.-....i  ;'  .' 
liorilimi  Kliitt's.  MiiNiiiiili.Mi  Is  .sniil  lo  li:i\c  iliivc^jl  t'lis  m'c-::!(l  cl!"":.' '.  ,< 
till!  hill.      /', -.a  and  I'rudillo,  V<t.i:,V.'. 


VKTORV  AND  DKFKAT, 


■\:iin|»lo  of  the  ein|)i'r()r  and  their  generals,  who  ruslied 
iito  the  thickest  hiillet  sliowei's  to  cheei'  tliein.  Sev- 
■i;il  Imiuh'ed  \vi'rt>  slain  and  ea|)tured,  iiieludiiig  ina- 

l  a  large   [uirt  of  the  store  trains 


iau(hn^;'  I'lti/ens    an( 


was  i'( 


fak 


en 


This  turning  of  victory  into  dcft'a.t  was  undouhtedlv 
(hie  to  ;i  lack  of  j)ronipt ness  on  the  j)art  of  ^Miranmn, 
to  a   neglect   to   follow    up    his   advantage.      The    1 


le- 


sii'gfd  appear  to  ha\'e  hecn  animated  l»y  a  re])ort  that 
tlu'  attack  was  in  c' (operation  with  ^larcpu'/'  arri\al 
ill  the  rear.  Now  came  the  douhle  (lisapj)ointnient, 
and  dejection  s<:ttled  Upon  all,  as  manifested  also  among 
the  soldiers  during  tlie  sul)se(pient  unpro(hicti\e  at- 
tacks against  (larita  de  Mexico  and  San  ( Iregorio.'*' 
le    misei'v  was    hecominLT   too  apparent    in   e\erv 

\i  Oil  ft 


Tl 


(hreciion   to   he   co\cred   any  longer  with   fal^e   ho[i 
Desci'tion   and    hiillets   had   re(hu'e<l    the  garrison    to 

*'  Kticoliedo'.s  I'l'piirt  amiiMiiic nl  ."()()  killi'd  jiiul  over  KX)  caiitmccl.    F..<irf^la 
,!■■  (),;-nl  ,  May  'M,  ISli 
(.'iisi  l>liinc:4  iildiif.      II 


SuiniSiiliii  says  tli.it  iVid  \w\\\  killcil  m    tlio  uay  i>> 


V  yivt'S    .hf  ri' 


<ult  i)f  tlio  tiist  SI 


Cdlois,  aiiil    I.")  i;iiiis,  tii.;<'tlu  r  V  itii  (i  yuiis  lir<)ui;!it  in  liy('.istill 


I'ccss  at  .')! ,  prisdiifis. 


II,  w  III)  liar. 


tal- 


111  a  liist  iiitiriKliiiinii  in  his  iliioctiim,  luit  f.iilril  at  tlii'  t'nlldwiiii. 


'Ill 


iiiiiiniinitinii  |in>\  III  Mii'i>|itali|r,  ami  the  provisinns,  iiirhuliiiLjcatllr,  laMtcil  fm  a 


li  \i'  i,av> 


Aria.s  ailiiiits  a  lnss  nf 


'V't'i'  'JO  I'uns 


Tl 


u'  ifiiiiit  rai 


Ii'il.licaiis  lost   l(),(«)0  liy  ilrsciti 


il   tliat  siinii'  of  tliiir  'tii 


I  tliat  till 
fav. 


.1 


laisiii-'  tlii'sifj 


Ml 


isoli,  /-,(•//( 


II 


ii.  I(i!l   i:!,  wiiti 


I's  as  ir  till'  iiin\  iiiii'iit  Iwiil  lii'tu 


wl 


ll'IV   It 


iiiti'iidcil  nuri'ly  to  call  atti'iition   tVoiii   tlii'  north  siiU;  of  tin-   li 

was  |iro|)iiscil  to  lircak   ihroiu'li,  ami  he  allmlrs  toil  plaiiiiril  allark  au'ainst 

tho  San  ( Iii'^orio  hill   for   the  |ircci'iliiii,' ilay,  wliirji    f.iihil  to  Ih-  caniiil  out. 


.tllfoU:;ll   soiiio    liilsiin 
Stiloil 


ilursi 


iniliii'4. 


ilin->alm  also  ili'iiarrs 


111  ami  |)it']);ii'('il  tor  ilrpaitiii  i' 
altlioiiuh  hi'  savs  lli.it  at'iiT  ihi"  vii  toiy  ai 


l.ut  1 

i-:i  ci 


that  cvi'iythii 


ly  \\  hat  iliri'itioii  is 


not  statiil, 


uataiio  '  mithiii'^  iiri'vi'iilrii  m 


fioiii  IcivIiil;  tile  i-itv."      I)iit  tUi',  siu'ci'ss  rliaiiLii'il  .ill  pl.ins,  Mi  ran  ion  rviili  iitly 


■i-iiailiiiLj 


M 


ixiiiri.an   to  rriiiain  an 


lo;- 


Ml 


yet  Ik'  I'onfi'-si's  tliat  l!ir  fxai 


to  M 


ii'ainon,  aim  in'riiaii' 


(  '.i-^ti 


t  1<1 
.      Ill 


nniliilalr  till'  rrst  ot    till'  iiiiiiiy  h 
itay  \\  111'  iinknou  n. 


ins  loi' 


that 
M 


I'  falls  Miraiiioii  tin'  lia. 


lilt  III 


Miiilnali,  tlioujill  willliii:   to  111  ;u'V 


liin   liliuili'il  liv  illusions  rathir   than 


lu'inia  says  in  ','"■  ''• 


Cnidt.  ,S(;   7. 


jriiilty  of  ili'i-([itioii.    I'iirii.  i.  I.M  (is.      .M 

tliat  fa!  •!•  nii'ssanc's  piii-[ioi-tiiiM    to  lu'  fi'oiii  .Man|iii'Z  causiil  the  loss  of  tiiui-. 

I'f/a  !i!iil    I'lailil!  >,  Mff.r.,  lil,   7l>,  iloiilit   tlio  iiiojcct  of    lircakiiii;  tliroiij,'h, 


li.f  iiiisiiitcrprctiii;,'  it  as  inti'mliil  to  save  only  a  (lai't  of  tln^  a 


111  1,  r 


Unfix,  I'..' !,  assiinii'^  tli.it  it  was  iiitiiiili'il  to  licat  tli 


riiiy.      .All'- 
o  l>i'.sit.'i;i'is 


ill  ilclall,     The  paikin    -up 


it   first.  I  iiati'il  iinplt'.isant  Milspii'liins  ii 


11 


Ills,   O//. 


loth 


i:{(l-.")().  ami 

ill. 


ol  lit'l  -,  I     Illillr 
•I 


Iti'il  I 


'I 
ty  latrr  acioiint.> 


>\-  ."saliii  >aliii 


iiTs,  to  liavu  liri'ii  nu'icly  a  pii'faulioii  iii  i.iso  o 


IHilnniiiaiy  oprrations. 


'On  May  Isi 


mil  oil;  till'  n  iM.lilir.ins  i' 


■tiili.iti 


f  mil 

tl 


sastiT  ilui  iiiL 


til 


III''  on  tlir  .itli.  tlir  aimiv  cr- 


.11  y  ot  thill'  xii'toty  at  I'll! 


ill  iMi".',  with  :\  sliai  pi. 


I'amioiiai 


ml  an  at- 


ta.  k  on  till'  Miratloiis  Iniili;.  .       Tlu'  ilcatli  of  tlii'  popular  Cul  Uoilri^Uf^  ilui- 
ill.'  till'  liist  of  tlicsi'  att.uks  iiii'ii'a-i'il  tlu'  ulooni. 


iiA-M 


LMPERI^UJSM  CAGED. 


; ' 


1 

;  i 


5,000  men,  whose  remuneration  liad  long  l)oon  hut 
}ialt-])ay  for  the  men  only,  with  slim  jtrospccts  for  its 
roiiti nuance.*''  The  cavalry  was  for  the  i-ruatcr  ])art 
unmounted,  their  horses  havin<,^  died  ot"  starvation,''* 
or  hccn  consiijfned  to  the  hutchcr.  Other  me;i,t  was 
almost  unknown,  save  when  brouulit  in  by  sonn;  raid- 
ini^  pur'cy;  and  Hour  and  maize  were  rapidly  disai)- 
pearing,  provisions  of  every  description  comman(hno' 
enormous  prices.  Frijoles,  the  sta})le  dish,  still  re- 
mained to  ward  oif  actual  famine,  yet  lmnfjry-lookin<"- 
faces  were  visible  at  every  turn,  and  mothers  wandered 
in  eager  search  for  a  tortilla  and  a  pinch  of  salt.  In 
order  to  eriualize  the  condition  somewhat,  strict  oixleis 
had  been  issui'd  for  the  surrender  of  all  stocks  of 
produce,  and  seizures  were  besides  made  of  moneys  as 
well  as  food  in  exchange  for  worthless  drafts.  Kveiy 
conceivable  means  was  brought  to  bear  for  iirocuriiiL!' 
funds,  from  poll,  window,  and  balcony  taxes,  to  wi-ekly 
])ayments  i'rom  all  classes  who  wished  to  l)uy  exeni])- 
iion  from  the  hard  and  dangerous  work  on  the  fortih- 
cations.*' 

It  cannot  be  said,  however,  that  discontent  was 
very  marked.  !N[exicansare  a  long-sutrei'ing  race,  and 
the  ()ueretanos  submitted  with  fair  !>race  to  the  in- 
evitable.  The  enqieror  assisted  in)t  a  little  to  main- 
tain a  <jfood  feeliuL!-  by  sharing  freelv  in  everv  hardsliiit 
and  danger,  visiting  the  crowded  liospitals^"  to  cliet-r 
the    woimded,    exposing    himself    recklessly    in    tlu^ 

*''riK' (illicors  ivceivcil  li.inlly  anytliiiig  Tlie  iinmti"r  iii  iiicii  was  iiisiif- 
ticii'iit  for  the  It'iiu'tli  of  tlio  liiKs,  that  ln'tut't'i  tlie  l'iU'l)lito  j,Mte'  ami  Cam|KUKi 
hill  hi'iiig  very  poorly  di'teiiili'il.   Sa^in-Sithii,  Jlhirif,  i.   17(1   I. 

■•^Cliopiiuil  ln'iisliwood  and  li'axis  foiiiuil  tlio  main  foiMtT. 

**  Varying  from  "J.")  cents  to  .sl'\ oral  dollars  wevkly,  acconliiig  to  tho  stand- 
ing and  ruvt'niie  of  the  citi/.on.  In  Ai-'kc,  Ensdiin,  I',IS--_'I'J,  L'lS  ■_'!,  and  I.'- 
J'i'rri',  /)(irs,u,  ;i84-!),  art'instaiiL'i'sof  tlicso  exactions  and  the  ontragrssullcrcd 
by  niany  leading  people.  From  41  jiersons  alone  .S-"iH,<MKt  vaa  ohtaim.d. 
See  also  Jl'oifi.  <,'»</•.,  KiO,  vie;  (Jiii  r.,  Cnii/ii,  171--;  Bat^eli,  and  otiiiis. 
Salm  S.dm,  i.  177-S,  felates  tliat  ahout  tiii.s  time  tlie  repiililieans  sent  a  Kan 
ox  to  the  liiu'S  of  the  imiierialists,  m'Liing  them  to  maintain  the  s|)aiks  of  lite 
till  the  town  fell.  'Dii!  latter  replii'd  liy  sending  a  stai'ved  horse  wherewith 
the  besiegers  miuht  ovi'rtalce  them  when  tiny  ent  their  way  throngh. 

*"  Huscli,  ii.  iS'_'-;t,  ft."),  was  appointeil  ins]ieetorgeneral  ot  the  hospitals,  and 
strove  to  improve  the  arrangeiucutai  There  were  about  SOU  wounded  iu  thii 
hospitals.  (Jiti.r.,  Cailn,  101. 


PLANS  FOR  ESCAPE. 


207 


trendies  to  oncoiirai^e  tlic  soldiers,  and  .seeking'  to  al- 
leviate as  much  as  possible  the  sutlerini^  of  the  poor, 
aiiion^^  whoin  dysentery  was  making  havoc.  W'hat- 
I'vcr  hitteiMiess  existed  was  dii'ei-tiMl  against  ^rai'(|uez. 
now  ehissed  as  a  traitor  by  Maximilian  himself.^' 

Mendez  and  otlu^r  generals  had  long  objected  to  the 
siirries  of  Miramon  as  achievements  worse  tiian  use- 


'ince  tlu'V  served  onlv  to  sacritice  valuable  liv 


es. 


weal<ening  the  armv,  and  disheartening"  the  soldiers, 


as 


liown 


i>y 


increasiniT  tlesertion 


Tl 


le 


pro.) 


ec 


.f 


breaking  through  the  siege  lines  nuist  evidently  be 
iiiergetically  taken  in  hand  while  nK^ans  yet  remained, 
and  before  the  demoralization  became  dangerous.  It 
was  accorchn-'-lv  decided^"*  to  sei-k  the  rant^es  of  Sierra 
( Jorda,  which,  passing  about  seven  leagues  nor'th-west- 
waiil,  stretched  over  a  vast  expanse  of  <-ountry  tilled 
witli  strong  passes  and   impi'egnable  strongliolds,  an<l 


(iccui)ie<l 


hv  a  s 


tunb 


V  race  ot  mountauK-ers  who  were 


(i)thnsiasti(-ally  devoted  to  (leneral  ^[ejla.  .V  mai'eh 
('irect  to  Mexico  would  place  them  with  wavering 
troops  between  two  overwhelming  forces,  but  in  these 
iiiomitains  they  could  plan  future  movements  at  tlieir 
case,  strengthened  by  Olvera's  battalions  and  other 
I'ecruits,  and  even  reach  the  coast. '''^ 

ill  justilieation  of  this  ste[),  the  leachng  geicrals 
sigiK  d  a  manifesto,  I'eviewing  the  siege  o[)erations, 
and  pointing  out  the  ni'glect  of  ^Earciuez  in  not  attat-k- 
iii'j,'  the  repuljlicans  before  they  ha<l  united,  and  iii 
fiihng  to  lay  in  a  gi'cater  stock  of  provisions.  Capit- 
ulation witli  the  foe  before  tlu-m  ni>t  being  deemed 
rtjiabh.!,  it  was  suggesti-d  to  attack  tl 


lelii, 


ami,  if  (h 
feated,  to  cut  their  wav  throu'di,  after  spiking  th 


*•  }f n  irif,'lit  \vt  Liiju'z  go,  lie  n 'iiaiUcil  later,  Imt  '  icli  lii'.ss. .  . Mai'.jU'jz 
liiUi;.'iii.'  AV(.<'7(,  ICrhin.,  ii.  IS.S.  Il(>  still  si'iit  iiies8!iL.'i,s  tn  iiiiii  tath'  ;.i  .\lay. 
"^lu  I 'itur  ill  Arrtimjitiz,  Mi'J.,  iv.  ;U)0. 

'•■Ourlif  CJtIi,  li\  (U'l'isioii  (if  tlif  lOtli.  Anl/mn),  \-2'.  I'JO.  '.iasch.ili.siivis, 
ii.  l-!i,  tiiat  tlie  furci;.'!!  utiici'is  had  ImiL'  aifo  fci'oimufiiilril  •iii'  Krcak. 

'■'SiiiiiiMoiiinLj  tliL'  Aiistriiui  corvctlu  KlcMhith  uml  (Ulor  iia'aiiii  ut  liaus- 
ji'in.  ilasch,  Erinn.,  ii.  127. 


p'^1 

'l 

pI^^^I 

:iv»»fc'tiE 

■2:)S 


IMl'KRIALISM  CAGED. 


o-uiis 


i 


^ ]\[(jjiii  ])roiui.secl  to  use  his  inHucnco  .iniouo' 

the  towiisfohc  for  enrolling  suHieient  men  t<^  protect 
the  rear  I'or  a  tew  liour.s.  He  did  not  siicce'ed  so  wlH 
as  expected,  [lartly  owing  to  lack  of  arms,"''  and  the 
<h'[)artiire,  ah'(\-idy  lixed  for  the  l'2i\\  of  ^[ay,  was  de~ 
ierrcd  till  tlie  night  of  the  14th.  At  the  last  moment 
came  anothei'  postponement  for  the  15th,  at  tht;  sug 
gestioii  of  ^I(;n(l(!/,^^  which  found  I'eady  acceptance 
with  the  too  san<niinc  Miramon  and  the  vacillatiii"- 
Maximilian. 

All  stood  j)re))an;d  for  depai'ture.  The  last  scanty 
distrihution  liad  been  made  of  heans,  with  some  niai/i  . 
horse-nu'at,  and  red  wine,  other  etfe(;ts  being  reducid 
to  the  smallest  compass  so  as  not  to  impede'  tin' 
march.  Only  light  Meld-pieces  were  to  be  carried 
away  on  mules,  and  nineteen  portable  bridges.  Picknl 
men  formed  the  escort  of  the  empeiHjr.  Although  the 
<leparture  had  been  deferred,  all  were  ready  on  the 
niglit  of  the  14th  to  fall  in  line,  the  horses  remaininL; 
.saddled.-"^' 

''"'I'liis  iliiciinicnt,  roprodiic'cil  in  Arrllmio,  ArhiK,  ArrriiK/ni-.,  otf. ,  is  ilnttil 
till'  I  Itli  of  May.  allliuiiLili  ailnptiMl  scviTiil  days  carlici'.     .Mcji'.i  siutin'il  it  alMi. 
iiitli()ii;;ii  liL' i.-i  said  tn  lia\<'  favored  ciipitiilatioii.     Tiu^  plirasu   'if   dLti'.itcil 
aiiiKN-irs  to  li.ivt'  liicii  added  for  s.aviiii,'  upiicarances. 

■•' Aicllaiio  .stales  that  lie  preteinled  to  have  olitaiiud  only  1(10  men,  intent 
JIN  lie  was  to  foree  a  eapitnlation;  but  this  is  (([leii  to  doidit.  Hans,  V""'-.  '7-. 
al.su  writes  that  only  a  .small  nnmlter  volnntefriMl,  Imt  other  witnes.ses  ileelaii' 
th.it  1,(100  or  moi'(^  were  oiuiiUed,  the  laek  of  arms  and  oiu'aiii/atioii  ])rovin: 
tin;  main  olistacle.  /'iza  and  Pradillo,  Max.,  80;  V"""->  f'li'l-u,  H!S,  108,  117; 
Jitisili,  h'rhni.,  ii.  1,32. 

*-Su  Baseli,  I'cza,  and  Arellano  declare  tlic  professed  ohjout  being  to  rise 
from  his  .sieU-bed  .•ind  aniniate  his  bi'ave  battalion,  so  as  to  pi'omote  the  sue 
cess  of  the  break.  Sahu-.Salni  atti'ibntcs  the  delay  still  to  .Meji'a,  who  had 
not  linished  the  ortiani/.ation  of  his  riei'uits.  Castillo  sMpi>orted  the  jiroposal. 
\\  liatever  it  ni.iy  liave  been,  and  it  was  adopted,  unfortunately  for  .M  ixiinil 
ian.  .Mii'aniou  was  ready  »'iioiii;h  to  delay,  filled  as  lu^  appeared  with  illiisivc' 
beliefs  in  sorties  and  in  the  resourei's  of  tlu'  place;  and  Slaxiniilian  still  ha^i 
his  seru)iles  of  honor  and  dn^y  about  abaiidonini;  the  iuliabitants  ami  yieldin:4 
.■1  valnalile  ]ilaee,  for  .ManpU'/.  mi>;ht  yet  eoni  •.  See  /^^^■'7^  ii.  \'2s  ',);  Stilni- 
S(t/iii,  i.  ids,  efe.  lie  e.\|iressed  a  preferenee  t^r  the  l.'ith  as  beitij.'  the  name- 
day  of  his  mother,  and  therefore  of  ','ood  inipoit  for  him. 

■'■'  IJaseh,  l'J7  8,  liives  the  composition  of  the  escort.  MoLfana  adds  inipoi'- 
taut  details.  ','"(/'.,  i'liiilii,  8S;  and  Hall,  I^i/i'  Ma.'-.,  S'l,  speaks  of  nia^^'a/im.'^ 
to  bo  llood(!d,  etc. 


CHAPTER   XIV. 

DEATH  OF  EMl'lliK  ANI»  E.MrEHOK, 
18()7. 

MiCIKI.  Loi'KZ  THK  TkAITipH  — Ids  I'l.DT  Tu  liKTliAV  M.wnriLiAs     -Skizi'iik 
111'   iiiK  Crrv — Ai;ki>t  ok  Maximilian  asm  his  (iKM-.iiAi.s     Imi'ihsun- 

MI:NT  —  AilDlCATloN'  — 'I'kIOIS     ruol'U.SEl) — Cot'KT-MAUTlAI.    (JllDKItKli  — 
J'CIAL  AM)  CoNVRTIO.N  —  I'kTITIDNS  AM)  I\TKI!('1--SSII)NS      E\  r.i'I'llON    dl' 

.Maximilian,  Miuamon,  and  .Mk.ua     Ehi-kct  di'  IvxKci ti'in  i\  Amkmcv 

A\l>   l-",rK()l'i:  — llKFLKCTKiNS  O.N  ■rili;  ClIALACrLK   AM>   (.'AliLLl;   ov  .Maxi- 
.mii.i.vn. 


.\M()N(i  tliu  most  favored  of  ^laxiniilian's  offR'tTs 
was  ( 'oloiiel  Ali^'iul  .Lopez,  a  tall,  portly  man,  of  iiiiu 
]ii'(jscii('e,  strikiiiLii'ly  attired  in  the  rich  uiiifoi'iii  of  the 
J'lupres.s  dra^'ooiis.  With  blond  coniple.xioii,  bluish 
eyes,  fair  iniistaehes,  and  short  imperial,  he  looked 
anything  l)ut  a  ^STexiean,  althouij^h  })()sisessin_L;"  all  theii- 
attributes,  ineludini;'  tine  manneis  and  ilowin^'  speech. ' 


Tl 

li 


le  <>'oo( 


^'A 


races  o 


f  tl 
d  ieal 


10  emiieroi 


had  rouseil  ai,''ainst 
umajir'onounced  Jealousy,  especially  anioni,^. Mexicans, 
with  whom  his  ibrel;^ii  ajijiearance  did  not  attract  sym- 
pathy; but  they  had  also  o'ood  reason  to  dislike'  him, 
lir  two  acts  of  treason  stood  recoi'ded  aL;"ainst  him ; 
and  lately,  when  the  monarch  v.isheil  to  add  to  his 
1'avors  by  making'  J^o))ez  a  ueiicral,  the  loadiiiL;"  olH- 
cors  protested  and  ex 


»e'se( 


I   him.-     'i'he  confidence  of 


ito  liad  foiiiiiMl  OIK!  (if  the  u.soijrt.s  of   .Miixiiiiiliaii  «  licii  In'  tiist  iiriivuil  iu 


t:ii!  couiiti'y,  (ind  luaiiiiu'cil  (•si.'t.'L'iiill y  liy  lii-s  iimiiiKr 


to    111 


mo  his  t.ivontc. 
1 


A|i|>nintc(l  col  of  tliu  Iviiiiiunit  liz  it  ^iiin  iit  <if  civahs ,  lii'  iriii:iiiicil  in  iiitiiiiait; 
(■intact  vith  tlic  iiiipeiial  iiair,  and  ti;;iut'd  now  praclii-ally  us  ad  jut, ml  of  the 
<ni|)iTor,  intrusted  l>y  him  witii  fieijiieiit  secret  missions.  The  latt<  r  iiad 
f;toi)d  jio  (father  to  liis  cinld.  JIan.s  oliserves  tiiat  lie  had  liii;  An;.,do-.\mei  i- 
r.m  feet,  (jm r.,  7-.     Salni-Salni  s|ieak.s  of  liis  fasoinatiiiL;  manner. 

'liy  procluciiij^  a  government  dcciic  dismis.siin,'  liiiii  from  tlie  army  for  iii- 
fuiuuii.i  conduct  at  Tehuacan,  duriiii.'  the  I".  S.  invasion  in  IS17.      He  was  t'.ieu 


H 

I  ■.'.I.I  J 


1; 

t 


300 


DEATH  OF  EMPIRE  AND  EMPEROR. 


jMiixiiiiilijiu  was  not  cfroatlv  slmkeii,  liowcver,  fur  he 
appointed  him  to  coiniiiand  tlio  clioscii  tscort,  jiikI 
deeoratL'd  him,  on  the  eve  of  che  projected  departure, 
with  tlie  bronze  me<lal,  altlioii^-h  httle  or  no  claim 
existed  for  the  distinction,  or  for  tlie  eioss  of  the 
French  lei^Mon  of  lionor  already  hanging  on  his  l)rea>t. 
]^opez  did  not  forgive  those  wlio  liad  stood  hetw mi 
him  and  j)romotion.  He  was  not  wiiolly  devoid  ot" 
gi'atitiide,  hut  gratitude  was  not  liis  ruling  })assi(iii. 
lie  could  love  a  little;  he  could  hate  a  great  deal. 
Moreover,  this  empire  was  tloomed;  and  for  himself 
in  this  company  he  was  a  branded  man."''  What  otlici' 
motives  may  have  inHueiieed  him  is  ditticult  to  .s.iy. 
At  any  rate,  on  this  night  of  the  14th  of  ^fay,  ls(17, 
this  man  Lopez  stole  away  to  the  headipiarteis  ol' 
]'^sc()l)edo,  and  in  a  j)rivate  interview  disclosed  the 
condition  and  plans  of  the  besieged,  and  arra..ge(l  b> 
betray  them  to  the  enemy.*     To  accomplish  his  object 

an  on.si;,'!!.  Ho  actcil  as  spy  for  the  Franco-Moxican  armies,  and  in  May  Imi.j 
led  lia/aiiie  liy  little  know  ii  paths  to  Sua  Lorenzu.  Ooemiieiitsiii  'Jiicr.,  ( 'avln, 
]-.':)-7,  1>S.>;   /'/.;//'.-(  /.(/;•  Max.,  liKi. 

'The  ediiiiiiissioii  as  j,'eiieral  ha<l  1)een  prepared  on  the  late  aniiiversaiy  <if 
til"'  cinprnir's  aee('|it'iiiee  of  the  thi'oiiu.  J.opez  elaiiiis  that  it  was  to  lie  ldii- 
fcned  af  tor  a  siiecessfiil  departure  from  (t>iieretero.  ]{aseii,  ii.  {•J.'i,  iilates 
that  the  favorite  .setter  doy  of  Maximilian  showed  aa  inteaso  aversion  for  the 
man. 

*  For  the  sum  of  'J, 000  ounces  of  gold,  aeoordiny  to  Baron  I.,!igo,  of  wln\h 
lie  received  only  some  .S7,000,  it  is  said.  Doiiirmrh,  llUt.  Mir,,  iii.  I.')^. 
Eleven  reales  a  liead,  was  the  hitter  oliservation  of  .Maximilian  on  learini;  nf 
it.  Other  estimates  vary.  .Salm-.S.ilm,  i.  ■_':{!»,  ii.  ;?•_',  has  li.OOO  umircs.  tlir 
money  ol)taine(l  was  prohahly  gami)led  away  before  he  left  (,hu  irt.iro.  Ih' 
jiri'fi'iied  .u'old  and  life  to  death,  says  Hans,  (^hiir.,  174.  .Maxiinilian  iil- 
iiided  to  his  act  as  due  to  cowardice.  Vet  he  had  given  proofs  i  ll(lll^'h  "t 
eciiirage.  The  removal  from  eounnand  of  certain  friends,  like  (  asaiiova,  hml 
till'i'iided  Inm.  /'<  ;a  and  I'milillo,  Max.,  7")-0.  In  tlie  hra/eiifaeed  detriiee 
issued  liy  Lope/,  in  /,a  T'lnia  <li'  Qitirrf Kfo,  Mexico,  lS(i7,  and  other  fDiiiis,  he 
declares  that  the  demoralisation  amoiig  the  troops,  the  growiiiL;  drsertiuii, 
oliieers  heing  retaineil  only  hy  hmior,  the  lack  of  food,  of  good  aminniiiti'>ii, 
and  the  faithlessness  of  .Manpiez  and  others,  had  tlmroughly  disioiuai^'ed  tlie 
emperor,  lie  vaguely  aeeuses  Arellano  of  speculatini,'  with  thi'  aiiiniMiiiii"u 
am!  aitill'ry  funds.  Thus  dishearteneil,  .Maximilian  had,  on  the  night  of  tlm 
Utii,  sent  him  to  Escobedo,  asking  permission  to  leave  (^)ueretaro  with  a  f'  u- 
friends,  eseorteil  by  the  Einperatriz  regiment.  He  was  formally  received  hy 
the  republican  eoinmaiiiler-in-chief,  who  told  liiia  that  he  had  no  power  to 
grant  the  rcM|iiest.  .Maximilian  and  his  army  must  surrender  at  di*cretiiiii. 
A  ]ilea  for  th(!  em|>eror"3  person  met  with  no  better  result.  Arias,  the  liiog- 
ia|ilier  of  l']sc(ibedo,  repeats  this  story,  hJuMUjo,  'J"24  (i;  yet  he  ailinit.s  tli.it 
liope/  reve.iled  the  forlorn  Condition  of  the  besieged — proof  I'lion.'li  of  trea^'.ii. 
?<u  does  lli\era,  (.ioh.  Md.c,  ii,  i'u'.i.     A  numbu''  of  writers  take  p;dns  to  refute 


TREASON  OF  LOl'KZ. 


301 


\v;ts  not  very  clifHcult,  for  lie  conunaiuled  the  reserve 
111  i^adt.:,  wliicli  <jei'U|)iecl  tlic  Coiiveiito  de  la  (.'ruz  and 
adjoining  furtifieatioiis,  and  lieltl,  therefore,  tlie  key 
to  ihe  town.°  lie  had  ah-eady  removed  certain  troops, 
rt[ila<in!H'  them  witli  men  under  control  of  a  fellow- 
conspirator,  and  with  incorporated  prisoners  of  war; 
and  on  returning  from  Esc(djed()'s  camp  lie  niatle 
t'urilier  chaui^es,  ordcrino"  the  liorses  to  he  unsaddled, 
caiiiion  to  he  removed,  and  so  I'oi'th.  He  thereupon 
iiilidduced  the  repuhlican  soldiers  under  (jleneial 
^'eK■z,''  and  favored  by  dai'kness,  led  them  from  one 
po>t  to  another,  e.\[)Iaining  that  they  were  rc^lief 
tro()i)s,  whenever  he  deemed  any  ex[)lanation  neces- 
>ai\.  His  [)resence  as  conunander  and  recognized 
fa\t)iite  of  the  em])eror,  and  the  nuxture  of  unilorms 
aiiioiig  tlie  imperialists  preventing  suspicion,  many 
a>suined  at  once  that  the  movements  were  part  of  the 
(•\acuation  plan.'' 

tlic  stnry.  l>y  showing  that  Maximilian  was  busy  till  midnight  that  rl.iy,  fjiv- 
iiL>.'  mdi'is  tur  the  propcKStMl  luraking  through  tla-  lines;  that  he  had  liitiitiy 
n  jciUd  a  favDialilo  oiler  of  capitulation,  and  imiirisoned  certain  ollieirx  who 
aiUdealed  it,  etc.;  hut  the  knowledge  we  already  j)osm:Hn  of  hi«  liia\e  N]iiiit, 
high  minded  comliiet,  and  Hapshnig  jiride,  serves  to  defend  him  at  li^a.st 
aiiain-'t  tlie  intimation  of  private  and  seltish  negotiations.  Conclusuc  proofs 
111  Lojir/,'  treason  and  lies,  hesides  Helf-coutradietions  and  instance's  in  later 
null  s,  appear  in  the  fact  that  this  man  was  the  only  superior  imperial  oliicer 
nut  arraii;ned  hy  the  victors;  he  was  allowed  to  leave  (^neretaro,  and  move 
freely  aliinit.  Further,  the  re]iul)liean  authorities  have  never  alluded  to  any 
MU'hadvanees  on  the  piirt  of  Miximilian;  and  they  would  not  have  failed  to 
e.\|)i>se  so  detested  a  ]iersonage  had  they  lieen  able.  Lope/  may  have  openecl 
Ill's  negotiations  with  the  story,  so  that  Arias  and  others  m,-iy  have  had  some 
jiiiiiiiid  fur  the  assertion.  Among  other  excuses,  Lo()e/.  ridicules  the  idea  of 
hari/aining  f.ir  a  eonijiaratively  small  siun,  when  he  had  plenty  of  means.  He 
stakes  an  estate  against  the  ])roof  of  such  hargain,  and  so  forth,  '/'iiiiin  <Jiii  r., 
l-'-'o,  etc.  He  lived  despised  hy  all  men,  even  liy  hi.i  wife,  who  iihaiidoneil 
liiiii.   L'hrdrili'  •Shi llii/\  h\v/iiil.,  \',]\. 

•'  lie  succeeded  .Mende/,  as  we  have  seen.  Ho  t;lainis  that  only  1 , 1(H)  cov- 
ered these  lines,  extending  over  1, 400  yards,  and  gives  a  list  of  the  main  posts. 
Toimi  I.J1111:,  IS    l!l. 

''  Formerly  serving  under  Miraiiion.  'i'lie  troo]is  liroiight  were  mainly  the 
reserve  known  aa  Supremos  I'oderes.  They  entered  partly  through  a  widened 
ciiihrasure, 

'  Lopi/'  story  is  that  Kscohedo  must  have  surmised  enough  from  the  mes- 
sage sent  l)y  .Maximilian  to  attenifit  a  suri)rise,  for  on  I'eturning  to  his  men, 
(liter  speaking  to  the  empeVor,  ho  was  ]iouneed  upon  and  arrested  liy  the  re- 
]iiililii'ans.  Then,  intent  only  on  saving  the  emperor,  he  led  them  awa\  to 
tile  piuitlieon  and  other  iKjsts,  while  semling  the  conspirator  Jahlonski  to  wain 
liiiii,  and  alloiding  time  for  escape.  He  nndouhtedly  wished  to  save  him,  if 
umuc  eUe.     This  udniisaioa  that  he  found  an  early  opportunity  tu  seud  the 


ii  '1 1| ' 

lit 


<Wr^ 

:■%■■  J^S 

m 

;|:i 

1 

no'j 


l^KATJl  OF  EMI'IRK  AND  KMrKROR. 


As  HO(,n  as  tlio  main  posts  were  secured  L<nti  z 
liusteiiecl  to  send  wani'mu;'  to  tlie  eni[)eror,  f(>r  wIk.ih 
lie  seems  to  luive  entertained  a  certain  consideration. 
Similarly  advised,  Salm-Salm,  Castillo,  and  some 
others  rushed  in  soon  after  and  found  ^laximiliaii 
dressed  and  calm.  He  hade  them  summon  the  liiis- 
sars  and  hody-guard,  and  ordered  all  to  hurry  to  ( 'i.i'in 
de  la  Campana,  there  to  decide  on  i'urthcr  actimi. 
Xot  a  ^niard  or  detachment  of  imperial  troops  couM 
he  seen  round  the  convent;  hut  as  they  issued  from  it 
to  cross  the  s(|uare  a  repuhlican  hody  appeared,  L;uideil 
hy  Loi>ez.  Esca[)e  was  iin[)ossil)le,  hut  a  whisjKr 
fi'om  the  traitor  to  the  otKcer  in  conunand  of  the 
troops  cMUsed  tlie  latter  to  turn  aside  his  men,  saying;', 
'Let  them  i)ass,  thev  are  civilians!'  Yet  thev  woiv 
nearly  all  their  full  ^'littering  uniforms.  It  was  e\  i- 
deiitly  agreed  that  the  emperor  sliould  he  allowed  to 
escape.'^ 

\v  iriiiii.i;  (•onvictt  liini;  fur  by  tho  same  opportunity  he  could  have  rouscil  liis 
iiiiily  c'iniiiiilcs  iiiiil  iii'iiiy.  His  i)i(ites.so(l  iwisiui  for  suiri'iuKiiii:.' the  iiii>i-i 
was  to  sii\e  liliiodsiicd.  'I\'iiil(  r-lii'art('(l  fonsidciatioii  in  a  suldicr.  tiul_\! 
'l'"iiin<J>ii  r.,  II  ct  wei|.  Arias,  adopting;  tliis,  iiitiiniites  tiiat  Kscolicdi)  assuiiud 
Maxiiiiiliau  to  !»;  disiucliiuM  for  fiirciier  resistance,  iiiiil  ordered  tiie  as^aull  in 
acrordaiiee.  Tiiere  was  a  jjietended  arrest  of  tlie  traitor,  of  course.  A'/)*/.;/ '. 
■J'JT-S.  Lopez  points  out  that  more  than  a  <lo/,en  coninianders  of  posts  iiaii  to 
Ije  seduced  for  a  case  of  treason.  Seduce  tiiem  lie  did  not.  NVii.v,  tin  ii,  did 
none  of  them  i;i\e  the  ahirm?  The  sc  very  men  came  out  in  a  joint  protest, 
revealin.ii  step  by  step  his  treason  as  it  lieeanie  clear  to  them  aflerward.  and 
showin.L;  that  Init  foi'  his  directing'  the  enemy  and  issuing.'  orders  the  alaiiii 
nnist  iia\e  luiii  yiveii.  V"''--  ''""/",  4.'{  ct  se(|.  Hans,  who  was  stationi-d 
among  the  funposts.  gives  a  minute  account  of  Lopez'  removal  and  chaiiLC  s 
of  troops,  .alistiai'tion  of  their  arms,  displacing  of  cannon,  etc.  (Jm  i\,  17"i  it 
se'].  Saliii-Salin  eunnuMates  a  long  list  of  poi:its  con<leiin)ing  him,  l>inrii,  ii. 
■J.")'.l  0;t,  adding  that  he  removed  even  the  guaid  iit  the  emperor's  (piartci-^; 
that  he  moved  treelv  ahout  after  leading  round  the  iei)ublican  commandc!--, 
w  ho  were  in  citizens'  dress,  and  afterward  ritled  Maximilian's  room.  Several 
liiieral  otliiers  jjointed  him  out  to  the  besieged  as  the  traitor.  See  also  Ai<- 
I'ttiio,  III  "J;  /'i  vi  nnil  Pi  tn/l//<i,  .IAm.  ,  OSetsecp  A  report  from  more  tliau  one 
republican  otiicer  appeared  in  fir'tniiriirioii,  no.  '2'.i,  ISOj,  admitting  that  tic 
place  was  surreudere(l  by  the  idiief  in  command  at  the  convent.  A  report  ia 
.\/i:r..  Cdl.  Lii/iK,  lS(i.'!  7,  -10,  places  the  capture  at  Ii  a.  .m.  Lupcz,  J!' hi'., 
I  -24;  .lA.c.  A-'./"''.,  '•  '^-  •">,  etc.;  Jhir.  IH<t.  .]f,.c.,  KS.'W  75,  pt  vii.  ;J-1!);  /'"/•. 
I'm:,  cx.wv.  pt  ii.;  Stu-lti/iiil,  Sept,  '.),  II,  1,"),  1S(>7,  etc.;  JJol.  llcji.,  Jinie  '.'li, 
18(17,  and  otlu'r  journals. 

•The  ollii  r  in  command  was  Col  Rincon  Oallanlo,  on Avliose  family  the 
empress  had  conferred  many  favors.  Maximilian  attributed  his  conduit  to 
gratitude,  for  tiie  I'ecognition  was  mnttial.  Indeed,  the  monarch  was  tmi 
striking  a  person  not  to  be  readily  known.  His  comjianions  \  ere  Salm-Salm, 
(ien.  Castillo,  I^t-Col   I'radillo,   and   .Sec.  Hlasio,     Rusch   states   th.it   ln'  lia  1 


«««ua')r 


oil  V\)\i  A  FUIKNDLV  IIL'I.LKT 


:i();{ 


Oil  tlu'  way  totlio  Corro  Ijojioz  (iNcitm.k  ilicin,  tliis 
tiiiu' alone  and  still  uiisuspt'oted.  He  ciifrcatcMl  Maxi- 
milian to  liitle  hiiiisclC  ill  a  certain  lioii 
>al'otv  would   he  assui-cd. 


se,  w  ncri!  nis 


"  I  i\i*  not  hide,"  was  his 
answer,  lie  even  refused  to  mount  tli"  horse  which 
J^o]»ez  s(,'nt  Uj>  soon  after,  sayinn"  that  as  his  conqiaii- 
ioiis  had  to  walk,  so  would  he  During-  this  .-.low 
progress  they  a^'ain  came  lace  to  face  with  re|iuhliraii 
t!oi>|is,  which  turned  aside  as  they  saw  him,  allow  iu'^' 
the  jiaity  to  reach  the  Cerro.'' 

Owinn"  to  the  eiu fL;y  of  Ijopez,  re])ul»licaii  troo]»s 
had  heeii  })laced  in  the  centre  of  the  town;  and  now 
with  da\  hreak  the  vet  remainini^  uninelted  hells  joined 
in  the  ti'iuni])h  si^'iials  of  the  camj)s  ai'ound.  \r{  tlu; 
sui'i'ender  passed  not  everywhere  so  smoothly  as  at 
the  convent.  Sc'Veral  hodies  managed  to  fall  in  line 
fur  skirmishiiiL;',  and  the  report  of  fire-arms  could  he 
heard  in  dilferent  |)arts.      J:Jut  taken  in  tlmk  and  rear. 


tlie  ISO 


ated 


(•(Mill  tames 


had  t 


o  Vlel( 


1  one  art(,'r  another 


t')  o\-erwlie]iniii!j;'  numhers.  Many  thoULrht  the  ai-ri\al 
nf  I'ci'nforcenients  from  Mar(|uez  was  the  cause  of  the 
tumult  and  demonstration. 

And  now  the  hesieoers  concentrated  r-ouiid  the  Cer'r(> 


<it,' 


la( 


an 


iipana,  uj)on  wiiicji  the  hatteries  opimed  Wv^ 


exclamu'd 


>r< 


iximiliaii  as 


'■()h  for  a  friendly  hulletl 

he  belndd  the  darkeiiiiiL;'  jtrospect.      The  ahseiice  (»f 

^^iranlon  increased  the  anxiety;  nor  did  itahatewhen 

iiews  cai 

t'licounter  and  woun( 


lie  that  the  latter  had  heeii   overc(»me   in  an 


led, 


10 


To  hold  tlu;  Cerro  much 


ong'er  was  impossible 


urninij 


to  ^[( 


tl 


eiia  tlie  emix'roi 


i'<Sifl 


liut'ii  rostles.s  ilurinu  tlio  niu'lit  from  anxiety  aiul  ily.sfiitciy.     AVIii'ii  lii-.st  roiisiM 


li.. 


lliia;.'liuil  a  [ 
1     ■ 


lot 


umr,  tiimi  Ijciiii,'  ill  cdiu;  aiiv  nt   (iallardo 


ihst  Ins  iHTSdii.     Lope/,  was  now  a.ssuiiiiil  lu  hu  a  |iiis 


At  th 


iltat 


ion   just  licloi'o 
atliff  tliai 


I  I(  t 


miilniulit  in.'  lunl  Iiliii  iustiiK-ti.il  liy  .MaxiMiiliaii  to  slmut  1 

liiiii  tall  alivuiiito  the  encmy'.s  hanil.s  (lm■in^'  tliu  propo.siMl  l)ri'aU.    '  Dmxli  cii.o 


lU'.'l 


Lfl 


)i'U  eiiilL'li 


/■; 


ii.  i;u. 


'  l-oi)L'/  adniit.s  cvtn  tluit  lio  had  power  to  (h;taiu  ami  control  tliu  niox  iiniiitH 


:  thi;  enumy.    Tunii  <Jvir.,  \'i 

'"Shot  in  tlie  face,  lie  was  oanied  t<j  the  1^ 
li  111  tlie  sniiie  (lav  tiiroiiudi  fear.   Hn'm-Sithn,  i. 


if  Dr  Licea,  wiio  ln'traNd 


!»(i 


I'.oth 


.M 


<'iiilc/  li;ii 


f^ 


llj,'lit  tieively  111! 


til 


,ded,  when  t'.icv  soiii'ht  .".'ifetN-  in  hi  !iii'_'.    A' 


Sh  Ih 


'»■/%■>  h'.ci»i/.,  1  ■_".». 


IHNMUJill 


If  I  ! 

hi 
U 

h 


If, 
r 

I 

i }  t 
'  '■'  i 

I! 


'Mi 


DEATJI  OF  EMrillK  AND  KMl'IiJiOR. 


.spoki"  Jil)()ut  cuttiiii,^  tlu'if  way  throiiLfh.  "  It  is  use- 
less, sire,"  replied  tlie  latter  in  a  <lislirai'(eniiig  tone,  as 
he  siirveyutl  the  dense  lines  of  liesie^crs;  "yet  it' your 
Majesty  coinuiands,  it  can  he  triech"''  A  ujouient 
latei'  the  white  lla»^  was  hoisted  hy  the  ini[)eriahsts, 
and  PraihHo  sent  to  negotiate  witli  Mscohedo  Cor  the 
<4'ood  treatment  ot'tlie  army,  Maximilian  oileriny  him- 
self if  a  vi(  tim  must  he  had.^" 

The  lirin^-  havinm'-  ecjased,  the  re|)uhlieuns  hethought 
themselves  only  of  making  matters  sure  hy  advaneiiiL;' 
eh»se  U])on  tin;  C'ei'ro,  hi'edless  of  the  white  ihi<^  and 
the  mes.-^t'Utjrer  to  ICseohech),  and  Gimei'al  Eehe'j;aia\ 
.stei)]>im,^  I'oi'wai'd  declared  the  emperor  his  ])risoner.'* 
Soon  the  commaiuK'i'-in-chief  camo  uj).  Maximihan 
.sni'ivndered  his  sword,  and  repeating  tlie  message  sent, 
he  announced  that  his  ahdication  had  already  heen 
sent  to  Mexico.  He  stood  otherwise  prepared  toleaV(3 
the  counti-y.  I'^scohedo  answered  that  the  re})ul.lican 
government  could  alone  decide  in  the  niattei'/* 

In  charge  of  liiva  Palacio,  he  was  now  conducted 
hack  to  his  old  (juai'tersat  the  convent,  together  witli 
his  favorite  otfict'rs,  the  cazadores  and  citi/.-ns,  espr- 
ciidly   the   women,   mutely  greeting    him    with   heiit 

"Miramon  wouM  probii))ly  liavc  attempted  it,  ))iit  Mfjia  liml  Idmix  lni'ii 
(liscoiiruiicil  and  was  still  suH'oriiig  from  sickness.  A  tralitimi  lias  it  that  a 
Frciii-li  oliiLcr  did  oiler  to  save;  the  emperor.  Jle  declined,  anil  the  olliccf  cut 
Ills  way  tliiongh  at  the  head  of  a  small  foicc.   J)' l/tiriiaiil/,  J/<(,c.,  "Jtil. 

'•'See  /'(ZK  and  /'/(/(////o,  !t7  S,  wherein  it  is  also  stated  that  Maximilian 
found  only  l'>0  infantry  on  reaehiiij,'  the  Ceno.  Mejia  bronght  a  sniiiU 
niounteil  escort.  Salni-SMlm  declai'cs  that  nniler  |ii-cssure  of  sliar[)  tiring  white 
llags  hail  already  been  hoisted  at  two  points  on  the  ( 'ei  to  ln'foi'i;  Ma\iniili:iu 
coii.seiited  to  yield.  The  enemy  continued  to  lire  for  at  least  ten  mimitea 
after  the  hoisting. 

"'Jn  a  jiolite  manner  and  bareheaded,  addressing  the  emperor,  Vuestra 
Majestad.'  Sctlm-Suhii,  Diiiri/,  i.  "JOO.  On  descending  the  hill  to  meet  Corona 
he  was  end  traced  by  an  excited  n^publican  who  expressed  admiration  for  his 
brave  defence.  Another  seennngly  dnndien  ollicer  llonrished  a  pistol  in  his 
face.     Hans,  Quit.,  194,  calls  him  Diivalos,  formerly  serving  iimler  .Mari|iie/.. 

'*  liolli  Corona  and  I'^scobedo  report  that  Maximilian  declared  he  had  ah- 
<licated  ami  was  no  longer  emperor,  lie  desired  an  escort  to  the  coast,  tiieru 
to  embark,  promising  never  Ui  return.  Eseobedo  said  he  could  conceile 
nothing.  '  1  at  least  hope  to  be  treated  with  the  consideration.s  due  to  a 
prisoner  of  war,' he  resumed.  '  l'',so  cs  V.  niio,' was  tlie  atiirmative  answer. 
Ariii^,  luffii/o,  '2l\^,  This  ]ironnse  iuiving  l)een  denied  by  many,  Salm-Salni 
{.olemnly  asserts  that  it  was  clearly  made.  Dinnj,  i.  '20.'};  MnKHtra-i,  Ennui, 
2ol-4, 


SUHKENDKR. 


305 


lic'ids  and  tcar-diiuined  i'Vl-s.''^  Tlio  otliur  ollicur.s 
welt'  coiisiv^UL'd  to  the  adjniniiiM^  cIiMrcli,  and  the  rank 
uiid  file  t(»  till)  camps,  there  t<»  he  incoi-poi-ated  ainonLf 
the  liheral  forces. '"  E>^C()hedo,  in  i'c|)(trts  and  |ir<»chi- 
niations,  aitrihuted  tliu  lull  of  the  city  to  tlie  actions 
of  his  army. 

The  iidiahitants  were  not  molested,"  save  tliose  wlio 
Mb'L^lected  the  stringent  orch'r  to  (h'noiince  all  otHccrs 
in  hidini^.  This  caused  the  surrender  ot'  Miramon  and 
many  other  leadei's,  of  whom  sexcial  fell  \  ictims  to 
(lie  l)rmd  fury  of  the  uneonti'ollcd  soldii'rs.*'  A  few 
nianaj^^aid  to  escape,  amouj^  them  ( Jeneral  Arellano.*' 
Mcji'a,  to  whose  gtiuei'osity  Escobedo  owed  his  life  not 
long  hefore,  was  offered  means  for  ilight;  but  the  no- 
ble Indian  would  not  accept  liberty  unless  in  com])any 
with  Maximilian  and  ATiramon.  'I'his  was  declared 
impossible.  "Then  let  mt;  die  with  them,"  he  said.'^' 
Mendez  remained  in  hiding,  and  being  betrayed,  ho 
was  led  out  and  shot,  in  accordance  with  the  recent 
pioclamation,  but  really  in  retaliation  for  his  loudly 
condemned  execution  of  the  re[)ublican  general  Arte- 

''  Aiiioiil;  tlio  favoritea  with  liiiu  were  Col  (rii^inan  arcl  Minister  AL;iiirri', 
l)c-i(lc.s  tljosi!  who  fiiUowed  liiiii  to  tlic  LVrro.  I^oiic/  had  I'illcil  his  looiii  of 
rcK'cts  anil  dociuiiciits.  l>a:Hc'li  ri'late.s  how  tlie  oliiins  |pitssi'(l  tlxir  iiiisoiicis 
for  i'\i'iv  vahial)h3  artiolu  ahout  them,  ami  even  took  tlieni  liy  force,  i^r'in.,  ii. 
i:{S-4(). " 

'"The  Kiiipuratriz  rej,'inient  was  left  entire  umU'r  the  liberal  otlirers;  Inib 
fill  tlie  mail  li  to  Mexico  the  latter  wi^ie  assassinated,  ami  tlie  men  foiini'd 
theiMselves  into  a  |,'uerrilla  hand.  Stihii-Siihii,  i.  "JI'J.  Kscoliedo  rejioited  ,S,()(lO 
lank  and  tile  eaptni'ed  ami  incorporated,  ami  over  .">()!)  oUicers,  includinj,'  l.'i 
k.'1'iierals;  also  ,"),">  cannon,  ()S,.V)0  cartridj^'es,  etc.  /■Jsfri lln  dc  OrriiL,  .Inly  \'2, 
isi)7;  hfrrrr,  Docx,  ii.  4l."i.:  M'X..  Cul.  Lri/r-<,  isiW  7,  iii.  'JII.  Tlie  8,000 
iiu'ii  must  einliraee  Mejia's  lately  orLiani/ed  citi/ens.  In  the  repiihlii'an  ranks 
they  were  lut  treated  viry  lilierally,  as  may  lie  supposed,  especially  foni:;nei  s, 
«  ho  complained  of  lieiiij,'  liotli  starved  and  lieateii.  S'l/m-S-i/ni,  /iiui-i/,  i.  •_'■_'.'!- 
'i.  -IK),  ii.  i:!l).  Hans  states,  however,  that  his  party  was  well  treated  in 
I'dacio's  divisicin.   (^hicr.,  107. 

'' Two  marauders  were  shot  as  a  warniiiL;.  Somlirn  'If  Zarnijnzd,  .May  "21, 
I  ■*  o . 

'"Hans,  10.")-(i,  'JOl-li,  a'-.d  Sulm-Salin,  "il'J,  givi;  instances.  Forty aresaid 
t  1  have  been  jiut  up  •'■.■  tai'grts,  hut  this  is  donhtfid.  in  one  case  a  tumult 
irc.ited  belief  in  a  ])lot  to  eseapi;,  and  K^l  to  uiifoitiliiate  shootiiii;. 

"The  artillery  chief,  who  liiilied  his  captor  and  reached  Manpiez  at  .Me.\- 
i''o.  Arcl/iiiiti,  U8-.")l,  Manpie/.  accuses  this  man  of  treason,  in  ic^taliatioii 
f  'I'  his  eliar{,'es.    Ki/uf.,  14.")  0;   but  there  is  no  evidence  aj,'ainst  him. 

'"Arranj,'oi/,  -MiJ.,  iv.  ;U.">,  complains  that  this  incident  has  been  left  un- 
noticed by  others. 

Illar.  Mex.,  Vol.  VI.    20 


Cl^ 


,     13 


^vV. 


a 


HRHa,i\l 


800 


DIvVTII  Ol'  KMI'IUK  AND  KMl'KltOH. 


at,'a  ami  Iiis  coinpaiiions,  carried  out  uiuKt  Mr.xiiiiil- 
iaii's  unfortunate  dccTfu  of  Oftober  3,  I  SOo.  ()tlKr 
l('a(l(;i's  were  kept  on  tliiu'ns  hy  l)!-(»a<'  hints  (liat 
Juarez'  similar  decree  of  Jnnuary  2."),  I  SO'J,  niiolit  at 
at  anv  nionieut  .send  thoiu  as  well  as  Maxiniiliau  after 
iMende/J^ 


The  repuhlicaiis  o'ave  little  hoed  to  the  exalted  rank 
and  ))ret(.'nsi<»ns  of  their  captive.  He  was  unceremo- 
niously transferred  IVom  one  ahode  to  another,  amoni,' 
them  the  j^rave  vaults  of  the  j)afitheon,  with  the  atro- 
cious reminder  that  his  end  was  at  hand/"^  J^Mnaliy 
h(i  was  lod^iMl  in  a  scantily  fui'nished  cell  in  the 
(apuchin  con  vent,"'  to,L,'ether  with  his  j^eiierals,  ^li- 
ranion  and  -Mcjia,  J)r  J^asch  and  two  servants  oc- 
cupyiuLj  adjoining'  cells.  Althou,L(h  ex[)osed  to  the 
intrusive  gaze  of  visitors,  and  the  eyes  of  numerous 
guards,  he  was  not  altogether  miserahle,  and  at  tinits 
even  enjoyed  the  im[»ortance  attached  to  his  jtersoii.  ' 

'"  Ksi'fil)i'(l().  says  Arias,  '  tenia  t'li  siis  inaiioH  las  vidas  di' MiixiiiiillaiKi.'iti'., 
mill  ciiiilil  litivtMliPiii!  so  with  iiii|)iiiiity.  h'lixij/n,  '2-il.  Mumli/.  uas  to  he  shot 
ill  tlio  liacli  as  a  tiaitor,  liiit  olijri'tiiiL!  to  tlic  insult,  In,'  tuiiii'd  pailly  loinnl  as 
tlu.' sJL^nal  was  j,'ivL-n.  .S''i///i-.S''////(,  i.  "JIT  IS.  Hans,  '2!).")-(i,  alliiilfs  v.  itii  t'cci- 
in;,'  to  his  last  ailiuu.  AtxMjrdintf  to  Sahn-Sahn,  an  ordor  cauK!  lattT  to  slmnt 
all  thu  Uailt  IS,  hat  this  is  doiihttiil.  A  niiinl)(-'r  of  Ficiuh  otiifci's  ttinU  rid 
tlicir  st-rvii'is  to  l']scohcdi),  «  liitdi  he  fuiitoni|itiiously  lufi'sod,  Their  aetimi 
was  eondrniiied  liy  com |ia'i,i  lots.      Names  in  J>i<iri/,  i.  '22'2  .'>. 

^-'i'his  (piitraire  was  due  to(!eii.  Kiilio  ( ion/alez,  an  ultra-reiiiibliean  w  l.o 
had  protested  a,:,'ainst  the  earlier  indieations  of  syinpathy  for  Maxiinilian,  aiiil 
iiiaiiaL'eil  to  assume  a  .share  in  the  ^iiardianshiii.  After  a  transfer  on  May 
17th,  to  Santa  Teresa  eonveiit,  he  passfd  from  the 'JJd  to  the  "JUli  in  thi' 
grave  vault,  and  was  thereuiion  removed  to  the  ''aiaiehin  eonvint. 

-■'  It  was  situated  in  the  iipiier  story,  opeiL.if.;  on  a  j  assage  wliieh  einiiracul 
three  sides  of  a  small  eeiitral  court.  The  fui  uii  u'  j  ci  nsisted  of  an  iron  hid- 
stead,  two  failles,  a  rockim,'-chair,  a  few  cidiiia  y  chairs,  and  a  hox.  'I'iie 
only  artiele  ilr  luxe,  was  a  silver  cainllestiek  '-vi'ii  wax  candles.  1'lie  si/.e  i; 
the  briek-llooreil  cell  heiiii.,'  only  ahout  !'i  i  y -0  feet,  the  passa'ze  pniMil 
ncceptalile  for  giving  additional  room.  A  cut  is  given  in  Sulm-tSnlni,  />inri/, 
i.  •2.U-.'),  ii.  10.'). 

"'  '  Die  unteii  zitteni,  wenn  der  Liiwe  ini  Kiitig  sieli  regt.'  /lii.ir/i,  Krimi., 
ii.  1!(0.  Whether  intentionally  in'  not,  a  crown  of  tiiorii  had  lieeii  hung  agaiii>t; 
the  wall.  Ruhio,  tin;  rich  manufaetiirer  of  the  town,  ]iroviiled  the  talile  of 
the  enipei'or,  and  from  this  his  poorly  sujiplied  ciini|>aniiins  olilained  a  share. 
lie  colli  in ued  to  sutler  from  dysentery,  and  a  doctor  from  Kseohedo'sarmy  was 
called  in  to  join  IJasch  so  as  t')  nlhiy  suspicion.  His  companions,  iiotalily 
Nalm-.Salin,  were  constantly  in  his  room  to  entertain  him,  com crsiiig,  playiii-; 
doininos,  !Uid  so  forth.  Among  the  few  hooks  at  his  coinmaud  was  the  //"• 
torn  of  KiHij  C/uiiicx  I.,  appropriate  if  not  cheering. 


ritOl'OSKI)  AHDICATION  OR  KSCAPK, 


307 


III  onlcT  to  souinl  him,  Ksc-uhedo  l'\|»I'('ss«'(1  liis 
i\;uIiiioss  to  listuM  to  liiiy  proposals;  NvhL'iTU|M»ii  Mii\i- 
hiiliaii  otK'iod  to  orticially  tilxlicatt;  the  crown  of  Mcx- 
ini,  to  proiiiiso  iK'\c'r  to  nu'dtllt;  in  Mexican  atl'aiis, 
and  to  onK>i"  his  armies  to  lay  down  thcii'  arms  and 
suii't-ndcr  all  strttin^holds,  on  condition  of  hciiii,^  es- 
corted to  Vci'u  Cruz,  all  foreign  pt'isoncrs  also  to  he 
SI  lit  to  this  port  lor  cmharkation.  His  Mexican  ad- 
hcivnts  he  recommended  to  the  s;eni'i'osity  of  the 
^oNernment.'^'  Xo  answer  to  these  j)i'oposals  was 
rvturnc'd;  hut  on  the  followini^'  day  appear«'<l  an  (udcr 
I'lom  the  minister  of  wai'  to  arraii,^!!  the  So-called  ' 
emperor  and  his  two  leading'  ahettors,  the  'so-e.dK'd  ' 


'cnera 


Is  M 


iramon  an( 


I  Mi 


lia, 


hef 


ore  a  (•ourt-martial 


in  accordance  with  the  hloody  decree  issutd  hy.hiare/, 
en  .Fanuaiy  125,  I  S(l-J,  aeainst  traitors  and  invaders.'-'' 
This   in    itself   was   ecpiivalent    to  a  <leath  sentence. 


Time  had  ahi)Ve  all    to   h 


ai 


ned;  and   to  this  end 


Maximilian  addressed  Juarez  for  a  postp(»nemi'nt  to 
allow  the  selected  lawyers  to  arrive  from  Mexico. 
1 1 (.' also  asked  for  an  interview,  wherein  he  hoped  ttt 
nial\(.'an  impression.  "^I'he  forniei'  re([Uest  MasMi-mted, 
after  some  hesitation,  hut  the  president  decliiu'd  to 
enter  into  any  direct  conununications.-^ 

From  the  first,  friendly  repuhlican  ollicers  had  e\- 
})ressed  the  view  that  their  government  was  ohdurate; 
and  the  order  comiuL^  for  a  court-martial,  the  project 
of  escape  was  pressed  upon  the  emperor.  At  tirst  he 
ol/j(;cted  to  so  uudiLVnitied  a  pr<»ceedini;',  hut  finally 
yielded,  on  condition  that  Aliramon  and  ^[eji'a  should 
Hot  he  left  behind.  It  was  arL;ue<l  that  as  Juart,/ 
had  refused  to  admit  the  conditions  under  whicli  thev 


-Sal 


iii-Siilm  was  Liivcii 


full 


iiUfVM,   lu'tiiis'    fur  K.sc(jli(.'ilij 


])o«cr  t(i  iuiaii 
T! 


;.'t^    till'    I 


icillits  w  J 


th  Col  Vill.-i 


10   ni'i'iitiatioiis    wcir    niui 


.\h 


.'iitli. 


Jh' 


T] 


•2M-:i. 

L'y  wo. 


tol 


(0  JU( 


l^cl 


.lly 


(Kr  its  aiticlt^.s  (J  to  11;  vtt  it  was 


Y  'iiiliil  out  that  according  to  iiit.  "JS  tiicy  might   havi)  Keen  executed   iru  th« 


iiist.iut.    Mux.,  Cdiusft,  4-!t. 


1' 


LX'Sn  Salin-Saliu,  \vl 


i-tcd  h 


lerself  /.c;ilouslv  \\\ 


th.l 


uaiezani 


loth 


heh.ilf  of  the  cuiv.iii'or  ami  her 


d, 


IS  to  have  ol)tuiiii'd  tile  m.'coikI 


|iiol()iigatiou  of  time  for  nine  days,  till   the   l.'Uh  of   .Imie.    Diury,  ii.  41-4. 
The  lirst  was  for  three  days.  Lei/dc.  Mix.,  i.  I&fj-'JO,  -00-S. 


m 


IIH««U.»!| 


I;    ; 


j.   1, 


808  DEATH  OF  EMPIRE  AND  EMPEROR. 

surrendered,  as  prisoners  of  war,  they  were  l»ound  l)y 
no  obliLfation,  Three  oftieers  had  been  won  over,  and 
everything  was  prepared  for  the  flight,  to  take  jdace 
during  the  night  of  June  2d,  in  direetion  of  the  coast 
and  toward  Vera  Cruz,  wliieh  still  remained  in  iui[)e- 
rial  hands.  That  afternoon  a  telegram  announced 
that  two  of  the  best  lawyers  in  ^Mexico  and  several 
members  of  the  diplomatic  corps  were  en  route  for 
Queretaro.  This  sufliced  to  decide  the  ever- vacillating 
jVtaximilian  for  another  of  those  unfortunate  postpone- 
ments that  had  ruined  so  many  of  his  plans. '^'^ 

Maximilian  had  selected  for  his  lawyers  Mariano 
Kiva  Palacio,  Martinez  de  la  Torre,  Eulalio  Maria 
Ortega,  and  Jesus  Maria  Vazquez,  who  occupied  the 
foremost  raidv  in  their  profession.  Foreseeing  the  ver- 
dict of  a  court-martial,  the  two  former  resolve<l  to 
give  their  attention  mainly  to  pleading  with  the  gov- 
ernment for  mercy,  and  urge  the  policy  of  lenient 
treatment.  To  this  end  tliey  brouifht  to  l)ear  a  wide 
influence  witli  tlie  controlling  party,  for  the}'  were  all 
standi  republicans.  This  applied  esjiecially  to  Itiva 
Palacio  in  his  additional  character  as  father  of  the 
popular  general,  famed  iii  letters  as  well  as  battles, 
and  who  had  taken  a  prominent  part  in  the  siege. '^^ 
The  juridical  defence  was  left  to  the  other  lawyers, 
of  whom  Ortega  excelled  for  his  grasp  o\'  mind  and 
rhetoric,  and  Vazquez  for  forensic  ac(|uirements  and 
acute  dialectics.     The  latter  belonged  to  Queretaro, 


"'He  is  not,  however,  tlic  only  prince  who  has  had  to  mourn  over  a  tno 
lato, '  writes  Sahu-Salni,  i.  '2.")0.  Tins  warm  tidiu'rcnt  received  on  tin's  occa 
sion  liis  despatch  aa  f;eneral,  antedated  the  14th  of  May,  and  otlier  lioiims. 
He  relates  fully  the  efforts  niaile  to  carry  out  the  proniisinsj;  flight.  H'lrsf.'', 
stood  ready  in  certain  houses,  and  promises  had  been  is.sucd  to  pay  additional 
Bunis  to  tiie  abettors  in  c^ise  of  death  or  success.  Maximilian  consented  only 
to  tie  up  his  beard  and  puton  colored  spectacles  for  a  disguise.  'Mie  fugitives 
were  to  live  iienceforth  at  Mirainare,  Mejia  declaring  that  his  wants  were  few, 
for  ho  wouhl  'nichts  thun,  al.i  tischen.'  Jianrh,  Eriiiii.,  ii.  18!).  TIk;  disjilay 
of  gol  1,  from  the  advance  i)aid  to  the  conspirators,  led  to  a  disclosure  after  a 
few  clays,  ancl  stricter  measures  antl  a  stronger  guard  were  the  result,  i'a/m- 
<S  (//;(,  /Hary,  i.  2.'l-2-.J8. 

''"  It  wa.',  one  of  ins  columns,  under  Velez,  which  took  possession  of  La  Cruz 
during  the  eventful  morning  of  May  l.")th.  Ho  had  been  specially  ciinuneuded 
by  Muxiuiilian  fur  his  huiiiuuity,  aud  this  wuu  the  fatbur'a  heart. 


THE  TRIAL. 


309 


and  had  with  the  assifstance  of  Frederic  Hall  from 
Caliiornia  taken  active  steps  in  the  case  before  the 
others  arrived.'''^ 

The  trial  opened  on  June  13th  in  the  Iturbide  th(!- 
atre,  in  which  the  stage  was  reserved  for  the  otticials, 
defendants,  and  counsel,  and  the  auditoriunj  for  the 
])uhlic,  admission  being  obtained  with  tickets.^*  The 
judges  consisted  of  a  lieutenant-colonel  and  six  cap- 
tains,^- selected  with  little  or  no  regard  for  the  weighty 
(jiiestions  involved.  The  fiscal,  or  attorney  for  the 
government,  was  Manuel  Asj)iroz.^  Mejia  and  Mira- 
mon  aj)[)eared  first,  and  im[)ressed  the  hushed  audiiMire 
with  the  dignity  of  their  beai-ing.  Their  case  was 
disposed  of  early  in  the  afternoon.^*  1'hey  must  die. 
Then  came  that  of  Maximilian,  which  involved  [)ra('ti- 
cally  the  same  cluirges  and  defence.  Here  the  exjief :t- 
ant  assembly  was  doomed  to  disappointment,  for  the 
imperial  defendant  refused  to  ex}>ose  himself  to  the 
humiliation  of  a  public  a[)pearance,  and  his  plea  of 
sickness  was  accepted. 

The  charges,  thiiteen  in  number,  were  elaborated 
from  the  points  presented  in  the  ministerial  ordt;i'  for 
a  court-martial,  based  on  the  sevi-re  decree  of  January 
25, 18G2,an<l  formed  a  most  in<;ongruous  and  tautologic 
medley.^  1'hey  may  be  reduced  tt)  the  following 
jxtints:  that  he  had  oifered  hiujself  as  an  instrument 
inr  the  French  intervention,  aiming  at  the  overthrow 

'"Tlieir  first  joint  oonsiiltutio';  «'as  iiolil  on  Juno  Hth,  Hall  claims  tr)  liava 
fuinislioil  the  mam  points  u.s'il  Uiv  tli  iargiiinoi.t— an  a.ssei'tion  wiiioli  tlii>  .\K\i- 
iMUs  arc  not  iikuiy  to  ailinit.  Ah  ii  foreigner,  he  wan  debarred  froni  praLtisiiii,' 
in  tliu  couri.   Lije  Max.,  'IVl,  etc. 

"'  To  the  )uiml)erof  a'loiit  l,,")(i!).  A  mil  report  of  tlie  proceedings  in  given 
ill  till'  local  journal,  SmiiUni,  ih-  Artenijn, 

•''^Tlie  forMier,  named  I'laton  Sai.chez,  was  killed  liy  his  men  not  long  after. 
Knr  otiier  iianii'S,  Hee  Mm:..  ( '<iii>.i,  ]~'A.  All  nmii'  young,  and  .some  <  ould  iint 
nad,  says  Saliu-Salm;  unlit,  adds  l[all,  Lift-  Ma.r.,  'J84,  to  decide  tln'  [M.iuts 
I 'resented. 

'» (1i-;  rjnally  a  lawyer,  Imt  now  a  lieut-col,  nssisterl  hy  .).  M.  Eseoto  as 
!is"'-  th  young  men.     .S.dm-Salm  descrilies  tln^  latter  as  'a  you-ig  fellow 

of  twenty,  who  had  a  very  had  and  ferocious  expression,'  and  was  a  tool  of 
I!>co)k>i1o.   Dhirji,  i.  2ti'2. 

"'riiey  refused  to  add  anything  t(;  the  arfjuments  of  their  CTinsil,  p.  C. 
\':Si\.  ii|i|u'aring  for  Meji'a  ami  .l.'iuregtii  and  .Moreno  for  Miramon 

'■^  Provoking  a  smile  even  from  Ma.xiniiliun  when  auhiuitied  to  Iiini  ut 
former  private  exaniiuatioiis. 


810 


DEATH  OF  EMPIRE  AND  EMPEROR. 


if 


of  the  constitutional  f^ovornment  for  l)aso  purposes;  ho 
lijid  voluntarily  accoptod  tlio  liabilities  of  a  usurper, 
ill  tlio  face  of  the  laws,  such  as  that  of  January  25, 
1802;  he  iiacl  disposed  of  the  lives  and  interests  of 
the  people  with  armed  foi'ccs  swelled  by  foreign  fili- 
buster enlistments;  authorizing^  to  this  end  atrocities 
of  every  description,  as  instanced  in  })articular  by  the 
barbarous  decree  of  (October  ;{,  18G5;  he  had  retained 
the  false  title  of  enn)eror  after  the  departure  of  the 
French  armies,  preparinjjf  lately  an  abdication  which 
should  take  etfect  oidy  in  case  of  his  cai»turo.  The 
final  charges  declared  that  he  had  protxjsted  against 
the  competency  of  the  court-martial  to  try  him;  and 
it  was  observed  that  his  refusal,  at  the  preliminary 
j»rivate  examinations,  to  answer  the  charges  on  the 
ground  that  they  were  of  a  political  character,  beyond 
the  jurisdiction  of  th.is  court,  would  be  taken  us  an 
admission  of  their  truth. ^^ 

The  pros|)ective  futility  of  influencing  a  court-n)ar- 
tial  installed  under  the  tlecree  of  18G2  led  the  coun- 
sel very  jiroperly  to  direct  the  main  ai'guments  against 
the  competiincy  of  such  a  court  for  the  case.  To  this 
end  it  was  urged  that  the  conflict  between  the  re- 
j)ublic  and  em[)ire  was  a  civil  war,  and  not  a  mere 
uprising  bv  a  faction,  for  the  latter  had  long  controlled 
the  greater  part  of  the  country,  and  had  been  recog- 
nizee! by  nearly  every  foreign  power."*'  This  being 
(>vi(lent,  the  leaders  of  the  vaiKpiished  side  could  not 
be  subjected  to  the  summary  treatment  ap[)licable  to 
])etty  rebels.  Maximilian  was  not  a  usur[)er  as  charged, 
for  he  came  by  invitation  of  a  re[»re.'sentative  council, 
confirmed  by  })o})ular  vote.'*^      Mis  administrative  acts 

'"  llall  iimoiij,'  iilluii-.s  iuvciu'li^  ayiiinst  tliis  iiinl  oilier  fuiitinvH  as  outrageous; 
liiit  lie  iliios  not  iihv.'iys  liciii'  in  iiiiml  tin?  natinv  of  tiii'  coui't. 

^'  'I'liis  i'xist>'iiii'  <li'  /(tlio,  'oyctlicr  «  itii  tlii'  itopuliii'  as  woll  as  roprcscnta- 
tivo  vote  <ni  wliii'li  it  ri'sti'd,  was  proof  enonj;li  of  its  ■■■)vi'reignty  dr  jiirf. 
Till'  conititiitioii  pt'i'itiittccl  a  eliaiige  of  govcrnnicnt,  ami  a  inajoiity  liail  lie- 
e'larcd  for'  tin'  i-uipirt".  Wliat  tin-  real  feelings  were  of  tlie  voters  hail  iiotliini; 
to  do  with  the  ease;  nor  was  it  allectetl  hy  lihei'al  triuin|)hs,  elso  tlie  liliciaU 
might  iiavu  hueii  cmuiteil  out  of  exist'-'Ueu  on  more  than  one  ucca8i(jn  s'utco 
16..7, 

"■  Ho  refused,  in  fact,  to  eome  till  sueh  vote  hail  lieeii  given.     If  the  vote 


MAXIMILIAN'S  DEFENCE. 


311 


and  marked  liberal  policy,  with  sxn  entire  absence  of 
persecution  for  political  creed  or  attitude,  ])rovcd  that 
lie  came  not  to  oppress.  The  issue  of  the  severe 
decree  of  October  3,  18<35,  was,  at  the  instance  of  the 
l-'rencli  connnander,  su})ported  by  the  ministry,  and 
j:ithe  belief  that  Juarez  had  abandoned  ^lexicau  ter- 
jitory.  Besides,  he  had  as  sovereii.ni  as  much  ri'^Iit 
ti)  issue  sucli  protective  measures  as  the  republican 
Ljoverniuent  to  publish  its  equally  severe  law  of  18G2. 
He  revoked  his  decree,  and  accordinj^  to  international 
usages  Juarez  should  liave  followed  his  oxampk'.'"  If 
^^[aximilian  remained  after  the  Frencli  prenai'cd  to 
depart,  it  was  partly  to  ])revent  a  new  government 
from  being  forced  upon  the  })e()i)le. 

Tiiis  exposition  of  the  rights  and  conduct  of  Maxi- 
milian and  his  party  souglit  to  demonstrate  that  the 
law  of  January  2i),  I8()'2,was  inapplicable  to  the  case. 
Further,  the  law  was  shown  to  be  unconstitutional.*' 
Federal  interests  were  concerned  in  tlie  case,  and 
according  to  the  constitution,  con<jjress  or  a  ci\il  tri- 
bunal  must  decide  upon  it.^*  llence  a  court-martial 
was  incompetent.''^     No  \i'itnesses  b(nng  called  by  the 

M  MS  fi'iiii(liilci)t,  he  as  a  foniigiipr,  on  the  other  side  (A  tlie  ocean,  could  not 
j  mL'o.  'J  lu!  ileiiioii,sti'ati;)ns  always  aceorch'il,  mi  ami  after  arrival,  tended  ti» 
ciiulii'iii  tlie  »iiicerity  of  t!ie  vote.  'J'he  teria  '  lilil)iister' is  inai)|)liealile  and 
•al;  iiiiif  hi;  ler  the  circnnistanees.  Ilesides,  he  ))roii;;ht  no  troo|H,  Imt  eaiiio 
]!e;iei';tl  ly,  cveii  witliodt  escort.  Nor  did  he  serve  as  a  Krench  instrument, 
i  r  hi.  <ii  [)()seil  t!ie  projected  session  of  Sonora  and  other  Xapcdeonic  schemes. 
'UiH  decree,  iiisti;;atc(l  l)y  duty,  was  intendeil  ratlier  to  iiitimuhite,  and 
f  .■  '^M'l  iitionsi  resultetl  from  it. 

'"*''rte;.'A  devoted  'wne  attention  to  denionstato  this  from  articles  in  the 
< . 'isti  itioi-  and  in  the  law  itself.  The  d.in:.;er  to  wliieh  it  ai)i)lieil  was  past, 
aad  the  ji.nve"  of  the  ]iresident  liy  art.  'J',1  to  .';\ispend  eertaia  guarantees  did 
not  extend  to  those  securiMLC  life.  A'cordin^  to  tlie  <lefiiiee  jirejiared  h\  Hall, 
the  |ii-esideat  had  no  authority  to  lej;isl,ite,  and  any  l.iw  not  issued  hy  the 
l>'i,'isl,itiv((  ]io\ver  was  niieonstitiitional.  Jt  was  also  nneonstitiitioiiid  to  ]iiin 
i<h  polilieal  crimes  with  ch'atii.  <'on;:;ress  had  no  riixlit  to  let  the  president 
iiialio  Jaw.^.      1'lit^se  points  were  not  pressed  Ky  the  .MeNieaii  imiiiiisi  1. 

*'  The  acts  of  a  g>venimeiit  ris(  ii  a;^ainst  tlie  constitution  should  he  tried 
.•u'cordiiii,'  to  art.  IJH.  'I'lie  ri-lits  of  the  natinn  having  heen  viol.ited,  the 
f 'dei'iitioii  was  interested,  and  a  eordin^  to  art.  HT  fedei'al  trihunals  inii-t  tako 
ci)i:nizan<'e;  so  also  hy  art.  Kll,  v.  lien  p(r.''iuial  gnar.uitees  are  i  iDieeriieil. 
'I'lie  ohservaiu'e  of  the  constitution,  iiiterruptoil  hy  rehellioii.  must  lie  restored 
;•••  soon  as  the  ]ieoj)li.'  recovered  its  liherty.  'J'liis  was  no  douht  a  1  !.  poi.it, 
!■  he  (iu'ht  continued  round  Mexiro,  ia  accoi'dance  with  .Ma.\iniilian'8  lato 
.    t'Uey  .ieerce. 

''Art.  1:1  of  the  constitution  forbade,  hcsidcs,  any  .special  trilauial.     .Mill- 


312 


DEATH  OF  EMPIRE  AND  EMPEROR. 


46 


fiscal,  who  supported  liis  charges  on  the  evidence  of 
])ublic  notoriety,  the  ])ro(.'eedings  were  denounced  as 
illegal ,  and  the  charges  not  proved  as  recjuired  by 
law.*^  According  to  the  constitution,  the  })enalty  of 
ileath  did  not  exist  for  political  oftences  such  as  the 
present.  It  did  apply  for  treason;  but  Maximilian 
as  a  foreicjner  could  not  be  charjjed  with  this  crime." 
Allusion  was  made  to  the  considerate  treatment  ac- 
ct)rded  in  the  republic  of  the  United  States  tf>  the  far 
more  censurable  president  of  the  late  confederacy, 
who  had  never  been  recognized  by  any  other  nation. 
Finally,  an  a  *iyd\  was  made  to  the  honcn*  and  sym- 
])athy  of  the  ^t  '.cans  not  to  abuse  their  victory 
and  stain  their  1.,,  !s  with  a  bloody  and  useless  exe- 
cution.*" 

it  had  also  been  urqfed  that  ^Maximilian  should  be 
treated,  if  not  as  emperor,  as  archduke,  and  be  sent 
back  to  his  country  as  a  })risoner  of  war,  for  as 
such  he  had  been  admitted  by  Escobedo.     But  the 

tjiry  courts  were  for  discipline,  etc.,  and  Maximilian  not  Iwlongiug  to  tlie 
army — at  least,  not  to  the  army  ^lontroUed  l)y  these  courts — ho  could  not  he 
subjected  to  them.  Tlie  points  involved  were  dillicult  for  experiemed  judges, 
much  more  so  for  the  young  niilitiuy  memhers  of  court,  Wiio  knew  little  or 
notiiing  of  law.  Marciuulian  hud  ulreiidy  protested  against  themasof  too  low 
a  r;ink  to  try  him.  All  tiiis  had  heeu  previously  overruled  liy  E.scoIkuIo.  A 
court  of  gener.ils  would  nndoubtedly  have  been  less  subservient  to  tlictatioii 
from  an  interested  sinircc,  and  more  careful  of  their  local  and  foreign  reputa- 
tion, hence,  more  impartial. 

"  Evidence  of  public  notoriety  was  iuadniiasible,  unless  proved  reliable, 
and  80  fortii.  Va/iiiiez  entered  into  a  review  of  this  jxtint,  altogether  too 
elaborate  as  comiwred  witii  others, 

**  \or  <lid  international  law^  siinction  the  taking  of  an  enemy's  life,  save  in 
case  of  actual  resistance.  It  was  contestcil,  however,  that  he  was  taken  in 
arms.  Instances  were  taken  from  history  to  show  that  hlo«Kly  vengeance  ou 
the  defeated,  as  with  t'harles  I.,  ever  left  a  stain. 

^''Tiio  case  of  Ortega  was  also  brought  uj)  in  a  previous  representation,  as 
being  left  to  a  superior  tribmial. 

**Tho  defence,  as  framed  by  Ortega  and  Vazijuez,  is  lacking  in  symmetry 
and  8e(|Uence,  partly  because  each  took  a  .special  section;  but  even  with 
greater  stuily  and  int<uuitioii  of  points  it  would  n(»t  have  availed  against  a 
court  biassed  by  political  feelings,  ami  acting  under  pres-suro,  if,  indeed,  tlay 
were  not  pledged  befori^hand.  It  forms  an  appendix,  pp.  IT--")"),  to  Palacin's 
and  Toi're's  .\ff'>u.  In  previous  representations  a  pul>lici;ivestigation  of  Max 
imilian's  administrative  acts  was  urgiid  as  needful  to  .so  imimrtant  a  «ise,  for 
the  honor  of  the  defendant  and  the  country;  but  th(!  n^publicans  were  not 
willing  to  enter  on  grouiiils  soil  iigcrous  to  their  aim.  Tiiat  lie  had  abdicatetl 
was  also  made  a  point.  The  .Miramare  treaty  might  liave  been  jiroduced  to 
Mcigh  in  his  favor,  as  freed  fruai  criuiinal  intcutioiis  with  regard  to  French 
acts. 


V^IBI 


«n«\l,M  \ 


TlIK  VKRDICT. 


313 


rjovcniincnt  ignored  this  achnission  and  availed  itself 
iii'  eertuiu  iipin-ai'mices  and  technicalities  to  declare 
that  ho  had  been  taken  in  arms.  The  eni[)iro  ^vas 
assumed  to  be  a  mere  form  to  cover  the  tn.'asonable 
acts  of  a  rebi'llion.  This  remaining  as  yet  unquelled, 
and  the  constitution  tht;refore  in  abeyance,  it  was 
ivsolved  to  abide  by  the  decree  of  January  1802, 
which,  furthermore,  should  be  sustained  for  the  justiti- 
cation  of  ])revious  steps,  Maximilian  had  come  with 
full  knowledge  of  this  law.  With  the  dei)arture  of 
the  French  he  saw  how  unstable  was  his  position,  yet 
he  persisted  in  bru'/ing  the  consequences  by  continu- 
ing a  useless  and  blo»>  ly  war — now  changed  from  one 
of  invasion  to  rebellion — and  even  delegating  it  to  a 
ngency.  Xay,  more:  a  scion  of  European  royalty, 
a  worshipper  at  the  shrine  of  the  Roman  church,  had 
step|)ed  far  out  of  his  way  to  cross  the  Atlantic  and 
attempt  to  force  upon  rei)ublican  America,  with  her 
lihcrty-of-conscience-loving  people,  the  old  and  de- 
trsted  monarchical  ideas  of  Europe,  and  the  dogma- 
tism of  Rome.  This  man,  and  any  man  attempting 
to  do  this  thing,  sIkjuUI  surely  die. 

Tl'.o  fiscal  did  not  enter  into  all  these  points,  but 
(•(iiitented  himself  maiidy  with  denying  the  validity 
of  the  arguments  against  incompetency  and  unconsti- 
tutionality, and  intimatinij:  that  objections  to  foini 
\\v\v  hardly  pertinent  where  the  victors  might  have 
shot  tlie  defendants  on  ca})turing  them.  The  war 
still  raging,  the  constitution  was  in  abeyance,  and 
the  decree  of  18()il  in  force.  The  withdrawal  of  the 
I'lcnch  de[)rived  the  inqterialists  of  all  claims  as 
liiHigL-rents,  and  stam[)ed  their  struggle  as  relnjllion. 
Maximilian  had  added  to  its  iniijuity  by  delegating  it 
to  ;i  regency,  and  made  himsolf  doubly  responsilde  for 
the  outrages  and  bloody  iuHictions  perpetrated  under 
till'  cloak  of  an  em[)ire. 

The  public  session  of  the  court  ended  on  the  14tli 
of  June.  It  thereupon  considered  the  case  in  pri- 
vate, and  late  that  same  night  the  unanimous  verdict 


314 


DEATH  OF  EMPIRE  AND  EMPEROR, 


ri 


l! 


of  guilty  was    brought   forth,  with  the  sentence  of 
doath.*^ 

Whatever  censure  may  beapi)Hed  to  the  Juarez  gov- 
ernment for  iij^noring  the  nature  of  the  stru<f<;le  as 
a  civil  war,  for  refusing  the  peaceful  overtures  for  a 
congress,  and  for  not  recognizing  the  claim  as  jirisom  r 
of  war,  it  must  be  considered  that  Maximilian  had 
loosely  stiized  a  pretence  for  ignoring  the  republican 
governnient,  stamping  the  leaders  of  its  cause  as  ban- 
dits, and  executing  them  as  such.  The  decision  was 
applied  to  himself,  and  his  executioners  cannot  be  said 
to  have  overstepped  international  law  in  a  greatci- 
measure  than  he  did.  Even  if  impelled  by  lesonl- 
ment,  Juarez  did  what  he  considered  his  duty  for  the 
safety  of  tii.  republic,  by  obviating  later  possiltlc 
claims  by  the  intlictioii  of  death,  and  impressing  a 
warning  ag.  inst  invasion  projects.  The  retaliation 
can  hardly  be  termed  unjust;  yet  it  was  severe,  and 
Mexico  has  been  widely  condemned,  on  grounds  of 
humanity  at  least,  yet  by  some  not  oidy  excaised,  but 
aj)plauded.     A  stronger  government  might  have  brcn 

"  Muxiiiiiliiiu  was  found  guilty  of  tlie  crimes  specified  iii  parts  1,  rs,  4,  .". 
of  Jirt.  1,  in  part  5  of  art.  '2,  and  part  10  of  art.  3,  in  law  of  .Jan.  •_'."),  18(12;  tli.it 
is,  of  pruniotini;  invasion  "tid  usui'ping  the  supreme  power.  Miramon  aiiil 
Mejia  fell  under  parts  1,  3,  4,  ."),  of  art.  I.  Tiio  deatli  penalty  was  in  ai-coid- 
anco  witii  art.  'J8,  for  pi'rsons  canglit  in  flagrante  delicto.  'I'lie  asesoi^apjirovdl 
the  documents  in  the  case,  whicii  eml)raced  also  pielindnary  interrogatoiic;. 
'J'iiese  Ix^gan  May  '24th,  witli  iiujuii'ies  for  name,  l)irth])hice,  etc.,  of  tiic  ai - 
cased,  wiiy  lie  had  come  to  Mexico,  waged  war,  etc.  The  (piestioniiig  cuii- 
tinued  on  tlic  '2.")th  and  2(ith,  Maximilian  demanding  on  tiie  latter  date  to  he 
judged  hy  a  congress  and  given  time  for  defence.  On  the  2!>th  he  made  a  der- 
laration  reviewing  the  reasons  for  counng  to  Mexico  and  his  acts,  and  |iro- 
testing  against  a  court-martial,  under  the  decree  of  18(12.  A  more  elaliorate 
j)rotc.-t  was  madi'  .lune  tith,  supported  hy  Riva  Palacio  and  Torre  on  the  lOth, 
and  hy  their  supplementary  appeal  on  tlie  12th,  in  addition  to  petitions  for 
mercy.  For  full  and  j):irtial  leports  of  proceedings,  with  documents,  mc 
Cdii^d  <li'  Mii.riiiiiHiiiKi,  Mexico,  I8()S,  473  pp.,  rei)rinted  with  Ari'in,  Hi^ii'iii. 
'2S;{-72."),  whicli  forms  tiio  otiicial  report;  Mi'mnriiiiliiiii  xaliri'  el  l'roci-.<o  il' I 
Arc/ii(liif/)ii'  Frniamht  .]fii.viiiii/iinio,  Mexico,  18(17,  i.-iv.  .'1-10!),  cmlnariag 
the  account  by  Riva  Palacio  and  Torre  of  their  zealous  elforts  in  .Maximilian's 
behalf.  J)i/'i'iif(i,  i/il  A  n/i/i/ii'/iic,  l-."i."i,  records  the  pleading  of  \'az|Ut/,  ami 
Ortega.  In  llull'n  Lij'f  of  Mii.iiinilinti,  i.  21.1-84,  are  found  also  ])(iints  p:i - 
pared  l>y  this  American  lawyer  for  u.sc  of  counsel.  See  also  documents  in  M<-.c.. 
Col.  A''//''.i,  18ti.'!-7,  iii.  21()-4.">:  /'«/(.  i'm',,  cxxv.  pt  "2,  cxxxv.  pt  I;  Li/rrrr, 
J>or..  ii'.  41.V.">0;  /lohtiii  /.V/i.,  .July '2,  1807,  and  later  dates;  K.-^lnllii  ih' o<'<i<l.. 
('oiinfifiirioiiiil,  J>/iirio  O/ic,  Soi'hihid,  ami  oliu'r  journals;  Vnjd,  J>i)'S,  iii. 
31!),  etc.,  Cornxpniiil.  Li'/ncion,  i.  l-.'U."),  contains  correspondence  with  lej^'a- 
tiou  at  NVashington  on  the  trial  and  execution. 


APPEALS  FOR  MERCY. 


31i 


al)lo  to  show  more  magnanimity;  nevertheless,  let  all 
sprigs  of  European  royalty  take  warning  and  remain 
at  home. 


On  the  IGth  of  June,  Escobedo  confirmed  the  sen- 
tence, and  ordered  the  execution  to  take  place  that 
(lav  at  three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon.  Foreseeini;  the 
result.  Prince  Salm-Salm  and  his  wife  had  once  more 
l)L'stirred  themselves  to  save  ALaximihan  by  Hight,  to 
take  place  on  the  night  of  the  14th.  Two  colonels 
had  signified  their  readiness  to  yield  to  the  tempting 
offer  of  a  hundred  thousand  pes<w  each;  but  finding 
that  only  drafts  on  Austria  could  be  tendered  in  pay- 
ment, or  after  merely  acting  as  decoys,  they  withdrew, 
turned  honest,  and  disclosed  the  plan.  The  result 
was  increased  i)recautions,  and  the  expulsion  from  tlie 
(;ity  of  the  foreign  diplomatic  agents  for  having  favored 
the  attempt.*'^ 

The  position  of  the  chivalrous  though  weak-minded 
and  misguided  Maxin)ilian  could  not  fail  to  rouse 
wide-spread  .sympathy,  even  in  ^Eexico;  and  petitions 
lur  mercy  came  ])()uringin  from  all  quarters,  including 
several  from  army  men.  lliva  l*alacio  and  Torre,  who 
bad  made  it  their  special  aim  to  plead  as  supplicants 
with  the  government,  pointed  to  the  need  for  consid- 
ciing  the  honor  of  thect)untry.  Foreign  governments 
had  also  instructed  their  representatives  to  assist  the 
efforts  of  the  Austrian  eml)assador,  Baron  Lago,  and 
(^urtopassi,  Hoori(;kx,  Forest,  and  ]^aron  ^Magnus, 
acting  for  Italy,  l^elgium,  France,  and  l*russia,  re- 
s]»ectively,  hastened  u[)  from  ^Fexico  for  thai  j)tir[)ose, 
^Magnus  taking  the  lead  as  the  least  obnoxious  to  the 

'*"0f  tlio  coloiu'l.M,  Villiiiuu'V.'i  ami  Paliu'ios,  t!ic  lattur  brokf  liis  wmil 
of  liimor  ill  rc'Voaling  the  iilaii.  They  liail  tliiiiiaiidcil  tliu  .si^'iiutiire  of  fnrt:i;,'ii 
iiiiuistcrs  on  the  hills  ))t'.si(h's  .Maxiiiiilian's.  IJaron  i«iyo  of  Austria  j.'avi'  hi-^, 
liat  thu  other  ministers  lefuMiiiL.'  to.si,!,'ii,  h<!  withih'cw.  Suhii-Sahii  was  plaei'il 
iiiiilir  closei'  arrest  and  his  wife  Kent  away.  For*  <letails  ami  fae-simih^  o* 
Maximilian's  order,  see  Sulm-Sahii,  J>i(iii/,  i.  "JdK,  "JSl-UO,  ii.  (!.'),  81),  etc.; 
li'imli,  ii.  •_'()!)-.").  It  has  heen  assiim(;il  that  the  colonels  intcmleil  miiely  t;> 
iiiililicate  tlui  ministers,  and  Masseras  believes  that  the  ])iudenee  of  the  litter 
Kaved  them  from  i;reat  danger.  KKi<n,'M\.  Juarez  is  said  hy  some  to  liavu 
l)ersoually  ilesirud  au  eseape  of  lliu  prisoner;  but  this  is  not  prohahle, 


316 


DEATH  OF  EMPIRE  AND  EMPEROR. 


government,  and  exerting  himself  with  admirable 
zeal.^'  The  most  effeetive  interference  would  un- 
doubtedly have  been  from  the  United  States  govern- 
ment; but  this  was  exerted  with  so  little  zeal  as  to 
wholly  fail.^" 

As  it  was,  the  Juarist  authorities  remained  firm  in 
their  decision  that  the  cause  of  justice  and  the  futun; 
peace  of  Mexico  demanded  the  death  of  the  })risonei's. 
Magnus  offered  to  procure  guarantees  from  the  lead- 
ing European  sovereigns  that  they  should  never  again 
tread  the  S(m1  or  disturb  the  country.  But  all  iu 
vain.^^  Xor  did  the  earnest  pleading  of  deputations 
of  prominent  women  avail  anything,  or  the  frantii; 
appeal  of  others  like  Princess  Salm-Sahn,  speaking  for 
her  husband  as  well  as  for  the  archduke.  Especially 
heart-rending  was  the  scene  with  Miranu)n's  wife, 
who  with  her  two  little  children  fell  weeping  at  the 

^'Lago  excused  liis  apparent  inaction  1>y  tlie  plea  that  adirect  appeal  fi<im 
the  Austrian  representative  would  injure  rather  than  serve  Maximilian.  Kui- 
e.st  was  merely  a  consul,  sent  l)y  Dano.  Detroyat  hlanies  tiio  latter  tor  not 
actiuy  in  person.  1/ 1 iitenvnl'mii,  ^i'u.  He  was  atVaid  for  iiinisclf  anil  douhtcil 
his  iutluence.  Middleton,  the  English  charge  d'ati'aires,  also  remained  at 
Mexico.  Salm-Salm  accuses  tiie  Austrian  and  Belgian  nicudiers  of  the  corjis 
of  talking  very  loosely  al)out  Maximilian,  aiul  stamps  tlie  former  as  a  riiiik 
coward;  yet  Maximilian  wrote  him  a  letter  of  thanks,  in  'good-natui-ed  weak- 
ness.' Diiirii,  ii.  r)!)-CiO,  C.'i,  74,  !IS.  Arrangoiz  nuikes  more  ado  ahout  th'  ii- 
refusal  at  Mexico  to  implicate  tliemselves  by  tfiking  charge  of  ellectsfrom  tlic 
imperial  palace.  Mej.,  iv.  .'V2(i-!(.  Among  the  army  men  wlio  spijke  forcliiii- 
ency  were  generals  Treviiio  and  Vega.  Queretaro  ollered  Maxindliau's  weigiit 
in  gold.    liiiMh,  Kriiiii.,  ii.  '2'.i~,  '2i'2-4. 

''"Austria  among  others  had  prompted  the  cabinet  at  WasJiington,  and 
their  minister  Camp))ell  was  instructeil  to  reconime;ul  a  humane  ])olicy;  but 
he  remained  ))as.sively  at  New  Orleans,  and  only  sent  despatches  wliicli  ser\  id 
rather  to  annoy  by  their  tone  of  autiujiity  anil  of  censure  for  previous  cruel 
ties.  Again  pi'om]ited,  Seward  spoke  to  the  Juarist  minister  Konu'ro,  but 
delayed  further  action  till  too  late.  l'.  .V.  Fanijn  Ajf'.,  L'j'i'rn',  ])iir.i,  ii. 
4dl-10.  Domcncch  a.ssunies  that  jiroper  remonstrances  from  .Seward  woul  1 
have  been  connnands  to  .Fuarez,  and  concludes  that  the  neglect  to  send  tlicin 
entails  'uno  terrible  rcsponsabilite  relati\ement  a  la  nuut  tie  ee  malheureu'c 
prince.'  ///.•*/.  Mfx.,  iii.  A'M.  Ho  hints  at  sellish  political  motives.  Otti  r 
burg  was  appointed  to  replace  Campbell  and  interpose  his  ministerial  intlu- 
ence,  but  too  late.  Ho  lays  the  blame  on  (."ainpbell.  D'Hi'-ricault,  Mtt.r.,  .S'Jti, 
and  Arrangoiz,  iv.  .347,  accuse  the  United  States  of  a  desire  to  retaliate  on 
France.  See  also  Mcx.,  f'ul.  Liycs,  18().'l-7,  iii.  104,  etc.;  I'f/n,  J)or.i,  iii.  'M') 
et  sei|.;  Miix.,  Lciiuf.,  i.  Ii  8b">,  passim;  MusHeras,  A'-'i'if,  4;?0-'2;  JIax.,  Mem., 
7'J-.S.S,  etc.     Victor  Hugo  and  Garibaldi  were  among  the  pleaders. 

'''This  was  iu  reply  to  Minister  Lerdo's  observation  that  no  guarantees 
existed  against  a  fresh  invasion.  Austria  supported  the  promise  with  an 
oiler  to  reinstate  the  archduke  in  his  rights  as  such,  after  he  had  renounced 
his  projects  in  Mexico.     This  oiler  came  too  late. 


JUAREZ  REFUSES  I'AHDDX. 


317 


foot  of  the  president,  antl  laintod  as  Juarez  in  deeply 
moved  voice  repeated  his  refusal. 

The  ostensible  reason  for  the  refusal  was  not  alone 
that  Maximilian,  once  in  safety,  would  renew  his  \nL'- 
tensions,  amid  a  group  of  discontented  fugitives,  to 
form  his  court,  but  that  in  case  of  subse(|uent  internal 
or  foreign  trouble,  his  cause  might  serve  as  u  dangerous 
pretence.  Among  the  real  reasons  wei'e  a  national 
jealousy  of  foreign  interference  and  dictation,  and  the 
desire  to  sli(»w  that  Mexico  could  act  indeiKMldently. 
Leniency  would  be  attributed  to  fear,  although  an- 
otlier  invasion  was  improbable  after  Napoleon's  fail- 
ure Hence  the  very  pleading  for  mercy  [)roved 
irritating,  and  tended  to  rouse  the  consciousness  of 
coiiiparative  weakness  to  assume  a  mask  of  im])lacablo 
.stci'iuiess.  The  strongest  ])ressure  for  punisliment, 
liowever,  came  from  the  army,  here  composed  of  men 
from  northern  provinces,  whose  aversion  to  fcjreigners, 
iiusoftened  by  lack  of  intercourse,  had  been  increased 
by  the  irritation  arising  from  the  proxMnity  of  a  pow- 
ei'f'uland  suspected  neighbor.  They  cried  for  revenge 
ell  the  author  of  the  decree  under  which  tlieir  be'loved 
1  aders,  like  Arteaga,  had  met  a  cruel  end.""'  It  also 
llattered  the  national  vanity  of  many  to  aim  a  blow  at 
divine  rights  tlirough  republican  sovereignty,  by  kill- 
a  monarch  for  lese-majeste  ])o[)ulairc — and  a  ruler 


i;iL 


se   WlUC 


ly 


conne 


cted 


E 


among  Ji.uro[)ean  rulers 


ruK 


On  tlie  IGth  of  June  ^laximilian  and  his  compaii- 

■'''Tliis  is  generally  admitted,  ami  Escobedo  staiid.s  widely  accused  for  iiav- 
iii;;  lirmiioted  the  feeling.  .Many  insist  that  lie  could  have  saved  Maximilian. 
His  .seleetii)u  of  men  for  the  court-martial  \va.sa  i)roof  of  ill-will.  He  dec  ared 
'  to  the  president  that  if  Maximilian  was  not  siiot,  tiiat  he,  Kscoheilo,  could 
liot  hold  his  army  together.'  llalTx  l/ij)>  Max.,  'J07,  -1-.  Salm-Salm  is  douht- 
ful  aliout  viiidictivenes.s  and  cruelty  as  motives,  hut  hilieves  in  a  desire  for 
revenge  hy  army  and  ultra-rejnihlieans.  ]>'uirii,  i.  'JT.'i;  L</i'i'ri-,  />oc.s,  ii. 
410.  Haseh  a.ssnmcs  that  .Jtuirez  did  not  foi'get  that  Maximilian  liad  refusi'd 
tu  recogni/e  him,  giving  the  preference  to  Ortega.  Erin.,  ii.  103.  His  letter 
to  Miranion,  ordering  Juarez  and  ollieera  to  be  judged  hy  eourt-maitial,  if 
c.uight — at  Zacatecas — is  also  brought  forward  a.s  irritating.  The  Indian  na- 
ture is  certainly  tenacious.  ^lax'imilian  would  no  doubt  li;ive  given  guaran- 
trcs  to  abstain  from  all  claims,  but  promises  have  never  had  muck  value  ia 
Mexico.     I'ardoued  chiefs  used  to  rise  again  as  soon  as  relea.sed. 


!: 


I 


im 


mF 


1:  \' 

■•I 


i- 


4 


Ml 
i 


I -I 
M 


IS  i 


318 


DEATH  OF  EMl'IRK  AND  EMPEROn. 


ions  inado  their  prejuirations,  |)artakiiii^  of  the  coiii- 
iiiLiiiidii,  and  .stood  waiting  for  the  deatii  escort,  tiic 
lornior  eahn  and  in  hght  converse  with  his  attendants, 
tiie  otiiei's  engaged  witii  tlieir  confessors.  The  dreaded 
hour  of  three  came,  and  still  no  signs  of  a  guard  aji- 
l>eared.  More  than  an  hour  hiter  an  otticer  came  to 
announce  a  i)ost{)onement  of  the  execution  to  the  IDth 
— the  only  concession  granted  by  the  government — 
in  oi'der  to  ijive  them  time  to  settle  their  ati'airs.'*'' 
"It  is  a  pity,"  exclaimed  ^Faximilian,  "for  I  was  pre- 
])ared  to  finish  with  life,"  Whatever  may  have  hceii 
his  leelings,  the  order  roused  false  hopes  in  his  friends, 
and  led  to  another  vain  appeal  for  mercy,  on  the 
ground  that  «.leath  had  already  been  suffered  in  an- 
ticipation. 

Maximilian  availed  himself  of  the  delay  to  write 
additional  letters  and  instructions.  The  counsel  re- 
ceived each  a  letter  of  thanks,"  as  did  likewise  his 
cai)tive  otticers,''"  while  to  Juarez  he  addressed  an  ap- 
]»eal  to  stop  further  bloodshed, and  let  histleath  serve 
to  promote  trancpiillity.  With  noble  im[)ulse  he  had 
begged  that  his  two  comj)anions  might  be  spared;  and 
this  beiiiijf  refused,'^"  ho  commended  ^liramon's  wife 
and  children  to  his  relatives,®''  Meji'a  having,  witli 
touching  confidence,  charged  his  debtor  and  victor, 
Escobeilo,  to  care  for  his  son.  A  larLje  number  of 
persons  were  remembered  in  his  will;  a  few  trinkets 

'"^  Hsu()l)i'ilu  lm<l  I'l'itainly  not  acted  with  iiiilitjiry  sti'ictiii;.ss  in  lettini;  tin; 
hour  lixuil  puss  l)y.  The  tclugrain  of  reprievo  from  San  Luis  I'otosi  caiuc  fu'ly 
an  hour  Into. 

^'Tlie  oinporor  of  Austria  rowanUul  tlieni  with  riuli  iireseuts,  for  thiy  n- 
fuse.l  a  fee.    />i(ir.  l>lir.,  July  1:5,  l.'i,  '2'.),  1S(>8. 

"■■Tlie  ])roijlaination  attriliutcd  to  liini,  wherein  he  rails  against  Napoleon, 
is  not  authentic.  It  appeareil  in  Soinhnt  <li'  Zaraija-^d,  May  "Jl,  iNiJT,  siiiipl. 
JIallgivesa  tianslation  \\\  Mtx.  kidIi  r  Max.,  l!t4-5.  A  propcjsed  denuncia- 
tion of  iMaripiez  was  not  written.  A  letter  to  the  pope  asked  for  an  indulgent 
opinion  and  prayers.   Arntiii/oh.,  M'j.,  iv.  .'MO. 

■'''  In  Mejia's  case  no  doul)t  for  the  sake  of  showing  that  partiality  had  not 
been  manifested  for  a  native. 

'"  Tiie  empress,  or  lier  Belgian  relatives.  ArnuKjoiz,  iv.  .S'JT-.IO.  Doniencch 
speaks  of  a  legacy  of  !j">0,000,  and  an  appeal  to  his  brother.  Hist.  Mi  x.,  iii. 
41(i.  ISiit  tlie  letter  to  Lago  says  that  she  was  reconnnemled  to  Ids  niotliii', 
y/«//,  'J! to  1,  receiving  a  pension  of  4,C00  florins.  (^()//,s/(7.,  .Fan.  IT, -Inne  7, 
LStiS.  Mi'm.  line,  1808,  ap.  4(),  doc.  7,  pp.  i'l^-S;  Etslnl'a  id;  Occhl.,  June  ."i, 
1808,  refer  to  some  lauded  property  of  Miraniou. 


THE  LAST  MOMKNTS. 


319 


wcrt.'  distributod;'^  l)r  Basoh  was  u:ivcii  liis  luarriaijc- 
liny,  with  tlio  t'litiriL(o  to  re|)t»rt  at  home  on  the 
si(<>e  and  Ids  last  davs,  "and  tell  niv  mother  that  I 
li.ive  done  my  duty  as  a  soldier  and  die  a  ifoo«l  Chiis- 
tiaii."'**  J)uiini^  these  last  days  came  a  false  repoi't 
that  Charlotte  had  died.  It  att'eeted  him  deeply,  hut 
sunn  ^rief  1,'ave  way  to  resiijfnation.  "It  is  one  bond 
holding  me  to  life,"  he  said. 


less 


Shortly  after  six  oV-loek  on  the  morninn'  of  June 
IDth,  after  mass,*"  the  tlu'ee  prisoners  were  driven, 
(;i(h  with  his  confessor,  in  a  common-looking  car- 
riage, to  the  Cerrode  la  Campana,  where  the  surremler 
liad  taken  place.  A  strong  escort  kept  at  a  distance 
the  gi-ief-stricken  citizens,  and  a  force  of  4,000  men 
>  nclosed  the  field."'  AFaximilian  step[)ed  lightly  from 
his  carriage  and  walked  with  dignity  to  the  sj)ot  as- 
signed, stroking  his  beard,  iii^  was  di'essed  in  black, 
with  high-buttoned  frock-coat  and  broad-brimmed  I'elt 
h:it.  "Ah,  what  a  splendid  day!"  he  said;  "  I  always 
w  ished  to  die  on  such  a  day." 

They  took  their  position  at  the  foot  of  the  hill  in 
front  of  a   shattered   Mall,  which,  like    the   adjacent 

•■*  Iloorickx  vainly  objected  to  tlic  iinnihcr  of  legatees.  Qiieon  Vie'toria, 
tlic  ciiuiit  (if  I'laiulfis,  anil  tln'  oiiiin'oss  of  lliazil  leociveil  tokeiiti.  Hi'  had 
(liicctid  Saliu-Saliii  to  write  down  a  distribution  of  onlfrs,  Jiidr;/,  i.  -(iS,  imt 
tills  was  uvorrided,  as  a  ri.'suni])tiou  of  sovereiirn  powei'.  Miranion  (.'oni- 
iiiiiiik'd  Ids  sons  also  to  <  uii.  Arellano.  A  rniinidiz,  iv.  .S:!7  '■'.  -Mejfa's  \\ifo 
.'i;mnu(i  tliu  aiil  of  lier  Imshaiid's  niurdori  r,  as  slie  tcrnu'd  Mseobtilo. 

•''■' /Crlii.,  ii.  'JdO.  Aftt'r  .some  discnssion  alioiit  tliu  ]KrsoMs  to  lie  charged 
with  writing  tiie  history  of  his  leitrn,  Fatliir  Fischer  and  I'rince  dc  .loinvillu 
being  considered,  ho  deteriiuned,  in  an  nnsigned  codicil  to  his  will,  npcm  the 
ex-minister  liainirez  and  Prime  Salni-Sahn.  See  jiieface  to  the  I>i(tnj  of  tho 
fitter  for  obstacles.  Masseras  a.ssnnics  wnuudy  tliat  'la  nucstion  ne  fut  [lan 
tranclii'e.'  E^sni,  ;{15. 

''"Maxinulian  jiad  retired  at  eight  o'clock,  and  fallen  aslecj)  after  reading 
a  while  in  Iinilnl'idii  <;/'  L'hn-<(.  Toward  nudnij^ht  Kscobeilo  inlrmled  to  say 
laicuell.  Jle  t!icien|ioa  rested  jieaeefidly  till  half-]iast  three.  Mass  wa.l 
laid  at  live.  Soon  after  he  to()k  breakfast  of  colVee,  cldckiMi,  half  a  liottle  of 
red  vine,  and  bread.  Dr  I'lasch  I'e.eived  his  last  injunction  to  take  to  his 
iHuthei-  the  scapidary  in  his  vest  ]ioeket.   Erin.,  ii.  "Jls. 

'■'Saliu-Salni  states  that  the  lionr  was  anticipated  to  prevent  a  demonstra- 
tion; yet  from  tlio  roofs  some  epithet.s  and  ndssiles  were  lannclied  upon  the 
Kililiers.  />iiiri/,  i.  ,SO(i.  Ifans,  (Jinr.,  'JIO,  speaks  of  desertecl  streets,  ami 
I'oiiienecli  copies  iiini.  Arias  denies  tliat  insnlta  were  oU'ered  to  Ma.xiniiliun; 
others  speak  of  loud  sympathy. 


^WHWiJin. 


r 


! 


!1 


■i 


^ 


320 


DKATH  OK  K.MPIKK  ANl>  KMI'KUOU. 


fii'lds  and  sl()j>oM,  l)oro  eviilonco  of  (li'Viistatliijj^liattorio.s 
and  cruel  conflict.  Turnin»i^  to  Miranion,  wlio  stood 
to  the  lijjflit,  Maximilian  remarked,  "A  liravc  soldier 
is  respected  by  his  sovirei^Mi;  permit  me  to  yiekl  to 
you  the  place  of  honor;  "  whereupon  he  inovc'd  him  to 
the  centre  and  einhraced  him.  lie  also  pressed  Mejfa 
to  his  breast,  sayiujLJ,  '*  (Jeneral,  what  has  not  been 
rewarded  on  earth  will  be  in  heavcni."  After  distril)- 
uting  some  ^ohl  j)ieces  amonj^  the  soldiers  detailed  for 
the  execiUion,  and  bidding  them  tire  straight  at  his 
heart,"^  upon  which  ho  placed  his  hand,  bespoke  with 
firm  voice,  **  ^lay  my  blood  be  the  last  shed  in  sacri- 
fice for  the  country,  and  if  more  is  recpiired,  let  it  bo 
for  the  good  of  the  nation,  never  in  treason."*'^' 

With  ccjual  composure  Miramon  i-oad  a  brief  jtiecc, 
protesting  against  the  im[)utation  of  treason,  ^tejia, 
at  first  unnerved  by  the  efiect  of  sickness  and  the 
sij^ht  of  his  wife  frantic  with  i;rief,  had  ncnv  recovered 
liimself  and  exclaimed  firndy,  "Viva  ^lexico,  viva  el 
emporador !"  The  signal  to  fire  was  then  given,  and  the 
throo  fell  simultaneously.  Miramon  died  instantly, 
Mejia  had  to  receive  a  iinal  shot,  and  also  ^laximil- 
ian,  who  received  a  bullet  in  the  heart  as  ho  faintly 
whispered,  *'  Houdjro."*"     It  was  the  hour  of  seven. 

''''  He  gave  oncli  of  tlie  seven  men  in  hia  sqnad  a  Maxin.ilinnn  de  oro,  alxnit 
$•20.  The  captain  in  cliai'ge  liail  witii  tears  in  liis  eyes  l)egge(l  liis  ]ianl(iii. 
'  Vou  are  a  soldier,  and  must  do  your  duty,'  was  the  answer  in  a  kind  tuui'. 
Tlie  men  belonged  to  the  first  l)atUilion  of  Xuevo  Leon.  Maximilian  notietil 
with  regret  the  al)sence  of  a  friend  to  whom  he  nnght  give  a  last  message,  liut 
Kascli  had  remained  behind  wholly  ovi.'reome  with  grief,  and  liaron  Magnus 
stood  behind  the  line  of  guard.  He  accordingly  gave  his  hat  and  handker- 
chief, after  wiping  his  brow,  to  the  valet  Tiidtis,  re(iuesti|ig  him  to  give  them 
to  iiis  mother.  Simon  Montemayor,  who  connuanded  at  the  execution,  died 
Jan.  IS8I.   Olari't  Olic.,,]un.-2],'\Hi^l. 

**This  is  the  version  given  in  Hascli,  ii.  220,  by  Dr  Reyes,  who  attended 
the  execution.  Others  vary.  The  most  commonly  accepted  is:  '  I  die  for  a 
just  cause,  the  indepeudeiue  and  liberty  of  Mexico.  May  my  blood  seal  tlie 
misfortunes  of  my  new  country.  Viva  Mexico!'  This  is  given  in  the  otliciul 
Ciiii-ia  Max.,  451.  Vet  a  longer  speech  circulated  among  the  public:  'Mexi- 
caius,  pei"sou3  of  my  class  and  origin  are  appointed  by  ( lod  either  for  the  hap- 
piness of  peo|iles  or  to  become  martyrs.'  lie  had  come  to  ])romote  thei>'  weal, 
lie  contin\ieil,and  thanked  those  who  had  sought  to  aid  him.  He  hoped  that 
his  blood  might  'regenerate  this  unhappy  country.'  M(U\,  Mem.,  8S.  Hans, 
ijiicr. ,  222,  ditfera  somewhat  from  the  former  version.  Some  republicans  claim 
that  he  begged  pardon  for  the  blood  he  had  spilled.  Soa  also  jyJIcrlfniilt, 
Mai:,  3152-5. 

8* '  Man. '    Others  say  that  it  was,  '  Poor  Charlotte. '    Arias,  the  official 


RKTURX  TO  AUSTRIA. 


821 


Tti  accordanco  witli  ^raxiniilian's  wishes,  liia  ImmIv 
\v!is  oiiibaliiiecl'"^  and  sent  t.t»  Mexico,  to  the  chapel 
San  Aiidi'es,  to  be  held  till  a  f'oi-iiial  ro(|uisitioii 
arrived  IVoiii  Austria.*'  Arme«l  w  ith  this,  Vice-ad- 
miral Tej^ettliotr  received  it  in  Xoveinhei",  and  carried 
it  home  on  the  Xocara,  the  same  vessel  which  tlireo 
vears  hiforti  liad  conveyed  the  unt'ortunato  man  to  hia 
ado[»ted  country  a»ul  his  doom.*' 

ttoconiit,  Hall,  uiul  Siilm-Siiliii  di'iliire  that  iii^  rccfivfd  a  oiiii-do-grmo,  anil 
i;ttri('(l  tlio  word  '  lionilu'e.'  Sdiuo  will  v\vi\  have  two  tinal  sliots.  Ollifra 
assiiiiit!  tliat  lin  died  'without  a  struggle,  uii  tho  authority  ><(  IUhiIi,  wiio 
\M  itts  that  he  liad  l)eeii  penetrated  by  six  liullets,  tired  at  a  short  dlHtaiice, 
thire  strikiiij;  tho  lireast  with  deadly  cU'ect,  one  the  heart.  The  faee  re- 
iriiiiiii'd  untfiiiched.  IJasch,  Erin.,  ii.  "JIK-'JO.  I5ut  it  has  not  lieen  clearly 
shown  that  one  of  these  bullets  was  not  tho  tinal  one.  Saliu-Salni  elainia 
live  bullets  for  tho  lirst  lire,  and  that  notwithstanding  all  the  Me.xieari  doe- 
t'lrs  iudieated  a  bullet  near  the  spine,  jiroliably  tin:  last,  /finri/,  ii.  I'JS.  '  Kra 
>iiia  ahna  grandel'  exclaimed  the  colonel  in  eoniniand.  on  ritiirnin!,'  to  I^iseh. 
The  mourning  in  Quen'taro  was  very  general,  esperially  among  women,  says 
.^ihii-Salm,  iiiid  relies  were  eagei'ly  sought,  and  so  says  Hail,  /.{/'<'  Miir.,  ■_'!(.'>, 
•J. 17,  •"'('l.  A  monument  wjuj  raised  on  tho  hill  in  latter  ye;irs.  hinrio  Oilv., 
Mar.  'J:1,  KSH'. 

•^'lly  liir.ideneyra  and  Licca,  the  former  inspector-general  of  the  army 
niediial  corps,  the  latter  the  betrayer  of  Miramon.  'J'lie  operation  was  dilli 
(•.dt,  owing  to  hick  of  proper  meanx,  as  reportetl  .June  'JTth,  when  loiuluded, 
.IW'/s,  Ufsi  nil,  7011-10.  iSalni-.Salm  speaks  of  indecent  treatment  of  the  body 
hy  l.ieea  and  ultra-liberal  otlicers.  JJinri/,  i.  .'U'J-l.'t.  The  embahnment  is 
elaJMied  to  have  been  good.  JJiitr.  ()ji<\,  Nov.  10,  lS(i7.  The  doubt  expressed 
ill  lliiirn  Li/f  Max.,  300,  is  sot  aside  by  JJasch,  Erhiii.,  ii.  -24;  Mainrn, 

/;■'..  -2. 

'"'Maximilian  had  ordered  its  surrender  to  I'.aron  Magnus  .•ind  Mr  lUseh, 
Klin.,  "208,  I'K),  but  the  government  desireil  to  be  i'elieve(l  more  fiu'mally  of 
tlie  charge.  It  was  sent  from  (i)uert'tiiro  at  the  end  of  August.  'I'lie  lu'arcl 
a^d  li;dr  were  reduced  by  relic-hunters,  black  glass  eyes  rejilaced  the  natnial 
lihie  (ines,  and  tiie  body  was  dressed  in  blue  campaign  coat  with  gilt  buttons, 
.iuilitiuy  liootH,  black  tie  and  gloves.  The  cedar  coliin  was  lined  with  zinc, 
and  covered  wifii  black  velvet  banded  with  gold  lace.  'I'lie  head,  \  isiblu 
tliroiigii  a  gla.ss  panel,  rested  on  a  black  velvet  cushion  with  gilt  t.'issels.  J)iiir 
"jir.,  N'ov.  10,  IS(i7.  Later  a  tine  granadilla  coliin  w.is  provided.  N'icead- 
iiiiiid  TegcttholF  arrived  in  Aug.  and  dem;indcd  the  coipse  on  behalf  of  tiio 
i.uiiily;  but  coming  in  no  otlicial  character,  he  iiad  to  wait  till  a  formal  jippli- 
cation  arrived  from  Chancellor  IJeust.  l''or  corrcs])on(lence  on  tho  subject,  see 
.!/■('■.,  Cnii.-<a,  4.")>-04;  Ariiu,  70S-l(i;  Mux..  .Mim..  lO.VI.'t,  et(!.  The  bodies 
lit  Miramon  and  .Mejia  wen!  surrendered  to  their  families. 

"'Tiie  admiral  w.is  attended  to  \'era  Ci'uz  by  .1  cavalry  escort  of  lOO  nun. 
Hero  a  ceremonious  reception  was  accorded  at  the  draped  parish  church.  On 
Nov.  I'lith  the  Siii'nra  left  the  harbor  by  way  of  Habana,  w  hero  imposing 
duiMonstratious  took  place.  Concerning  tho  funer.il  in  Austria,  see  t'oii-i'tt  , 
•Nov.  i:?,  IS(i7,  Jan.  II,  28,  Feb.  1."),  Mar.  12,  20,  ISliS;  JJiarin  Of!,-.,  Apr. 
l.'i.  May  7,  July  8,  lS(i8,  etc.  Maximilian  had  reipiested  t!iat  his  body 
.slii'idd  be  deposited  by  the  .side  of  Charlotte,  but  she  stil!  Tucd  her  living 
ilcatli,  and  it  was  placed  in  tiie  imperial  vault.  In  Nov.  1870  a  statue  was 
inivfilcd  to  his  memory  at  Jliet/ing,  near  .Schiinbrunn,  Aiistiia,  Napoleon 
s'd>scril)ing  to  it  among  others.  I'rc  M)[).,  Jan.  Mi,  1S72;  Fciliral.  .Ian.  (!, 
1^72;  .l/())((Vor,  .Ian.  17,  IStiO.  I)r  Licea  had  kept  a  lot  of  clothing,  hair,  and 
IIiiiT.  Mex.,  \  ol.  VI.    21 


1  m 


"81 


322 


DEATH  OF  EMPIRE  AND  EMPEROR. 


The  effect  of  the  execution  in  the  republic  varied 
greatly  in  various  ({uarters.  The  boisterous  man i Tes- 
tations atteiKliMi»-  the  capture  had  reduced  the  pressure; 
on  [)ublic  feeliiii^,  and  now  a  certain  synipath"  and 
res[)ect  tended  to  render  Miore  subdued  the  uphold- 
ing of  Juarez'  conduct.  Xevertheless,  we  find  stroni^^ 
demonstrations  in  the  ulti-a-liberal  provinces,  where 
the  memory  of  cherished  leaders  fallen  in  battle  re- 
ceived too  pronounced  a  revival.  Among  the  conserv- 
atives, on  the  other  hand,  protestations  of  grief  v>eie 
freely  made,  es})ecially  by  the  women  at  Queretaro 
and  in  the  <'a})ita],  masses  being  held  and  emblems 
distributed.  Conservative  journals  were  naturally 
restrained  by  Tear.  In  Europe,  as  m;iy  be  imagined, 
monarchist  devotion  joined  witii  partisan  spirit,  race 
feeling,  and  pretensions  to  humanity,  to  condenm  the 
deed,  some  denouncing  it  as  an  assassination,  othe.s 
qualifying  it  as  a  useless  and  de]»lorable  excess.  In 
the  United  States  opinion  ranged  between  the  latter 
view  and  one  of  reluctant  api)roval,  as  a  sad  necessity."* 

The  empire  was  undoubtedly  a  huge  mistake.  It 
can  hardly  be  termed  illegal,  for  all  international  lav,' 

other  effects  of  the  archduke,  awaiting  a  purchaser,  but  the  courts  cotiipclKcl 
their  surri'iuUir.  Most  of  the  hchmgiuys  were  scattered,  iiowever.  Ili.s  vilia 
V'eciuue  ii  seliool  house;  pnrt  of  his  fuiuiture  luid  tiihlt!  service  fi'li  iuto  tin' 
hands  of  <iov.  'jcyva;  his  sword  passed  from  Juarez'  fanuly  to  tlu;  later  pres- 
ident Ler(l();  his  tine  lihrary  was  hurried  awiiy  to  Europe  an  I  sold,  tlie 
choicest  part  going  to  enrii;li  my  own  collection;  his  private  ])ai>ers  wen; 
many  of  them  scattered,  Arellano  accusing  Fisciier  of  selling  several.  I' '. 
Iloran,  iii.-iv.  Sec  also  /'I'lfral,  .May  .S,  1873;  I'oz  M<j.,  June  '1,  7,  !•,  l'^77; 
('oiialiiiifiouai,  Nov.  Iti,  18(!7,  •Ian.  .S,  Fcl).  10,  ISllS,  etc.  In  Jhnr/io,  iv, 
l47-"i"),  is  an  account  of  litigation  for  elfeets.  CoithriiK/H  (Iniii  ,  '200.  Amon^ 
the  oi)stacles  to  the  execution  of  Ma.ximiliaii"s  testament  "'aa  tlic  uufortunaiu 
condition  of  Charlotte. 

"* '  La  pohtica  de  los  Estailos-Unid;;^,  (pie  han  <|Uciido  dar  una  it  eeinu 
sevcra  d  Europa."  Aminijoh,  Mij.,  iv.  317.  Cluseret  maiiitaiiu'il  that  most 
Americans  rcgardeil  it  as  '  uu  actc  do  haute  pditiijuo  eomiiiande  por  la  situii- 
tion.'  '  I. Victe  severe  et  tout  au  inoins  inutile,' says  Jhlroi/a!.  I '  liiU  rv'  n., 
.S()!(-70;  MoiiUi'tir  ('nil'.,  July  5,  lb;>7,  takes  a  severe  tone.  While  Krcntl:- 
nun  aro  ready  to  bbme  the  ehurcli  and  ccnservative  party  for  deception,  etc., 
(iei'mans  and  others  prefer  to  blame  Napoleon.  Sec  S  i/m-Suliii,  />i'irii.  i.  -^1 : 
Arraiifjoiz,  etc.  In  Li'iiac.  .l/cr, ,  i.  '24l-.S4r),  is  reviewed  tlio  fi'eliug  in  the 
sister  republic  from  a  .fua.'ist  standjwint.  See,  furtiier,  /lol.  /I'l/*, ,  July -1 . 
1S()7  et  se((. ;  Ziri'ciro,  h'<i\  .\fpr.,  181;  J)' /fi'i-irniili,  .l/'u;.,  I-"JO.  Sympatliy 
for  Maximilian  spread  in  Mexico,  na  shown  by  JJaitf,  (Juer,,  'J-4-7;  Turm. 
Jlisl.  Pari.,  i.  359. 


v.  EXERAL  11 !:  KLEC'TIONS. 


323 


It 


iipi'llid 
is  \  ilia 
to  tin; 

IMl'.S- 

,    tho 

WI'll! 

r>. 

ISTT: 

II,  iv, 

uiiaiu 

ri'iiiu 

must 

situ:!- 

•!•'  II., 

ciicl'.- 
.  t'tc, 
-M: 
11  til'' 
V-Jl. 
juthy 

'iiCIti  . 


is  based  upon  the  riglit  of  iniu'lit.  The  assembly 
\\liicli  IssuimI  the  })lan  and  iioniiiiation  may  be  olial- 
biii^ed,  but  the  country  eannnt  vcputhate  the  immense 
vote  wliicli  lent  confirmation,  wliatever  tlie  inr>ine;;rity 
and  reservation  underlying  that  vote.  The  plea  (»^* 
comj)ulsion  afFected  only  a  part.  It  was  but  natural 
to  su}i])ose  that  a  nation  so  l<»ng  torn  l)y  rt'volu^ion.^ 
and  attendant  n)aleadniinistration  would  hail  a  stahle 
government;  and  Napoleon  and  jMaximilian  hngge<l 
the  belief  only  too  eagerly,  the  latter  influenced  not  a 
little  by  the  glitter  of  an  imperial  crown.  Unfortu- 
nately, their  views  were  fi'amed  by  Eui'ojiean  stan- 
dards, and  by  the  expressions  of  a  comparatively  small 
jiarty  in  ^Mexico.  Tiie  rest  of  the  people  they  failed 
to  understand  or  to  fully  consider.  There  was  little 
to  fear  from  the  passive  Indian,  but  everything  from 
the  middle  race,  the  mestizos,  that  mixture  of  activity 
and  indolence,  t)f  brightness  and  dreaminess,  insincer- 
ity and  selfishness,  in  whose  over-growing  strength 
rests  the  future  of  the  coantrv.  AlthouLch  reckless 
and  improvident  by  nature,  the  mestizo  had  tired  for 
a  while  of  war,  and  yielded  M'ith  the  substantial  classes 
to  the  effort  for  a  peaceful  rule.  l-Jut  soon  his  jeal- 
ousy was  roused  by  the  growth  of  foi'eign  infiuence, 
and  the  ])ri'ference  accorded  to  assuming  officials  from 
beyond  the  ocean.  The  iifleam  of  foreign  !>avoiiets 
sup))orting  the  throne  now  Hashed  wider,  and  his 
restive  independence  of  spii-it  took  alarm,  fostered  by 
conservative  discontent.  Tlu;  very  strength  «»f  the 
invader  became  a  source  of  weakness. 

The  liberal  policy  of  ^taximilian  was  based  on  ap- 
parently good  grounds,  seeking  as  it  did  to  conciliate 
fiM'tions,  which  formed  tln^  worst  foe  t»»  unitv  and 
piogress,  and  making  an  efi'ort  to  reach  the  ]ieople 
itsi'lf.  If  in  a  sense  he  turned  traitor  to  the  prin- 
<'i|»les  of  the  party  to  whom  he  stooil  bound,  and  con- 
se(|Uently  lost  a  certain  support,  he  did  so  in  search 
of  advancement,  and  in  the  hope  of  greatcT  gains. 
He  meant  well.     NoMe  ideas  ever  filled  his  mind  with 


3'24 


DKATII  OF  EMPIRE  AND  EMPEROR. 


!  , 


Ui-tincl  and  huinauitariaii  schemes;  but  he  lacked 
streiigtli  and  eiierj^y  to  carry  them  out.  He  might 
liave  done  well  in  a  settled  country  like  Lombardy, 
where  he  gained  so  much  a[)i)roval ;  but  Mexico  needed 
a  (-reative  reformer,  and  this  he  Mas  not. 

Connnissions  formed  good  projects,  but  they  were 
not  acted  upon,  partly  through  the  militating  jealousies 
of  Mexican  and  French  otHcials.  The  latter  tended 
to  defeat  the  organization  of  a  national  army,  the  lack 
of  which  gave  force  to  the  fatal  decree  of  October  .'3(1, 
and  to  the  fall  of  the  em))ire.  Almost  cv'ery  essei^.tial 
feature  of  reform  suffered  from  o[)[)osition,  neglect,  or 
inanition;  while  i)etty  regulations  for  office  or  barrack 
routine,  consular  service,  orders  and  theatres,  })alace 
arrangements,  court  cti(|uette,  and  the  like  absorbed 
undue  attention  and  led  to  unwai'rantable  expense. 
Fond  of  makinii"  laws,  Maximilian  ij^ave  less  heed  to 
their  value  or  observance.  He  was  not  practical 
enough.  He  seemed  to  })lay  at  monarch  and  to  pose 
roytdly  before  Europe,  intent  also  on  other  plans,  as 
shown  by  the  ])rotest  against  his  renunciation  of 
Austrian  rights  which  opened  wide-spread  mistrust. 

While  bearing  in  mind  that  the  most  im{)ortant 
measures  were  dei)endent  on  Fix;nch  interests  aiul 
cooperation — and  that  their  failure  must  be  attributeil 
to  this  source — yet  it  is  evident  that  Maximilian  was 
hardly  the  man  for  tlic  place.  It  required  one  of 
sterner  mould  to  cope  with  bitter  factions  and  schem- 
ing partisans,  and  face  a  situation  so  critical.  Usually 
kind-hearted  to  a  fault,  he  on  one  side  judged  others 
too  mildly,  while  occasional  rancor  and  mistrust  led  to 
sei'ious  errors  on  the  other.  Of  josthetic  temperament, 
he  objected  to  the  inharmonious,  and  was  readily  cap- 
tivated by  fine  a])pearance  and  manner,  and  suscej)- 
tible  to  insidious  praise.  All  these  were  deplorable 
weaknesses  under  the  circumstances,  for  they  tei.ded 
to  misdirect  his  iidmirable  impulses.'^'' 


""SnlmSalm  exalta  him  as  the  'noblest,  host,  and  most  amiable '  of  men. 
Diary,  i.  'Mo.     The  ilisappoiuted  uouacrvative  Arraiigoiz  (inds  him  'scco, 


MAXIMILIAN'S  CHARaCTKR. 


325 


Irresolute  ami  lackiiiij  eoiifidonco  in  liiinself,  lie  was 
readily  innueiicod  by  others  to  adopt  unsuitable  or 
impractical  })lans.  Wliile  inviting  able  men  like 
Ilaiiiirez  and  Lacun/.a,  he  yielded  to  mere  theorists 
or  schemers,  to  congenial  foreigners  who  either  failed 
to  understand  their  surrounding  or  sul)ordinat(.'d 
everything  to  })rivate  aims.  llamiri'Z  was  not  hearty 
enough  in  his  cooperation  as  impei'ial  minister.  Ills 
republican  inclinations  served  to  lessen  tiie  eneri>v 
and  thoroughness  of  action  demanded  by  circum- 
stances, and  led  to  half-hearted  measures  and  false 
conclusions.  Later,  under  l^acunza,  the  turn  of  events 
could  hardly  be  changed;  and  Lares,  the  evil  star  of 
two  j)receding  governments,  allowed  blind  selfishness 
and  illusion  to  undermine  the  last  imperial  foothold. 

Xonc  of  these  men,  however,  exercised  any  I'eal  in- 
fluence over  ^[aximilian,  such  as  waswieldiMl  l)y  Eloin, 
wlio,  while  talented  and  eneru'etic  enouuh,  lacked 
jiractical  ability,  and  was  in  many  respects  a  visionary 
reformer  like  his  master,  ^fanpiez  liad  not  the 
broad  mind  and  elevated  character  nee  lid  to  evolve 
grand  schemes,  or  to  long  maintain  a  contioUing  in- 
Ihience.      Meji'a  and  ^[endez  were  but  l)ravi  and  loyal 

)an- 


Mijdiers;  and  among  other  later  friends  aini  com} 


Mi 


oils  Jliramon  alone  exercised  any  leal   [xtwcr 


d 


Al- 


tlioun'h  a  brilliant  soldier,  who  bv  his  swoi-d  and  ma-jf- 
iietism  had  made  his  way  to  the  ])resi(lential  chair  at 
the  early  age  of  twenty-six,  he  was  too  much  imbued 
with  illusi<M>-  laitkiiiL'"  the  stabilitv  of  character  and 
maturity  t)f  mind  re(piisite  for  either  a  great  leader  or 


I  <''ooa  counsellor 


11( 


altivo,  y  vengativo,'  even  false  and  inconstant,  ^f|{i.,  iv,  340.  ])'ITi'i-i('ault 
points  to  bin  fieedoni  from  lux'jinlii'e  in  till'  desii'e  to  lfa\i'  t'ven  the  hostile 
attorney  Anjiiroz  a  legiiey.  M<(X.,  ',i'2'A.  Aiian  liiniself  i.s  ready  to  admit  hi.i 
imiiiaiu!  .siMitiments.  7i'<«  /('(,  1*44.  In  the  .suite  of  these  dillerent  repiesent.i- 
live  opinion.s  we  tiod  most  others  follow,  tiie  generality  heiii^'  ready  to  praise, 
islieeially  Stern,  '  aseii,  Kollonit/. 

'"The  half-uttered  im|)iUatlons  against  Ilia  loyalty  have  not  enough  founda- 
tion to  merit  consideration,  and  he  atoiud  for  any  such  intent  with  Ids  blood. 
SiihnSalm  states  that  lie  aceii.sed  himself  in  his  last  days  of  having  lirouglit 
MiNimilian  into  captivity,  h'uirii,  i.  301.  Hut  this  may  refer  to  his  neglect 
ot  lutter  canijtaign  plans.  Kven  this  writer  is  ready  to  believe  that  he  wa» 
iiiLidy  uuuuusciou»ly  the  evil  giuius  of  the  archduke. 


: 


I' 

is' 


i   I 


Ml 


320 


DKATII  OF  EMI'IRK  AXD  EMl'EiiOK. 


Franco  stood  comjjrouiiscd,  by  the  spirit  at  least  of 
the  Miraiiiare  convention,  to  found  a  strong  j^overn- 
nicnt.  She  promised  more  than  sho  performed,  and 
njoreover  sa})]i<Ml  tlie  roots  by  absorbing;  the  means 
i'or  growth.  The  hostile  attitude  of  tlie  northern 
republic,  with  her  disengaged  lines  of  armies,  tended 
to  dispel  the  illusive  hopes  infolding  the  Mexican 
enterjtrise.  Quicksand  stood  disclosed,  and  fear  and 
interest  demanded  a  retreat,  even  at  the  cost  of  hu- 
miliation. Maximilian  was  otFered  safety  at  the  same 
price,  but  he  refused. 

Now  rise  the  redeeming  traits  of  the  prince  in  the 
midst  of  misfortune.  It  is  needless  aLTain  to  examiiK; 
closely  additional  motives  of  ulterior  plans  and  re- 
volted })ride,  in  connection  with  Austrian  j)rospe('ls 
and  French  intrio'ues  for  another  jjovernment.  Suf- 
lice  it  to  recogni/e  that  the  honor  of  his  name  and  the 
appeal  of  his  im|)erilletl  party  proved  the  main  im- 
l)ulse  Nvliich  called  him  to  what  he  deemed  duty,  to 
stand  by  his  adherents  till  terms  could  be  obtained 
for  their  security.  "  Tell  my  mother  that  I  ha\e 
done  my  duty  as  a  soldier!"  was  i  last  message  that 
reiiected  true  as  well  as  noble  feelings.  His  sacrifice 
to  honor  and  party  was  wholly  thrown  away.  Xot 
that  he  could  have  been  much  deceived  by  the  shal- 
low assurances  of  his  ministiirs;  but  his  usual  irreso- 
lution and  yielding  to  certain  men  led  him  into 
fresh  mistakes,  and  to  the  neglect  of  opportunity 
that  might  have  gained  at  least  honorable  conditions 
and  safety.  The  last  sti'uggle  proved  merely  a  waste 
of  blood,  althouii'h  servinu'  to  embalm  his  memorv  as 
a  brave  and  chivalric  prince,'*  if  not  as  a  great  man. 

"  'Durch  mich  wird  der  Riihin  mcincr  Almcu  gewiss  iiiclit  vciilimUilt 
wcrdeii,'  wiis  a  piece  of  vanity  which  diil  not,  howovcr,  Ih'Uc  its  author. 

Alhi'Ho  Uniia,  (^hwictnro;  Mvinorius  ilf  ini  O/iiiiU  i/il  Ein/K'nular  Ma.vimili- 
Olio,  Trtubiritliin  ihl  /■'rmici-.^,  ran  X()((l.^<  //  l'<rtiiii-iir'u)ii''it  fmr  Lornizi)  Hlrjujii. 
ii"t!il.,  Mexico,  1S()!),  sill.  >S',  pp.  •_'."!(>.  'Ilie  author,  tm  eii-si;;!!  of  aitillciy  in 
tJK'  ini|ioriiil  aniiy,  given  adetailed  ai'C(jaiit  of  the  siege  of  (^ueri'tiiro  ami  ;iii- 
f  'rent  military  operations.  He  passes  juilgmeiit  upon  the  eapt'.  ity  an<l  enii- 
duet  of  various  generals  servin  ;  in  that  army,  strategical  fuilts  lieing  pointi'l 
out.  Il.ms  wroti'  in  Krenehanil  deilicated  his  hook  to(  'liarlut'e.  It  isiegiii'ih  l 
as  au  iinpurtuut  work,  and  was  translated  into  8i)auish  by  Lorenzo  Kli/a^a, 


X(.t 
slial- 
.rroso- 
iuto 
uiiitv 

tidlis 

waste 
fV  as 
man. 

iliiiiUflt 

(11'. 

fii.ciiiiili- 
Kli-jiil'i. 
:ilkiry  iu 
iiiiil  ;iii- 
mill  (.•iiii- 
piiiiiti'l 

I'UL'Ul'ili'l 


AUTHOUITIES. 


3-27 


wiio  nt  tlie  end  appeiuls  some  pages  of  notes  and  corrections  hy  himself,  as 
wi  11  as  an  ai'ticlo  written  liy  Manuel  I'ayno  and  published  in  tlie  Sii/lo  XIX. 
Jlans  was  a  strong  partisan  of  Maximilian,  and  while  heiiii,'  as  inipai'tial  as  his 
imsition  aii'l  political  views  would  allow  in  his  narrati(in  of  e\ents,  he  is  (jcca- 
sionally  unjust  to  the  ii'puhlican  jiarty.  It  is  to  refute  such  expressions  that 
Kli/aga  pLimed  his  uot(;s  and  I'ayno  his  article. 

/■</ix  .Siilm-Sfilm,  Ml/  JJidri/  in  Mi.rir.o  in  1SG7,  iiirliiilin>/  lh<'  Lant  l^'iii-i  oj 
till-  Kiii/ii  far  Mdxi/niliiiii,  rr'ilh  li'iivca/roni  tlu'  /Jiari/  uf  thi'  Prim-i'si  Sa/in-Sit'iii. 
J.cindcin,  1808,  sin.  S',  '2  vol.,  pp.  xiv.,  3"J0,  ami  .'VJS.  Maximilian  in  his  last 
will  expressed  t!ie  desire  tliat  this  author  antl  the  ex-minister  Fernando  lia- 
iiiin/  would  uiidertaUe  to  write  an  historical  account  of  his  three  years'  sojoui'U 
iu  Mexico  anil  of  the  preparatory  period,  with  the  assistance  of  d<icuniints 
kept  in  I'aigland  and  at  Mirauiare.  Sahn-Salm  was  unaMe  to  ]ii'ocurc  those 
jiapcrs,  an<l  in  his  preface  relates  the  efloi'ts  he  made  to  obtain  tiieni  and  carry 
(i:it  one  of  tiie  last  w  idus  of  the  emperor.  Awaie  that  a  pulilic.itiou  about 
the  oicturrences  at  Queretaro  was  expected  from  him,  hti  resolved  to  ])ublisll 
siuli  a  nariativo  with  the  help  of  his  diary.  He  has  to  rej^ret  the  loss  of 
many  important  papers  during  the  occupation  of  (,)uerr't<iro  by  the  liberals 
and  ills  own  imprisomnent.  He  had  written  while  a  pi-i.soner  an  account  of 
tiicsf  events  for  the  enijieror  of  Austria,  and  delivered  it  to  Mr  I'rice  to  for- 
ward it  by  the  Knglish  courier  to  Vera  Cruz.  He  states,  vol.  ii.,  p.  10."),  that 
he  di<l  not  know  w  liether  it  ever  reached  tiie  hands  of  the  emperor.  Salm- 
S.dm  enters  nnnutely  into  the  occurrences  at  tlu;  siege  of  Quen'^taro,  describing 
particularly  the  imprisomnent  and  execution  of  .Maxinnlian,  as  well  as  his 
own  expei'ienccs  while  under  cundemnatiou  of  death  to  the  time  of  his  release. 
Ills  wile's  diary,  which  occupies  the  lirst  88  jiages  of  the  iJd  vohune,  eoiitains 
an  account  of  her  exei'tions  to  elFcct  the  escajie  of  Maxinnlian  by  attempting 
t(  bribe  the  olUcers  under  whose  guard  he  was  placed.  She  attributes  her 
tiiliiri!  to  the  ineamiess  f  the  foreign  representatives  in  not  supplying  her 
with  funds.  The  Austrian  and  Belgian  ndnistei's  she  regai'dcd  as  actually  un- 
f;  ieudly.  In  both  diai'ies  tiie  personal  appearanct;  and  manners  of  i)ri)udnent 
nun  aie  described.  I'rinco  Salm-Salm  was  genci'al,  tirst  aide-de-camp,  and 
cliief  of  the  household  of  .Maximilian.  He  snbsetpiently  enteied  tlie  I'lMissian 
.'•ei-vice,  and  was  killed  before  .Metz,  in  August  1870.  His  wife  was  an 
Ameiican,  ami,  as  she  states,  '  undei'stood  perfectly  well  th(!  fi'clings  of  tlio 
.Mixicans.'  ii.  oT.  This  work  has  beeri  translated  into  Span'sli  by  Kiluardo 
(iilibon  y  Ciirdonas,  and  was  published  in  Mexico  in  18()0,  under  the  title, 
/'(;//,'■  i/i'  Siilin-Snliii.  Mis  Mi'inorias  Knlirc  (Jinretaro  ;/  MaxiinHiniin.  'I'lic 
diary  of  the  i)rincess  was  also  translated  from  the  (iermanand  ])ublislied  sep- 
arately, under  the  title,  (JiK'nlnro;  Ajtimtis  dil  JJiario  dc  In  J'rinosa  Inrs  ilc 
S'lliit-Sdliil.     Mexico,  18(il(,  sm.  4',  p/p.   ."il. 

lijii'ifio  ill  la  J'lT.d  y  A'jiistiii  I'mililli),  M(ur.imiliaiio  y  Ion  Ultimon  Siu'i'.io.i 
dil  Iitijiirio  en  Qiiin  liirii  y  Mcih-o.  Mexic.i,  1870,  sm.  8",  p.  170.  'riiei)bj(ct 
of  t'ae  authors  of  this  volume  was  to  relute  numerous  false  statements  and 
niisicprcscntations  asserted  to  be  contained  in  Salm-Salm's  book  entitled 
Mil  Hi"" /.  I'eza  was  a  colonel  of  artillery  in  the  imperial  army,  and  I'ra- 
ililli)  .Sl.ixinulian's  only  aide-de-camp  in  (j>ner<taro,  '  UnicoOhcial  de  (inlenea 
del  I'an|ierailor  en  QnenHaro.'  They  ai.'c\ise  Salni-Salm  of  ingratitmle  to  his 
Mexican  friends,  of  unti'uthfulness,  and  <jf  attem])ting  to  stain  tin-  re|)utatii)ns 
of  those  who  genenaisly  extricated  him  from  dithculties  on  his  arrival  in  Mex- 
ico. In  tlieir  narrative  of  events  they  ciiargc  him  with  being  resjMiusiblc  for 
tiic  disastrous  results  of  various  engagements,  ami  speak  lightly  of  his  mil- 
itary (|ualitiea.     'J'he  last '28  pages  aie  taken  up  by  an  ai>])endix  written  by 

.Nlamiel  Noriega,  whom  the  authors  defend,  and  who  deei I  it  necessary  also 

to  take  up  his  pen  in  the  same  cause.  Salm-Salm's  i-emarks  about  tlie  .Mex- 
iian  ollici'i-s  ami  troops  were  somewhat  supercilious  ami  ill-jmigid,  and  tlieso 
Winers  show  their  re^sentment. 

/.'(  Cdidii  ill'  (Jmriliiro  in  1S(J7;  ]'(iri(is  Onriimiiilin  liildlii'o*  li  n</iii'l 
.\  iiiitji-imifnln.  Mexie'o,  I8(i8,  sm.  8',  p.  j'.lj.  Miguel  Lupe/,  a  eolnuel  iu  the 
imperial  army,  smarting  under  the  charge  of  treacherous  conduct  at  (,>ueretaro, 


(■iJ 


li 


!' 


'I 


in 


Ir! 


828 


DEATH  OF  EMPIRE  AND  EMrEROR. 


i! 


!l 


publishcil  July  31, 186'/,  a  manifesto,  under  the  title  of  La  Tomndi'QuerHnro^ 
in  wliicli  lie  utteinpts  to  vin<licute  Ills  a<;tion,  giving  his  version  of  events 
connected  witli  the  full  of  tliat  city.  He  suppoi-ts  hiu  assertions  with  copies 
of  14  othoial  documents.  Lopez  allows  Idmself  to  be  eariied  away  by  passion, 
and  makes  a  ninnber  of  false  statements,  whicii  are  refuted  in  a  pani]>hlet 
issued  by  imperial  ofHcers  imprisoned  at  Morelia,  and  l)y  ]>nblicati<ins  of 
8alni-Salm,  Felix  lieeerra,  and  others.  Tlie  attack  of  these  imperialists  on 
Lopez  is  very  severe,  and  proves  that  he  was  bribed  to  surrender  the  point 
w  liieh  in  idl  lionor  he  oui,d>t  to  have  defcn<h:il.  This  volume  is  a  collection  of 
the  abovc-naniiMl  pamphlets  and  documents,  and  of  insertions  in  periodicals 
bearing  upon  the  (pie.stion. 

S.  Jidsrh,  Kriiiiiiriiiii/rii  ttn^  Mexico.  <ir.trhirli(<'  dcr  lelzlcii.  Zi ha  Monolf 
dcH  Kdisirn  ic/i.i.  I.eipsic,  bS(iS,  S',  '2  bks  in  1  vol.,  pp.  vi.,  litti,  and  vi. ,  'Jbl. 
This  book  mav  he  considered  as  a  8e(ju(!l  to  Keratry  a  woik  on  the  interven- 
tion, t!\e  author  couimencing  ins  narrative  at  a  historical  point  jiist  befori) 
the  departure  of  the  French,  with  whicii  event  Ki'ratry  closes.  Haseh  was 
physician  in  ordinaiy  to  Maximilian,  and  was  by  his  side  from  .Septeud)tr 
18t>G  to  the  time  of  his  death.  He  eujoyeil  the  emperor's  confidence,  and  was 
an  eye-witness  of  many  circumstances  whicii  would  liave  remained  unknown 
had  ho  not  published  them.  His  work  lias  an  import.ince  almost  ollicial, 
since  Maximilian,  witli  the  intention  of  writing  a  history  ef  the  war,  intrusted 
Jlaseli  with  the  care  of  preparing  material,  and  placed  at  his  disi)osal  Ids  own 
private  manuscripts  and  documents  of  the  war  department,  among  whi(  li 
were  plans  of  campaigns,  orders  of  the  day,  and  protocols  of  councils  of  war. 
A\'hen  JJasch  was  made  prisoner,  many  of  the  jiapcrs  written  in  .Spanish  were 
lost,  but  nearly  all  those  in  (ierman  were  saved.  From  these,  and  fioni  notes 
made  by  himself  and  others  around  Maximilian,  Basch  ]>rodiiee(i  his  work  hy 
the  exjiress  order  of  the  fallen  emperor,  who  himself  gave  to  it  its  title.  It 
contains  copies  of  a  number  of  otiicial  documents  that  had  not  been  previously 
published.  This  \(ilum(!  has  been  translatetl  into  several  Kuropeau  languages, 
and  in  1S70  \)v  Manuil  I'aredo  publishcil  a  translation  in  Spanish  from  the 
Italian  edition,  under  the  tit\v,  Stun  ml,  littsch,  Hicno'ilo.i  de  Mcxiio,  Mi  moiiiiK 
(III  Miiliro  vriliiKir'ni  i/i-l  J.'iiijii-ritilur  Muxhiiiliiuio.  (lS(i(i;l  1867.)  M<'xieo, 
1870,  8',  pp.  47!l,  1.1.  In  this  volume  the  translation  —  which  is  an  e.xcelleiit 
one — occu|)ies  the  first  .'(27  pages,  the  remaining  1.")'2  pages  lieing  taken  up 
by  a  production  t)f  iiilarion  Frias  y  Soto,  written  for  the  purpose  ot  emrectitig 
and  refuting  l>asch,  wliose  depreciation  of  Mexicans,  false  views  of  atliiirs,  ainl 
errors  could  not  be  passed  over  in  silence. 

Ireili  rii:  Uiill,  Life  of  Maximilhui  /.,  Ijiite  Emjieror  of  Mexico,  villi  a 
Shti-li  of  the  Einprrax  Carloln.  New  York,  lS(i8,  sm.  8\  pp.  'Ml,  with  por- 
traits and  plates.  The  author  was  one  of  the  legal  advisers  of  Maximilian. 
Li  the  tirst  chapter  he  gives  a  In'ief  sketch  of  the  leading  events  connected 
with  the  Austrian  nation  and  the  house  of  Hapsburg.  He  states  in  his  pref- 
ace that  his  object  was  not  to  give  a  history  of  the  Mexican  empire  under 
Maximiliau,  but  to  portray  his  personal  (jualities,  and  concisely  sUite  the  facta 
and  law  pertaining  to  his  trial.  Hall  is  a  gre.'it  admirer  of  tiie  unfortunate 
emperor,  whom  he  regards  as  a  victim,  and  describes  as  a  'nolde  chief, '  The 
trial  he  stigmatizes  as  a  farce,  which,  with  the  succeeding  tragedy,  'are  re- 
corded .'IS  a  stain  on  the  pages  of  the  history  of  the  Mexican  nation  which  can 
never  be  etl'accd  therefrom.'  The  author  supplies  a  numlier  of  doenmei^'^f, 
the  most  of  which  relate  to  Maximilian's  trial.  The  same  work  w.is  also  piih- 
lished  in  Xew  York,  witlnmt  date,  under  the  title,  liiciixioii  of  Mexico  hy  llie 
Freiii-h,  anil  llw  J>i  iijii  if  Mitxiinilhin  I.,  vi/h  a  Shteh  of  the  Ein/iress  Carlolii. 

Jiinii  tic  /)ios  Arifi.i,  llcttena  llixfOrica  tic  lit,  Funmiciou  y  (f/ieriicioiics  dil 
Ciicr/io  do  Kjiirti/o  di I  Xorle  diirniite  lit,  Intirri iit'ion  FmnccHn,  Silio  tie  (Jiivn'- 
t  iro  y  Noticin*  Oticinlen  sulirc  ii  Cn}iliira  de  Muximiliivio,  kii  I'rocexo  Iiitti/rt) 
y  till  Miterfe.  Mexico,  1867,  8",  pp.  72"),  11.  .%  with  portraits  and  plans.  This 
author  does  not  attempt  to  enter  into  any  explanation  of  the  causes  which 
ccmduced  to  the  Kuglish,  Spanish,  and  French  alliance,  but  attributes  the 
iuterxciition  to  the  machinations  of  Napoleon,  who  made  Mexico  his  safety- 


AUTHORITIES. 


329 


valve  Ity  employing  the  restless  French  army  in  a  foreign  war,  anil  theroliy 
(livi  rtiiij;  it  Irom  revolutidiiary  (Hilliruak  at  liiinio.  Alias  ri'^^un'.s  .Miiximif- 
iiiii's  fail!  as  ni'jriteil,  anil  tliu  disgi'ace  wiiii  li  attended  the  ariii.s  of  I'lance  as 
justly  deserved.  Tliis  ■work,  a.s  the  title  wets  t'ortii,  contains  an  accinint  of 
tlie  (ipriitions  of  tlie  army  of  the  liorth,  the  Kie;,'e  of  (I'lleretaro,  and  Maximil- 
ian's liipture,  trial,  and  execution.     The  plans  of  hattle-liehls  arc  looiI. 

l'"uil(T  references  for  preceding  chapters  are:  ArrniKjoiz,  Mj.,  iii.-iv. 
jiassiiii;  Mix.,  Liyarion,  C'in:,  i.-ii.  passim;  MtiniiieZy  Ji'/fi-tnrioii,  \-'2'2'.i; 
Jl'isi/i,  Kriiiii.,  i.-ii.  passim;  Id.,  JiWiicrdDn,  7-3'27;  Jc'/ff,  Jfoc,  i.-iii.  passim; 
(linii/i  Mini.,  MS.,  passim;  Mvr.,  lioli't.  Lijien,  ISli.'i,  passim;  /</.,  Alir.-I>li\, 
l.si'4,  passim;  Soc.  Mix.  (ii'ni/.,  'Jda  ep.,  iv.  077-S,  748;  /huz,  JUiu/.,  MS., 
M-2  :>;  Id.,  Diiiim  Jiint/.,  2'.)-:i\\  Cl-lfJ,  i:!'.»-4l;  Id.,  M!.tril.,  no.  -17,  p.  :<; 
Siii.r,  K.i]'4d.  dii  Mr.i:,  passim;  Onlliirdn,  Miir/iro!i>i/io,  pa.ssim;  Mn.'iiii., 
Jh/ni.iii,  l-"),");  La  iSonilirii  di:  Zuriii/iiai,  May  iil,  lNi7;  /liininiitro,  llht. 
I'riiii-.m  II  iSii/itiido  Coih/i-ciim;  hvrcclio  lulmi.  Mix.,  1st  ]it,  t)r)7-()0,  (i'.MI- 
7<Ki;  -Jd  pt,  ;iL'0-4()S;  3d'  pt,  817-124;  I'li}).  ;/  <  orrisp.  f„,ii.  ////;>.,  11,  t;:i-7, 
74  101,  lir)-7(),  187-212;  Arcllniio,  Ult.  Ilornx,  pa.ssim;  Mituvro,  liilni-kin, 
MS.,  1-2;  Id.,  Doc.  Iiiterv.,  51^-7;  Ki'mtrii,  KnUir  Mn.r.,  pa.s.sim;  Loyi-., 
Mij.,  UiJ'iiL,  1-24;  /(/.,  La  Toiiia  de  (Jiirr.,  li-li);  iSulm-.S  -Ln,  \>nit:  nnil 
Mii.'iiii.,  passim;  /(/.,  Ten  Yvurx  of  Mi/  IJj'i',  lo2,  ].")7-22'.(,  27(i-SI;  A/.,  Cnii- 
tidiirioii;  Id.,  Diarij,  i.-ii.  passim;  Sue.  Union,  18(i(>-7,  jiassiiii;  Sitio  de 
y.iiro'iicii,  Ciiiithi.,  1-01;  AVc,  Uolit.  Ojir.,  March-Nov.  18(i2,  passim;  duly 
II,  KSO:};  I'liyno,  Cuenhw,  Gastox,  passim;  Id.,  dirlit  <d  (Ini.  Fori;/:  Hoiilni; 
J)isrvili:t  di',  l-ol;  UoHiU'vii',  Voloiit.  liihjiK,  05-75,  Sy-I()2;  liin  ra,  .Mi.r. 
I'i,d.,l  28  '.»,  378-80;  ii.  280-5;  Id.,  Jli'd.  Jiilii]in,  v.  passim;  Id.,  do',,  df 
M'j.,  ii.  ;i(iO-;!73;  /,'oiiirro,  JIUt.  Inti'nj.  Eitri>]>.,  13,  0(i-244;  /</.,  (,'riiii  limi- 
ijiii/',  1-32;  /(/.,  J)iniiir  to;  Id.,  Contrato-t  m  EE.  UIJ.,  5'.)0  pi). ;  hi.,  ('in: 
Liiiiii;  .\/ij.,  passim;  Trl'iuiro.-*,  lianiOH  Miinii'.,  1-00;  Eliziii/ii,  Cor/c  ili-  Itoiim, 
J-'J3;  I'idixiioA,  Mini.,  1-1)2;  Eur.  Hi'ntimi,  .July  30,  1872;  .V'Oi  lltful  dmu- 
vol,  Nov.  21,  1803;  Trihunc  Aliniimu;  18()7,  3,');  L'Ein}).  Mi.r.  I'li.^.t.,  3  '.I; 
35-41,  77-it4;  S.  F.  /'(«/,  .July  20,  1872;  S.  F.  Xnrn  I.HIi'r,  June  4,  II,  1804; 
Ln  /'Jrii  A'"'tt(,  May  5,  1878;  (.'o.t,  E'^tiidis/ini  I'urt.  SUmi;  Sinitlisonini,  I'lyt, 
I8()ti,  4.'!2— 1;  Tornr,  Ui.4.  Purl,  i.-iv.  passim;  San  Mnjiul,  E.i}>osir.,  1-32; 
.")'.'/«•.,  DiarioOfir.,  May  .30,  1875;  /i/vo/.t'  Hi-^lir  I'qml).,  228-30,  310;  Einiinn 
Crlt.  Adiii,  Ma.i:;  S.  F.  Alta,  1802-7,  passim;  MiuwcriM,  Essui  d'Emjiirr, 
passim;  /(/.,  El  Proijrunia,  1-.34;  Ma.rim.,  Alonirionix,  f/r.,  1-103;  Id., 
Uri'iv  Xotic,  l-.')0;  Frin-f,  in  Ba.trli,  Erinn.,  ii.  3.38-477;  (larria  ('iilm.-i,  E.i- 
rritiis  Dirrrion,  247-8;  Aijuiliir,  Itijli.r.,  1  10;  A/inn.t,  Mir.  nnd  Mr.r.  Ziid., 
114-111;  Ma.rim.,  Enij).  da  Mi'.r.,  I-I.H;  J/c.r.,  El  Inijiirio,  51-83;  Ma.rim., 
Mill).,  1-103,  passim;  Id.,  Mmi.  I'm:,  l-KU;  Gait.  Zura/i;  l'a]i.  if  Corri ^}i., 
pp.  214;  Edziii/a,  Ensai/iM,  i)assini;  S.  F.  C/ironirle,  l80l)-75,  p:is.^iiii;  'J'ra- 
(•')(/(.>•,  Arius'irion,  1-27;  E-fndini  i/  Liana,  Mi.r.  hitl-diKrrijit,.,  14;  i'onrricr 
ill-  ,S.  F.,  Aug.  28,  1808;  S.  F.  AV»'  Aiji',  1805-7;  Ma.riin.  i/  Carlo/a.,  Adnn., 
passim;  Zarro,  La  Jnnta  dr  lim  di;  I'ap  I'ar.,  xev.,  pt  4;  Tidiiiio,  Trnno 
III  .Mi.r..,  1-42,  70-78;  GuaiL,  El  Sris  de  Julio,  1-27;  AUaniiramt,  Al'j.  J'ala- 
/"■'i<;  Chariro,  ALj.  OlMernu:,  1-14;  Anier.  C/iri-4.  Union,  xv.  271-3;  Ilali'.i 
,S.,ii„ni,  00;  Arr/'i.  Me.r.,  Col.  Lii/ci,  vi.  2.50-5,  448-50,  571;  .1//.  Monlldii, 
July  1804;  Axmnhliu  Gen.  de  Not.,  Doc.  I'l-lat.,  1-74;  l'/;//7,  En-taijo  Ilisl., 
50  11)0,  211,  321,  424-30;  Zaniora,  A'vpo.i.  de  Sure.io-',  1-15;  E.rameii  L'nlieo, 
I  /i;  I'iielieeo  L'arta,i;  Mar,iin,  I'rtri.s,  157-00,  204  372;  Fe.i/iridadi.t  Sar., 
iSif.  Li  1/  JO,  mn.},  pp.  23;  Yitc,  />«(•((/•.•.■(>  jiroiiunriado  en  la  <'a}>.,  I  31; 
Mi.r.,  ,Vw.  Gioij.  lioleL,  2aepoca,  iv.  747-8;  Ahliol'n  Me.r.  and  U.  S.,  Ill»  08, 
187-242;  GraaAlinanaque  Me.r.,  1800,  30  50;  Id.,  1807,  20,  28-33;  Dllni- 
Ciiult,  Ma.rlni.,  pa.ssim;  Miix.,  Vindirarion  dil  I'uililo,  1-52;  Mr/>oni/oll.i 
,S]ir,r/i,  Fci..  3,  1803;  AV  .^V(/m(/,  1872  3,  pa,ssim;  lind.  I'neh.  Mi.r.,  l  :i'2; 
.Uii.^.yri/\t  J/cy.  .I.v  It  /,>•;  Aciukniiii  Iniper.,  Acta  de  In-^lai,  1  27;  Mi.r.,  Aria 
d-  A«  Tniidore.t;  La.  EMrella  de  Occidente,  July  24,  1803;  I'ii]>.  Var.,  civ., 
]'t  I;  La  E.<trilla  de  Occ/V/.,  passim;  Zerecero,  Ih'O.  Me.r.,  131-2;  ,Saii  Jon4 
I'nlriot,  July  19,  1807;  Valle,  El  I'iajero  if-  Mix.,  pa.ssim;  Affiiri*  in  Me.r., 
jIS.,  4;  Garden  Letter  to  Palnu:rsU)u;  A'    :  IjiIiI  Ileylx,  li. ;  Ailaniirano,  Dis- 


il 

m 


i'>5 


DEATH  OF  EMPIRE  AND  EMPEROR. 


ciimo,  0-10;  Giitierriz  ilr  Estrmla,  Jfinairxo,  1-31;  /'/.,  ^f<''J;.  ;/  el  Arrhidnqnc, 
1-20;  J>i>i'.  Ili^t.  Miij:.,  I H.'n'-T.'i.  no.  4;  ArrUltiija,  Ten:  Ol/.^iru.;  Id.,  iJam-n.^ 
OlmiTV.,  1-87;  //di/ex'  Srra/n,  Cal.   I'ol.,  vii.  (i'>;  viii.  17,  7(5;  Znrdijoza,  Jii'. 
di-  I'uMa,  l-Ui;  El  Si,jlo  A'/A'.,  Fub.  13,  188."),  p.  2;  Lv  Trail  dUJnimi,  KSOJ, 
passim;  Son.,  P,ri6'l.  <)fic.  dd  iJip.,  Miircii  'S.\,  18()G,  p.  4;  J'imirt  (\,ll;  Mr- 
ShuTy^a  Kf.^ayi  and  Lecturi'H,  S-'t-oO;  (luUnrdo,  l)Uciirxo  Proininriddi,  Leon, 
1804,  pp.  .■{();  Aldiium,  .Miij.,  ii.  5_'S;  El  Amhjo  did  6rd<u,  of  'lVi)if,  July  •_'!), 
18G7;  Mi\C.,  AymUavi.  dc  ISOo,  Mi'inor.,  1-21;  Zorilla,  l>r(imii  di'l  Alimi.  24.")- 
f)o;  EdiV'inW  Sktlbi/s  Expi'd.  to  Mix.,  22-,',  4.".-<»,  8.'),  118-!),  121-:}!);  L,'  ii<u,ii, 
Gurrri:  dc.  lUcx.,  pas.siin;    Veritox,  Jiixt.  Sir.   Fr.  Mv.v.,  3'.M0,  !)0  1,  lOO-lS, 
130-59;  San  Lcnvdro  (IfVielte,  iSupt.  15,  l.S(U);  June  1"),  July  27,  1807;  M;iy ''^. 
18U9;  darrln,  Lthro  Mayor,   M.S.;  Aiiu:uti(d..   /'rjirciriit.  ijiip  los  llah.,  1-IS; 
Mi'X.   Eitijiire  and  Amei:    Union,   1-12;  Arc.'Inno,  Ctunta  ('orr.,  MS.,  1    17; 
Jd.,  Liy  lie  IJ  ill'  Oct.,   1-21;  lieixe  Jiinr  Hinilli;  Juno  2!),  July  21,  iMil; 
Sept.  15,  1805;  May  1,  30,  IStJfi,  etc.;  /I  >fniiin,  ( V(/;/w-»(V/i,  324  07,  3;i3  42.i; 
Mi'ni.  Profiifi/ad.  Ecli-n.,  25-8,  34-52;  //oW/t'  Wild  L'j'e  in  Fur  Wist,  27li-:il-; 
J/uertii,  A/iuntin,   1-iK';    Ziilomja,  Manif.  JSC.i,   l-l(i;    Viijil,   Dismi-m,  (i  V; 
Ero  lie  En/iana,  Xov,  Ifl,  18."i3;  xMcx.  under  .Max.,  l.")3-5;  La  Siirinliid,  Sept. 
anil  Out.    1807;  Eltou^n  With  the  Fri-nch,  pas.siui;  Onld,  Hill  Ac/cs,   May  2.', 
1805;  March  15,  Aug.  10,  July  3,  18(i0;  Alrenxlihi'n,   With  Max,  in.  Mix.,  1:1 
0;  Mix.  Enijiirc,  Art.  Situation,  1-13;  Mi'.rirani.iihi'  Tif/ien  uiid  Skiz-:i  n,',i'.\  4, 
5'.Mi8,  140  .')0;  Gnlii-rrez,  Leifi'.i  di'  Uif.,  03-7;  Anh.  Mir.,  Aiin.t,  3-!);  .S',  /'. 
Timi'it,   l,S(i()  7,   passim;  Aniiijo  dti  I'aihln,  June  22,   1801;  Alli'nit,    ISiiznini' 
Ai'iisado,   1   41;  .\li'X.  and  Muiiroi'  l>oilrini\  1-24;  Jfi'x.  it  la  Monari'i.,  ',M  - 
4!);  Jiarnim,  Porvi'uir   I'ur.,  00;  I/ant's  Mirrh.   .l/rc/.,  xlvi.  172-3;  Jiianr., 
Jiioii.  di'l  Viud.,  34-40,  4y-.V2;  Mcr.,  Vodr  rurnl,  ]-'l3;^  Id.,  Minn.  J'rinri,,. 
Jiiinio.'i,   l-28!l;   liaz,   I'ida  Jnunz,   18;  Mix.,  Annario  Ordinet  Ln/ifr.;    I'..: 
de  Mij.,  1802-80,  p.assini;  El  Eslado  dr  Sin.,  1807-8,  p.assiin;   Toriwl  i/  .M'li- 
dirit,   Disrnrso,   1-12;   Valori,   L'Expiid.  da  Mix.   lUhahilitu',  1-3!);   Trstori/, 
El  Jinjii'r.  Si'i;.   Ohsirv.  .so/j/v,  "1-47;   /'/.,  El  Imiwr.  y  il  L'/i'ro,  33-44;   Smt 
linfaii  Jonr.,  Jan.  31,   1803;  Maxim.,  Ciuimi,  ])assini;  Forney,  Mi.v.,  .3.11  ."i; 
Maxim.,  Coli'i:.  Poi'tira;  Xir.,  Gar.,  18(i3-70,  passim;  Gw/irn,  A/nlar.  dr  /.<< 
Mix.,  35  80;  Mi'udozn,  Cuenlion  di;  Mij.,   1-108;  .S'.  /'.  Golden  Ent,  May  .'>, 
Jiiue  2,   10,  July  7,   1807;  Almanfu/iie,  Iniper.,   ISOO,   1-212,  passim;  Alum.- 
iKiijw  di'  la  Ciirte,  1800,  1-117;  Aim.  Culvnd.  G  dvan,  18(i4,  47-'iO;   ISSO,  ."i7 - 
•JU;   18(i7,  0;{-8'.t;  180!»,  58-72;  Alvarez  a  nu.i  Coneindad.,  47-50,  50  08;  II. , 
Mani/'ext.,    1~1();   Pam/ihlefn,  ii.  no.   4;   JlanmriTK  Pari.  JJeU.,  clxxiii.  I.C; 
cixxvi.  21.')!»,  21it!)-2203;  IlarpeFn  Mai).,y.\v.  113;  xxvi.  13S-!I,  .■)lU)-i ;  xxvii. 
274,  410,  ,S31-4;  xxviii.  .502;  xxix.  134;  xxxv.  128-0,201,520-3;);  xxxvi.  3! 
C;  xxxvii,  520-."),  007  82;  Armin,  lleutiiji:  Mex.,  403-27;   Tintonj,  El  Im/i.  i/ 
el  Ckro,    1-25;  Iijlciian,  liej'nl.  Dlirm\^o  Billanlt,  1-40:  Jalixro,  Tarifa,  (it;a- 
il.al.,  1805,  pp.   14;  Nardi,  Vixita  deWImperalore,  1-22;  La  liaji.  Cal.,  Fili. 
23,   1807;  liaril,  Mexiqnc,   183;  Banco,  Proyeclo  de,  1-12;  Kinijsky'x  Friuick 
Jnlerr.;  Mtix.,  C'liext.  Monarq.   Conxtitiw.,  1-44;  /(/.,  Col.  Lrijen,   18ii3-7,  i. - 
ii.  passim;  Id.,  ConMil.  Govt,  Decreen,  etr.;  liillanll,   Uefntac,   1-40;  Prim, 
JJixenrxii,  1-20;  Xeijniiox,  JJi.frnxion  rn  el  Senado,  1-lG;   liiart.  Mi .rii/ne  d'liii r, 
18-32;  Laronilie,  Le  Mex.  ct  les  Flats  Unix,  1-102;   Bci'onilt,  in  Sin'ilkxuniiLii 
liept,  1807,  42(i;  Mex.,  Gol.  J)er.,  1801-8,  vi.  128-50;  /(/.,  Jii.lel.  Lei/ex,  1803, 
ap.,  48'.)-iJ3,  5.30-47;  /'/.,  Primer  Cnltnd.  Guerra  Ex/rnnJ.,  1-50;  Jil.,  Cin\  a 
lux  Gobern.,  1-10;  Laurent,  Gnerre  da  Mex.,  l-.'>45;  Liferre,  Le.  Mi  x.,  2S0  '.i"i; 
Id..,  Mux,  el  I'hiterr.,  passim;  Ccd.  Chr,  Adroeale,   iNlay  11,    I80'i;  Foh.  27, 
Aug.    1,    Sept.,    1807;   JiiiduUii^re,    Guerre    Mex.,    Ki  1,8,  IV.)-S0;  J.i  mjirien'.i 
Xotea  ill  Mix.,    321-421,   404-80;  Bolet.   de  Xotiei't.%    Feh.  24,   1801;  Son., 
Jiolet.  I  Hie.  de  la  Dirixion,  May  0,  13,  1805;  liolel.  Ofir.  Extado  Sin.,  .Ian.   IS, 
21,  1870;  Sept.   12,   1872;  liironar  Vera  Cruz,  1-218;  Mix.,  El  ///»/'■,  O-.V,, 
();)-78;   /d.,  JnHrneeinn  d  lox  Pre/ertox,  1-23;  Id.,  Exiatulo  Prorix.  Inqi.  .1/'   '., 
l-Il;  /'/.,  Exim.  de  hx  Sentim.,  1-0;  Id.,  Dee.  5  ile.lul.  de  /  .v;.7,  1-21;  LI., 
Dirrolemx.  \   23;   /.e  Xafionnl,  1804-7,  i)assiin;  St  lelc/on  />.  Ilernld,  -Aug.  2i, 
1870;    Tra'iilnrix  Pi  tado.t  jtnr  Si  .Mixmox  —  lAhro  Seerelo  de  Ma.vin}.,  juissiiii; 
S,  F.  Bulle  in,  passim;  Loxada,  Cae,6lioii  Mex.,  1;  BoLl.  llepub.,  Juu.-Agusto, 


AUTIIUUITIKS. 


331 


ISCT,  passim;  Mr.  y  1 1  Iiii<,-i\,  •_';!  (J-J;  /-/.,  FJ  Imp.  y  la  Interv.,  l-S.I;  /■/., 
I,ihii-iii<-  Ciiuix.  ,10  lie  tSil.  ISiJ,  .SI  ."i;  JJiiiizet,  lulirr.  J'riinci'tii,  l-4(i;  Mix., 
li'ill.    (I'lliiii.    Eiiiji.,  .'{-Iti;    y/.,  Mi'iii.   Foul.,    K-iiKH,  (>(j  71),  3.")0-74;    /'/.,   l.n 
Jiitirr.  ij  I'l   .Moiiarqiiia,  1-lS;  /(/.,  .1/,/n.  Hilar.,  l!S7">.  J54-7;  A/.,  ■5>''/(' lo,  pii. 
i.  -V.  1  •Ji»7;  hi.,  Hi'ijl.  Coii.^ijo  il'  Fs/iali,,  1   S;  /-/.,  Mem.  Hue.,  IS.,8,  ap.  4i!, 
aiiiKX  5,  pj).  4r)-7;  /'/.,   lS7(),  paa.siiii;  .">.    A'.   ( V(//,   lS(ll-7,  passim;   H./.-io/i's 
J/ru;.  (iiid  J/.1  JMiiJ.,  •_*().')-(;;   JliillorJc's  ArrosA  Mix.,  1»;>-1,  104,  -JOI;  Cai'ml  ■, 
Loi  i;>ii  rri/i'i-mt,  1   •_'.")!»;  Calnil/,  ro.  Hint.   .Mm.,  .'J7  4!t;  (Vt/m,  J;(f(/,s  //;>/., 
vi.,  ]i|).  xlvii. -li.,  lxxv.-\ii.;  Ciiln-ul,  La  Tn-i  .MiddUns;  linMamauli ,  Fii-ni;,!!, 
I.',  -Jii;    Ji/.,  Ciia/ro   Pnliiliriin,    8-l():{;   Mix.,    The    L'<'/>iil>l!c    Hixtmnl,  .'!  -IS; 
Ciii-liiiii,  S.  M.  la  Fiiijii  ratriz  en  V.  C'niz,  l-'2S;  Citrr'n'dit,  FMtid.  Jlisl.,  ii.  (i.'i; 
C'tr-suH.  A/i/ii'i!,  May   17,  .Inly  I'O,    KS(i');  April  •_'7,  May  .HO,    'nun;  :m,   JMili; 
.hint!  ((,  .Jnly  .'{,  Aug.  *J4,  lN(i7;  Mix.,  Sitct'O  (tniniilo,  jip.  ii    y.  1   •_'07;  /'/., 
,s,iiii  ilr  I'lhhla,  l.'J2-.'{(i;  El  Dlrito,  FloriMici-,  in  S.  F.  Tiiufx,  Aug.  iiO,  l!S()7; 
ll'ilki'x  (li'iiili  r  llril.,  "Jli.'t-.S;  (Jastilln  //  J^aii-.an,  JJitnirso,  l-l.'i;  I'lulro  y  Ciir- 
rillo,  ill   La  E<trilla  (/«'  Orr'ul.,  June   1(1,  .Inly  7,   iMi.");  ('iixiil/o,'t'i'iil(iil  ile 
rni(t/'iiii,  1-10;  J>uc.   JJi^f,  Mix.,  l^.'>■2-7•">,  iii>.  5,  ,'{-74;  no.  10,  pissiui;  JJof. 
JJi/iloiii.   (loh.  Ex/ianof,   l-2(i'2;  Mix.,  /,'i'-<i  ua  Fit/ic,  \  •2^;  hi.,  Itir.  Filns,,/'. 
i/isf.  J'lilil.,  passim;  JJor.  Ihlat.  Aiamhlia  (liii.  dr  X'l'dihfi,  \-~'.\;  C'i(u~a  dr 
Ma.din.,  4.'t7-<i7;  L'utliolic  (htni-dian,  Sept.   14,  1S7"2;  <'  islm,  Li  Ciiisl.  Miji- 
f'lna,    l-SS;  ('h'lnowitk'it  Max.,  48-1  IS;  ('hindiii;  Exjud.  da  .Mix.,  \-\\,  l.i- 
{):  ('Itiu'iD   Trihiinc,  in  S.   F.    Tiimx,  Aug.  14,  1S()7;  La  ('lihinni,  no.  I'J,  .'{; 
no.  14,  1  •_',"J1;  no.  Iti,  17,  .'i-S;  no.  ;W,  l,-_';  Mi  x.,  Sb  trkuf  Juan:;  hi., Shall 
vur  llorl  Art  ?   1-11;   .l/'X'.  .S'<r«/w,  ii.  j)aM.siiii;   y^(///«/>,  /yc  .l/r^c.,  141   01 ;  Coli- 
ijiodi'Siiit  Yijuario,  Pruij.,  1-!);  CliiKinl'.-i  .M<  •.;  Cuid.Tiii'j'x  iluidi-,  '.'OO,  "Jd'J; 
Uiir.,'Oiiardi(M  Jiiirrdi  ■•<,  l-'JS;  JJiinriini-i,  Fraiizox.  liUirv.,  124-88;  Mix.,  I'll. 
Sota-t  Jfi/iloin.,  1-4H;  Cdrdoha,  Silio  dit  I'lirlila,  8-l."{.'>;  Cor.  dil  Pan/,,  V\A>.- 
M:iy  181)8,  passim;  El  Corrio  di'  Uliramar,  in  La  E<irilla  ili-  Orril.,  Aug.  "2.), 
is;i2;  Ciiiirriir  di'  Mr.r.,  in  S.  /•'.   Tinie.x,  July  7,  18(i7;   I'ailuro,  La  CiKst,  de 
M'i.c,  11-1.");  Mix.,  J/Ein/ii'ri'iir  de,  \-'','l;  hi.,  Le  (liiiind  I'llni.,  44-."),  8">- 
00,  !)8-IO();  JiL,   L'hit<-rv.  Franniise  (I'aris,   1808),   121-221,  24.')-0,  2(i;^-80, 
3IO-7t;  Mieh.,  Derrefox,  no.  74;  Viieoas,  El  Ini/ierio,  l-~'>;  S.  /•'.,  Lai'riniiea, 
Aug.  2,   1870;   JJavW  S/neifii-.'^,  3t).')-0,  4.")(i-70;    JJeere/ux  y   Ucijlinn.  (Mix., 
180.)),  1-177;  Deniiy'i  i'nd.-ie,  2.'!(i-7;  El  Jknehn,  i.  l.")-l();  iii.  418;  iv,  147, 
5.');    V.  4S,  2.'5.')-0;   Delroyat,   .Mix.   Iiiterr.,  2;{2-.'i77;  Mi'i'  y   Tirini,  A/nnil. 
Jjiiii/.,   l4-;?0;  Mex.  ami  the   U.  .V.  ,•  Mirniiiar  a  Mex.,  jiassiiu;  JJi  .Mf.'ilor, 
Jail.    17,  April  30,  Aug.  17.  1800;  Oct.  17,  Nov.  1,  2,  1872;  .May  S,  187:5;  El 
J'orri'iiii-,   New  York,  in   Xie.  Jliil.  Ofie.,  Sopt.  3,   1803;   A'.  Am.  Jli  riiir,  ciii. 
118-37;  Xiiiroi  J)oe.   Ciiexl.  Mrx.  (.\iex.,   lS(i3),  .'>-S4;  A'oWA  Par.  L'irieir,  i. 
21 S,  221;  Xnearro,  Iiijhnne  Kn/ire/rie.  I'ernl.,  0")   170;  itarara,  .Mini.  Cnji'ia, 
l.v;i,2S-;{2;  O/)^/-,  .l/.'f.,480-.')13;  (Jrmailua,  Ei/ioxi':,  1-20;  ( h-tuja,  I'rotixta, 
1-2.);   III.,   Parte  General,   1-18.");  Id.,   Parte  (.'.».  J),/in.^a  Zariujir.a,  1    2.")2; 
hi.,  ParteOeii.  Jorn.  Talallwo,  1-84;  /(/.,  /''aidoii'  r,  1-20;  (In  rlanl  Mimt/i'i/. 
i.  227-34;  v.  327-34;  vii.  445-8;  x.  304  7,  40(i-7;  I'ai/no,  Mix,  y  el  .^'/'  Em- 
liujail'ir,  i-08;  Pan.  Star  and  Herald,  1800-8,  p.issiiii;  Id.,  Mere.  Chnnirle, 
lSi)ii-8,  passim;  Payne\'<  Hist.  Euro]'.  Coloiiii.t,  317-21;  L'omero,  .\jiind.  liosq. 
Jli^t.,  ])p.  33.");   Peza  i/  I'rad'din,  Maxim.,  4   107;  S.  L.  Putnii,  Oi/al.  Pol  it., 
1-8;   Perez,  Dice.   Geoi/r.,  i.   114;  ii.  ,")30-.")0;   iii.  217-18;  /'.   S.,' Oliserr    id 
Jti.'ieiirxi,  P(u'heco;  Periml.   O/lc.   Goh.  ro«.s7(7.,  Cliiliiialiua,  .Inly  27,  iSOii;  AV 
('nn.^tilnr.,  Sept.  1807-Oct.  1808,  passim;  I'arllie,  J)ie  Intern,  in  Mi.r.,  17,22- 
(U;  Pri)/.le\-i  Ma;).,  pt  x.  083-4;  El  Plan  de  Tnxte/ie.;  ^lay  18,  1877;  /'i<  ninl, 
Siiiir.  da  .Mex.,  207-21 ;  \Pertijdiron  Var.,  liertuldino,  i.  nos  1-14;  Prim's  Speeeh, 
7  41;  Pinart  Cull.;  El  Pneh.  de  Son.,  Due.  3,  17,  1807;  Piinl,  Carta  d  Juarez, 
1   :!2;  teller.,  Caida,  p.assiin ;  lo  /tidi.  .Mix.,  l)i  rnihrex  Xotes,  ',\  'M\;  Per.  det  l)en.a 
Monde.%  1802-6,  passim;  Pa/nlex  V'<trii-<,  xxv.  pts  2,  4;  xuv.  pts  1,  2,  7,  8,  11; 
ciii.   pts  2,  .5,  8;  civ.  pts  4,  a,  7,  8;  cvi.  pt  1;  eviii.  i)t3  2,  0;  ex.  pt  3;  cxii. 
pts  0,  7,  8;  exvi.  pta  3,  4,  o;  cxvii.  pt  2;  cxxi.  pt.  4;  cxxv.  p*     I,  2;  oxxxv. 
pts  1,  2;  clxvii.  pt  17;  eo.xiv.  pts  13,  1.');  coxxvii.  pt  11;  A>  x..   Cm.    Li yea 
Imp.,  iii.  ,"),  13-10;  J)nhlain\iu\  L-cann,  Leijisl.  Mex.,  ix.  passim;  x.  ">,  18  28, 
207;  Ihanencch,  Le  Mex.,  103-207,  2.37-348;  /./.,  L'Eiiip.  Mex.,   1-07;  Jd., 


■in 


I, 


')j 


I!    .; 


I 

I 


332 


DEATH  OF  EMPIRE  AND  E.Ml'EliOK. 


111 


Jfisf,  (III  Mpx.,  iii.  passim;  Afer.,  liolet.  Leyen,  En.-}f<iyo,  1804,  passim; 
A'liHiiiiilz'  Ciiiirt  of  Mux.,  piis.siiii;  Mix.,  Diario  O/ir.,  I.S(i7  S4,  pn.ssiiii;  Cdrtvs, 
Di'ini)  Sriiailo,  ii.  87.S,  iCJS,  ICXi,  !)!ll-'_',  10t»8,  1US2-7,  lOilii,  IIOl  !»,  H2-J-3I; 
]!(!()  o;  111).  S.'),  ap.  jip.  iV-10."),  ]itis»iin;  Ciirk'n,  hktrio  Con'iri'no  VI.,  piissiiii; 
Mr.r.,  IHiirio  del  liiijirrio,  18(!.')-l),  pussiiii;  /</.,  I'lriwl.  < >/i'\  Iiiijur.  Mix., 
l.Sti.'{-4,  puasiin;  Id.,  J)iario  l)ihiUi:i  o"  t'omir.,  tola,  i.-ii.;  /'"  ('om/r.,  i.  2.">>S, 
'JOS,  -JOO,  37(»,  428,  4.")(i,  4S!M»0,  etc.;  .V-  Oo,i;ir.,  i.  ISO- 1;  iii.  '227-33,  41!>; 
U"  Coiii/r.,  i.  iwasim;  iii.  212-14;  iv.  lU-l.'i;  Jih  I'oiii/r.,  ii.  (148-52,  7.}1;  iii. 
l."iiS;  Iijtiiin.i,  Jteviiila^,  i.-iii.  paMsiin;  Sjniinr  Sf  John'i  (it  Jiriliiin  and  Mex., 
MS.,  1-4;  IJnicUiUo  i'rori.i,  /m/i.  Mix.,  ISO.j,  1-21;  Mex.,  Col.  Lii/ih  Imj>., 
i.-iv.  pitssiiii;  V.  SD-O;!;  vii.  liU-22;  Martiim,  Hist,  lli'vol.  Mir.,  i.  217-34; 
Jlall'x  Life  Miix.,  passim;  U.  S,  Onu.  Dom,  Cong,  (ilnlio,  1S02-3,  ujip.  (14; 
lS(i3  4,  iuilex  'Mex.,'  p.  xxiii.;  ISO'^G,  index  'Mex.,'  pp.  xxviii.,  Ixxviii.; 
lS(J(>-7,  index  'Mex.,'  p.  xix.;  /(/.,  ]{ept  See.  Navy,  KS()3,  p.  xviii.;  /(/.,  liej)! 
Sec.  Trea.s.,  ISO."),  147 -")8;  1S(1(J,  12'J— 12;  Id.,  Foreign  .Mlairs,  1S(!2,  i)as.siiii; 
IM)3,  pt  ii.,  ()38-7(i2,  1134-.")!t,  i;53.V4l;  /-/.,  Mex.  AtFaiis,  in  I'risidiiil's 
Mus.>i.,  June  16,  1804;  /'/..  37tli  eong.  2d  sess.,  Sen.  Ex.  Doc.  7'i();  37tli  <  i)ng. 
3d  sess.,  H.  Jour.,  702;  Sen.  Jour.,  .")7>S;  Jl.  Ex.  l)oc.  no.  1  (Mess,  and  I)oc., 
]it  1),  I'p.  307-441,  72!l-7(!;  no.  2I5,  vol.  v.,  pp.  1-27;  no.  .")4,  vol.  vi.;  Sen. 
Docs  noa  '24,  40;  Sen.  Misc.  Doe.  13;  Sen.  (,'oni.  liept  !I0;  /r/.,3Stli  eong.  1st 
less..  Sen.  Jour,,  !)()1;  11.  Jour.,  1117;  H.  Ex.  Doc.  02,  vol.  xv.;  11,  t'oni, 
Itept  120,  vol.  ii.;  /(/.,  38lli  eong.  2d  sess.,  Sen.  Ex.  Doe.  I,");  Foreiiiu  Aliiiiis 
(Mess,  and  Doi'.,  pt  iii.),  l-2.'>.'{;  /(/.,  30tli  eong,  1st  sess.,  Mex.  Aliairs,  vols, 
i,-ii.;  Foreign  Alliiirs  (Mess,  and  Doc.,  jit  ii.  1,  pj).  xviii. -xxv.;  (Mess,  and 
Doe.,  ])t  iii.).  PI).  3,')(j-840;  H.  Jour.,  1309-10;  Sen.  Does  5,  0,  and  8;  H.  Ex, 
])oc,  no.  20,  vol.  vii.;  nos31,38;  no.  03,  vol.  xii.;  no.  137,  vol.  xvi.;  /(/.,30tli 
eong,  2d  sess..  Foreign  All'iiirs  (Mess,  and  Doe.,  pti.),  i)p.  '2(i(i  ."SS;  (Mess, 
iind  Doc,  pt  iii.),  j)p.  1-423,  Sen.  Jour.,  .")S.")-(i;  II.  Jour.,  710;  H.  Ex.  Doc. 
no,  17,  vol.  vi.;  no,  70,  vol,  xii.;  /(/.,  40tli  eong.  1st  sess.,  II.  I^x.  Doc.  II; 
/'/.,  40tli  con.'.  2d  sess..  Foreign  All'aiis  (Mess,  and  Doc,  ])t  i.),  pp.  03-4, 
212-300;  Arififf,  Ji'imiia  Jli<f.,  passim;  lliiii-<,  Qmntnro,  p,;ssini;  Li'firn-, 
J>iv.  Maxitniliano,  i.-ii.  i)assini;  JInrijiii  z  df  Lroii,  Fi'  I'lrd'uii,  MS.,  passim; 
/'/.,  Miiii.  Piist.,  MS.,  p.issim;  Z.ii,iiiroi>,  Jfi.^t.  Miij.,  x.  18."),  1007  1140; 
.\v,  021;  xvi.  ji.issiin;  xvii.  passim;  AlcC,  Cut.  Lci/un,  JJccr.  ij  (Jirc,  18U3-7, 
torn,  i.-iii.  paasini. 


! 


innBtia.l'l' 


CHAPTER  XV. 

REPUBLICAN  IIECONSTIIUCTION. 

1807-1808. 

JFoVKMENTS   OK   M.UKJIF./,    AXO   DiAZ— TlIK   LasT  IMPERIAL  CAniNKT-PriOCl- 

iti'.ss  iiK  Rki'iulican  Akms—Makijikz  in  Mkxico — Diaz  Bksik(iks  tiik 
Crrv     Rksilts  ok  I.ntekvkntion — .Itarkz'  Entry  intii  tiik  Capital— 

\k\V    RkpLULICAX    (.'aIUNEI— TkEATMKNT    ok    IkEIlK.r.S    AM)    TuAITOItS  — 

J'Kiii't>sEi)  Hekoums— I'akties  AM>  I'uiNciPLES — Kleciion  Laws— I'op- 

I  l,All  Dl.Sl'ONTENT — DlPLoMAlIO  KeLATIUNS. 

Wk  will  now  follow  brioHy  the  fortunes  of  Marquoz 
;iii(l  J)iaz,  and  the  progress  of  affairs  subsequent  to  the 
(Idwnfull  of  the  empire.  In  pursuance  of  preconcerted 
;n  rang'enients,  under  tlie  enijjeror's  orders,  !Marquez 
made  on  the  22d  of  March,  18G7,  a  successful  sally 
witli  1,200  cavalry.  His  departure  became  known 
soon  after,  however,  at  Escobedo's  headquarters,  and 
tlio  fact  was  at  once  communicated  to  Porfirio  Diaz, 
who  commanded  the  republican  forces  operating  in  the 
valley  of  Mexico;  a  division  of  cavalry,  4,000  strong, 
was  also  despatched  to  act  in  concert  with  the  troops 
ot"  Lalanne,  Cuellar,  and  others,  and  prevent  the  pas- 
sage of  hostile  reenforcements  that  might  leave  the 
capital. 

Mar(|uez  effected  a  difficult  tliough  rapid  march 
thi'ough  the  sierra  without  meeting  with  any  serious 
o|>[)osition  from  the  enemy, ^  and  reached  Mexico  in 
the  morning  of  the  27th.''     He  lost  no  time  in  carry- 

'  Flo  had  a  trifling  encounter  with  a  republican  party  at  the  place  called 
Puerto  (le  los  Chives.  P<:ii  and  I'nulillo,  Atarhii..  110. 

-Tlic  people  were  greatly  surprised  on  seeing  Manjuez  and  Vidaiirri  uiicx- 
pectciUy  enter  the  city  at  the  head  of  1,000  men.  J/awemi,  rn  J-Ustti  il' Km- 

Jiii-';   lS,j. 

(  ^33  ) 


W 


*     Xi 


insBaMl'l- 


3n4 


REPUBLICAN  R KC'OXSTUUCTION. 


i\ 


t!' 


I;'il 


if  I  I 

iv:  ' 


iiij^  out  his  instructions  to  roconstituto  tho  cabinet, 
which  ho  (U(l  with  tli(3  followinjjf  ministers,  nanielv: 
8antia<^o  Yichiurri,  minister  of  tho  treasury  and  pr^'si- 
dent  of  the  council ;  Tomils  ^furphy,  of  forei^ii  atfairs; 
Jose  Maria  Iiibarren,  formerly  the  imperial  commis- 
sioner in  Sinaloa,  of  {j^overnment  and  fomento;  Ma- 
nuel (jlarcfa  de  A,i,niirre,  of  justice  and  ecclesiasticiil 
aftairs,  and  during  his  absence  in  Queretaro  the  port- 
folio was  to  be  In  charge  of  the  under-secretary  Pedro 
Sanchez  Castro;  General  Nicolils  de  la  Portilla,  of 
war;  and  Carlos  Sanchez  Xavarro,  of  the  imperial 
household.  Lares  ;md  ^larin  were  relieved.''  Tubei'a 
and  O'Horan  retained  their  respective  ofHccs,  tho  one 
as  general-in-chief  of  the  garrison,  and  the  other  as 
j)olitieal  prefect. 

The  selection  of  ^Nfarquez,  Vidaurri,  and  Tribarren 
imi)lied  an  energetic  policy.  That  of  Manpiez  would 
hardly  call  for  any  comment;  it  was  intended  to  for- 
ward the  aims  of  ^laximilian  and  his  supporters,  which 
I  have  explained  elsewhere;  that  of  Vidaurri  presagcfl 
that  there  would  be  no  half-way  mcas- res  in  financial 
affairs,  and  as  for  Iribarren,  he  had  shown  himself  in 
(lifHcult  positions  to  bo  a  man  of  indomitable  energ}', 
and  seemed  to  be  a  propter  person  to  co6[)erate  with 
the  others. 

Marquez  found  the  condition  of  affairs  not  so  fiivor- 
al)le  as  ho  expected  on  leaving  Queretaro.  Event -^ 
soon  proved  that  it  was  a  change  of  measures  as  well 
as  men  that  had  recently  taken  i)laco.  Vidaurri  sum- 
moned to  his  presence  the  chief  mercliants  and  'jr(jp- 
erty  owners,  and  demanded  from  them  a  promj)t 
contribution  of  funds  to  enable  the  govermnent  to 
resume  military  operations.     And  in  order  to  avoiel 

^Tlicy  were  restoreil  to  their  former  positions;  Lares  to  the  presidency  of 
the  supreme  court,  and  ^Larin  to  tliat  of  tiie  superior  court  of  tliu  valley  of 
Mexico.  Maximilian  wrote  each  of  them  a  letter  of  thanks  for  services  in  the 
cabinet,  accompanying  to  the  former  tlic  cross  of  grand  olHeer  in  the  order  of 
the  Afiuila  Mexicana,  and  to  the  latter  that  of  comniandei'  in  the  same  onltr. 
Zdinaraix,  llUt.  Mr}.,  xviii.  1177-8.  Lares  died  in  Mexico  in  .Ian.  1S70.  He 
Wiis  iicld  to  1)0  a,  man  of  laryc  information  aiul  a  distinguished  jurist.  El  /•"'. 
recho,   iv.  97  8. 


MARQUKZ  IN'  MEXICO. 


33.5 


suporfluous  (lis(Mi.ssi(>n,  a  list  was  j)r()<lucc'«l,  HcttiiiL!: 
torth  tl>t)  amount  each  was  expurtt'd  to  coiitrihutt!.* 
Jiv  surprise,  not  ontircly  uiuKvoiupatiicd  with  a  socrot 
tuiTor,  Vndaurri  ol)taiiiL'(l  .s;5((U,U00,  which  sum  was 
jdaccd  at  MarvpioA'  dis[)()sal  tor  miiitarv  purposes.' 

Tlio  city  of  Puubla  hail  bcuu  ch)S(jly  invested  hy 
the  repuhUcans  under  J3iaz  since  tlie  t)th  of  ATarch. 
The  f^arrison  consisted  of  about  2,500  men,  mostly 
rui'al  militia  t^ot  toij^ether  by  the  commandant,  (ien- 
eial  NLmuel  Xorie^'a,  includin*,'  the  lOtli  battalion  of 
the  line.  Xo  reenforcements  havin<^  ri'ached  him, 
iKttwithstandinj^  his  ur;i;ent  demands,  Xorie\iL(a's  situa- 
tion had  become  cr'itical,  but  he  was  detei'mined  to 
defend  the  place  at  all  hazards.  The  besie;^'ers,  on 
the  other  hand,  made  repeatetl  assaults,  uainini,'  eon- 
sidei'able  advantaj^es."  Xorie<^a  again,  on  the  2'Jd, 
wrote  the  niinister  of  wai*  that  he  was  left  ahnost 
without  effi<'ient  otKcers  or  money,  and  that  his  ani- 
nuuiition  would  last  oidy  six  days;  furthermore,  the 
town  "was  not  thel'neblaof  ISaG,  its  inhabitants  hav- 
i  ig  now  become  either  hostile  or  indifferent."  This 
L'tter  was  laid  before  the  lugartenienti;  on  the  day  of 
his  arrival  in  ^lexico,'  who,  alter  a  consultation  with 
\'i(laurri  and  the  other  ministers,  concluded  that 
Puel)la  should  bo  relieved;  for  if  the  republicans  wer'e 


'  Fovcijfiiers  ohtaiiioil  .a  ri'il notion  of  ono  li.alf,  owing  to  tlic  intorforencu  of 
I>:iiii),  suppoi'tud  l)y  the  Spaiiisli  lunl  I'lnssiun  niinistui's.  Md^itirw,  In  /,'<.<fii 
il' h'iii/)iri',  IS7  <S. 

'  it  may  svoll  1)0  surniisod  tliat  tiiis  device  caused  nincli  displeasure.  Vi- 
(l.iuiTi  nailed  togctlier  tlie  uditor.s  of  iiews[>a[)ers,  on  tlie  'Jd  of  Apiil,  and  ex- 
1)1  lined  the  pivsnins,' n"ces.sity  for  the  funds.  'I'lie  editor  of  X\\i:  ('rmii.Hin  ile 
Miijico  uidicsitatingly  saiil,  and  his  woids  were  supported  hy  the  others,  that 
the  necessity  \va;i  well  understoi)d.  and  the  government's  right  to  i>roeuro 
fiMids  was  not  disputed;  that  the  olijictions  lay  in  foniu'^  people  to  <(intril>- 
nte  more  than  they  were  ahle,  and  in  the  despntii;  maimer  eMiployd  in  tlio 
Jiilleetion.  Vi<lanrri  then  sai<l  that  ()  iloran  had  luen,  ami  unnld  he  again, 
told  to  employ  gentler  means,  lie  added  that  the  govciiiment  hail  heea 
eompelled  to  procure  nioTiey  to  remit  the  emjieror  for  his  ainiy,  ami  .S1(X),(>00 
had  heen  sent  iiini  on  the  1st;  and  on  Marijue/'  return,  after  dete.iting  I)iaz' 
army,  the  imperialist  forces  would  he  inerea.sed,  a  suliicient  garrison  left  in 
the  i-apital,  and  aid  forwardeil  at  once  to  the  ivlief  of  (,)nerr'taro. 

''  In  the  assault  of  March  l})tli  tiie  imperialist  generals  L'alderon  and  I'lieto 
V  ero  seriously  wounded. 

'  -Minister  Portilla's  letter  embodying  Noriega's  report  is  given  in  Zaiiui' 
coW  Jiist.  M('j„  xviii.  llbO-'i. 


^    'II 


nw^W' 


330 


REPUBLICAN  RECONSTRUCTION. 


1 

m 


]>urrnitte<l  to  tako  the  pkicc,  Diaz  would  march  on 
tlie  capital,  allowing  no  time  to  prepare  the  resources 
so  much  needed  at  Querdtaro  Marquez  hoped  by  a 
timely  defeat  of  this  commander  to  bring  on  a  most 
favorable  change  for  the  empire;  he  could  then  return 
to  the  capital  with  Noriega's  tro()})s  and  the  war  ma- 
terial in  Puebla,  raise  more  forces,  which  might  be 
also  augmented  by  the  prisoners  taken,  an<l  then,  with 
a  liirge  train  of  artillery,  money,  and  j)lcnty  of  am- 
nunition,  march  to  the  aid  of  Qneretaro,  and  force 
tlie  republicans  to  abandon  the  siege.  The  republi- 
cans looked  upoii  this  plan  as  the  only  one  that  conld 
give  the  imperialists  the  victory,  and  wt^re  thtM-efore 
anxious  that  Diaz  sliould  take  possession  of  Puebla 
before  Marqnez  could  succor  it." 

Marquo/i  started  on  the  30th  of  March  from  ^loxico, 
with  3,480  men"  and  17  pieces  of  artillery,  taking  the 
route  of  the  J  llanos  de  A]mm,  as  it  afforded  greater 
facility  for  manieuvring  with  cavalry.  At  the  haci- 
enda of  Sol  tepee  he  received  on  tlie  2d  of  April  the 
alarming  news  tliat  Puebla  had  fallen,  and  that  the 
imperialists  were  concentrated  upon  the  fortified  hills 
of  Loreto  and  (luadalupe.  On  the  next  day  the  hus- 
sars were  des{)atched  to  Huamantla  to  ascertain  what 
had  reallv  occurred  at  Puebla.      From  that  and  other 

**  The  republican  gciienil,  (roiizalez,  an  I'yo-witncsa,  said  in  a  letter  of  Sept. 
1"),  18(i7,  to  a  newspaper  of  Mexico,  tiiat  if  Diaz  had  been  lepidscd  from 
l'il(:l)la,  '  iMai'(|ue/.,  I,")  days  later,  conltl  have  niarelied  on  QiieiiH^iro  with 
14,000  men  and  (iO  or  SO  pieces  of  artillery,' and  eoiiip('llo<l  tlie  l)i;sie{.'ing 
army  to  iieat  a  retreat,  ami  break  up.  Mar(inez'  ris,dit  to  go  to  I'uelila  in 
tlie  taeo  of  Maximilian's  instructions  has  been  (piestinned.  Uut  even  allowing 
that  his  oi'ders  weie  positive  to  return  to  Queretaro  at  once  with  the  funds  lio 
could  gather  and  the  garrison  of  the  capital,  ii  is  doubtful,  from  a  military 
Rtanilpoint  that  he  could  leave  I'uebla  to  its  fate.  He  had  only  r),000  men. 
Ha<l  he  attempted  to  go  back,  without  ailbrding  relief  t(>  that  town,  it  would 
have  surrendered  at  onee,  and  then  Oiaz.  with  the  forces  of  Leyva,  CuOUar. 
Lalanne,  and  others,  together  with  (Jnadarrama's  4,000  men,  would  liaveanni- 
hilati  1  him,  and  the  fall  both  of  .Mex'co  and  Quere'taro  nnist  follow.  Zdiini- 
colt,  //isf.  Mfj.,  xviii.  11S4  7. 

*  His  force  has  been  variously  estimated  at  4,000  and  0,000,  but  the  number 
given  in  the  text  is  believe<l  to  he  correct  as  follows;  infantry,  '2,001;  cavalry, 
l.l'Sl;  artillery,  1!(S.  /V-  \\\{\  I'rnililln,  Mnxim.,  W'l  A.  The  news  received 
at  the  republican  headquarters  was  that  Manpiez  had  marched  with  1,000 
picked  men  of  infantry  and  1,(100  lior.se.  In  a  letter  from  him  to  Noriega  at 
I'uebla,  dated  March  '27th,  he  promises  to  go  to  his  aid  with  8,000  muu  of  all 
anna.  Diaz,  Por/,,  Uio'j.,  lOo,  l'J4. 


Ol'EllATlON.S  OF  DIAZ. 


:v.)', 


soiuc-es  no  doubt  was  left  in  Manjuoz'  mind  tliat 
Puebla  and  the  hills  beforo  named  had  fallen  into  the 
t,iiiinv's  hands,  and  that  the  whole  republican  force 
uiidoi'  l-)iaz  would  be  soon  upon  him. 

After  his  suecessful  campaiufn  in  Tehuantepec,  Gen- 
Ltal  l)iaz  return"d  to  Oajaca,  wliei'e  hu  was  met  by 
.srwral  <-omnns^ions  from  the  re[)ui)li('ans  of  Puebla, 
A'era  Cruz,  Clascal,.,  and  ^[exieo,  asking-  hiiu  to  come 
aiiioiiL!"  theia,  and  inaugurate  acti\e  mil'tar\  operations. 
A  lar«4'e  su|>ply  of  arms  and  ammunition,  sent  by  tiie 
Mexican  minister  in  the  United  States,  had  arrived 
at  Minatitlan,  but  armament  for  ca\:dry  and  other 
tliini^s  were  needed  for  the  ti'oops  tin  n  bein^'  of^an- 
izcd.  He  would  not  leave  Oajaca  till  these  troo[)s 
were  I'eadv.  J^ut  tindini"'  the  delav  too  lonu',  he  an- 
]iMiiited  ( renei'al  Alejand)'o  ( Jai  efa  ^-oNcrnor  and  mili- 
taiy  connnandant  of  Oajaca,  and  toward  the  end  of 
.January  or  early  in  Febi'uaiy,  took  liis  departure  with 
eiily  "JOO  lancers,  his  aids  and  a  few  otHcers  of  the  com- 
missariat and  medical  departments,  bound  for  Acatlan 
el  (ii'ande.'"  Before  reaching  this  place  Diaz  de- 
manded the  surrender-  of  the  consideral)le  im[)erial 
uanison  occuitvinu'  the  citv  of  ^[atamoros  Izucar, 
which,  l)elieving  itself  in  dan^vr  of  an  attack  by  a 
lai'jfelv  superior  force,  hurriedlv  lied  to  Puebla. 

Diaz  lost  no  time  in  coneiMitratiuL;'  the  lepubliean 
foices  in  norther'n  ()ajaca,  X'eia  Cruz,  ^[(_•\ico,  and 
ruehla  for  future  operations.  He  at  once  assumed 
coiiti'ol  of  the  districts  in  the  valley  and  south  of 
J 'nel»la,  giving  his  jiersonaJ  sujjervision  to  administra- 
tis e  and  fhiancial   as  well  as  to  militar\-  alfaii's."      lie 


established  his  authority  in   the   militai\-  lin 


.1 


iiaieo  aiu 


I  T 


ezcuc 


and 


|iiace( 


1  it 


ni  cli;ir'''e  1 1 


f  ( 


en 


lie  hail  III)  tin;  ITitli  of  .liui 


I' 


ii-^'M,  (  al.,  tliiit  ill  tl 


ic  foursi;  I 


1)1  Uvi't 


II   1' 


litlfii  <iiHl(iy,  Miv.\ii<(ui  fimsul  in  S;ii 
if  liu'  next  iiioiitli  III'  \MPiilil  takr  ii[i  a  jKisitioii 


ami   Mexico,  witli  tnun   1(I,(HM»  to  1.">,(MH)  iin'i 


I,  cXi'lusivr   ( 


if 


j:.ini.s(nis  iji  republican  towns 


A.(  F.Mnlht  ,/,  o.'.;,/,,  Maivii  s, 


he  (It'i'laiiii  I'ontraliainl  of  war  all  ctl'ii'tM — (■siiniilin;.;  only  sirIi  as  liail 
111  III  M'i/.cil  fioni  private  p.n'tii'.s  — solil  liy  tlu;  Fruacli  un  tlirir  lutrfut  to  tiiu 
t'   iM.  Jjiii:,  /'.;/•/'.,  /li(i'/.,ur>. 

IIiHT.  Mkx.,  Vol.  VI,    'JH 


%i 


I    If 


I 


^  I 


i. 


il   ■'«! 


If 


3;is 


liKl'U liLICAX  RECOXSTIE UCTION. 


oral  Cucllar;'-  and  afterward  retired  Garcia  from 
Oaiaca,  inakliiLV  ]>iiii  oovenio)'  and  comandante  u'eii- 
eral  of  A'era  Cruz,  witli  liead(|uarters  at  Orizaba;  and 
to  bis  foiiner  position  as  L;overn()r  appointed  J.  j\[. 
^[ablonado,  and  to  tliat  of  military  eomiiiandant 
Colonel  Felix  J)iaz. 

DiiriiiL^  .Diaz'  sojourn  in  Acatlan  an  0})isode  oc- 
eured  wbieli  is  worthy  of  mention.  E.  J^ournouf, 
representing" bimself  as  an  emissary  from  ^Faximilian, 
came  to  tender  J)iaz,  in  the  em[)eror's  name,  the  com- 
mand of  tbo  imperial  forees  in  Puebla  and  ^NFexico, 
coupled  with  the  assuraiu'C  that  ^Marcpiez,  Lares,  and 
otbers  of  that  clique,  slntuld  be  driven  I'rom  power, 
and  that  ^iaxinulian  would  leave  the  country,  first 
placing  the  I'epublican  paity  in  control  of  the  situation. 
To  wbicli  proposition  J)iaz  answered  that  he  bad  no 
riii'lit  '()  bold  witb  the  archduke  otber  relations 
than  militarv  laws  and  usages  allowed  witb  tbo  com- 
mander  of  a  liostile  forc-e.''  J^ournouf  also  aski'd 
that  Maximilian  should  be  pei'uiitted  to  pass  unmo- 
lested witb  5,000  ]^elgians  and  Austrians  to  Vein. 
Ci'uz,  where  they  would  embark.  J)iaz'  rej>ly  to  this 
was  that  if  such  a  force  appeared  near  his  lines  Ik; 
would  cei'tainly  attack  it. 

On  tlu;  *.Hh  of  ]\rarcb  Diaz  already  bad  bis  lu\'\(l- 
quai'tei's  t)n  the  Ceri'o  de  San  Juan,  llis  force  con- 
sistid  of  two  divisions  of  infantry  undci*  the  res[)ectivi' 
command  of  Alatorre  and  JJonilla,  and  one  of  cavalry 


''-K;illy  ill  M.iicli    Diaz   rcrrivcl   t  Im"  unli'i's  of  the  gi>\  <'i'iiiui'lit  iuMir,.'  '> 
liiii  oomnmiiil  tlio  ti'ili-ial  ilisniot,  iiii'l  tlu;  Uin'o  districtM  ut'  tiic  stato  of  .Mosi'". 

'■Miiuiniiiiit'  liail  111'. '11  iiiti'i'iliii'i  i!  in  tin' cami)  liliiulfnliK'il.  Il.iv  iiiir  si  ' 
iiilicil  llis  iiiiiliility  to  <:•.>  .it  uik'o  on  accuiuit  of  ill  ln'aUli,  Diaz  di'iiiiieil  it. 
ail\  i-i,ililo  to  I'onintaiiif.iU!  those  facts  to  tlio  [rnvfruo'';*  anil  military  oim- 
nian.lants,  wliirli  lie  did  in  a  I'ir.'nlar,  savins,',  l>L'>idt'.,  that  it  \v.'i«  siiri)ri>ii;,' 
MU'h  a  i)i'ii|)(isllioii  sh.iuM  ho  hrmiLiht  to  him,  \v!io  had  indi;_'naiit!y  rcji-it'  1 
sindlar  one-*  mailo  him  in  <  ):i  j.O'a  in  IS(i4.  ainl  :ii,'ain  \\  hen  ho  wa-s  a  |  risom  r  in 
I'nehla  in  ISt'i.").  He  tlu  n  oonc  iinli's  wiUi  woi'dft  to  this  ctloot:  ''J'lu'so  Km  i- 
l>raiis  nni.st  hold  IH  in  (...m-  t'htimation  when  they  ai't  w  ith  so  littlu  discroli.ni, 
and  in  tin'  mano'in  ri's  nf  tlioir  aiilnons  diplomacy  iirnnro  ovcn  tln^  plaiiu'-t; 
dictiitesof  conini.in  sense'  Pin-.,  I)iili)s  />iihi.,'S\S.,-2'7'^-'-0;  I>iii:,  /'"';'".,  /)'('■ '., 
i'T.  The  cinnlar  \N'as  jiuhiishcd  in  nearly  all  the  re))iililieaii  journals,  ann  n;{ 
which  may  he  mcntinn.'d  /.'  /.'(///J/i/.'.'a  (if  .lalapa,  and  /,<»  A'-'/n//'t  (/',•  0'''i'/., 
.M;iy  :!,    In);. 


I 


niAZ  AT  rUEHLA. 


339 


under  Toro.'*  After  tlie  southern  division  at  Cuerna- 
vaca  had  been  ineor[)orate(l  with  liis  army,  the  lino  of 
observation  of  Chalco  and  Tezciieo  establislied,  and 
the  tele^Tapli  lines  in  the  jjlainsand  Kio  Frio  repaired, 
Diaz'  authority  extended  from  Tabaseo  and  Chia[)as 
to  Pachuca  and  Toluea.  lie  had  to  devise  means  to 
procure  resoui'ci's  foi-  supporting  his  troo[)s  witliout 
■•nposin*^  too  heavy  burdiMis  on  the  peo})li,',  in  whieli 
He  was  siiiLjularlv  successfid.'' 


''.J     /'/ i-  -         P^,--v^l     1'.    :l — I. — 1— ii— 1_,  ,    -1.  ~.,'    ,  "  „ri,  1  A» 


j/.jJ'jiOE  S'.  JUAN 


'  D!  um  nnn  ini:' 


l'n:iii,.\. 

"\yiiilf  lull'  lio  >li'si)!iti'lii'il  .111  iiivitatiwii  tii  nio;;o  Alvni-i/.  to  jnin  liim 
M'itli  his  I, .")();)  iiifii;  l.i'yvM  WHS  oi'ilcrcil  to  (UTiipy  ( 'li.-ilco  witli  his  liri  .'.idf, 
Mill  CiuHjir  was  phiocil  iimU'i'  him.  Sic'i,'o  opfratioiiH  liail  alii'aily  licu'im,  w  iu'ii 
the  ^I'lioial  gcivcnmicut,  imw  on  it.i  way  to  Sail  J^ui.s  I^lt<)sl.^tsk^•(l  him  to 
rc.iit'i)ree  t\\<-  army  lH'.si.'.;iiiu'  (^lori'taro.  A  l>wv,  oompusL'il  of  troiips  from 
tiio  Istiind  'Jil  (listiiuts  of  .Mi'xico,  ami  oiio  I'lidila  liri.;aiie,  was  acToriliii^'ly 
fonvardi'cl  miilor  (Jen.  Moiulcz.   J)iii:,  Por/.,  /lio;/.,  !»!»!()•.'. 

'■'II.'  f.stalilishcil  a  oiistom-honsi'  in  .V|ii/aro,  ami  a  )irn]H'rty  tax  of  I  "!,  on 
the  sti'i'ii^'tli  of  wliirli  ho  raisod  a  loan  in  ()ri/.;,l.:i,  to  meet  iir-i'iit  nrcd-i.  11,' 
swit  an  insjK'ctor  of  cnstoms  to  tho  uulf,  noi'.':  iii/t  d  tliu  i-iiHtom-iionsi!  at 
'I'aliasco.  ilou'd  thi'  jiort  of  Wya  ('in/,  whil-i  it  should  !»■  in  |>oMifssion  of  tho 
>!i"my,  and  made  Alwirado  a  jMirt  of  fnuy.   JJinz,  j)ulin  Hi';/.,   MS,,  'J'.C; 


111 

■1  I ! 

■  y 


rli  ?1: 


1 


if 


310 


Rl'U'UHLICAN  RKCOXSTRUCTIUN. 


The  operations  aL,^aill.st  Pucblawere  carried  on  with 
the  utmost  viofor,  tlie  besicu'ers  u^ainiiiij:  some  advau- 
tage  every  day,  till  on  tiie  2d  of  Ajiril  at  4  o'clock  in 
the  morning-  their  artilhiry  oj»ened  fire,  undercover  of 
which  assaults  \vv\\!  undertaken  simultaneously  at  dif- 
ferent })arts,  which  culminated  in  the  ca[)ture  of  the 
place.  In  less  than  nnc  hour  the  assailants  were 
assend)led  in  the  })lacu  d'armes,  th(3  survivors  of  the 
garrison  liaving  taken  refuge  in  the  Ijoreto  and  Gua- 
dalu{)e  forts. ^^  The  latter  ottered  on  the  4th  to  sur- 
render if  honorahle  terms  were  granted  them,  but 
])iaz;  wcjuhl  listen  to  nothingbut  an  unconditional  sur- 
render, and  thi.'V  liad  to  comi)lv.  ]vjini>'  amenable 
to  the  death  ])enaltv  for  hiLrh  treason,  nianv  of  the 
])risoners  emjiloyi'd  that  day  in  |>re[>aration  for  it. 
ih\t  such  was  not  to  be  their  fate.  The  victorious 
general  had  a  difficult  })roblem  to  solve.  J-fe  had  in 
Oajaca  over  1,000  prisoners — ^[exican  officers  of  all 
ranks,  and  ibreiir'n  ollicers  and  soldiers—and  those  of 
Pucblawere  more  numerous,  for  even  leaving  out  the 
rank  and  file,  they  must  have  exceeded  GOO.^^  To 
shoot  them  was  out  of  the  ([U(!stion,  and  to  set  ti.eni 
at  liberty,  though  a  magnanimous  act,  might  not  meet 
with  the  a[)pr()val  of  the  govermnent.^'*  PFe  adopted 
the  latter  course.^'  That  same  day  he  issued  a  gen- 
eral order  to  the  military  conunandants  to  release  all 
the  prisoners,  who  were  to  remain  for  the  time  under 

Mix.,  Col.    Lnj.,    ISO;;  7,   iii.    1^S-!)1,  •_V)G-lil;   M''x.,  Man.    I/ackiula,  iMTd, 

'"The  same  day  Diaz  wrote  tlii'  iniiii.-itcr  of  war  at  San  Iauh  I'otosi  of  liis 
fcucci.'ss,  and  that  thi;  traitors  Fi'hronio  (^)niiano,  Mai'iano  'i'lujutjnL',  and  "JO 
otht'l'n  had  liccn  I'Xi'cllti'd.  La  EslriUd  i/r  ' trrli/,^  -M:'.y  17,  IS''7;  AiTdhtjaiz, 
MeJ.,  i\ ,  ;n(i  17;  .I//'/'  ."  '/'iri'ni.  A/mu/.  llio;/.,  '.W-(i;  I'tra  and  l'r<v!ill<i, 
Miu'im.,  \'1\   T)~. 

''Anionj^  thum  wcro  the  lii.shop.s  Coliina,  Ik'ivu,  ami  Coxarruhias. 

"*  l)ia/.  ri'niarUcd  to  one  w  h<;  rtxonnnt'ndud  thi;  roleaso,  '  \'a  d  uruor  .Jnan /. 
(jne  \v  dis[int()  el  porvonii. '  l>i<t:,  I'oi/.,  Jiio;/.,  I  I'J. 

"'I)ia/.  took  uitli  him  tjic  impiTialist  generals  X()i'ic<„'a.  and  Tamari/  to 
the  ])lac'e  whiro  tlio  pritioneis  wi'ii"  conlinod,  and  ucKlrcs.sini,'  tiiini,  said;  'Tho 
iiati<in  has  cxpri'ssod  iier  Mi(ij,'nKnt  on  tlie  eni[>iri''s  cause,  hut  will  not  do  Iht- 
silf  jnstice  nnh'ss  she  forgives  the  eiTois  of  lier  chiMren;  yo\i  are  all  frei'.' 
'J'lien  turning  to  tiio-o  uoeoinpanying  him  he  adde<l,  'I  was  not  horn  to  be  a 
jaih  1- nor  an  oxeeutioiier,'  Diaz,  l)ah)s  llioi;.,  Ms.,  Sl-(;  JJinz,  I'vri',,  liio'j., 
Ill' 


RETREAT  OF  MARQUEZ. 


.141 


tlie  surveillanco  of  tlio  local  authorities,  and  suhjoot 
to  the  disposal  of  the  Mipreme  govermiient.  Such  of 
the    foreign    ])ortion   of  the   prisoners  as  selected  to 


^ide  in   the  country  were  to   be  allowed    to  do 


so 


under  the  same  cctuditions,  and  the  rest  niii;ht  freelv 
leave  the  re[)ul)lic.'-'^ 

Diaz'  triumph  had  not  hoen  without  heavy  casn.d- 
ties  in  his  army,  which  had  154  killed,  "223  wounded, 
and   87   missinij',   in   the   iirst  division   alone. - 


'\ 


he 


victorious  republicans  now  went  in  hot  pursuit  of 
]\[ar(iue/,  who  took  to  flight,  Init  was  overtaken  on 
the  9th  in  the  hacienda  of  San  Ijorenzo,  and  routed 
on  the  IOth."~  This  was  a  disastrous  day  for  the 
empire.      ^Nfarcpiez    had    his    heavy  artillery    that  he 


could   not  carry  alon*"'  thrown  down 


the   1 


>arrane;i  o 


San  Crist('>l>al,  and  orderin**-  his  Austrians  to  eontiime 
the  resistance,  esca[)ed  at  full  gallop  to  the  ca])ilal, 


amy  nil'' 


tl 


lere   on 


th 


I  til 


Jie   rei) 


.ul.l 


lean    armv 


tarried  in  T(;zcuco,  ])ursued  its  march  on  the  Ilth, 
and  reached  Tacid)aya  on  the  12th.  The  enemy 
njade  some  resistance  at  both  places,  but  was  dis- 
lodged, and  sought  safety  in  flight.-''     The  repuldican 

''"T1k>  ordor  licars  diitc  April  4tli,  .'iiid  inclmk'il  the  prisoiuns  taken  in  the 
hattlo.s  of  MiahiuitlMii  ami  l,ii  CarlMiiicra,  in  tiu!  occii])i'ti(jn  <>f  Oajani,  anil  in 
tlic  assanlt  of  I'nulihi  ami  siinvnilcr  of  t'.ic  fmts.  l)hfr,,  l>(tto>!  Ilidt/.,  MS,, 
31.5  Hi;  JJi<i~,  /'nrt'.,  /iii>;i.,  1  l."?.  (ion.  Norioj,'a,  in  a  icttor  of  Dec.  .'U ,  iMiit, 
explaining  his  cundiKt  at  ru<'l)la,  and  cfnitradictinu;  statements  of  I'rineo 
Sahn-Salni,  ^[icaks  of  tlu;  danirer  lie  and  liis  eoinj^anionH  ]ia<l  lieen  in  of  hcini; 
executed,  from  uliieli  tliey  wei'e  saved  liy  l)ia/.' eh meney,  '(jne  todo  el  muiidi) 
(Minoee  y  nierreil  ,i  la  enal  no  sniiimos  al  eadalso. '  /'■■;« and  /'nuli/h,  M'l.r'ini., 
I")  1-74. 

'■'•OfHoial  report  in  hri:,  fort'.,  liiiKj.,  II.")  L'l.  I'.azaine's  words,  that  if 
hia/,  attempte(l  the  sii '.'e  of  I'nelila  liis  destruction  was  certain,  did  not  jiiDve 
true.   A/.,  Ktl   -1. 

"^  N'otwitiistandini.'  the  glowing  accounts  of  imperialist  writei's  who  c.-ilhd 
th(!  lliglit  of  Mari|Ue,;' ci)lumn  fri  \  fluamantla  to  Mexico  the  liattle  of  h\'e 
days,  it  Mas  nothing  hut  an  exhiiiition  of  panic  and  la<'k  of  military  .-KilL 
Manjuoz  Kucc(.M'dcd,  however,  in  saving  himstlf.  Descriptions  of  tiic  opera- 
tions at  San  [yoren/o  ayipear  in  /''•;'«  and  /'rn/iHo,  Mitr'nn.,  Ill  "Jt;  Ar  ll'>,io, 
I'll,  /foras,  f)4-l(lii,  l.VJ  .i;  J/irifunll,  Maxim.,  'Jll'-.'^J;  Suhii-Sdhn'M  JJ'i"n/, 
•J!I4~;?(V_»;  Xiox,  L'xj'rJ.  ,l,i  M.x.,  TOC;  Ihaz,  /)<ih>.:  liiiiq.,  MS.,  .'{•Jl  :W;  hiaz, 
I'orf.,  lho<i.,  l-20-:n;  Mn<s,r„^,  fn  I-^x,,!  t/i:,,!  }>!,■<',  iSiMM. 

'^'Tho  ilomonstration  on  Taculiaya  wa.s  intended  to  make  sure  of  ( 'ha]>ul- 
teppo.  As  the  maivli  against  Marcpiez  wa.s  licLnin  tlie  day  after  the  tail  of  thi^ 
Loretoand  <  Jnadulnpe  foi  ts,  I  >ia/.  had  I  en  unalih^  to  liring  into  inniiediate  llso 
the.  innnen.se  wai'  material  captured  from  tiie  enemy.  Another  eireunistanen 
that  eouhl  not  he  ie\-caled  at  that  time  war:  that  <  luadarr.ima,  who  was  si'iit  to 


in 


Hi 


\i  Til 


\\\ 


I  I 


'     I'SM  ft 


i  i\  mi 


342 


KKPUIJLICAN  KKCOX.STKUC'TION*. 


f,^cnoral  ]i(M(l(|uarters,  after  Cliapnltcpoc  liad  boon 
iiiado  sail',  were  transterred  to  tlie  ('ity  of  (iua<lalii[)t', 
and  tho  operations  for  iuvestiug  Mexico  were  bcgiiu 
at  oiice.''^' 


\'  ''<i'  -y  \  iv/ * 

o 
Tula 


n 


C 


AII;«nira*'V 


-MAiaii  di"  Diaz  to  MKxrci). 


11 


wa.ih  M.'irquo?;,  liiul  Ixon  itciillcMl  to  Querdtaro,  Later,  Diaz  had  been  askeil 
iiiiL  only  lo  iiM'iiforcu  tliu  iinuy  of  tlif  interior,  Imt  on  tliu  '27tli  or  •Jstii  of 
Ajnil  to  j,'o  tiitru  liinisclf  witli  iiis  main  forco.  Ho  was  od'ei't.d  tiio  ooniinainl 
ill  cliit'f  of  tiio  l)usi>'L;inj,'  fmccs,  anil  Mroto  KscoIkmIo  that  he  wcnild  jitiii  him 
ill  i'i;,'ht  (lays.  '  Manlonga  \'.  siis  posicimics  jioi'  almiiiois  dias  mas,  scl;iii'o  do 
qiU'  dcuti'o  do  ooho  mo  pondre  en  inarolia  para  ese  eamjianieiito.'  Unt  linal 
orders  releasud  him  from  v'oinji  to  (^luirotaro.  Ijik:..  Dnhis  llio;/.,  M.S.,  'H\, 
'"  .Mai'(|iioy.   ha?i   been   blamed   tor  the  abandonment   of   Chapilltepee   and 


AT  THK  CAPITAL. 


343 


Meantiiiic  ^[ar({ii(jz  exertod  liiinscU'  t>>  jilacf  tlic 
city  ill  c'ouditicju  for  a  desjjuratu  dcfL'iR'c.  JUit  ho 
encountered  tjTcat  ditHcuUy  in  procuring  funds  wlierc- 
witli  to  pay  expoiise.s.  Vidaurri,  minister  of  the  treas- 
ury, ackno\vk'd_L;'ed  his  inahiHty  to  pr<)\ide  any,  and 
]  laced  liis  resignation  in  the  ]ugartenit.;nte's  liands.'-'* 
.'.11  denials  to  the  contrary  notwitlistanchng,  the  fact- 
was  that  ^rar(|uez  and  A'idaui'r'i  uiTe  no  longer  in 
arcord,  owing  to  the  latter's  disa[)proval  of  O'Horan'^ 
\  i'llcnt  course  in  collecting  the  forced  loan.  J.  M. 
Lacunza  became  j))'esid(;iit  of  the  council. 

Mar(|Uez  paid  no  regard  toright  or  common  decency. 
I  le  continued  to  extort  money  in  the  emperor's  name.-'' 
ills  emissaries  forcibly  entered  i)rivate  d\vellin<'s  to 
make  seizures.  He  also  resorted  to  the  unju.stitiable 
device — so  bitterly  censured  by  the  conservatives 
when  Juarez'  minister,  ^Eendez,  used  it  in  18G;3 — ol" 
coulining  tliose  who  resisted  his  demands,  bai'cly 
allowing  food  enough  to  su[)port  life,  with  the  intent 
1  >  foi'cc  the  ])ayment  of  ransom.^' 

The  im])erialist  jjress  assured  its  partisans  that  their 
tiiumjih  was  certain;  Escobedo  and  Diaz  would  be 
compelled  to  retire  fi'oni  before  Queretai'o  and  Mex- 
Eneouraging  news  reached  Manjuez  on  the  (Jth 
r  ^[ay  from  ]\raximilian,  announcing  his  victory  of 
A[U'il  2"th,  and  giving  the  assurance;  that  he  would 
soon  march  to  the  relief  of  ^lexico.'^'     ]\Iar(|uez  needed 

Ouailiilupe,  forj^cttin;;  that  to  tlffoixl  those  position.s  ami  llitj  oxtciit  of  scviii 
liajiiics  tlu;  lify  woiilil  rcMjuirc  a  Lranisoii  of  "JCljOOU  iiioii,  w  Iicicm.s  Ik;  Imd  only 
ri,(»OI)  or  (!,0{)0. 

-'  'No  1110  OS  posihlo  ciilirir  iii  v\  raiiio  iii.is  jiicfi  riiitc  del  ijuno  liiilitai. 
J^'iiiiacoh,  Hist.  Ml),,  xxiii.  MUT.  I'laz  liud  on  the  l!)tli  fif  .A|iiil  niiiiiidiil 
nil  coiu'cnic'il  of  tho  law  (jf  .\piil  I'J,  ISli"-'.  pioliiliitini;  umlir  thr  ]k  iialty  of 
iliath  ;dl  aid  to  tliu  foi'L'iu'ii  oiu;iny,  inaiiifcstiiiLC  lii.s  dcti'iiiiinatioii  to  niaUi'  it 
t  llcctive  upon  all  that  should  supply  jirovisioiis  to  tliu  hfluaj^iiiri-'d  lity. 
.!/'.(•.,  ('i)l.  Lii/.,  ISn;}  7,  iii.  '-'."i!)  (10;    'Diihhiii  .-iiid  r,<<.(iii<>,  Loj.  Mix.,\\.   tii. 

-"Fioin  tho  house  of  Hairoii  lie  g')t  SI'J.J.OOO;  from  Hei.-,legui  fSKJO.imO;  and 
lesser  suiiiH  fi-om  otiiers. 

■'  'On  les  met  .-lu  rrL;iine  de  la  <liete  forci'i^,  jus(|u'a  ec  (|U  ils  se  dr.idfiit  .1 
Jiayei'  raiK'oii.'  The  I'riissiaii  count,  lleiineeUe,  paid  .S'),('ll((  to  tseapr  tliat 
tiLatmeiit.   Mas-n  fn.i,  Uii  h'sxui  iT h'lii/iiir,  21-1-1."). 

^"Tlie  liolil'ni  Oiiriiil  iiuA  I, a  Uiiinn  were  tho  organs  referred  to. 

^^Iii  another  letter  to  Iriliarroii.  pnhlislied  in  tlie  Ihiiri'i  il( '  Iw/in-in  'm 
the  Ttli  of  -May,  he  spoke  of  his  Iioims  to  lie  aide  to  eonipel  tlie  repilblieaiis  to 


iCl) 

<  I 


>uS 


p 

h\ 

V 

\n 

344 


HKPUP.LICAX  UECOXSTUUCTIOX. 


HO  spurring  to  bring  out  liis  cliaracteristic  energy 
and  activity,  and  his  suliordinates  closelv  I'oUowed  liis 
example. 

Forage  was  now  extremely  scarce.  General  ^\. 
Diaz  de  la  Vega,  who  had  chan-e  of  the  exterior  line 
of  San  CosHHj,  make  a  sortie  in  foi-ce  on  the  l.2tli  of 
of  ^[ay,  and  drove  the  besiegers  from  their  position-., 
l»ui'suinLl'  them  to  the  Hacienda  de  la  Asccsnsion  v 
Po})otIa.  Meanwhile  Quiroga's  brigade  foraged  ;it 
ease.  The  o1)ject  being  acconi|)lished,  the  imperialists 
went  back  with  loaded  horses.^'^ 

The  siege,  though  unaccompanied  with  fighting  lo 
any  great  extent,  was  producing  horrible  elfccts  on 
tlie  poor  of  the  city,  who  had  no  means  to  [)roeure  the 
necessaries  of  life  at  their  enhanced  prices."*''  The 
garrison  held  out  stoutly,  in  the  ex])ectation  of  innne- 
diate  succor,  when,  on  the  KJth  of  ^lay,  a  rumor  cir- 
culated through  the  city  that  Queretaro  had  fallen. 
The  news,  as  communicated  in  a  telegram  of  Alce'rreca 
to  Diaz  from  San  Juan  del  Kio,  had  been  thrown  into 
the  town  enclosed  in  V)ombs  and  ijfrenades.  It  natn- 
rally  caused  uuich  alarm;  l)ut  after  a  while  the  idea 
began  to  prevail  that  it  was  a  ruse  of  the  enemy,  dis- 
serving of  no  credence  whatever.  The  news  was  true, 
for  all  that;  1.5,000  men  of  all  arms,  under  (reneral 
llamon  Corona,  started  from  before  (Queretaro  on  the 
17th  of  ]\[ay  to  th(3  assistance  of  l^iaz.  Riva  Palacio 
with  his  division,  and  ^VEanpiez  Galindo  with  his 
brigade,  returned  on  the  '22d  iVom  Queretaro.''"  On 
the  24th  Corona  reported  himself  with  his  15,000 
men.     General  Felix  J^iaz  came  the  same  day  from 

raise  the  siej^e  of  Mexico,  urging  tliiit  tlio  ilcfeucc  .sliould  l)o  contiiuu'(l,  .an.l 
the  siipplj'  of  war  iiiaturijil  iucroased. 

'"Sahn-Sidiii,  l>i(irii,  ii.  '.W'l,  (.'rronooiisly  ^ilaccs  tliis  tir.st  sortie  on  tlio  ISth. 
giving  the  Austiian^i  tl\e  wliolu  croilit  of  its  suuciss.  Maiviuoz  thanks  X'cg.i 
for  tliat  .service  on  tiie  l'2th.  Xo  Austrians  took  \\.,\'t  in  the  sortie.  P<:'i  and 
Prwlillo,  J f archil.,  VM  !). 

■*'  A  l>oaril  of  cliarity  an<l  tlie  sisters  of  St  Vincent  (le  Paul  reliev(!il  the  in- 
iligont  as  well  as  tliey  eoiiM. 

^'•'The  Bolftin  </''  Orinift,  a,  repnliliean  journal  published  in  Diaz' eanip, 
said,  on  tlio  •24tli  of  May,  that  the  valley  of  Mexico  was  becoming  tlie  rendez- 
vous of  the  uprisen  nation. 


SlEiiK  OF  MKXICO. 


M't 


i)aiaea  witli  cavalrv.  Tho  sjft'Meral-iii-cliit't'  IcaviuLf 
(iiiadalupo  in  cliar^o  <tt' Corona,  trau-sfcn'od  his  liead- 
(|iiartcr.s  to  Ta(:'ul)aya.  The  (U vision  of  tlie  iiortli  oc- 
cupied Atzc'a})otzak'o  and  Tacnhaya.  Tlie  investment 
was  now  coni[)lete,  and  tlie  l)esi<'^;i'i's  could  notcomprtv 
lifud  what  made  tho  i^arrison  hold  out,  (.'XposiuL;'  itself 
and  the  city  to  utter  destruction.''''  The  cause  was 
that  ]\[arnue/  would  i;ivc  no  credence  to  any  report 
lint  coming  direct  from  the  empei'or.  l^ven  after  he 
saw  a  letter  from  \"icente  Ixiva  J'alacio  tt>  his  wife, 
saying  that  lu>  would  soon  he  with  her,  In;  persisted 
in  tht;  defence,  and  to  this  (;nd  resorted  to  imj)osture. 

At  last,  after  many  consultations  as  to  whet  her  the 
len'cncy  ap|/ointed  hy  ^Nfaximilian  at  (^)iii'ietai'o  on 
tlie  L'Oth  of  ^farch,  I8()7,  should  assume  its  ollice,  it 
was  resolved  that  ^Eai'iano  Jliva  PalacioshouKl  re[)air, 
on  the  2Sth  of  ?»[ay,  to  l^iaz'  head<[uarters  and  ascer- 
tain the  tacts.  That  same  moi'ning  ])ia/  placed  in 
liis  hands  !^[aximilian's  telegram  to  Baron  Magmis, 
reijuesting  him  to  come  to  Queretai'o  with  counsel  to 
ilefend  him,  with  which  he  returned  to  the  (;ity  on 
the  -i'Jth. 

Maniuez  still  resolved  to  resist  till  the  government 
was  reconstituted  pursuant  to  ^raximllian's  decrt'c  of 
.^^ay  I  Ith.  On  receiving  the  information  t)f  the  sur- 
render of  (^uei'etaro  and  ^Maximilian's  ca])ture,  ^^ar- 
i|Uez  attem[)ted,  in  the  night  of  the  iTth  I  Sth  of  June, 
a  sally  with  0,000  men,"^'  throwing  a  bridge  over  the 
witle  fosse  surrounding  the  city,  but  was  driven  back 
hy  Diaz  in  person.''''     In  this  state  of  affairs,  the  Aus- 


^^Diaz  felt  tliat  witli  siiliiciciit,  sacriticc  of  life  ami  (k'strui'tioii  of  )iiojK'rty 
he  could  at  oiifo  taUo  tlici  I'ify;  l>iit  tluTo  was  no  pi'essiiig  iiocil,  aiiil  lie  iii'c- 
li  rri'il  to  sparo  Imtli  liis  iiu  n  and  tho  t^iwii,  to!,'L'tli(;r  with  its  iiiliahitants.  As 
ho  has  said  hinisolf,  'ooinprciidio  (|U0  con  algunos  dius  nia.s  do  iuogos  artiti- 
<ialos  so  roiidirian.'  />*"'.,  l>nto-<  />'";/.,  MS.,  ,'U;{-4.  Masscras  conlirnis  it, 
iharactori/.ini^  Uiazas'im  liommo  ipii  s'ctait  fait  nno  loi  do  saLiilioi- linijia- 
tienco  du  succi's  an  souci  di-  scs  coii>('(|uencos.'   Cii  K-ifni  ir/Cm/nri',  \'M>. 

^' In  tlio  |iroparations,  lastini;  4S  hmn's,  his  a^'onts  nsod  tiio  nifist  violent 
moans  to  ol>tain  inon,  money,  an<l  hovsos.    .l/r(.<.siri/.v,  Un  AViw  :V Kinjnri,  'I'l'l. 

■''  Hi:  was  mot  l)j'  Diaz  on  tiio  puonto  do  los  cuartos  with  two  small  In'i- 
Ljaik's.  0\\  his  wav  back  lio  was  a  loni.'  tinio  nndor  tho  liosiogor's'  orossdiro, 
/>(><:,  IhtliiH  f}iO'j.,''S\S.,  :]{:>. 


Mr 


r^; 


"W 


If, 


>l    It 


S46 


KKI'UIiLlCAN  IIECOXSTRIJCTIOX. 


tiiaii  cliai'^e  diivetod  tliu  .Viistiiaiis  to  abstuiM  from 
I'lutlicr  scrvif't'.'"''  His  liglit  tc  do  so  has  hi'cii  denied, 
Init  tilt'  Austrian  olliceis  nt  oiicu  notilicd  (jrciioral 
Tahora  of  the  receipt  of  this  coniiuanih'*'  Throu^li 
tlie  intercession  of  Haion  Jv.i^o,  J)iaz  agreed,  on  the- 
10th  of  June,  to  iL^n'ant  the  Austi'ians  terms  of  capitu- 
lation, assuinini;'  the  respon>ii)ility  of  his  act  hefore 
his  i;()\ernnient,  and  pledj^inL,^  Ins  \vor<l  that  the 
terms  slioidd  he  carried  out."'^  Tliat  same  day  J\[ar- 
Cjuez,  who  ]uid  received  positive  advi(,'0  of  the  execu- 
tions on  tlie  ( 'erro  de  his  (  amprnas,  concluded  to  resin'ii 
his  position,  leaving  the  conunanders  of  th(3  yari'ison 
free  to  act  as  tluiy  uiii;ht  think  })roper.  ^Vnd  beinj^' 
aware  that  if  captured  Ids  execution  was  certain,  lu; 
Ment  into  concealment,  his  family  doing  the  same. 
His  example  was  alst)  followed  by  \'^idaurri,  Jjacunza, 
O  J  [oran,  and  Manuel  llamirez  Arellano. 


w 

':  }  ' 

U  ■ 

■i    ■ 

1^- 

U^:  ■ 

'"  III'  wi'dto  tli(!  Au.striiui  colonel  Khcvonlmller  tiiut  the  emperor  had  told 
iiini  he  woiihl  send  thi^  Aii.sti'iali  olliii  is  an  anloyrajih  letter  ie(jne.stiny  tiicni 
to  slop  lurther  lilnodshi  il  foi-  him.  liaron  i^ago  telt  ceitain  tliat  tlie  em 
jiiTor  had  written  the  ietler,  and  it  must  ii.ive  Ijeeii  intercepted  hy  Manpie/. 
d/f^^^(/■f(^'.  i' II  K-tsiii  i/'h'iiijiirr.  '2'2'2  .'{;  Z'ti  iitcui.f,  llixi.  M'j.,  xviii.  Ui'J4-."i; 
Boliti'i  Ji'i /■iili/ii'fiiKi,  -Uxm- "2',  IMlT. 

^' The  action  of  tlie  Austii.iiis  has  heen  set  down  as  sellish,  and  far  from 
lioii(iial>le.  'I'liey  had.  under  tlui  coiiditions  of  tiieir  reeidistnient,  iiiirsuanl 
to  .Maxiniiiiiiirs  proehuiiation  at  Oii/.al);i  I  »ec.  (!,  l.S(J(i,  ceased  to  be  Austriaiis, 
and  had  heidine  Mexicans.   Zdiii'n-di.f,  I/i^l.  Mrj.,  xviii.  Kl'Jii  7. 

■■''1st.  The  Austriaiis  were  to  ahsluiii  from  all  ])articipalioii  in  liostilitic.-^ 
against  the  repiililii'an  forces.  I'd.  Shoidd  they  letive  the  capital  on  the  "JOlli 
ami  jiiesent  themselves  at  the  general  headiiuiirter.s  of  the  besieging  army, 
l>ia/.  Would  furnish  them  transportation  to  \'ura  (.'ni/  at  the  exiiense  of  liie 
Mexican  government.  Tlieir  baggage  was  also  giuiraiiteed.  The  otiiceis 
■were  allowed  to  retain  their  arms  and  liorses.  All  other  arms  and  iior.scs 
must  lie  given  up  by  them.  .'M.  Should  the  .stipidated  time  elapse  without 
the  Austriaiis  having  availed  themselves  of  it,  though  observing  llie  condition 
expressed  in  article  1st,  if  the  Austrian  soldiers,  in  the  event  of  a  light,  re- 
tired therefrom  and  hoistc'il  the  while  Hag,  Diaz  guaranteed,  if  ho  HUcceeilc.l 
in  taking  Mexico,  only  their  lives.  lea\  iiig  the  rest  to  the  .supreme  goveru- 
uieiit  to  deci<lc.  4tli.  Austriaiis  desiring  to  reside  in  the  country  would  be 
jiei  iiiitted  to  do  so,  with  guarantee  of  jierson  and  jnoperty.  i)lh.  Austriaiis 
slalioiied  at  distant  posts  were  allowed  till  the  niiniiiiiL;  of  the  'Jlst  to  come 
in  under  clause  no.  2;  after  that  time  tiiey  would  be  entitled  only  to  the  eon- 
cessions  in  clause  no.  'i.  (itli.  Tliii  s.iiiie  terms  were  exten<lcd  to  other  for- 
eigners. As  to  the  Mexicans,  I'iaz  could  not  anticipate  the  resolution  of  tiie 
republican  government  by  granting  tliciii  terms  wliicli  might  be  contrary  to 
its  dcteniiiuations.  7tli.  Diaz  wished  to  be  timely  informed  when  the}'  would 
march  out  of  Mexiito,  in  order  to  allord  them  all  the  aid  in  his  power.  Those 
terms  were  acci'iited  by  the  Austriaiis,  Jil.,  lUJiS-t),  Itill-L';  JJonu-n'ch,  Ilixt. 
(In  Mcx.,  iii,  43S-4U. 


FINAL  SL'KUKNDKll. 


347 


(iciicral  llaindii  Tabera,  upon  wIkhii  had  di'volvcd 
llic  cliicl'  (•oiiiiiiaiid,  sent  foimiiissioiu'rs  to  I)ia/.  1i» 
tri'at   of   capituliitioii.'''      lit,'    also    li.'id    a    ckiiI'cjtiicc 


w 


illi  J)inz,  at   wliicli  the  latter  assured   him  that  h 


could  entertain  no  ])r<>j)<)sitions  whicli  did  not  reeoi;- 
iiizo  the  supreniacy  of  his  i^overniuent.  Talx'ia  i'eared 
the  ai>]tlieation  to  hiniselt'  and  his  conipanions  of  the 
law  lor  the  })unishnient  of  hin'h  treason,  and  told  Dia/- 
that  rather  than  to  suhniit  to  it  the  L;ar'rison  would 
li'^ht  to  the  last.''"  The  hiief  truce  agreed  upon  hav- 
insj^  terminated  without  reaching  the  desired  end,  tiu' 
hesici^^ers  reopened  tire  upon  the  town,  and  auain 
Set   their   colunuis    in  moti(jn,  the  Ljeneral's    ])urpose 


h 


'iuL;'  rather  to   lein'ii  an  assault  than  to  t'fl'ect  oni 


Altera  tew  moments  the  white  tla;^^  was  a^'ain  hoisted 

le   fortifications,  and  as  soon  as   it  was  descried 

Tliis  was  on   the  'Jdth   of  dune. 

le  town  and 


on  th 

the  firiiii;-   ceased.      Tliis  was  on    the   'Jd 

CommissicMiers  canu!  out,  to  surreiidi'r  tl 

i;arris(jn  at  disci'etion,  and  Diaz  instruetetl  tliem  how 

to  etfect  the  delivery,  resolving;'  to  enter  the  citv  on 


the  next  day,  duo  ])i'ecautions  against  treachery  heing 
first  taken.'-  After  ado[)ting  measures  for  the  pics- 
ervation  of  oi'der,  and  for  supplying  food  to  the  in- 
liahitants,   Diaz  had  three   priscjus  prepared    for  tho 


servitors  of  the  lat 


e   arciKluki 


A  term  of  forty 


eight  hours  was  allowed  for  all  such  to  [>resent  them- 


■iii 


ito  fliiLi  Ixuii''  liuistcil. 


aiK 


I  th 


111 


ic  cull  lor  a  paiic^-  sihiikIciI.  (JlU'li- 


tlio  U,  S.  chai'yi',  caiiio  unt  in  a  i.ariiagi;,  wilii  tlic  iiiopd.sitioii  tlmt  tlio 


i.ity  won 

tcllilol'S. 


1(1   sunx-iulor  on  tlie  cuiiditioii  of   lite  I 


Tl 


"■nil,'  guarali 


t(j<'il  to   its  (lu- 


as  what    the  Ijcarers    of   the  llai'  of    tiueu  had  asked    for. 


{•ia/,  refused  to  listen  to  the  iiropo.sitioii,  and  allowed  seven  miiuites  for  lii.-< 
return  to  the  eity.  JJirt::,  Jintus  liioij.,  MS.,  ,'U(). 

'"  '  Ksas  leyes  son  de  saiij,'re  y  e.xteriiiiiiio,  y  i'lntes  ([Ue  poner  el  euello  liajo 
la  cucliilla  del  verdui,'o, 
Diaz,  J'ro/.,  /lii,;/.,  V.id. 


ireferirenios  sei'uir  peleaud 


iiond 


n'cs  resueltos 


El 


genera 


I  soil] 


iJitiz,  Ddtoti  BiiKj.,  MS.,  ;{4(i. 


se  habia  propueslo  snnular  iin  ataque  y  no  praetiearl 


I'urther  jiartieulars  from  rc|iiil)lii'an  as  well  as  imperialist  sourees  may 
/io/(7i/i  AVy*. ,  June  "JT,  J  uly  li'J,  l>i()7;  /''."and  I'nuliUo,  MaAni. 


le  seen  ni 


l-:'.G; 


'ajfiro 


Vi'i'ilf 
iM 


ISO 


Sal, 


'I-Sdih 


I 


.1/(1 


ricault  aeei.ses  .Manpiez  ot  meaiiaeity  or  treason, 


i.sr>-'.'4i,  •_'()!>  s.-),  ;{7 


1' 


1) 


S():{  -JS; 


iraises  Diaz  eonihut. 


)~S-_'. 


oth 


"OiK!  for  his  seeretarie.s  of  stat 


e,  eouncillors,  aui 


tlr 


d  f. 


er  iii'Mi  e 


ivil  otlieials  and  lield-olliL' 


and  tlu^  tlnrd  toi 


iwer  otiieials  and 


subalterns.  J)i(tz,  JXUo"  JJivj.,  .Ms.,  lUS  !);   Uoht'm  ll,p..  .Inly  ^i,  10,  iMi 


ll  j 


I 


M  1 


348 


KKl'UllLICAN  KK(  ON'STliUCTlON. 


si'lvos,  (luring  ^vlli<•ll  TalxTa  alone  responded.  The 
time  was  extended  twelve  Iioiirs,  and  within  tin;  first 
six  the  prisons  were  i'ull;"  oidy  siieh  men  as  Marcjue/, 
Laeunza,  (^'Horan,  Vidaurri,  and  a  few  otliers  having 
I'm i led  to  re) tort  themselves. ''' 

A  resume  of  the;  Mar  of  intervention,  from  Api'l 
1S();5  to  June  1  S(;7,  sjiows  that  thei'e  took  i>laee  within 
that  peiiod  1  ,()'20  i)atUes,  actions  of  wjn',  and  skir- 
mishes, in  wliieh  7:3,547  repuhliean  and  I 'J, 'JO'.)  impei'i- 
alist  Mexicans  were  placed  liors  do  conihat.'"  To 
these  victims  must  he  added  those  of  the  French  and 
other  )iationalities,  for  wliich  XajiohMiii's  unjustifiahlc 
[•olicy,  in  aid  of  a  hody  of  tr"aitors  to  foist  a  monarchic;;! 
government  on  this  unfoi'tunate  countrv,  is  mainis 
responsihl<'.  J-^rohahly  not  less  than  oOjOOO  persons 
in  all  yielded  their  lives  in  this  struggli!,  to  sa}'  nothing 
ahout  the  money  and  iinsery  c<iimected  with  it. 
Surely  it  was  a  small  enough  mattei",  and  one  entirely 
justitiahlo,  to  throw  in  with  the  rest  the  lives  of  the 
leaders  in  this  most  ini(|i!it()us  invasion. 

l*resident  Juarez  made  his  entry  into  the  capital  in 
an  open  carriaLre,  at  0  o'clock  in  the  morninLir  of  the 

'*  No  harsh  trwitmcnt  of  the  prisoners  wa.s  iillowcil.  Tliuir  fiiinilics  ami 
fiii'iids  liad  ivvi:  liL'CL'.ss  to  them.  'I'hi;  sick  wuiv  pcriuiltod  to  loiiiaiii  iit  thiii' 
lioiiR's.  Zdiiiwoif,  Hint.  Mti'j.,  x^■iii.  HI.".")  (i. 

^'Tlic  Jliiiigaiiau  ami  roli.sh  cavalry,  (niai'tercd  in  tlio  Xational  palair, 
lia\  iiii;  reiiiaiiic'tl  laiilral  from  tliti  tiim;  they  heard  of  .Maxiiiiiliiin's  fate,  wis 
allowcil  as  a  mark  of  honor  to  retain  diiriiiL;  thni.'  days  its  arms  and  horses. 
Tho  privih'gc  was  also  ^'ranted,  for  tlio  sami!  ivasoii,  to  ('li(.'ni!t'.s  Fri'iuii 
guerrilla  foi-ec,  wliicli  \\as  ((carti fcil  in  San  I'dlro  y  San  I'alilo. 

^''Ropuhlieaiis:  killed,  Sl.yti'.';  woniidrd,  8,:!()4;  prisoners,  :i;{,'2Sl.  Iniiic 
rialists:  killeil,  ."i.liTl ;  wiilinditl,  "2,  !.">!);  piisoners,  4,,S7!I.  'I'liese  li^ures  indi 
(•ate  that  the  artnal  nunilier  of  Mexicans  who  lost  their  Hm'S  on  the  field  nf 
I)attle  was  .'{T,!!."'!,  and  the  nundier  of  wounded  10,  Ki.'}.  <l(ilhtr<lo,  M<irlirul., 
4'.>.  Till'  general  title  of  this  work  is  Mnrliroln'jio  ili-  lim  l)i/'i  nsnrm  dc  la  hi- 
i/i'/)i'ii(l('iii-i(iili'  Mrriro.  Mex.,  Is7.">.  Olilon^' fol. ,.")()  pji.  The  author,  Ijasili.i 
I'erez  (iallardo,  elaims  to  have  ohtaineil  his  data  from  nliii'ial  i'e[)oits  in  thf 
JJiinio  (ll I  lin/iiriiK  and  from  /.a  Sni-iiilnil,  said  to  '•"  the  most  sensihlo  of  llio 
puhlieations  of  the  inter\  ention,  disrej^anling  letters  of  correspondents,  nr 
information  fiirni>lied  liy  newspapers  of  the  .so-ealled  dejiartLients.  The  w  (n ); 
purports  to  give  the  encounter.^  hetuoen  the  interventionist  and  repul)lie:ni 
forces  to  the  date  in  lS(i7,  when  the  city  of  .Mexico  was  reo'cujiied  hy  tin; 
repuhliean  j.'overnmont,  toijether  with  the  numlier  of  Mexicans  killed, 
wounded,  and  prisoiieis  of  both  armies,  the  year,  month,  and  di.to,  state,  and 
place  of  each  encountt'r;  uami's  of  connnainlers  or  leaders,  and  home  notes  "f 
considerahle  importance.  The  woik  was  dedicated  to  I'rcsident  Juarez,  wl.  . 
warmly  thanked  the  author  for  his  patiiotic  service. 


KXTKV  UK  .H.'ARKZ. 


■.uo 


ttli  dIJuIv,  acc(»m|ianii'(l  Ity  liis  miiiistors  St'Uastiaii 
!i(  1(1(1   (Ic   'i'cjada,  .I(»s(;    Man'a    I'ulcsias,  and    l^iiacio 


M 


cjia,  and   was  \V( 


■Iconu'd  amidst   tlic  slioiits  ol'  tin 


|t(-'ii|)If,  t\\c  I'oar  »»t'  ai'tillcry,  and  the  lin-^iny'  of  Ik  I! 


Ik.'  sanu-  t 


lav  1 


U'  lssUc( 


I  a  nianilL'sto  to  the  olR'ct  thai 


(hirinn'  the  foin-  voai's  he  had  Keen  away  from  the  city 
1k'  had  i'(Milraclcd  no  oMi^ations  |)rcjudicial  to  tJKj  in- 
dilniKknct'  and  sovtrei^iity  ol"  the  rcpuhlic,  the  in- 
tcuralitv  ol"  luT  ten'ilorx',  or  to  the  icspcct  diu;  to  the 
constitution    and    laws.       iii 


(liN|»la\('(l 


Ijoncvoli'iicc 


toward  th(!  van(|uisli((l,  and  hojird  all  ^((0(1  Mexicans 
wiiuld  aid  in  securiiii;'  for  the  eonntiy  the  henetits  of 
|i(  ace.'"  The  day  after  his  arrival  at  the  capital  a 
iiundier  of   imperialists  were    seiit(.'need   to  deatli   hy 

iro.'*^     A  strong'  petition  was 


CO 


urt-n)artial  at  (..)uercti 


tcle^i'aphed  lilm  fr(»m  there  on  hehall"  of  the  prisoiii'rs 
and  of  their  families.  The  sentence  was  commuted  to 
iiiijtrisonnient.  O'Horan,  who  was  captured  a  few 
(lays  later,  was  not  so  fortunate.  He  was  trii'd,  eon- 
\  icted,  iiid  shot  on  the  -1st  ol"  Au'^iist,  .)  uaiX'Z  refus- 
ing;' to  spare  ills  hfe,  notw  ithstandin;^"  the  su|»plications 
of  liis  mother  and  other  memhers  of  Ins  familv,  and 
tile  numerous  })etitiuns  adchessed  to  liim  from  all 
Vidaurri,  wlio  had  been   arrested  in  the 


4t» 


ijiiarter; 

capital  on  the  8th  of  July,  was  not  allowed  even  the 
pii\ilege  of  a  trial.  J  [is  identity  heini;' established, 
lie  was  shot  forthwith.  Severo  del  Castillo,  also  seu- 
t(  need  U)  execution  at  Queretaro,  had  the  n'ooil  l"or- 
tuiie  to  obtain  a  commutation  of  his  penalty.     !N[ar([Uez, 

"  riiu  (looniiiuiit  suenis  td  li.ixu  hccii  dict.'iteil  by  a  desiix'  to  conciliati'  oii- 


Iihmiil;    oli'lllUU 


ts.   Mcy.,  Col.  I.. 


\HV.\ 


;i,  i,s(i' 

Aug.  ;{0,  iSliT. 


hiihiii 


.1  A. 


2>S()  S;   Jloliliii   Jli'j,.,  July 


Liij.  Mix.,  x.  7  ->S;  L<t  Esln-lla  <lf  Orriil. 


"CiiMiinova,  Escobar,  Ivaiiiiio/,  N'aldO.s,  Moret,  llL'yt'H,    llciixra  y  l.(i/a 


(  al\i(,  .M;\giiria,  Liof/aga,  ^bxittlib'.  Otli 
/.'//.,  (ili-T,  iii.  '2-Ui-M;  S:ii'in-'S(ihn'-i  JJl 

Oct.  4.  iso;. 


.1  r 


mice  >aliii-^aliii 


.1/. 


<  ■.,/ 


'■y. 


lUl,  1U»  liU;  El  KstaduikS, 


'AU 


:ii>'_'. 


sc  (U^liui  ;i  la  iustn.iay  a  la  vciiuan/.a  iiauicjiia 


1.'  /; 


•ilii  ill'  .[lilt 


r-z. 


\iiioiit:   tlio   [ii'titii)iui'.s  wiiu    I'urliiiu  I  >ia/.  ail' 
ill  partiiiilacs  on  liis  cast,'  in  Ziiiiiiiri.iis,   l/i.si.   J/r 
Ki/ird.  (In  Mix.,    714    1">;   Siilm-Siilni'.s  J>iiii!l,  ii.     I( 


iRT  liiKia 

cviii.  KlCil 

i.    IO-_'-:$,    rJO;  .]ff 


1    grill 
.S.'i;   . 


AWu  d'l'Jm/iirr,  3S(i-7;  llolfiiii  lliimh.,  July  i'."},  -Jt,  Aug.  :il,  •_'.'),  I^>(i7;  Li 


•  !ln  ill  (, 


iL,  \( 


1807 


IH^ 


4  ''^1 


350 


REPUBLICAN  RECONSTRUCTIOX. 


Lacunza,    and     Ramirez    do    Arellano   succeeded    in 
escaping  from  tlie  country. '" 

Tlie  time  had  now  come  when  tlic  government 
niiglit  have  disarmed  party  liatred,  and  gained  the 
sup[)()rt  of  its  former  op[)onents;  hut  tlie  men  in  })ower 
adopted  the  policy  of  perseeution,  continuing  to  pun- 
isli  the  imi)erialists  with  confiscation  of  their  estates, 
therel)V  reducint>;  whole  families  to  indiu'ence.  How- 
soever  justihahle  such  a  course,  not  all  the  lilx-r;',! 
party  looked  with  favor  u})on  the  proceeding,  a  ))ortiou 
of  tlie  ])rogressi()nist  press  strongly  condenming  it  as 
unconstitutional."'"''  The  confiscation  was  decreed  pur- 
suant to  the  la\v  of  August  1(>,  ISG-"];  hat  the  presi- 
dent, exercising  his  discretional  powers,  finally  com- 
muted it,  deciding  that  the  persons  who  had  incurred 
it  should  pay  instead  a  tine,  to  he  fixed  hy  the  secre- 
tary of  the  treasury.'''  The  imperialist  prisoners  wi  re 
disposed  of  in  an  order  of  July  I4th;  many  of  them 
were  sentenc<,'d  to  ini])risonnient,  and  together  witli 
those  from  (^)uer<'taro  were  sent  to  Perote.  A  still 
larsjfer  numhcr  was  liherated,  hut  to  continue  under 
the  surveillance  of  the  authorities.^''  Twelve  of  the 
most  prominent  imperialists  were  ex})elled  from  the 
r<.'puhlic."^ 

A  portion  of  the  press  was  trying  to  prevail  on  the 


Hi 


""It  in  iiiidcristood  tliiit  Marqnez,  aflcr  a  six  moiitlis"  LMinri'aliiioiit.  dmin:,' 
wliicli  Ills  !Il;i'iI  iiK.'tlu'i'  \\as  in  onnstaiit  afrnny  drcnilin;,'  his  ai  rust,  lesuhfii  t» 
iia/.anl  an  c.-mmik',  and  ell'ictt'il  it  in  dil^  liglit,  di.s^^uisod  as  an  hidian  charcmd 
vendor,  nci'n|iyin,u;  10  days  to  nacli  Vera  ( j'u/,  all  tlic  time  in  dan^^ur  ut  dr. 
tcctiidi.  Jle  liad  to  tany  live  liay.s  at  the  piat,  w  li<  re  in'  tinally  emliarkcd 
for  the  U.  S.,  wiiuncc  liu  went  to  reside  in  liabaua,  ",t  \\  hii;li  [ihc  c  li  ■  i  lie  I 
out  a  living  as  a  |ia«  ii  .loker. 

•'■' /iV  Moiiilur  li' />iilii'ii-niio  (){  Aug.  I],  )S(i7,  declan  I  it  a  viok.tion  ot  the 
ciinstitution  of  IS."»7,  and  altogether  nnjn;,t. 

■'AH  claims  such  persons  might  lui\'e  against  tli  government  wert^  fiv- 
f'ite  1,  howeve]-.  'I'lie  lienelits  ('  the  d"eree  were  i  >t  extended  to  per^nns 
deelare<l  trfiitors  to  the  eounti  V.  Aii.i:,',il.  Lii/.,  18'  !-7,  iii.  ;>-l->'l;  Di'lil'iii. 
aiiil  Lir.niio,  L<-;i.  J/..,,-.,  x.  4-j':!,  10!»-l(»,  II'J;  'Torni:  ,7(V.  i'ltrl.,  i.  (M-Jdd, 
pa.>sim. 

•■^Sneii  as  captains  and  sidiaUerns,  and  ollicials  of  ait  infi-rinr  oriler.  Miix., 
Col.  L,!/..  ISiiS  7,  iii.  •J7.S  !l,  -JS!). 

*' Aiiuiiig  the  last  w'eri'  I'lisho))  ( )rniaeehea,  and  the  exniinisters  Marin, 
Mier  y  Teran,  I'ortilla,  anil  'J'urres  l.arrain/ar. 


111 


tiK 


tllO 


(liirin.,' 
ihftl  ti) 
.iKiiconl 

of  de- 
ll larkc  I 

.■  Lkc.l 

ot  till. 
.■ve.  U>v- 

|ll')'S()IIS 

Diihlii,' 

(M-JOU, 

M'-x. , 
Marin, 


A M  X ES r Y  D J-: FK A']" K  D. 


331 


'^overiiUKjiit  to  is.suc  an  amnesty  law.''  Tins  \\as 
rather  jjleasing  to  the  president  and  his  rahinet,  who 
would  have  aect'dud  tln-reto  Imt  tor  the  oHice-seekers, 
w  ho  kept  up  tlieir  clanioi'  of  treason  ai;'ainst  the  tallon 
party.  But  •  le  _i;<)\('i'innent  tempered  its  rii^or  as 
i'.a"  as  it  (-odd  without  running  the  I'isk  of  bein^ 
cliaru'ed  with  weakness  hv  the  ()i)i)onents  of  aniiiestv. 
It  evidently  intended  to  ''raduallv  <jive  wav,""  so  as  to 
arrive  at  the  end  desii'ed  hy  the  iriends  of  a  general 
amnesty,  without  too  openly  antagonizing  the  ii)()?,t 
radical  portion  of  its  op[)oii(  nts.  'i'lds  was  frankly 
acknowledued  hv  the  conservative  I^crisfa  I^hifci'sc'. 
Ihit  the  radical  elenu'iit  would  sanction  no  half-way 
measures.  Several  attein[»ts  were  made  from  time  to 
lime,  and  a  general  amnesty  bill  was  favorably  I'e- 
]inited  on  by  tlie  committees  of  judicial  and  gox'ern- 
iiniit  affairs  in  congress,  but  failed  of  passage',  its 
antagonists  claiming  tliat  it  would  be  dishonorable 
and  immoral  to  pardon  the  traitors.'' 

The  inijierialist  commander  Olvera  had  surren- 
dered on  tlu!  27tli  of  AFay,  with  his  force,  to  (Jcneral 
^Eai'tinez  at  Kuiidiapan,  on  condition  of  not  being 
molested  foi"  the  [last  on  aci-ount  of  })olitieal  o])inions,''''' 
su  that  all  military  resistance  to  the  g<»vernni;'nt's 
authority  had  ceaseil.  After  tlie  endnirkation  of'  tlio 
French,  troops,  the  eity  of  \'era  (  'ruz,  which  had  Ixicn 
undei'  the  iiu[ierialist  generals  "^I'alxtada  and  i  Teri-an, 
iiiadtj  some  resistance  for  a  whilc>,  but  on  the  "JZth  of 
'luiii;  capitulaLed  lo  the  republican  troe;)s  of  A1eja,ndro 

■'■'/..(  < >,•'/!!( --I'l,  cditcil  )i,.'  ili\ii  l'.iliu;ii),  I'avoroil  the  iiioiisnro.  i''r;un'i.sco 
/^aiTd's  l);i[)ct'.  A'/  .S'/';//o  A/A'.,  dpposi'il  it. 

■'  i-'oui'  ilavH  after  tiieir  imprisoiiint'iit,  14  \vt  ic  iillowcil  Id  lc)  to  tlitir  Iioiik-  i 
'111  tlii^  pica  of  old  au'o  111'  sickiiivis;  oil  tiiu  Kitli  ilay  .")S  otluM-s  nf  tlio  It'ast 
rii!|)al)lo  wuru  ndcased;  and  on  the  ~'.\i\  tiiosn  who  wen;  to  \m  lilii'iacoil  Imt 
to  cuiitiiuiu  iiMilcr  .«iii'vi'illaiic.'.  I. it  /''  rciiit  ['mrirxtil,  Oct.  ID.  ISO",'.  This 
wuA  n  (.'oiisiTvativ:  JDiiriial. 

■'' Tiiu  arLfuiiRiitH  tiiraiid  against  aro  L'i\i  ii  in  Tnfiir,  lli^l.  I'u.f.,  i.  (i,"i-.'!>>.'i, 
pa.ssiiii. 

■'•■'  Till'  arran';Tiiii'iit  was  disallowed  -ii  tljr  Tlli  of  .luiic  Ky  the  eDxiTiinn'iit 
iit  San  Luis  I' )toni,  and  Miirtine/  suspeiidi  d  from  eoiiiiiiaiid.  Siiliscipicnt 
<Miits  iiiiifit  have  liiiule  it  an  uceoiii|)li.shed  faot.  Miu:.,  C'"/.  Lii/.,  ISfiH-T,  iii. 
■Ji>l)-!l. 


IM 


■m 


:Ji 


^ 


Ifl 


I 


m 


3.-2 


RKl'UBLICAN  RECOXSTRUCTIOX. 


(jrarciu  aii(]  Bciuiviilos.™  The  last  stronrrjiold  of  tlie 
imperialists,  namely,  that  of  Xayarit,  submitted  on 
the  '2'2d  ot"  July,  Mlieii  l^ozada  and  his  suboi'diiuites. 
with  the  civil  aulhoi'ities  and  pcojile,  recognized  the 
sujireme  government  of  tin'  I'l'public.^" 

Among  the  president's  tirst  ai-ts  was  the  reestal)lish- 
nient  ot"  the  jioitfolio  offomeiito,  calling  I>las  l^alcar- 
cel  to  take  charge  of  it:  and  U})on  the  resignation  ot" 
Jose  ^laria  Tglesias  l"rom  the  depni'tnient  of  justi<-c 
and  public  insti'uctioii.  Antonio  ALartinez  de  Ciisti'o 
was  appointed  his  successor."'  He  also  dcci'ec'd  that 
the  sujjreme  authoi-ities — lcgislati\'e,  executive,  and 
judicial — of  the  sexeral  states  should  not  I'eside  at  sea- 
p(ti'ts,  and  that  all  should  retui'n  to  their  foiMucr 
respective  cai)itals.''"'     Xext  came  a   ofcneral  ordei'  of 


1' 


4' 


the   2-")d   reducing  the    four    cinps    d'armee,    Centre 
Oriente,  Xorte,  and   ()cci(leiitc,  t 


with  a  force  of   t,()UO  men  cac 


iuan 


Ai 


o  as  many  divisn)ns 
The  tit"th  division, 


varez'  command,  was  to  gari'isoii   Acapulc 


This  deci'ee,  sending  into  poverty  two  thirds  of  the 
army  which  had  fought  the  battles  of  the  republic 
against  both  tlie  foreign  foe  a.nd   imperialism,  and   at 

"The  autlioritks  and  otln-r  conijii'Dmitti'il  jhtsoiis  soxiglit  reftigi.'  on  f(iri.'ij;ii 
vi'ssfls.  Xiu.v,  Ex-jiid.  (Ill  .l/(  .1'.,  7K");  Siiliii-.'^uliii'>f  ])ninj/\i.  100;  Iji  F.xtri  IIh 
ill  Orriil.,  Any.  '2,  l!5(>7:  X"  nil  I  roil  Hist.  .Ui  j.,  xviii.  Ui4!l. 

""Ill  oi'iUt  to  injcouiplish  it,  Oiuularr;iiiia".s  ciivalry,  tif  Corona's  coiiiiiiainl. 
si'i'iiri'd  till' .--tratuuio  [loiiits.  I.a  K^tri-Ha  ili'  Orrhl..  All;,'.  0,  Stj^it  l.'l.  Oct.  1, 
iMiT:  Kl  Ktl.  ,lr  S!ii.,  Aii'J,.  0,  Sept.  l;>,  LsilT.  It  lias  In'tii  said  that  it  uas 
t'tl\,'i;tcMl  throuLili  the  iulhiouco  with  Lo/ailiiaiul  others  thoio  of  l»ai'roii,  Forlit-i, 


&(' 


mI-wIII  had  1)1111  .sLiui'i'd  t)\' coiiltriiiiiii;  to  tliiiu  the  coiicc.-'sioii 


made  1)\  Maximilian  1o  liiiihl  the  N'cia  (,' 


ilroad.   .1/ 


'(/•'/' 


ill  L, 


M. 


/'lis/.,  MS.,  .'U'J-T.      Ti|)ic  w  a.s  niadi,'  a  n.ilitaiy  di.strirt  diroitly  di'|ioii<lc'iit 
tilt- ''L'lioi'al  ''o\LTniiit'iit.    U'lrtL  I'alii'iii.  llist.Ailn).  Liriln,  I  !•_',  41'_'-4. 


ui 


Jhii.lo 


Dforuu.s  of  July  -JO  and  'Jl,  Isii 


.1/. 


Col.     I.< 


I  s():s- 


(1  /., 


/.. 


Mr 


\.  -JS;  /;/  Dvrnlio,  i.  1." 


lS(i:{ 


'"'(hi  tht!  •J.'d  of  July,  1S07.  /'/V^vv'o  oj!'-.,  Atii^.  21,  1807;  M'uv.,  Cnl.  Lei/. 


•2\r.i4;   Dili.: 


id  L, 


M. 


•_'S-!». 


'lliL'  I'ciitiMl  divi 


lit'ad( 

111  TtiiiuacKi 


uaiti  Ts  in 


M. 


tl 


was  plated  in  coiiiiiiaiid  of   N'ieolas  KcguUs,  with 
10  castt'i'ii  was  yivun  to  I'orlirio  I)ia/,,  heathjiicH'tei'^ 


'.idin;,'  the  yairisonsot  \  era  (  rn/  am 


dTahi 


tl 


le  nortlieiri 


was  to  he  under  Mariano  J'lseohedo,  ineliidiiij,'  the  garrisons  of  Tanipieo,  Matu 
lnoi(js,   and  other  nortiieni   frontier  plaees,   with  lieadipiarters  at    San    I.iiis 
I'otosi.     The  eoinniand  of  the  -Ith  or  western  wa«  i,Mven  to  IJamoii  (Joroiia, 
who  was  to  eontiol   Nhuizanilln,  Ma/atlaii,  and  Tepie,  with   head(|Uaiters  in 
(inadalajara.   Mli:.,   Cnl.    /.<'/.,   Isiiit  7.   ifi.  -Jil.V.S;   !>in:,    />til,,>   Hio,/.,   MS., 

.•i.vj:  /)■-,/.*■„  /,;iiiii,.,  .lulyJ7,  :U),  .Vu-  ■2\,  1*7. 


MKASUHi'.S  OF  JUAKHZ. 


n.-,3 


ilio  samo  timo  strikini;  a  Mow  at  many  aspirations,  was 
lint  well  rrcL'i\'cd  1)V  llu;  soldiers,  and  t'relon^"  tlioir 
displeasure  was  nianit'ested  in  an  alarming  maniiei'."^ 
AH  discretional  powers  giviJii  to  divers  genei'als  dnr- 
i!!"'  the  Mar  wei'e  revoked  Uv  the  same  n'eiieral  order, 
(ieiieral  JJiaz,  out  ot"  deference  to  the  ])resident's 
wishes,  ..cce})ted  the  command  of  the  eastern  di\isioii 
t'nr  a  limitetl  time;  at  the  u.\pirati<in  of  two  months 
ho  retip:-*!  to  private  lite.''''  The  disci'etional  powei's 
Vested  iu  Juai'e/were  Ia' liim  apphed  to  several  other 
uses  in  the  promotion  of  the  counti'v's  interests."" 
The  goveiiimont  now  liad  an  opportunity  to  cany  to 
(iiiiipletion  tlie  intendi'd  rei'orms,  a;:d  to  re<'oiistiuet 
tlie  political  ediliee.  The  reorgani/atio.i  of  the  several 
jidiiiiuistrative  branches  was  a  long  task,  nuich  })runing 
lieiuLi'  needed  to  retain  in  service  oidv  competent  and 
iisel'ul  men.  It  was  of  paramount  importaiii'e  to  esta!)- 
""^h  the  judiciary,  and  Juarez  did  so  at  the  earliest 
jipoi'tunity,  aj»[)ointing  8e])ast,ian  J^erdo  de  Tejada 
pi'oident  ad  interim  of  the  supi'eme  court."'  Another 
derr..o  made  valid  all  ju<licial  acts  passed  during  the 
existence  (tf  the  em}»ire,  the  lawyi'rs  and  notaries  who 
tixik  part  in  them  being  restored  U)  the  exercise  of 
tluir  otHces.  ^NFar'riages  contracted  during  the  same 
peiiod  were  also  validated.""* 

'I  riu!  claims  of  these  solilieis  of  tlie  ivrul)!'!^  were  ne^leoteil.  /,'tra  Pii!iirii>, 
lli^l.  Ailin.  Lrrdo,  'J.l-O.  'J  lie  pre.siileiit,  however,  ilecrieil  on  the  .")th  of 
Au:.'..  IS(J7,  sjiociiil  decoration.-!  to  hoimr  tiu'lr  st.'rvice.s.  JJiihltia  anil  l.ir.nnii, 
l.<;l.  Mij:,,  X.  .SO  7;  Jliilrliii  Iti-jK,  AuLT.   1(1,   l.sdT. 

'■' W'lu-ii  he  surreiKJcreil  the  coiiiiiiiiinl  of  the  late  l)esicL.'int,'  army,  wIiIlIi 
cxci'iilfil  -JO, 0(10  men,  all  had  hcii  [laid  in  fnll;  he  had  also  covered  otlicr 
l.ir;.'e  ex|H'nses,  aii<l  stdl  had  in  hand  a  lialance  of  ovei' .■?,"! I. "),()()().  whicii  iu' 
tunied  over  to  the  general  treasury.  After  his  I'eturn  to  Oajaia  his  pay  as  a 
jieneiid  of  division  was  tendered,  lint  lit!  lefusi'd  i*  iL'idfyiiii,'  to  .liiarc/.  that 
he  Would  not  return  to  the;  service  as  Ioiil;  as  the  governiiFcnt  jmrsiieil  a  con- 
stitutional course,    l^iaz,  J>ntn^  J>i'",l-,    ^IS.,  .S.">  I-  ."). 

""  l'ri\  ih-;.'es  for  eoiistructing  r.iilinads  on  th(>  ii«tlinius  of  'reiuianteiHi',  an  1 
fniiii  Mexico  to  Wa'a  Cruz,  were  renewed;  s|ieci,il  si'hoo's  of  niccliciiii',  jiins- 
piiidcnee,  eiinineering,  line  and  iiicchaiiii;  arts,  agricillliiri.,  and  for  the  deaf 
and  dinnl)  were  created. 

'  The  associate  justices,  also  ]pi'o\  isionally  ajipointcd,  were  I'cdro  t  )L'a/on, 
.M'lMiiel  M.  Zatnaeona,  ^  icento  Jvi\a  I'alaiio,  .fosi'  M.  l,afragiia,  M.iriano 
\:n"ii'/,  Pedro  Onlaz,  (Juillerino  \'alle,  Maiinid  Z.  Oomez,  .Joac|iiiii  Cardoso, 
and  ll.ifael  Donde.  Sec  the  decree  of  Aiii;.  I,  ISIiV.  Max.,  Col.  A.//.,  KSd:!  7, 
iii.  :)ii'.'  li;  /,'„/,/;„  /,',/i.,  Aug.  4.  lS<i7;  /htU'ni  and  fAKfiii«,  L,<j.  ,1/cx-.,  x.  iJ'-'-.'J. 

"Miecrces  of  Aug.  •_'(»  and  Dee.  5,  1S(J7.  /'/.,  Ol'-O,  'J(JU-IO. 
Uisr.  Mi;x',,  Vol.  VI.    M 


3.-;4 


RKI'UIILICAX  RKCOXSTRUCTIOX. 


1't  ■ 


Tlic  ufDVonnnciit  had  to  encounter  and  (•vorennic 
the  anarchical  tendencies  showing  themselves  in  many 
])laces,  and  to  free  tlio  jn'ess  from  the  thraldom  it  had 
been  und(>r  during  the  late  war,"'  and  citi:'.(;ns  in  gen- 
eral from  an  insuflei';d)le  tyranny.'"'  Sevei'al  political 
organizations,  among  tlie  most  prominent  of  which 
was  the  Zarau'oza  cluh,"'  Merc  endeavorinn'  to  aid  the 
go^■ernment,  their  aims  being  to  have  the  constitution 
amended  by  legal  means,  constituting  the  congress  in 
two  chandjers,  and  establishing  fairness  in  ])ubllc 
elections;  to  encouraLi'e  forei<>ii  inunisi'ration;  to  raise 
the  communal  or  munici[)al  element  to  the  rank  of  ;i 
fourtli  power;  and  to  promote  the  permanent  existence 
of  an  American  continental  congress. 

The  liberals  were  quite  hopeful  that  the  principles 
they  had  struggled  so  long  for  would  soon  become 
established.  But,  unfortunately,  the  call  for  geiit!ral 
elections  again  divided  the  progressionist  party,  and 
brou'dit  on  a  great  deal  of  trouble.  The  discretional 
powers  the  })resident  held,  though  never  abused  by 
him,  were  dis[)leasing  to  the  majority  of  the  ])eo])lc, 
who  feared — martial  law  being  still  retained  in  force 
to  pi'otect  freedom  of  elections — that  the  pul)lic  liber- 
ti(;s  were  imperilled,  when  subjected  thus  long  to  the 
will  of  one  man.  Tlie  long-dela3'ed  electoral  law  was 
finally  enacted  on  the  14th  and  published  on  the  17th 
of  August,  calling  on  the  })eople  to  choose  a  president 
of  the  republic,  members  of  a  fourth  constitutional 
congress,  and  a  president  and  justices  of  the  su[>rei)ii! 
court.  The  })eople  were  also  asked  to  cx})ress  their 
wish  on  certain  pntposed  amendments  to  the  constitu- 
tion; among  others,  if  it  was  the  national  will  that  the 
ordinary  coni^ress  should  effect  the  changfcs  without 

**^Tany  newspnpors  had  boon  dospotically  suppressed,  and  liberal  writers 
iniprisdiR'd  for  an  open  uxpri's.sion  (if  tlieir  (ipiiiioiis. 

'"Scandalous  (nitragew  au'ainst  citi/tiis  had  luen  perpetrated  in  Aguas- 
calii'iitfH  aiuUlsewhi'ie.  itiri  ni,  (IdIi.  tic  Mix.,  ii.  ti77.  A  piesidciitial  diiicc 
of  tilt'  14th  (if  Au^c.  f;reatly  eurtailed  the  powers  (if  ^(ivernors  wiili  this  vii'«' 
of  prev  eiitiiij,'  abuses.  Mrx.,  Col.  /-•//.,  l>S(i;:-7,  iii.  3'.'S~1);  I'A  JJertcho,  i.  I'l; 
iJitli/ii.i  and  Ijoznuii,  Li'^j.   Mrx.,  x.  ")(>  7. 

''inaugurated  late  in  July  1807.   Jlotrlin  If<ji.,  Aug.  2,  18G7. 


NEW  1)I>;C0XTFXT. 


.•^55 


the  rcqniromcnts  of  tlio  ri7tli  article  of  that  tiin<la- 
iiii'iital  law  l)uing  fulfilled.'- 

Tlu!  proposed  reforms  Were  good  in  themselves,  hut 
the  maimer  suggested  to  etfeet  them  met  with  |)ul)lic 
(lisiiwor.  Thev  were  not  uri^eiit,  and  mi<''ht  be  intr"- 
(hieed  without  infringing  the  supreme  law  of  the  land. 
The  idea  of  allowing  eeelesiasties  the  power  to  intri-- 
fcre  in  elections  was  distasteful  to  the  more  advamrcl 
liberals.  In  fact,  the  whole  proposition  jiroduccd  sinh 
a  hud  effect  that  Juarez  f»und  it  expediiMit  to  iii-ike 
explanations;'^  but  his  words  filled  to  allay  the  popu- 
lar discontent,  which  was  exhibited  in  the  protests  of 
jiolitical  clubs,  ayuntamientos,  and  other  eor[>orations, 
every  such  act  increasing  the  general  disquietude.  * 
])istin<>'uished    memljer's   of  tlu;  liln'ral   itartv  reeoiii- 

O  it 

mended  a  comjilete  abstention  from  \'oling  on  tluit 
]iart  of  the  electoral  decree  coni])rising  the  pro])ose(| 
amendments.'^ 

These  ditferences  led  to  the  orL^anization  of  a  com- 
]iact  party  calling  itself  constitueionalista,  and  fa\'or- 
ing  the  election  of  Porfirio  Diaz  to  the  i)residencv.  '' 

'■^  Ivstiilili.sliiiient  fit'  two  li'Lrisl;iti\  e  cliiiinlicis;;  f^'i\iiiju'  the  exociitivL'  tin-  vct'i 
powi'f,  wiilijcct  ti)  IkjIiil;  oven  iiIl'iI  liy  a  two-tliiiils  vote  of  liot'i  houses  I 
coiiiiiess;  presorihiiig  tlie  iiioile  of  liiliii;^  vaeiiiieics  eaiiseil  hy  the  deiith  if 
iiiuhility  of  tlie  president  and  viei!-i>resi<lent;  restiiotini,'  tlie  power  of  the  eo- 
inisioii  peiiiinneiite  to  eall  extra  se.s,sioii.s  of  congre.ss.  'I'lie  people  were  liki  \\  i  e 
asked  to  decide  if  state  eonstitutioii.':  were  to  be  uiiieiided  to  ooiiforiii  with  ti.e 
fun  ;_'ijiiii^  ihanges,  if  a  topted;  and  finally,  if  eerh-.siastics  iidglit  iiave  the  prn 
ileu'e  (if  voting  and  lieing  voted  for.  />iih/(iii  and  Lirjiint,  Li'j.  MiX.,  x.  44  ."'li, 
tlT  S;  /tinni,  d'oh.  tie.  .\lcy.,  ii.  OTS;  JUrn  l'<d<iciu,  Hint.  A'lin.  La-do,  ',i',i-  U<: 
llol.iiii  AV/(.,  Aug.  IS,  -Jl,  1807;  Tnmr,  I/isi.  Pari,  i.  1-7;  Miix.,  Col.  I.<ij., 
JS().S-7,  iii.  ;}'JS-'.»;  ('tuirocatorin,  (jh-^irv.,  l-Pi. 

'•'In  a  inanife.sto  of  Aug.  "J'Jd  ho  said,  among  other  things,  that  the  renjrin 
.ndojUed  liy  luni  had  I)eeii  directed  to  tlie  devehipment.  and  perfection  of  tin.' 
cnnstituti(>n;  and  that  the  amendments  .suggested  in  his  decree  of  the  I4tii 
vire  an  expi'ession  of  !us  ]iositive  <  >invictio;is,  resulting  !rom  ])a.st  events,  and 
from  the  dictates  of  uxperi(.'ncc  in  Mexico  and  other  reputdics.  Toriir,  I/i-t. 
J'o.r/.,  i.  l;i-14. 

"At  a  large  public  meeting  held  in  the  Tt.'atro  Principal  of  Mexico, 
resolutions  Were  pa.ssed  against  the  decree.  Nearly  all  the  p.onnnent  juur- 
nals  iif  the  country  alto  olijected  to  the  imiovation.  Ba/,  while  aeknowled_'- 
iii'-'  that  the  law  was  '  l.i  manzauii  de  hi  discordia,"  and  the  oppo-ition  ju-t 
thonixh  exagge'rated,  denies  that  tiie  latter  wad  justifiable  after  the  go\ern- 
nil  nt  retraced  its  steps.    I'iilfi  itc  ./itanz,  ;U)0. 

' '  .Vnioiig  ttie  opponents  were  Leon  <lu/mauand  Mendez,  governors  re- 
spectively rvf  irJnanajuato  and  I'nebla,  who  were  dismissed  from  ollice.  fiirirn, 
O'jh.  ,lr  \f,  .,  ii.  (i7;»;  liitliiii  l{<i>..  Sept.  '2,  1SG7;  El  Cuud'Uncaiiud,  Sept.  ■Jtj, 
ISOT;    Lfi.  h'Mrv'Ild'    lh:„t.,  X.,v.  •_'.',   1S(J7, 

'^Bukliii  AVy..  Sei'*.  4,  16GS. 


II  ' 


m 


850 


llKi'Cr.l.ICAN'  KHCOXSTUUCTIOX. 


Xc\'(M'tlu.'K'ss,  when  ilu'  elections  took  iiliic"  earl v  in 
C)ct<)l)er,  Juarez  obtained  the  niajoritv  of  votes  tor 
jiresideiit  of  Llii.  republic,"  and  Sebastian  Li'rdo  ilo 
IV'Jada,  who  Jiad  also  had  Diaz  as  a  coin[)etitor,  for 
jiresideiit  of  the  supreme  court.  At  the  opening  of 
the  foiu'th  constitutional  <X)n<n-ess,  Juarez  surrendered 
his  discrelioiial  powers,  tiioUL,di  he  was  authorized 
to  liold  tlieni  thirty  da\'s  loii^'ei',  and  shortly  after 
accounted  for  tlie  maimer  in  which  he  had  exercised 
ihem."'^  On  the  IDth  o\'  December  he  was  declared 
by  con_<>'ress  the  president  elect,  and  on  the  2jth 
assumed  the  duties  for  the  term  ending'  on  the  ;')Oth 
of  Xovember,  1^71.''^  The  constitutional  reforms  hi- 
had  pro[)osed  to  the  jieople  were  put  out  of  mind  ibr 
the  time.**^ 


.     '  Is 


IS. 


h 


[i  ■'■• 


The  republican  government  of  ^^Texico,  since  tlie 
iime  of  the  Eui'o[)ean  interxcntion  and  subsecpient 
establishment  o\'er  the  country  of  a  monarchy  which 
was  recognized  by  all  the  [towers  of  that  continent, 
had  been  permitted  to  liold  diplomatic  relations  solely 
w  itli  the  re[)ublics  of  America,  all  of  which,  during 
the  nation's  strULTglo  to  shake  oil:' the  foreign  incubus, 
manifested  at  eve-ry  <ippi»rtu\uty  their  sympathy  and 
wishes  for  the  success  of  tile  rej)ul)lic.  The  relations 
ot  amity  with  the  l/nited  States  were  continued  after 
Juaivz'  s-'overmiieiU  r(,'sumcd  its  i'unctions  at  the 
national  capital.  At  the  o[)ening  of  the  ^lexican 
congress,  in  December  I8G7.  President  Juarez  took 
occasion   to  express  his  acknowledgment  of  the  con- 

"  Ho  r.  ocivi'd  7,4'J'2  votes  out  of  I0.3S0.  Torar,  IliM.  Pari,  i.  91;  Aic. 
,)/'.'•.  Ufmi  liuldiit,  "2(1  t'p.,  iv.  r)70-S.").  'I'lio  fact  is,  tluit  the  iiiaiority  of  tin? 
lilioral  party,  l)ia/  liiinstlf  among  tlu;  immln  r,  liad  all  aloii;:  favort'l  .liiaiix," 
irclt'ctiou,  duly  appreciating  'su  coniportaniiontu  al)ne<.'ailo  y  constaute.' 
/'/'c,  !)<ilo     llmij..  .M^.,  ;{,")!l. 

''■"Ho  was  called  upon  hy  congress  on  tlio  IStli  of  Jan.,  lS(i8,  to  do  so. 
hahldii  i\\\A  L<i~(iiio,  Ac/.  Mix.,  x.  'I'X^. 

^^Tnnir,  II, xl.  I'dii.,  i.  od  00,  lU;  Duhlau  and  Lir.unn,  L,v.  M>.r.,  x. 
'JIT,  -IW);  El  Jhnrffi,  III.  i.lS;  Ei  I'lfn^titncwiinl,  JKr,  1(1,  14,  "Jl,  li,'),  ISIIT; 
JUiino  Of  I-.,  Dec.  8,  "2.").  ISOT. 

**'In  IStii),  however,  eons.'ress  atneiiiled  thoeloetoral  law,  givin.^  the  right  tn 
vote  to  the  priests  or  pastors  of  all  religious  sects,  h'ic m,  lioO,  le  AltiJ:.,  ii. 
683. 


FUREKJN  liHLATlONS. 


;!,') 


slant  svinpatliy  of  the  ])i'»)))lc  (if  tin;  T'iiitt.'(l  Stati's, 
ami  of  the  liioi'al  su}n>())'t  its  goNHTliiiiciit  had  fxti'iidi'd 
t.)  the  ivi)ul)lic-aii  cuuso  in  Moxico/'  T\n'  yiMxl  f'ci  liii^' 
iDwai'd  the  United  States  was  speeiallv  iiiaiiitf^tcd 
ujtdii  the  visit  to  ^[exieo  of  William  J  I.  Seward,  late 
secretary  of  state,  in  I8(i'.i.^'  'i'lie  lono'-peiidiuL;' <|iir>- 
tion  of  claims  was  linallv  adiusted  1»\'  arliitralioii.'' 
A  lialaiice  a[»[)eai'iiiL;'  ai;'aiiist  ^Lexii-o,  hci-  n-(i\ei'niiieiit 
lias  lieen  since  iiaviiM''  it  nil'  in  veai'lv  insiailiiieiils  nf' 
>^.';ijO.O(JO.  Other  c(»n\fntions  were  also  entered  into 
liy  the  two  governments;  one  on  the  10th  of  .Inly, 
1  .-^(IS,  t<»  determine  the  nationality  of  citizens  df  cit  In  r 
rejiuhlic  emigrating  to  the  other/'  A  consular  con- 
vention was  lilcewise  signed  at  Washington  Julv  iU, 
J/iGS,  hut  failed  to  be  ratified  by  ]\[exico.'' 

JOiplomatic  relations  M'ith  the  jxtwers  .-f  Europe 
Were  onlv  graduallv  renewed,*"'  the   ^Fexican  ^-osern- 

^'  Adilitig,  'Han  inijr(Hi<li>  y  iiKTcccn  justiitiifiitf  lii,-  siiiipatuis  y  la  l'u^l^i.|(  - 
raiiim  dvl  iiiulilo  y  tlcl  LrKliii'ri.o  dc  Mexico.'    '/'kck/-,  //'■./.  /''<;/.,  i.  o~. 

f-  Siwanl  ^^a.s  ivccivt  1  at  .Maii/aiiilln,  and  eviTy  maric  uf  it'spoi-t  (.'xtiiinK- I 
liini  liy  tlio  autliiiritius  fi-niu  lii.s  laiidiu^'  to  his  dniaiturt'.   '  '/tirb'n  Mu:.,  Ms., 

'"•'  A  coiivuntiiiM  was  lir  '  I'litorcd  iiitit  liy  the  t\\i>  giivfriinuiits  un  thi-  4tii 
of  July,  iSti.S,  KM\iu^r  tu  a  iiiixcd  coTiiinissiuii  and  an  uiniiin;  t<i  decide  on  t!ic 
claims  of  tha  citizens  of  either  enunti-y  a,'ainst  the  utlier,  vithiu  two  yeais 
and  six  nidntiis.  Knrther  conventions  were.suUsecinently  eoneluded,  j^rraiitin,^ 
inoro  tinio  to  the  ellnnilis^^ion,  the  last  one,  uf  the  "JUth  of  Ajiiil,  is7<>,  pi'o- 
roguin.LC  the  term  for  the  eoini)letion  of  tin;  task  till  the  -JOtli  of  Nov.,  \^~li. 
I'.  S.'Oov.  Jhir.,  'lOth  Cons,'.  'M  Sess.,  II.  Kx.  !»S,  xiii.;  Id.,  44th  Coiil;. 
•Jd.  Suss.,  Sen.  ;{l,  I  10:i:  /./.,  4.")th  Com,'.  1st  Ses-..,  Miseel.  i:{;  /'/.,  4.")th 
C.im.'.  '.M  .Sess.,  H.  Coin.  iJeport,  '-'T,  pts  I,  -J,  i.;  Tn,;n;  /lis/.  I'm-I.,  iv.  7^")- 
tl;  .\lrx.,  Jhi;rho  liil'i-ii.,  J  st  jit,  •_'s:i  .'il.");  .l/'.c,  J/.//I.  /,'./.,  1S7;{,  II  lit.apli. 
■■.-vi.,  annex  no.  I,  .'Cl!14,  and  nninennis  tallies;  l>iihl(in  and  Ltr.aiin,  L'\f. 
M'X.,  X.  ;')S")".S:  xi.  iVS,  l.VKi,  'i:^1,  Kil,  470--';  lymifo  /AV(//.t,  S  Constit. 
Leg.,  ii.  |;{-I4;  Aajtiriiz,  C'l'l.  /Jitnin'ii  ri'i,  l!IO-l);  Iiii'lri'/iiiz,  Cum.  Mi.ctit., 
1-07;  .l/«'.''.,  M'->n.  ll'i<i,-iiil,i,  ls70,  iH!'  -'U;  .l/<  '.,  Sl;n,>.' //i^t.  h\, ■/,,,„.,  U 
.'ili;  El  <.'o)i.<HtU(iuii(il,  Jnuii  I'J,  IS(kS;  l)iarhi  Otif.,  An<:.  IS,  ISdS,  .luly  7,  IS7l); 
>''(/'•.,  Jjiario  Oiir.,  Nov.  ."),  IS7.'i. 

**  Under  this  eonvention,  .AnuTii'an  eiti/i  ns  residin;  live  eonsei'utive  yr.ns 
in  Mexico  are  considered  MexiiMns;  jiud  \i<e  versa,  Anieiieans  natnr;di/ed  in 
M.  \ico  retnrniiiL,'  to  tlie  I'.  S.  without  the  intenti<in  of  going  hack  to  tht; 
I. inner  recover  tiieir  original  nationality.  'J'he  sanu' pi-ivilege  is  enjovcd  liy 
Mi\icans  rt^turning  to  their  native  couutr\ .  This  com  eiitiou  was  gi\  en  foree 
/'•r  ten  years  or  more,  unless  either  party  was  iiotilied  liy  the  other  within 
.vix  months  after  the  expiration  <if  the  10  veuis  that  it  should  cease.  A-<iilrii:, 
r.„f.  l-:.!mii<ie>-ia,  1!I!I--J02;  y-mo-,  /r>4.'/',irl.,  iii.  Mil),  sin  "i,  lil7'J,  I  rJU-S; 
/'"WnK  and  Iak^hio,  L<;I.  Mrx:,  s.  ,"iH;{-.'i;  Dlario  ' >lii-,,  .Mav  I-,  ISdi). 

'■'.lA'.'-.,  />'/vvA,) ////,'r»., -Jd  i)t,  17")  SO. 

'■''!'!.  British  minister,  on  the  Stli  of  Dee.,  18(17,  demanded  passjiorts  lor 
himself  and  tice  members  of  his  l(!_'ation.  «  iiieh  were  sent  to  him.  ]>uhl,ii,  and 
J.utnno,  X.  'JH;  Diuro  <>/>:.,  J>ee.  -Jl),  18G7;  /vV  Con.itifxrj.inal,  Dec.  •_':),  |st)7. 


!w4 


HI 


!  I    ! 


ttl 


m 


f 


IP  if 


3.-.S 


KKI'UHLICAX  KECOXSTKUCTIOX. 


MS    : 


iiiciit  |)ursuiii<^  an  iiKlcpciulent  and  cli'corou.s  course 
lowai'tl  llioni.  It  avoided  oll^JndiM^•  tlujni;  and  with- 
out asking  I'oi-  any  favor,  had  resolved  to  oj)j)ose  no 
unnicissary  oljstai-Ies  to  tlie  reestahHshnient  of  ainica- 
I'lf  relations,  and  the  negotiation  of  new  treaties,  pai'- 
ticnhiily  for  the  furtheranee  of  trade.  European  sub- 
jects received  j)roteetion  to  their  j»ersons  and  })ro[)ei'ty, 
a;[d  Were  assured  of  its  eontinuanee.**^  The  go\ern- 
)iieiit  likewise  dei*i'eed  measures  for  the  j)ayineiit  of 
certain  IJritisli  and  Spanish  claims/"^  italy  was  tlie 
ili'st  luiro[iean  nation  to  reopiMi  diplomatic  relations 
w  ilh  the  re[)ul)lic,  whii-li  she  did  hy  accrediting  a  miii- 
i-ler  near  the  ]\[e\ican  government  in  18G8,  and  enter- 
ing lull)  treaties.'"'^  The  king  <if  Prussia,  in  the  nauie 
of  the  XortliCjernian  Coniederatioii  and  the  Zollvereia, 
also  luade  a  treaty  of  friendship,  counnerce,  and  navi- 
gation with  .Mexico,  in  18')!).'"'  Spain  in  I87I,  having 
(iianged  her  dynasty,  reestahlished  friendly  relations 
w  illi  M(  xico,  acereditin'j'  a  minister  lu'ar  her  o'oxerii- 
jiienl.and  asking  for  the  .\re\ican  legation  to  herein- 
stalled   at   Madrid.'*'      'I'he  t-'overnment  of  the  United 

"'  I'Vuiiilinioii  .spieially  win;  toM,  an  tiny  liinl  liccii  on  tlio  I'Jth  of  April, 
lMi'2,  '  l.iis  fi"iiu'CM>s  paoiliiMis  icsiiliiiluM  cii  t'l  )i:us,  (]iiL'iliiii  Ijujo  l:i  sahii- 
g.iiinlu  "li;  l;i.-i  icjis  y  ilu  las  aiitondailus  iiu  xiuiuius.'  .l/i.c,  Mun.  Itdariuins, 
\S~^.  aniK'X  no.  x.  7t  •">. 

"D.vi-f.;  of  Due.  -Ji,  ISOy,  i-eiloratol  Fcl).  1,  lS(i8.  Till!  I'.rit.  mid  S|,. 
IpoinliioMi'iH  wi'ic  asked  MaiL-li  II,  ISTd,  to  prodiU'O  tlicil'  lioiids  for  adjust- 
limit.    Didihii,  and  l,ir.ain>,  L<y.  Mix.,  x.  'J'-'O   1,  --'."kS  !>,  2(1.')-);,  xi.  •2\   2. 

"•'  A  tiuiity  of  amity,  coiuiiiercc,  and  iiavi,L;atioii  wan  concluded  in  Mexiio 
(HI  the  J4th  of  I  lee.,  Is7(),  and  a  convention  for  the  extradition  of  criminals  on 
the  I7tli.  El  Ciiiisiihi'iiiiKLl,  Fell.  •!,  IStiS; -l/e'.c,  hi't-K-lio  I  iitf  ni.,  1st  pt,  .")77 
till,    hini-to  I)rli(ii,.<,  7    ConL,'.,  i.    1();U-S;  liul.   ojir.  AV.  Sin.,  Sept.  'JS,  1.H71. 
Mr.i-..  .\/riii.  I!il.  K.ci'i:,  lS7:i,   annex  L. 

»'M)n  the  'JSth  of  Any.  A  iirotucol  wa.s  added  to  it  on  the  '2(ith  of  Xov.  of 
the  same  year.  .1/.  ,-•.,  jierir/io  Jiiti-ni.,  1st  pt,  SO-tt)l;  Me.i:,  J>ltrio  Oiiv.,  Aul'. 
'js.  Isd'.i,  .liine  10,  Is70;  Jtiiirio  JJihd/'s  (hiiiiio  ('oiiij.,  i.  'M;  Asjiiroz,  Cod.  £x- 
lr'Uii/ii-in,'20',i-\-l;  huhhiii  and  LoZ'Uio,  l.C'j.  M<x.,  xi.  l(iS-7(i. 

"'  riie  correspondence  was  reopi'iied  with  an  autograph  letter  from  Kiii': 
Amadi'o  I.  of  Apr.  WO.  1871,  delivered  hy  Feliciano  Iferreros  de  'I'ejada,  accie.l 
ited  minister  to  tiie  president  of  ^lexico,  exjiressiny  a  lU'sire  to  restor*;  fi'iendi) 
Vel.-itions  lietween  the  two  governments,  which  feeling  was  reciprocated  on 
leceipt  of  that  letter  in  Sept.  hy  ,)  narc/,,  whose;  government  ext'jnded  a  inu.-t 
cordial  recejiticjn  to  the  Spani.^h  minister,  jiromising  soon  to  send  a  repii' 
fcentali.o  to  .Madrid.  I'rim's  friendliness  to«:.ril  Mexico,  and  the  j^'ood  olticis 
iif  the  IJ.  S.  go\crmnent  in  the  neu'otiaiions  to  bring  about  thod-'sireil  result, 
are  grali'fuUy  alhuli'd  to  in  the  correspondence  lictueeii  Iho  minister.'!  of  for- 
eivn  ;dV;iirs  of  Spain  and  Mexii.o.  .I/'.i',,  Mini.  Ri^lacioitx:.^,  1871,  8-1),  3"2-4!i; 
£1  Mmilui;  Jidy  1,  1871. 


FOIIEIUN  RKLATK^XS. 


3.-)l) 


Status,  tlirough  wlioso  friendly  otHces  dipldiii.'it'u!  re- 
lations had  been  restored  Uetwerii  Mu\i<'i)  and  the 
kiiiijfdouis  of  Italy,  I'russia,  and  Spain,  was  ne^otiat- 
iiitr  ill  the  same  spirit  in  1873  to  bring-  about  a  sinii- 
j.tr  result  with  the  republic  of  France,  and  every- 
tiiing  presented  a  favorable  aspect. "■ 

'-The  details  and  corrcsiioiid'.'iii'i!  luny  l>o  si'i^ii  in  iVi'j,'.,  Mi  in.  Hi'lririmicM, 
IS73,  (i.V5,  iiiiiiex  nil.  i,  'M  10.  'I'liu  mitliui'  of  h'.  ^IfM.^K,l•ll<,  I'n  h'ssdi  il'h'.m- 
j.iiv.  iiu  Mi'Xiqni',  J'iiiis,  ISJII,  I'Jnio,  i.  ii.  and  141  pp.,  iiail  lit'cn  iit  ditli'iLiit 
times  chief  editor  of  newsjjaiKM.s  in  tiie  French  lan^'nuge,  niinids',  Aa  Fittin-f. 
/.c  I'oiiri'li'f  ill's  E'lif-t  b'lii'i  of  New  ^ Hi  k,  an<l  y^'Z-Vi'  of  .Me.sieo.  He  had 
advocated,  in  a  pamphlet  entitled  /><■  /'ro;/rfnniii/'  df  rEiii/iin',  the.  iieeewsity 
of  foreii,'n  intervenlion  in  .\[e\ican  atlhiis,  and  the  estahlisiinient  of  a  nioii- 
arehy  in  that  country  under  tiie  anspicesof  Knropean  ,i;overnnu-iit,s,  enniniend 
ini,'  thi'   poHey  of  Nr^iioleou   111.   ajid   denounciu;;  tliat  of  tiie   V.  S       '-   '■ 


I  til 


•sult.sof  the  forei'^n  intervention, 


In  his 
V  on 


present  worlvs  lie  expatiatcM  (Jii  tlie  ri     _-    .^.- ...      -     ^.  .„ 

Maximilian's  adnunistration,  luitfidlyand  in  detail  on  the  events  uhieli  fol- 
lowed tlie  evacuation  of  Mexico  liy  tlii'  Fnneli  army;  namely,  siei^eand  capture 
I]!  <.^>ueretaro  by  the  ri'piihliean  forces,  and  suli--eiiuent  trial  and  exeeutam  of 
.Maxluiilian  and  his  ;,'enerals  .Muamonand  .Mejia;  and  tlie  final  crushing  Mows 
.-trui'k  at  tlie  im[>erial  i'c':,dme  in  I'uehla  ami  Mexico,  culminating  in  tiiu 
liiumphant  return  of  . Juarez  and  his  jgovtinnn'ut  to  the  capital.  'J'hi;  narra- 
ti\t'.  wiiich  is  in  cli-ar  and  elegant  languag(!,  ends  «ith  the  repid)liiaii  ;^'(ivern- 
nieut's  (irst  acts  in  Mexico,  including  tiie  stirri'iider  of  Maxiniiliau's  remains 
to  his  family.  The  wliohi  may  lie  called  an  imi.irtial  accountof  the  events. 
iHftrio  (If  loi  Dili' I /(•■■<,  'J'l  ri(  r  ('miijri.io  ( 'm/.-iiltih  iinidl  di;  hi  i'li'on.  Mex.,  \i>~'.\. 
I'ol..  ■_'  vol.,  1st,  "-'(K)  pp.,  ii.  104  jip.  'J'lie  first  vohimu  comprises  the  minutes 
of  tilt!  tirst  ordinary  session  of  the  Mexican  congress  in  ISiJ;  and  the  second 
contains  those  of  tlie  second  ordinary  session  in  l.SU;{.  ']"he  national  legisla- 
ture ileereeil  the  publication  of  the  minutes  of  its  sessions  beginning  witii  tlie 

'   ' )f  the    1st  congress   existing   under  the   constitution  of  IS.iT;   bat  as 

as  in  the  years  of  the  .'td  congress,  ISd'J  3,  and  the  preceding  ones, 
stenoL'raiihio  bureau    in  the   secretary's  ollice,  nor  any  one    to  keep  the 


labors 
taert!  was 


inutes,  recoui'se  was  ha<l  to  conip 
_'  in  the  oliice  of  the  secret 


iblished  at   those 


takiiu'  tlierefr<jm  the  extracts  of 


my,  ai 
periods,  among    wliich   were 


the  acts  and  ollicial  documents  cxist- 

id  of  the  records  kept  by  sonie  journals 

those  of    the    Siiji)    A/A'., 

Tl 


ities'  Rpeeclics.     'i'lie  utmost  exactness 


liaviug  been  observeil,  all  facts  related  are  foundeii  on  existinif  acts  and  doci 
nieuts.     Some  of   the  docnnuuits  the  ci 


doubtless,  to  the  fact  that  a  1 


U'L'l 


tiie  1' 


impiler  was  unable  to  lind,  owing, 
portion  of  llie  archives  was  lost  at  the  tim 


rencli  arm 


y  occupied  .Mexico  in  I  si;,'}.    Tonir,  Puntidi  on,  II 


(finrid 


r 


•itiiria  till  ('miiio  ('omin-.-iQ  Coiisiiinrionn 


L  M, 


IST'J  4.  fob,  4  vol.,  is  a 


history  of  the  labors  of  the  4l1i  congress  of  Mexico  from   tlie  oth  of  Nc 
liIlT,  to  the  end  of  its  le^'al  term,   namely.   May    ;<1,   iMi'.t.     Tl 
IS  a  deputy  to  that  body  from  I'uel'ia,  actually  b 


ipuer, 


his  Work  on  the 
kli  of  Dec,  ISliT,  preceding  it  uith  the  ol'ieial  text  of  tiie  congressional  acts, 


not  with  tlie  minutes,  which  ho  found  to  be  full  of  ei 


All  facta 


stated    ill  the  work  the   compiler  assures  us  he  has   carefully  coU.aled  and 


il'ared  with  the  nets  and  ollicial  doi'unieiits  of  the  contfress.      \'ol.  i.,  c 


tainiug  xxvi.  and  1)04  pp.,  gives  the  labors  of  that  body 
that  ended  .March  'J!t,  ISiiS;  vol.  ii.,  with  .xvi.,  G'.'T,  a 

d. 


■th 


lings  of  the  "Jil  .lession,  from  Ma 
liitioiis  bill  tor  the  tiscal  Vear  ending  .li 


id   17 
■M   to  Mav  .SI,   18(iS, 


Y\i.,  gives  tlie 


sion, 
th 


llR 


'O- 


.•<!), 


I  Slid:  v 


)1. 


ppr 
witli  xii.  am 


I  i  IS  pp.,  has  the  minutes  of  the  third  session,  from  Sejit.  ."),  IsOS,  to  .Ian.  'Jl, 
ISii!!;  ami  Vol.  iv.,  withxxiv.  and  1 141)  ;']>.,  .sets  forth  t!ie  eonL;rt's-ional  work  in 
tlie  4tli  session,  froni  Apr.  I   tj  -May,   ]!331.      The  pages  in  ll.oni.ui  cuuLaia 


l^-^'M 


■p. 


•\ 


lit 


•• 


? 


if 


^ 


m 

m 


111; 


fi    I 


iliOjei 


300 


RErUBLICAN  ilKCONSTRULTIOX. 


aimlyHfs  of  tlio  l,il)orn  of  cncli  session  rcspcotivcly.     Kaoli  vohiino  fiiniijslicH 

aUi)  .'III  al|ilial«'tic:il  iliili  X  (;f  Uic  sillijiitH  tliciciu  uolltllilicil.  hidrin  li-  Im 
I)ihii/rn,  Kol.,  '2\  Vol.  'I'licMC  lai'HO  'iinl  lliifk  voliiinus  give  us  in  ilrtail  the 
daily  work  of  tliu  .'»tli,  Otii,  Ttii,  bili,  Ktli,  Jiml  Htlh  congiXNsis  of  .Mexico  at 
tlieir  Heveijil  sessions,  togL'tlief  \\  itii  that  of  iheir  respeclivc^  |ierinaiient  coin- 
niiitoes  liming  tiiu  rceea.-)  of  the  li;.;islativc!  iMnly,  embraoing  tiio  iieriod  honi 
hejit.   I.  lsi;!l,  to  Apr.  I,  ISS-.',  luiil  their  results. 

Friiiiiitco  ill'  /'.  Arrtiii'/iii:,  .l/i/"'"  '/'•■"/''  ISuS  h'tffn  ISi!7.  M'\'.,  18"-.  'Sin. 
4°,  4  vol.  Thu  chief  aim  of  this  woi'k  is  to  fmnisli  an  lilstmieiil  pietiiie  nf 
the  seeuiiil  Mexican  empire,  and  tliis  it  ilnes  fully  anil  clearly.  Tho  aiilhnr 
is  eviilently  well  iiifnrineil  on  gcneial  nioilern  histoiT,  ami  <<n  the  iiiteina- 
tiiiiial  li  lalioiis  of  the  se\  er.al  proiniiieiit  pii\iers.  ,So  imieli  had  been  pulilished 
in  I'ranee,  afh'r  the  exeeiiliim  of  Maximilian,  displaying  ignnraiiee  of  .Mixieaii 
liistiiry,  iiiamiers,  iiud  ei\  ili/alion,  thiit  tho  author,  ]irom|itcd  liy  patiintic 
imitivi  .(,  undertook  to  throw  li.'l.t  ou  tjiosi^  siilijeets.  and  to  draw  piililic  alien- 
tion  to  o\riita  eonnei:te(l  with  his  eounlry,  aliimt  whirh  so  little  seemed  to  he 
knouii.  Thu  narrali\c  for  the  jiei  iod  from  KSOS  to  ls;il)  is  a  mere  conden>.i 
tinn  from  Aluwuiw':^  //i<!nrin  i/i'  Mi'Jlro,  From  and  ui'tiTthe  lasc-iiientiom  d 
year  he  gives  an  independent  st.itement  of  events  dou  n  to  tlie  time  when  tiie 
couservalivc  Jiarty  and  clergy  of  Me'xico  conceived,  as  he  allegt^s,  the  |ilaii  of 
choo.-.iiig  a  ruler  from  among  the  reigning  families  of  Kuiopt!.  l'"roin  this 
point  his  work  assumes  iii  a  iiieasiii'e  tho  form  of  a  diary,  treating  events  as 
they  arise  without  any  atteniiit  at  historical  generalization.  'I'he  author  \sas 
among  the  tirst  to  suggest  to  M  iximilian  thu  acciptauce  of  the  Mexican 
throne,  a. id  was  for  some  time  in  his  ser\  icu  in  a  ili[iloinatie  capacity;  but  lu^ 
resigned  his  otlice  when  he  saw  M.i.ximiliau'.s  course  toward  the  interests  of 
t!ie  church  and  conservative  Jiarty  of  Mexico.  His  letter  of  resignation  to 
Ma.ximiliar.  points  out  whit  he  considered  thu  errors  of  that  prince's  policy, 
anil  foicshailowed  the  fatal  result.  He  asserted  that  no  com[)lete  history  of 
Maximilian's  rule  could  be  writtiai  without  having  access  to  the  douumeuts 
in  the  poHscssiiiu  of  the  Kreiicli  govi'i'iiment.  Maximilian's  unliaiipy  fate  is 
whody  aUributed  to  Is'ai>oh'on  111.  and  his  ministers. 

h'liniiaiiiict  /JoDifiK'  /i  -His/'iirc.  iln  Mcihinc — Jtiirez  et  Maximilii'ii — Cor- 
rrsjininlciiiT.-t  /iii-ilitci  (/«.■(  I'rr-'iilciita,  Miiii.ifri:i  ct  (ftii<:raiix  Altiiouli',  S'DiIh- 
Anna,  ijiilierri'-.,  Mirniiioii,  Mnriimz,  Mcjin,  W'ull,,  e/r.,  etc.,  ilv  Jnnr<z,  (!<' 
L' /,'/ii/ii')-(/(r  .]fii.iuiiiliiii,  cl  ill:  L'/iii/K-r  i/rh  I'  (.'hnrlolti'.  Paris,  1S(»S.  8',  3  vol., 
p|).  .S14,  412,  and  4.')~).  Hegiuuing  with  the  earliest  date  of  Jndiaii  mythology, 
the  author  of  these  volumes  carries  the  histiu-y  of  .Mexico  ilouu  to  IhiiJ.  'I  iio 
contents  of  the  work  are  thus  diviiled.  In  volume  i.  Indian  history  previous 
to  the  coiHpiest  is  treated  of  in  the  tirst  \'M'>  pau'i's;  then  follows  a  nairatioii  of 
the  eonipiest  itself  in  l."il!)  to  l.'ilM,  for  the  statmciits  in  which  the  writer  has 
relied  chielly  up<in  ])crii:.d  |)iaz.  This  |)ei-iod  occupies  100  |iages.  The  je- 
niaindcr  of  the  volume  is  taken  up  by  a  succim^t  review  of  tlie  colonial  times 
from  1,'iL'l  t)  ISIO.  Although  1  )oineiieeh  does  not  name  the  authoritii.'s  he 
made  n.se  of  in  writing  this  portion  of  his  work,  it  seems  that  he  was  luainly 
guided  by  Cam,  Tirx  Siijlon.  'I'ho  "Jd  volumu  is  devoted  to  tho  history  of 
Mexico  from  bSlO  to  ISOI,  in  which  tin;  war  of  independence  is  treated  in  a 
very  su[)erlieial  manner,  only  A'l  [lages  being  given  to  it.  With  much  grea.er 
detail  is  narrated  the  history  of  the  sncceediiig  40  ye.-irs,  full  accounts  being 
furnished  of  the  dilFerent  metamoi'phoses  whieli  the  re]«iblio  underwent  dur- 
ing that  period.  The  author  here  freipiently  quotes  from  Siiarez  y  Xavjirro, 
Lorenzo  de  /avala,  Luis  de  la  itosa,  Poinsett,  Kdisola,  and  others.  N'oliime  iii. 
is  the  nio.it  iimiortaiit  part  of  the  whole  work,  and  is  entirely  devoted  to  tlio 
history  of  the  tripartite  alliance  and  the  Preiich  intervention,  ending  with  the 
tragic  death  of  Maximilian.  The  author  supp.orts  his  narrative  of  tliis  pc  riod 
by  numerous  documents,  inaiidy  consisting  of  letters  written  liy  Maximilian, 
the  Kmpii.ss  Carlota,  Almonte,  Saiit;i  Anna,  (Jutierrez,  Miramon,  .M.inpiez, 
Meji'a,  .liiarez,  WoU,  ami  others,  thus  rendering  this  jiart  of  his  i)rodiielion 
III).:  only  important,  but  trustworthy.  I )onienech  resided  for  •_'(»  years  in  tlie 
U.  y.  and  Mexico,   \\hleh   time  he  employed  in  familiarizing  himself  with 


M'OllKS  OF  LEKKVRK. 


:^(>1 


the  [iiili'ii'nl  conditions  of  tlicao  coiiiitiicM  nnil  the  rcsppctivc  clmi'iictcis  of  tlio 
iiii:al)ltuiit.i;  at  tlif  .sMim;  time  Ijc  follrctiil  tlu'  ihx'Ulriciit.s  4.(HHI  in  nii'nlii  r,  i\n 
111' .--ays  —  \\  liifh  111'  lia^i  iiiailc  um' of  la  lii.s  wuik.  |)iiriiit;  Maxiiinlian  .s  j;ii\-- 
iinmi'Mt  Ik;  was  dil't-i'tor  of  tlio  laliiiK^t  jircss  ami  clia|ilaiii  of  iKt;  army.  Ilu 
("pcaku  of  many  of  the  events  iiaii'iitcil  as  an  iyo-\\  itnt'sa.  lli.s  liui^'iiaL't'  in 
jiluin,  anil  liis  Htati'inuntH  wi'll  ami  ciraily  ••xihthwi'iI.  Tins  niitlmr  clainia  lii' 
i.T  iiiipaitial,  ami  lias  I'uasoualily  siicucfilril  in  his  cniit'iivoi-.s  to  lie  so. 

K  l,</i'iri\  Ac  Mi.rir/iii' (t  L'/i(lrrri  iifioii  /•^iirojm  ■mr.  Mox.,  I.Sd'J.  8°,  470 
]ip,  This  work  is  (liviilnl  into  two  parts;  tlio  lirst  relates  to  events  that 
|iiei'ecleil  tli'J  Kiiropt'an  inteivuiitinii  in  .Mexico,  the,  »i'i;onil  to  the  acts  of  the 
intervention,  coiicluiliiig  with  a  S'jiies  of  (locunu'iits  i.ssiieil  (liiriii;;  the  lirst 
t\M)  nionlhs  after  the  rnptuie  of  the  Lnmlun  cniiveiitinn  ami  w  itlnliawal  of 
t!ie  Spaiiianls  ami  I'liiLrli'-li,  the  wholi^  eiiniprisiiiL,'  the  pcriiiil  from  l^.")7  to 
iMl'J.  'I'lic  main  object  of  the  author — eviileiitly  a  French  repiiliiieaii  was 
to  cx])ose  the  trickery  of  certain  men  who  liehl  pMsitions  as  I'rem'h  ininistii.n 
ai'ciciiiteil  mar  the  .\Iexican  |.'o\ cinnient,  ami  to  pi'iive  that  I'lesiilml  .luaiez 
(ucl  Ills  cabinet  constitutcil  the  legitimate  ami  cunstiluliunal  i^n\(  i  niiieat  of 

Mexicf). 

/,'.    /.■  I'vrrc,    I >nfinwntn»   <)J}i'inhn  rimiiilo.-*   en  ht   mrnturid  /iririuhi   lU 
M'l.riiiiilkiiKi.      Ili'liiriii  tli:  hi    /iili-rnifiuii,   h'raiircKit   I'li   Mijiin.      liriisselas 
_>  l.ohlres,  rsllil.   iS,"Jviil.,  1st,  4(i4  i)|i., 'Jil,  4."il- pp.     This  is  anntlier  work.  Init 
ill   the  Spanish  l.ingnago,  by  the  Haiee  author,  who  was  chief  eilitor  of    l.^i, 
Trihiun'  in  Mexico.     In   the  lirst  \oliinie,  after  a  brief  i'e\  iew  of    .Mexic.in 
aliliii's,  explaiiiinj4,  anion;,'  other  tliin;rs,  the  combict  of  Krenih  ministers  ac- 
iTiiliteil  to  tliu  republic,  the  ililliciiltics  the  liberal  government  hail   to  sur- 
niniint  in  onler  to  restoru  jjcaco  anil  oi'dcr,  ami  the  manner  in  whii  h  the  delits 
of  Mexico  oiginatoil,  till!  aiithor  enteis  fully  upon  the  i|nestioii  of   Kuropian 
intervention,  policy  of  tlio  Fremh,  Kii,','li.>li,  Spanish,  and  Aim  licaii  j^overn- 
imiits,  invasion  of  Mexico  by  the  arineil  forces  of  the  |iowers  to  the  tripartite 
C'liivi'iitioii,  ami  suliseijueiit  events  till  the  oceiipatimi  of  the   .Mexican   cap- 
ital hy  the   French  army,  ami  oi';,'ani/.ation  of  u  nsurpiii;,'  jioverninent  iimler 
tiic  (irotectioil  of  that  army,  followed  by  the  nrran^enienls  entered   into  in 
i'liirope  under  which  Anhdiiko   Maximilian  was  furced   upon   Mexico  as  its 
emperor,  and  afterwanl  recognized  as  such  by  the  mon.ircliical  governments 
of  Kiirope.      'I'lie 'Jd  vol.  ticits  of  Maximilian's  administration,  including  his 
relations  with  the  jiope  and  .Napuleon  111.,  till  the  evacuation  of  the  country 
hy  tlio   French  army,  tngcther  withtlie  Hiiliscipient  Events  that  ended   \Mth 
.Ma\iMiili:iirs  capture  ami  execution.     The  author  assures  us  that  he  has  been 
cm  fill  nut  to  assert  too  much  on  the  intrigues  vliicli  oiiginated  the  empire; 
that  with  the  )ieriiiissii)n  of  the  government  of  . I  u.'ire/.  he  made  a  search  aiming 
the  |)apei's  left  Lieliiiid   by  Maximilian,  i'<r  doi  unients  to  clear  up  tlmse   oi- 
ti'i-'Ucs,  without  success;  but  he  well  knew  that  such  documents  existed,  some 
ill  the  hands  of  tin;  liojie,  others  in  tlmse  of  the  iiiil"'rial  family  of  Austria,  and 
Btili  others,  pcruaps,  in  London.     Jteferring  to  the  Juiirinil  (//■  /'uns  as  I, is 
au'Jioi'ity,  he  declares  that  in  one  of  the  clauses  of  Maximilian's  last  will   ho 
beiiueatlied   to    I'rince  Salm-Saliii   all  his  papers,   including    those   taken    to 
Hun>|ie  by  his  wife,  I'rincess  Charlotte,  and  entrusted  to  liiiii  the  task  of  pr.h- 
lisiiiiig  the  secret  negotiations  that  preceded   his  departure  fruiii   .M  ir.imare, 
liis  general  jilaiis,  and  the  causes  beyond  his  control  by  which  tiny  were  made 
t'l  fail.     'I'l.i.s  clause  of  .Maxiniiliairs  w  ill,  he  asserts  upon  the  same  aiithmity, 
was  withheld  from  publication   by  the  cni]ieriir  of  Austria,  who  claiimd   the 
right  as  head  of  tiic  family,  and  Maximilian's  brother  and  soxereiun.     The 
pa|)ers  were  accordingly  not  delivered  to  Salm-Salui,  but  siibse((nelitly  trans- 
fcneil  fniiii  Xliramare  to  the  anhives  of  the  Ijorraine  f.'imily.     'J'lie  pope  also 
relurneda    „fu.sal  to  Salm-Salni's  demaml.  Consult  .s'''/w-.SV//«(,  My  hinrii,  i,, 
I'lef.  v.-xi.     It  will  be  well  to  state  here  that  J-efevre  in  every  line  of  his 
work  disapproves  the  oondiict  of   !•' ranee  toward   Mexico,  uiiil  slmws  himself 
to  ho   a    coiitii'ini'd    republiian.     'J'hc    Mexican    comgress,    a]ipreciatiiig    the 
t'iiirccs  from  which  the  author  derived   his  material,  aiithori/ed   the  goveru- 
luciit,  by  decree  of  Apr.  'JO,  IbOS,  to  [purchase  l.OUt)  copies  of  the  work. 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

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362 


REPUBLICAN  RECONSTRUCTION. 


O.  Niox,  Expedition  dn  Mexique,  1SG1-1SG7.  Paris,  1874.  8',  p.  770. 
The  author  was  a  captain  of  tlie  general  staff  of  the  Freiiuii  army.  Hi^  wmk 
contains  full  iiiformatioa  on  the  European  intervention  in  Mexico  during  tliu 
years  1801-7,  beginniuj^  with  tlie  action  of  France,  England,  and  Spain,  aiul 
closing  with  the  capitulation  of  Mexico  and  Vera  Cruz  in  June  1807,  and  the 
restoration  of  the  republican  government.  Tiie  political  considerations  are 
given  in  such  a  manner  as  to  render  comprehensive  tite  causes,  chain  of  events, 
and  conse(|uenccs  of  the  military  o[)crations.  1  he  author  iiuotes  copiuusly 
from  otiiciiil  documents,  and  api)ears  to  be  fairly  impartial  in  Iiis  dutiiila, 
tltough  evidently  inclined  to  blame  the  Mexican  republicans  for  many  of  their 
acts,  particularly  tlie  execution  of  Maximilian. 

Manuel  lidinirrz  de  Arellano — Ultimas  Horaa  del  Imperio.  (Trndue'ula 
del  fraucea,  y  sei/uida  de.  las  conxIdernrioneH  del  Sr  2i.  Jlwjclmann.)  Mexico, 
1809.  12",  pp.  105.  Arulliino,  a  general  of  brigade  in  the  imperial  army,  de- 
nounces in  strong  terms  tiie  conduct  of  General  Marquez,  which  he  cliis>4ili(  a 
as  treacherous.  With  reference  to  the  niiuiifesto  published  by  the  latter  in 
defence  of  iiis  action,  Arellano  makes  this  severe  remark:  *E1  autor  de  esU 
menioria  lleva  la  hipooresta,  la  fal-sedad  y  el  einismo  a  un  grado  tal,  que  on 
honor  de  la  verdad  historica,  nuestru  tieber  ea  refutarU).'  On  the  following 
page  he  speaks  of  the  manifesto  as  'setenta  y  tres  puginas  de  la  edicion  ecij. 
uomica,  de  que  se  compune,'  in  which  there  is  not  a  word  of  truth,  tin 
maintains  that  Manjuez  was  the  author  of  the  executions  at  Tacubiiya,  and 
thit  his  claims  to  having  won  the  battles  of  Ahualulco  and  .San  Joa(|uin  wi'ie 
pretensions  that  Miramou  would  smile  at  from  the  tomb.  The  Oltimas  llurnA 
was  first  published  in  French  at  Paris,  and  afterward  translated  into  Spuni.sli. 
It  elicited  a  reply  from  Marquez,  under  the  title,  lii'j'utaciiin  ha'ha  fiorel  dm- 
ernl  de  DivUion  Leonardo  Marquez  al  Lihelo  del  General  de  lirhjada  J)i)H 
Manuel  liamirez  de  Arellano  puhlirado  en  J'ariH  el  oil  de  JJicieinhre  de  ISi!,^, 
h'ijo  el  E/U',irii/e  de  'UltinioK  Jiornsdel  Imjierio.'  Mexico,  n.  d.  12",  p.  ',i~\. 
As  these  political  and  military  rivals  were  bitterly  opposeil  to  each  other,  it 
can  only  be  expected  that  their  counter  imputations  display  bitter  animo.sity. 
But  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  spiteful  expressions,  marked  by  want  of  dignity, 
creep  into  tlx'ir  pages.  I  have  already  quoted  Arellano;  Mar(juez  speaks 
thus  of  his  opponent's  publication:  'Ks  un  farrago  <1e  disparates,  un  ciiiii\ilo 
de  necedades,  una  serie  de  contradicciones   tal,  iiladeramente  no  so 

comprende,  y  se  necesita  la  pacieneia  de  Job  pai  >.kr  de  leer  el  libro  sin 

arrojarlij  de  las  manos  en  cien  oeasiones.'  Page  vu.  ae  extreme  views  of  the 
two  politiciil  parties  are  presentecl  to  the  reader  by  lliese  two  writers. 

Pd/ielex  y  <  'orres/ionilencia  de  la  Fanulia  Jnijierial  de  Franei  i .  . .  /'el'iliros 
rf  la  Intern  niiou  Francesa  en  Mexico,  Mexico,  1873,  1*2",  pp.  214,  with  indix, 
contains  a  series  of  letters,  a  few  of  which  are  addressed  by  General  Ba/.aine 
ti)  the  emperor  Napoleon.  The  greater  pcjrtiou  of  them  were  written  by 
members  of  the  imperial  army  serving  in  Mexico  to  their  relatives  in  France. 
As  may  be  expected,  they  represent  one-sided  views,  but  most  of  them  sliuw 
Bazaine's  duplicity,  and  the  intrigues  and  corruption  of  Maximilian's  ministers 
and  advisers. 

Siirto  de  Zanincoin — Ilisforia  de  Mrjico  dmde  sun  Tiempos  mas  Remotos 
liasta  Aue.ilros  iJiiu,  vie.  Biircelona  and  Mex.,  1877-82.  8°,  vol.  i.-xviii.  This 
heavy  work  includes  what  the  author  terms  tlie  four  great  phases  of  Mexican 
history;  viz.,  the  period  preceding  the  con(iuest;  the  conquest  itself,  preceded 
by  an  account  of  the  discovery  of  America  and  following  events;  the  tliroo 
centuries  of  Spiiiush  domination;  and  the  independent  period,  commencing 
from  the  first  events  pre|iiiratory  to  Hidalgo's  revolution  down  to  Maximil- 
ian's death.  The  arrangement  is  chronological,  events  and  government  meaa- 
ures  being  recorded  year  by  year.  The  last  date  is  December  18(57.  The 
author's  style  is  clear,  and  geni:rally  speaking  elegant,  thou:;h  at  times  tnr;,'i  I 
and  diffuse,  statements,  or  matter  jjreviously  treated  of,  being  often  repeated. 
He  has,  nmreover,  a  faculty  of  singling  out  trifles  as  subjects  for  argument  nr 
correction,  while  great  (]uestions  appear  to  be  beyond  reach  of  his  recognition; 
at  the  suiiiu  time,  his  vanity  is  evident  from  the  praise  he  bestows  I'pon  him- 


WORK  OF  ZAMACOIS. 


363 


self.  Vol.  xiii.  527.  Zamacois  professes  an  im|v»rtialitv  which  his  trenttnoiit 
(it  i|ac!4tiiin.s  iloes  not  always  bear  out.  iiJH  .Spaiiitth  iii'st.ncts  (lie  is  a  Spunii-il) 
iliiscjuc)  warp  IiIh  judgineiit.  He  depicts  in  glowing  colors  tli>:  pruwc'is  ami 
wisiloni  of  his  countrymen  anil  government,  lint  touches  faintly  npnii  their 
c\il  actions;  and  where  he  cannot  avoid  Netting  forth  Htiiiie  lieinous  deed,  he 
iiiaiiaiif.s  to  provide  extenuating  circumstances,  exce[it  in  one  or  twoiiiNtiinccs. 
Kvcii  whin  descriliing  the  massacre  of  the  Indian  nolilcs  in  the  tiinple  of 
Mixiio  liy  order  of  Alvaiado,  while  he  disapproves  the  deed,  he  defends  tlio 
iiiotivi!  w  hich  proin|ited  it,  taking  Jk'rnal  l>ia/,  one  of  the  acttirs,  as  an  iiifal- 
lilile  authority.  Hut  su  far  as  the  coni|ue8t  is  concerneil,  Zamacois  lias  evi- 
dently not  consulted  half  tile  authorities,  yet  he  assumes  to  chide  I're.scntt 
for  mistiikes,  ami  freijnently  raps  at  his  lingers  for  ileviatiug  from  llenial 
]*ia/,  whose  work  is  Zamacois'  historical  gos|)el.  The  fact  is,  that  I'rescoit 
fiiMinI  many  facts  in  works  not  known  to  the  latter.  It  must  Ijuacknow  ledged, 
however,  that  full  credit  is  given  to  the  Indian  allies  of  the  .Spaniards  for 
tlieir  share  in  the  coiKpiest.  Much  space  is  devoted  to  the  system  of  ailiiiiii- 
i.^tiation  liy  Spain  in  Mexico  and  other  colonies,  c<imparing  it  w  ith  that  of 
other  nations,  jiarticularly  of  Kngland  in  her  North  American  colonies,  inva- 
riidily  gi\  ing  tiie  fullest  preference  to  the  former.  The  author  ihli^'hls  in 
fliiiwing  the  Anglo-.Saxon  to  have  lieen  in  those  days  fanatical  and  i>;norant, 
as  well  as  given  to  piracy  upon  'harmless '  Spain.  He  rarely  misses  an  oppor- 
tunity of  airing  his  ill  feeling  against  the  Kiiglish,  and  aliusing  their  successora 
ill  North  America.  In  his  reckless onslaugiit  lie<iften  exiiiliitsmuch  i>.'iioiiiiKe. 
He  professes  to  have  consulted,  in  the  preparation  of  his  work,  t'laxigcro, 
(iomara,  Htnavente,  Sahaguii,  (,'amargo,  Ixtldxocliitl,  Munoz,  Ovieilo,  Ziirita, 
Acosta,  Uernal  i)iaz,  the  Anonymous  (Jonipieror,  Solis,  l^is  (,'asas,  (Jama, 
'i'.iniueinada,  lietancurt,  Herrera,  lloliertsoii.  Zua/o,  and,  as  he  assures  ii.s, 
'oiii;  hundred  other  illustrious  writers,"  among  whom  apjiear  I'le.scott,  (Javo, 
Alaiimii,  Zavala.  Mora,  liustamante,  Arraiigoiz,  Liceaga,  Kosains,  Tornel, 
thelliveras,  and  several  manuscripts  ohUtined  from  friends;  he  likewisestates 
tliat  In.  levied  contrihutions  from  the  Archivo  Xacional  of  Mexico,  and  from 
preoi<ius  documents  which,  till  a  recent  date,  enriciied  the  religious  houses  of 
Jlexico,  Cortes"  letters,  ami  the  letter  from  the  town  c<iuiicil  of  the  Villa 
];iia  to  tiie  king.  Aside  from  Cortes'  own  letters,  the  aiitiior  gives  more 
c;ecleiice  to  lleriial  I  >iaz  than  to  any  one  else,  on  the  ground  that  iie  was  an  eye- 
vitiiess,  anil  a  frank  soldier,  who  in  his  narrative  did  not  draw  n)>oii  iiiiagi- 
iKition.  Uoliertson's  work  he  considers  truly  estimahle,  and  yet  contaiuiiig 
'inexactitudes  y  eontradiccioiies  palpitantes  ipie  formaii  un  desagradalilu 
lunar  en  la  olira.'  Kaynal  and  I'auw  are  harshly  criticised  in  a  few  lines  as 
umvorliiy  of  credence.  Alaman's  Hid.  Mij.  and  J)iMi'rturii>iif'<  are  spoken  of 
in  tiie  hi;;liest  terms  of  praise,  and  full  reliance  seems  to  have  heen  at  oiico 
placed  on  them,  though  with  the  saving  clause  that  the  author  disagrees  with 
the  Mexican  on  many  points.  It  is  notieealile  that,  while  Zamacois  copies 
from  that  author  page  after  pajje,  giving  him  full  credit,  he  also  takes  a  large 
amount  of  facts,  often  almost  in  Alaman's  own  words,  without  crediting  liim 
tlieiefor — which  looks  very  much  lik"  the  trick  of  a  common  idagiiirist.  An- 
Otliir  peculiarity  is  ohserved  iu  this  connection:  foot-notes  are  taken  verbatim 
et  literatim  from  Alaman's  book,  so  that  the  reader  is  left  to  suppose  tliat 
t!ie  copyist  obtained  them'  direct  from  the  .Mexicjin  author's  original  souiies. 
Zimacois  shows  a  peculiar  pleasure  in  correcting  wiiat  he  calls  mist.'ikes 
ot  I'rescott,  llobertsou,  Solis,  and  others,  coolly  asserting  in  lUveis  places 
tiiat  the  fHcritori'H  rxtramjiioa  are  ever  disposed  to  misrepresent  facts,  or  to 
make  exaggerated  appreciations  of  them,  with  the  view  of  stigmatizing  Span- 
ish character.  He  repeatedly  enters  upon  a  comparison  ln'tween  .Spanish 
civilizjition  and  advanciment,  as  well  as  political  and  religious  policy  in 
Auu'iica,  and  those  of  Kngland — which  is  always  his  bugbear— invariably 
awarding  the  superiority  to  the  former,  ond  it  may  be,  in  some  instjuices,  not 
allogethir  wrongly.  To  the  charge  of  tlie  'autos  do  fe,'  as  telling  against 
■Spanish  civilization,  ho  answers  that  they  caii.se  horror  now,  but  when  prac- 
tised in  Mexico — aud  they  were  very  few  iu  uuiuLvr — public  opiuluu  deemed 


364 


REPUBLICAN  RECONSTRUCTION 


them  useful  and  nccossary  to  prevent  the  spread  of  pernicious  ideas  on  mat- 
ters of  religious  faith,  and  he  thxfs  not  fail  to  hrin^;  forward  tlie  liorriiilt;  tor 
tures  inllictt'd  in  Euglaml  and  other  Euro|H.-an  nations,  and  in  tiie  Anteriuaa 
colonies,  upon  both  political  and  connnon  priHuners,  the  burning  of  witches, 
etc.  Ziiniacois  livecl  many  years  in  Mexico,  and  died  there  early  in  iJjMi. 
I>uriiig  Maximilian's  enipirc  he  was  the  chief  etlitor  of  Kl  ( 'I'DiiUta,  and  had 
likewisu  lieeu  previously  known  as  a  novelist.  He  confesses  a  stninjr  atl'ec- 
tion  for  Mexico  and  Mexicans,  and  in  his  treatment  of  ijuestions  discdu 
iiected  with  Siwmish  interests  endeavors  to  exercise  an  uiibiaKsed  judgment, 
feeling  his  responsibility,  and  resolving  to  accomplisii  liis  task  honijraliiy. 
On  the  whole,  he  ought  to  l>e  awarded  some  credit  fur  the  good  arrange- 
ment of  events,  and  for  nnich  information  on  character,  literary  ail  vancement, 
and  many  other  point-s  of  real  interest.  Nor  slioiild  mention  of  his  industiy 
be  omitted.  He  states  that  for  live  years  he  worked  ilaily  fiom  nine  to  elevi  a 
hoiii's,  and  sometimes  twelve  hours,  xviii.  \~~\\.  His  last  tliiee  volumes,  con- 
tiiiiiing  no  less  than  ^i,!)7 1  ]>ages,  are  devoted  to  the  tripartite  alliances  and  the 
Flench  interventiijii.  Ziimacois  consiilers  that  the  governments  of  the  U.  S.. 
England,  and  France  caused  irreparalile  injury  to  tiie  Mexican  nation,  'by 
their  lying  ])roinises  of  symjtathy  ;'nd  disinterestedness.'  He  maintains  that 
there  are  very  few  foreign  writers  who,  in  their  narratives  of  those  events, 
lia\e  not  spoken  with  injustice  of  Mexico  and  the  Mexiciins.  Salm-.Salin, 
Ki'ratry,  and  Domeiiech  come  under  his  special  censure  for  otlensivc  and 
unjust  ex))i'eH8ion8,  the  latter  being  fi'i'ely  ipiotcd  and  commented  upon  fur 
his  exp<:siire  of  the  immoralities  of  the  .Mexican  priesthood  ami  their  want  of 
enlightenment.  Zamacois  maintains  that  Itomeiu'eii's  assertions  arc  fal.sc. 
Among  the  fi'W  impartial  foreign  writers  he  mentions  All)erto  Hans,  'wlio 
knew  !iow  to  appreciate  properly  the  good  (jiialities  of  tiu  .s(jns  (jf  the  coiiiiti y.' 
The  typographical  work  throughout  is  good,  and  all  the  volumes  aie  em- 
beilished  with  wood-cuts,  a  large  number  of  them  purporting  to  be  portnms 
of  distinguished  men  of  .Mexican  history. 

Ciniilnrii*  y  Otrns  /'iil'licncioiii:^  hiihns  /lor  In  Li'ijiicion  Mi.ricniKirn  H'(i«/i- 
Vl.'/^w(  ihirnnte  In  ti'm  rni  (It-  Inh  rveiii'ion  ,  ii  ISfi .'  -J,'^H!'.  Mexico,  KSdS.  '2  vol,, 
p]i.  ."lOTaml  4((.S.  These  volumes  contain  a  collection  of  circulars  and  other  puli- 
ilcati  )ns  issuecl  during  the  jears  iMi'J-ISliT  by  .Matuis  Itomcro,  tiie  emoy  e\- 
traordinary  and  minister  pleniixitentiary  tcj  Wasiiingtoii.  They  were  sent  t  > 
Mexico  by  liomero  for  the  purpose  of  ins|)iiing  patriotism  in  the  people  dm'- 
ing  the  intervention,  and  are  of  a  diversilieil  nature,  incliiding  otiicial  corii'- 
epondenceand  documents,  accounts  showing  the  sales  of  Mexican  boinis  ami  the 
purchase  of  war  material,  speeches  and  extracts  from  periodicals,  and  a  giei.t 
variety  of  other  siicii  matter.  In  vol.  i.,  4(Mi-4S,  will  be  tound  a  lnography 
of  IJenito  ■Juarez,  written  by  I'n  Mt.iiidnii,  and  in  vol.  ii.,  ,SO(i  I.S,  is  an  intio- 
duction  by  Homero  to  UiMorin  MHit>ir  lil  (liiiifitl  i'li^m  S.  (Irmit,  written  ia 
English  by  Adam  liadeau,  and  proposed,  at  the  suggestion  of  Romero,  to  i  .1 
translated  into  S))anish.  The  names  of  the  collectors  and  editors  of  these  vol- 
umes do  notapjK'ar. 

.\s  a  seipiel  to  the  above  is,  ('orrfKjioiKlrnrin  dr  l<i  f.ni'triun  Mexiiiihn  m 
W'tKhimjI'ii .  .  .Koliff  Id  Ciiptiira^  Juiiio  y  KJeriiiion  td'  Ifmi  Firmuido  Muji- 
viiliaiio  ill-.  /Itijixhiinjo,  which  was  published  in  Mexico  the  same  year  I'V 
liomero,  and  contains  his  correspondence  M'ilh  the  mini-ster  of  foieign  relation-) 
of  the  Mexican  repul>lio  ami  the  department  of  state  at  Washington  relatno 
to  .Maximilian's  capture  ami  execution,  and  also  accounts  of  coiiterences  held 
by  him  with  -Mr  Seward  relative  to  tiie  intervention  of  the  U.  S.  on  his  beliali. 

L.  /.f  Sdiiil — (iiifi-n- (la  Mijii/iii  lSt!J--JSiu,  Lille  and  i'aris,  n.  d.,  S%  pji. 
2'J4,  is  a  French  version  of  the  intervention,  devoted  principally  to  sound- 
ing tlie  praises  of  the  French  army  and  its  leaders,  as  well  as  of  Maximilian, 
whose  course  of  action  is  warmly  su|i|>orteil.  The  datii  relating  to  military 
and  ixilitical  events  are  comparatively  meagre,  iiml  the  accounts  of  them  fa- 
voraiilc  to  the  im^tcrialists.  Occasionally  documents  of  au  otiicial  character 
are  given. 


CHAPTER  XVI. 


END  OF  THE  JUAREZ  REiilM?,. 

1808-187-2. 
rMiKKTHK  New  Order  of  Tiiinhs— Reki.ection  of  Jtarez — Set>itions  avd 

Ul'KISlMiS — MlNISTKUIAL    CuiSKS  — KAKTllylAKKS     AND     llrHliKANK.S — 

Ckkation  of  New  States  -Administkative  Rkohcanization  am>  Im- 

I'HIIVEMENTS— I'UONrNCIAMIENTos  AM)  ReVOM'TIONS  — IssECI  KITY— AM 
NESTY — PuLriUAL   I'aKI  lES— Jr  AKI«  IAS,  LeKKI.STAS,  AS1>    I'dHFIKIM  AS  — 

Pi, AX  OF  La  Nokia — Failike  of  the  I'okfikistas— Heath  nf  .Iiauez  — 
Skkastian  Leiiik)  de  Th:JAi>A  Installed  as  Pkesiue.nt— Remains  of 
JiAKEZ— Reflections  ox  uis  Caueek. 


JiAiiKZ  had  scarcely  taken  possession  of  tlic  execu- 
tive chair  on  his  reelection  in  Deceniher  1S()7,  when 
jiolitical  clisturhanco  brolcc  out  whicli  histed  to  the 
(lay  of  his  death.  First,  an  attempt  was  made  to  dis- 
pute the  legitimacy  of  Juarez'  authority.  Then  fol- 
lowed insurrections  in  several  of  the  states.  In 
Yucatan  quite  a  serious  disturl)ance  took  place,  and 
Alatorro  was  sent  there  with  his  brigade.'  The 
icvdlted  Indians,  even  after  several  defeats,  continued 
their  irruptions  on  the  j)eaceal)le  towns.  The  g<nern- 
iiu'iit  decreed  on  the  27th  of  March,  I  808,  to  establish 
ill  Cami)ech'j  a  military  colony  of  500  men.^     There 

'  He  (Icfeatoil  tlic  insurivctionists  at  MaxiMtu'i  .Ian.  .Tl,  ISfiS,  tlic  principal 
Uadi  rs  lifiiig  killcii.  IJiittU's  wiiu  f«)ii;.'iit  at  l.'inan  aii'l  otiicr  plaixs.  '^lll•^e 
virtnrifs  were  followeil  up  liy  tlii'  ocruiiatioii  of  M<'iiila  ami  Sl.iJil.  .Many  of 
tlie  cliit'f  iusurgi-'iits  were  cupture  i.  Kiiily  in  .Maivli  the  in^iirivftioii  was  at  an 
Dill,  anil  tile  troojis  left  tlif  pfiiiu.s\ila  in  May,  tlie  piisiihirs  with  few  ixo(  p- 
tiMis  liaving  Ixjeii  pardoned.  FJ  ('uusiilw  inintl,  .Ian.  "J  •_'.">  paswini,  Keii.  7-9 
I'assini,  .March  «,  19,  21,  May  4,  .Inne  .'{,  iStW;  lihirin  oilrinl,  K.  h.  11,  l."i.  •_'•_», 
•J7,  .Marcli  4,  Ang.  20,  '2'_',  ISOS;  Jhihhvi  and  Loviim.'  /.>:/.  M'X..  x.  •.'•J.W.; 
Tov'ir,  Ui^t.  Pari.,  ii.  5,  17,  3S;{-4;  La  EntnlUi  ilr  0.<«/.. March  •_'(»,  Ai)r.  :i, 
IMW. 

'The  cost  was  computed  at  alxwt  $114,000.  Mex.,  Mtm.  Ifacinnla,  1S70, 
707;  M<ix.,  Inkialiiua,  tie,  180'.(,  4. 

(UOS) 


3C6 


END  OF  THE  JUAREZ  UfiGIME. 


wore  seditious  movements,  also,  in  Guerrero,'  Puebla, 
Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  Queretaro,  Jalisco,  Sinaloa,  ami 
other  parts,  all  of*  which  were  defeated  by  the  goveni- 
ment's  forces.  The  most  formidable  were  headed  l»y 
Miguel  Negrete,  the  ex-general,  and  by  the  guerrilla 
chief  Aureliano  Rivera;  but  they  met  with  ill  suc(•e^ss, 
and  had  to  seek  safety  in  flight.*  An  insurrectio'i  nt' 
the  Yaquis  occurred  in  Sonora,  which  region  sutlered 
likewise  from  the  raids  of  the  Apaches.  Tl;e  govern- 
ment, among  other  measures,  concluded  to  establish 
military  colonies  near  the  frontiers.' 

Ministerial  crises  likewise  contributed  to  the  gen- 
eral uneasiness.  Juarez  determined  to  have,  under 
his  [)resent  tenure  of  ottice,  the  same  cabinet  ministers 
that  served  during  the  dictatorship.  This  was  an- 
other step  which  awakened  a  strong  opposition.* 
Sebastian  Lerdo  de  Tejada  was  asked  to  be  minister 
of  foreisrn  and  internal  relations.'  and 


congress 


was 
requested  to  grant  him  leave  to  act  as  such,  a  ell 
as  for  Deputy  Balcdrcel  to  continue  as  minister.  The 
permissions  were   granted,   but  without   implying  a 

'  It  was  merely  local  there,  against  Gov.  Diego  Alvarez,  and  emlcd  witli 
the  surremler  of  tlie  chief  Jiineuez  with  liis  forces  early  in  April.  Diuriu  <iji- 
ciiU,  Apr.  \'2,  l>S«8. 

'  DeUiils  of  the  actions  which  never  assumcil  the  proportions  of  IjattK's, 
and  of  the  defeats  of  tiie  insurgtat  leaders,  may  be  found  in  A7  i'oiiHtitucioiKil, 
April  i:<  to  June  30,  1HG8;  IHnrio  Oji.-ial,  April  12,  1!».  30,  May  17,  July  H, 
Aug.  2.S,  Sept.  iJli,  1868.  Miguel  Xegrete  was  a  deserter  from  the  repul)li<.iiii 
service  during  the  imperial  war,  and  went  aliroad;  lie  afterwiird  tendered  lii.s 
services  to  Maximilian,  mIio  gave  him  the  otiiee  of  comandant(f  general  <>f 
Vem  Cruz.  On  tlie  downfall  of  the  empire  he  liecame  the  leader  of  a  gaii,' 
nicknamed  Los  Plateados.  Aureliano  Rivera  was  a  general  ot  itrigade  of  tlnj 
republic,  and  for  his  reliellion  was  dropped  from  the  rolls  of  tiie  army,  liul,- 
tin  Jtrp.,  .Fune  28,  18<)7;  Ln  Kutnlla  de  OcrUI.,  June  28,  1867,  July  'A,  I8ti><. 
Congress  on  the  8th  of  May  suspended  certain  articles  of  the  constitution  f'T 
conspiracy  offences,  and  they  remained  so  suspended  till  Dec.  31,  1808.  A7 
Derecho,  iii.  441-2;  /^m Went  and  Lozano,  Lnj.  Mix.,  x.  310  20,  .")ll. 

*  Details  on  Apache  depredations  are  given  in  llitt.  Sorth  Mex.  States,  ii., 
this  series. 

•There  were  many  who  considered  themselves  entitled  to  the  portfolios  of 
government  and  treasury  left  vacant  by  Iglesias. 

'The  supreme  court,  whose  iircsident  he  was,  for  a  while  refused  to  allow 
him  to  serve  in  the  cabinet;  it  finally  consented,  but  not  for  a  prolonged  si  r- 
vice.  El  ('orintitiicioiinl,  June  7,  1868.  I.erdf>'s  enemies  called  him  a  Jesuit. 
Gen.  Pldcido  Vega,  in  a  letter  to({ov.  Fes(p»eira  early  in  1867,  warned  him 
against  Lenio,  who  was  always  intriguing  to  make  himself  president.  Ho 
would,  he  said,  ally  himself  with  the  moderados  to  attain  his  end.  Vt<ja  Dor., 
Ui.  427-8. 


POLITICAL  TROUBLES. 


S87 


vote  of  confidence,  an  opposition  of  forty  deputies  do- 
iiiL,'  Juarez  nmeh  damage.  The  portfolio  of  the  treas- 
ury was  finally  intrusted  to  ^Fatfas  Romero,  and  that 
of  <,M)vernment  to  Ij^nacio  L.  Vallarta;  the  latter  held 
liis  position  but  a  short  time,  as  he  was  a  confirmed 
constitutionalist.  After  his  retirement,  Jose  M.  Igle- 
sias  succeeded  him  in  June,  in  which  month  lynacio 
Mariscal  was  called  to  the  department  of  justice,  to 
fill  tlie  vacancy  caused  by  the  resijjnation  of  ^fartinez 
de  Castro.*  Juarez  failed  to  restore  harnifniv  in  the 
lil)eral  party,  and  congress,  being  mainly  made  up  of 
tlio  victorious  republicans,  was  the  object  of  constant 
attack  frt)m  the  conservatives,  who  accused  it  of  pue- 
rility, frivolity,  tardiness,  and  the  like. 

Political  troubles  were  not  the  only  calamities 
heaped  upon  Mexico.  Convulsions  of  nature  now 
visited  some  portions  of  the  republic.  The  worst 
cases  were  those  of  Matamoros,  Bagdad,  and  Brazos 
in  Tamaulipas,  and  Tuxtepec  in  Oajaca,  which  were 
almost  destroyed  in  October  and  November  18G7,  by 
earthquakes,  hurricanes,  and  freshets.'  The  last- 
named  state  had  again  to  suflfer,  in  May  1870,  from 
a  great  destruction  of  life  and  property,  caused  by 
earthquakes. 

The  disturbances  of  the  several  states  arose  from 
the  dissatisfaction  of  the  minorities,  who  alleged  that 
their  defeat  had  been  the  result  of  violence  and  cor- 
ruption, the  general  government  being  charged  with 
tampering  with  the  polls  tt>  secure  the  election  of  its 
frienils.^"  The  injudicious  electoral  law  of  August  14, 
18(57,  prompted  many  to  suspect  Juarez  of  unconsti- 


*  El  ConMititnonnl,  Jan.  17,  .30.  .11,  Feb.  .3,  June  19,  ISfiS;  lUnrio  0>i>., 
.Titiu"  l(),  18,  1S«)8;  linz,  H'/a  <l^  ./ii>ir>-z.  .WJ:  7'..r.(>-,  /Ji.-l.  I'url.,  i.  '2^2:1;  ii. 
This,  .")17,  ;V29;  iii.  9,  .31  .3,  4.3;  El  Ih  hn^or  ilf  la  Hi/urma,  uf  Zuc,  Jan.-L)tc. 
iMiS;  Chirken  U.  S.  ami  Mn:,  MS.'.  :i. 

*  El  ('onxlHurioHul,  Nov.  4,  '!'>,  1S67;  Diario  Ofc,  Nov.  "),  1S67;  LaSo'i- 
td'ul.  Oct.  •->•-',  '2.1,  .30,  1S«7. 

'" 'Totnando  el  gobitTiio  parte  activa  en  las  elecciones  de  diputnilos,  gob- 
cniailores,  y  auu  niagistnulutt  de  la  supreina  corte.'  Hicd  PaUvki,  lliat.  Adm. 
Lirdo,  '27. 


368 


KN'D  OF  THK  .IL'AllKZ  UKCJIMK. 


tutionnl  ideas.     This  suspicion   was   iiiorcasod   wln-n 


1 


lis  inmisters  as 


ked 


I'oiij^rc'ss  suvu 


ral  ti 


inos,  and  |tjir- 


tic'ularly  on  tlio  25th  of  January,  I8GS,  to  «jjrant  him 
hir<^er  j)o\v<!rs,  wh'cli  was  dono  on  tlie  8th  of  May, 
wiien  several  personal  ri<jfhts  were  suspended,  and  the 
mode  of  tryini^  conspirators  was  determined.  ^[I'as- 
ures  were  taken  for  internal  improvement,  and  for  the 
promotion  of  trade,  aiijrieulture,  and  j^eneral  husiness." 
i)ue  trouhle  was  the  friends  of  (lonzalez  Ortega, 
now  knt>wn  as  ( )rte>;uistas,  wlio  wished  to  have  undone 
all  that  had  heen  done,  .i^oiniLj  hack  to  the  time  when, 
as  they  claimed,  Ortejjfa  should  have  heen  reco«;ni/A;d 
as  president,  he  havini^  issued  a  manifestt)  in  sujiport 
of  his  ilaim.  Ortejjja  arrived  in  Zacatecas  on  the 
8th  ol'  January,  18(57,  accom])anied  hy  (leneral  i*a- 
toni,  an<l  announced  himself  to  (Governor  Anza,  who 
sent  Secretary  of  k^tate  MarijUez  to  intjuire  the  ohject 
of  his  visit.  He  said  that  he  had  come  as  president 
of  the  repuhlic,  and  wished  to  hold  a  conference  with 
the  Li^overnor.  This  l)ein<;  granted,  ( )rte,L(a  ur<^t'd  his 
right  t<>  the  presidency;  hut  in  place  t>f  acknowledging 
this,  Anza  arrested  Ortega  and  J'atoni  and  sent  theiii 
to  Juarez,*'  who  kei)t  them  in  durance  until  his  posi- 
tion was  assured,  when  the  <rovernment  ordered  their 


.'1 


release 


13 


Early  in   18()8  insecurity  throughout  the  country 
assumed  alarming  })ro[)ortions."    In  most  of  the  states 


rohiierv 


kiih 


na))[)ing,  and  murder  were  o 


)f  daily 


occur- 
rence.*^    But  by  the  end  of  18G8  quiet  was  somewhat 

"  Agriculture  M'as  dccliuing  from  heavy  taxes;  stngnntion  in  trade  pre- 
vaileil;  money  was  scarce;  niid  tlie  pulilic  roads  were  in  liad  condition. 

'■^  Anza 'a  course  was  approved.  Mix.,  Col.  l.eycx,  ISO^-T;  iii.  148-52; 
/JmW'ih  and  Loziiiio,  Laj.  Mix.,  x.  4  ."». 

'^Tliey  were  not  tried.  Tlio  onler  was  issued  .Tidy  18,  18(58.  Diario  <)ji<\, 
July'Jl,  I8(i8;  Tomr,  llUt.  I'arl.,  i.  !»:{,  I(R),  !06-7,  l-'O. 

"In  Jal|>iui  Manjuez  and  Santa  Anr  \  were  proclaimed  in  May.  The  lat- 
ter carried  on  his  intrigues  from  Hal).n;>.  an!  had  agents  in  Mexico.  Tlio 
clergy  threatened  with  cxcommunical  ion  i.!l  wlio  elaimeil  damages  fcir  losses 
during  the  foreign  intervention.  /</.,  tii.  8.");  El  ('uHslitudoiKil,  Jan.  li.'),  Ai)r. 
t.'."),  .May  "24,  18G8. 

'^The  assassination,  Aug.  18,  18,18,  of  <!en.  Patoni,  said  to  have  been  liy 
officers  of  the  Ist  lirigade  of  the  4tii  division— Corona's  connnand — was  a 
acauduloua  vuo.     The  supposed  caief  iustigutur,  Geu.  Buuigno  Cuuto,  was 


NEW  STATES. 


3A9 


restored,  tho  insurgents  being  defeated  everywhere, 
without  the  government  having  resorted  U>  ruinous 
taxation. 


'J'ho  c.\|iediency  of  crenting  now  states  from  the 
largo  territory  possessed  hy  tlie  old  state  of  ^Loxico 
was  generally  acknowk'dgod.  On  the  1st  of  ]3ecem- 
ber,  1868,  congress  enactod  a  law  lor  the;  formation 
(»f  the  state  of  AEorelos.'"  Itre(|uirL'd  that  a  legislature 
and  executive  should  he  there  installed  within  four 
iiiniiths.  President  Juarez  sanctioned,  and  puhlished 
mi  the  17th  of  April,  1H('»S),  tho  creation  of  the  new 
state,  and  it  was  subse(|uently  ratified  l)y  the  other 
states.  The  state  govermnent  was  foi-mally  installed 
nil  the  2Gth  of  April."  The  population  of  ^Eorelos 
at  that  time  was  about  121,000.'"*  The  capital  was 
<  stablished  in  Cuernavaca,  a  town  of  some  12,000 
souls. 

The  state  of  Hidalgo  was  erected  pursuant  to  an 
act  of  congress  of  January  IG,  IBGO,'"  which  measure 
was  well    received   by  the   nation.     The  boundaries 

tiimlly  brouglit  to  trial,  and  sentenucd,  on  the  2l8tof  Fel).,  187.3,  to  ten  years' 
iMi]irisomnt'iit.  lie  died  at  l>iiranj,'(>  in  April  of  tiiu  same  year.  Tlio  oju'ra- 
tjinis  uf  tiiu  kidnappers  caused  in^'cii  terror,  jind  liiisiin-ss  was  pai'iilyzcd. 
Jiiarioiijir.,  Aug.  '24,  IStW,  Nov.  "),  18()!l;  Moiii/n,- N<],.,  .Jimo  2:\, 'M,  187-'; 
/i'  Fiihfiil,  Ful).  2.">,  Mareli  7,  1S7.'{;  La  Ksti-iihi  i/i-  <h<hl.,  Sept.  11,  Oot.  '2, 
JHdS;  La  (/(U'ta  ik  Policia,  Oct.  18(J.S  to  May  18(>!t;  L'irrm,  doh.dr  M/x., 
ii.  08"J.  Gen.  lM;k'ido  Vei;a,  on  ttie  14th  of  Oct.,  1S(»S,  wrote  several  niem- 
iiers  of  congress  that  he  had  a  narrow  esc.ipe  from  a  fate  similar  to  i'atoui's. 
V'iVt,  I)„r.,  iii.  ()7'-»-3, 

"'It  was  formcil  with  the  districts  of  Cuernavaca,  Yantepcc,  Cuautia  de 
Mor.lds,  Jouacatepec,  and  Ti'tccala,  wiii>se  respective  cldef  towns  hear  tho 
s.iiiic  names.  Its  area  is  4,(i(IO  .>>(|uare  kilometers.  Mortlos,  l-Jj-/,<it.  unhrr,  1  - 
■.'A;  Torn,;  Hist.  Pari.,  i.  ()."),  l.V_',  2IS,  ;{10,  48!);  ii.  .5;{0~:{;  iii.  yi-1107 
iu.ssiin;  iv.  102,  140,  KiO,  170,  ISO;  Diarlo  IhhntvH,  8M;oni,'.,  i.  lO;}. 

'"  Diario  Ojir.,  Apr.  20,  iStiO;  A'  Moni/ur,  Apr.  28,  l.SOO.  The  state  con- 
stitution wias  adopted  on  tlie  28tli  of  .luly,  IS70,  and  was  coiisiderahly 
.11111  iiiled  on  tlie  .'M  of  Dec,  1,S7S.   Monlns,  (''niMU/inioii  /'ulil.,  \-'.i~. 

'"In  1S74  it  was  ahoiit  1.")0,:{(H).  <lirrl,i  Cih.i^,  Alias  M,'li„l.,  48.  The 
eliief  Nourc'cs  of  wealth  were  agriculture  anil  the  manufacture  of  Hour  and  ex- 
(elKnt  sugar  and  rum.   llirmnsa,  Coiiijx'ikI.  (''mij.,  i;{8-40. 

"*(Jen.  Ooria  was  made  the  provisioiud  governor.  L'l  Monitor,  .Ian.  21,  22, 
Ismi;  Dnhlaii  and  Louiiio,  Lcij.  M<x.,  x.  i)l!)-18;  Art  h't-ijiiK  ra<!i>ii  ilr  Sin., 
I'lli.  10,  1:1,  lS(i!(.  Tho  petition  for  its  creation  was  presented  hy  Deputy 
Antonio  Taglc,  and  bore  tho  signatures  of  a  number  of  deputation.^  and  up- 
Wiircl.s  of  (iO  representatives.  Petitions  to  the  same  efFect  also  came  from  nni- 
iiiiipalities  an<l  private  citizens.  Tovar,  Hl4,  Purl.,  i.  7-t-01(i  passim;  ii. 
2;>.'i-,')33  mxsim;  iii.  32-110.5  imssim. 
Hist.  Mex.,  Vol.  VI.    -Ii 


370 


END  OF  THE  JUAREZ  RliGLMK. 


wcro:  on  the  north,  the  states  of  San  Luis  Potosfnnd 
Vera  Cruz;  on  the  east,  Puobla;  on  the  south,  Mex- 
ico; and  on  the  west,  Querdtaro.**  Its  population  was 
about  404,000.  The  chief  source  «»("  wealth  con- 
sisted ill  workin<^  the  rich  mines  of  gold,  silver,  lead, 
coj>per,  iron,  alum,  sulphur,  etc.  Pachuca  was  madr 
till'  cajiital,  a  town  of  about  12,000  inhabitants.  Tlif 
or<^^'lnization  was  completed  with  the  election  ol 
autiiorities  bv  the  people  on  the  1 7th  of  May,  18G9; 
Antonio  Tagle  was  chosen  governor,  and  installed  on 
the  Srth.'" 

The  state  of  Mexico  with  the  curtailment  of  terri- 
tory was  left  with  only  20,300  scpiare  kilometers.''-' 
Tiie  population  in  1S70  was  G  12,000,  and  in  1.S74, 
()(5.3,557.  The  capital  was  established  at  Toiuca,  ,t 
city  of  about  12,000  inhabitants.  The  state  does  not 
include  the  city  of  ^Mexico,  which  with  a  portion  ot 
adjacent  country  forms  the  district  of  ]Mexico,  or  IV'd- 
eral  district,  where  the  supreme  national  authoriuos 
ollicially  reside.'"" 

The  year  1 8 GO  opened  under  more  favorable  auspices. 
Liberal  institutions  were  becoming  more  firmly  rooted ; 
administrative  reorganization  and  material  iinprove- 
mcnts  again  went  forward.  l[oj)es  were  entertained 
that  no  more  serious  disturbances  would  take  place, 

"The  state  had  the  following  districts:  Atotonilco  el  Oraiule,  Actonan, 
Apam,  •lac-ala,  (Iuiciia|iun,  llucjutia,  Met/.titlaii,  I'aoliiica, 'riilaiicingo, 'Inia, 
Ixiiii(iiiili)an,  /acualtipaii,  anil  Zimapan,  wliosu  ruHpectivi;  chief  towns  iiiiil 
tlic  same  nanx's.  Itsarcawas  'J1,|;>0  si{iiui'e  kilonietera.  ii'arciaCultaD,  Alln-i 
Mt'ldit.,  4(i;  llrntionii,  ('<iiii/h  nil.  (/loij.,  111). 

■"  lie  was  entiuisiastically  receivi'il.  IHario  0/7c.,  Jniic  8,  1.SG9;  Kl  Mont- 
lor.  May  14,  '20,  '11,  30,  June  9,  I8(i!».   Diario  Dt'ltalin,  .">  Cong.,  i.  187. 

'-The  liounilai'ies  became  tlion:  on  tiie  north,  H;<lal^i>;  on  the  east,  Tlns- 
cnla;  on  the  south-east,  Morelos;  on  tlic  soutii,  Onerrcfo;  and  on  the  west, 
MIclioacan.  An  attempt  was  mado  in  ISlJS  to  foiiri  with  tlie  towns  of  thu 
valley  a  state  to  he  named  KstJido  ih'l  Vulle,  hut  no  action  seems  to  have  l)ecn 
tiken.  Tvmi;  llixt.  I'nrL,  i.  I(K),  111,  KiS-iVvi  piwsim;  ii.  5,  »!!»,  3.'>!>.  Tlu' 
I.")  districts  ill  which  the  state  was  divided  are  Jilotcpee,  Te/.cueo,  Chalco, 
OtundKi,  'J'lalnepantla,  Cuautitlan,  Zumpan);;o,  Toiuca,  Tcnanjjo,  L«'rnia,  Te- 
nanuingo,  Ixtlahuaca,  Villa  del  Valle,  Zoltepec,  and  Tcjupilco.  Their  ru- 
Bpeotive  chief  towns  hear  the  same  names.  Ilirmosa,  Coin/i.  (/in'i.,  1-8,  I  MO. 
'^  Its  linuts  now  extend  to  Zacoaico  on  the  north:  I-oa  Kemedios  on  tlu; 
west;  TIalpam  on  the  south;  nnil  Kl  refion  Vicjo  on  the  east.  Jil.,  TjI,  '20^; 
Mcx,,  Mini,  ti'obvrii.,  1871,  10  17,  annc.v  no.  II,  SD-OO. 


TROUBLES  IN  YUCATAN. 


.171 


,it  least  till  thero  should  bo  another  uttcnipt  to  reelect 
I *ii\sitiont  Juarez.  These  hopes  were,  however,  des- 
tined to  di.sj«ppointmcnt.  A  ])ronuiicianii<'iito  of  a 
seditious  character  <jceurred  in  ^Edritla,  Yucatan,  in 
.l;iuurtry  and  Fehruary,  which  was  summarily  suj)- 
|iiesscd,  and  a  nund»er  put  to  death  hy  C'oloiul  Ceha- 
llos.  These  executions  were  rujjarded  throuy-hout 
Mexico  as  but  little  better  than  assassinations.'-*  Tlie 
J  iidians  also  were  troublesome  here.  After  the  resto- 
vitidu  of  the  supreme  autlioiity  of  ^Iexic.»  over 
\'iicataii,  the  state  was  regularly  allowed  pecuniary 


.::;  •wtHioA*ii»,o...). , 


i'/ 


•lumaJ       '  Km.II* 


V.'illn.MIJ  I 


.'  COiUMEL  I. 


w 


iv* 


_Z   1.,    • 


CUlUU]iul< 


:ss«"'->-^ 


YnCATAN. 


resources,  which  with  its  revenue  sufficed  to  meet  all 
expenses,  even  leaving  a  balance  over.  But  early  in 
IS(i9  the  general  government  sto])ped  the  supitlies, 
iiiid  then  the  state  treasury  was  obliged  to  support  the 
tioops  on  the  Indian  frontier,-* 

'■"  Celiallos  was  subjected  to  tml  by  order  of  the  gnverninont.  thoii^li  tlic 
legislature  of  Vucnttin  had  decreed  him  ii  vote  of  thanks  for  Huppressiiii;  t,iie 
sedition.  El  Monitor,  Feb.  7,  12,  Iti,  March  24,  25,  May  22.  .June  !»,  I.^i!»; 
Dinrio  O/ir.,  March  9,  April  15,  22,  ISOU;  El  Dererho,  ii.  227.  247 -S,  2'J(), 
:<(I7. 

'■'  They  were  defeated  at  the  hacienda  of  Katbt";.  In  .Tune  a  force  of  4,000 
iiiiliuuti  wua  cuuuuutrated  ut  Tiboauco.     Ou  the  7tb  of  July  they  burned  Vux- 


m 


KM)  OF  THK  .IITAUKZ  JM>;iMi:. 


J)uriu«^  18G'.),  owiiij^  to  dnui'^lit,  tlio  corn  crop, 
forniin;^  tlic  Kta[>I('  of  food  i'uv  tlm  imushoh,  vvtiH  vcrv 
Hiimll,  ami  the  jK-oplc  suiri'ii'il  iLjnatly.  Agncultiue 
wjis,  inri'iu'rally  sptiakiiiL,',  in  u  (l('])loral>l('  Htatu,  rcHult 
in«^  IVoiu  tluj  twoiily  yoais'  stru;^'^lr,  which  rc«iuiiul  a 
lai'j^o  portion  (»t'  tho  pojnilatioii  to  be  constantly  on 
Ih"  frontier  watching'  tho  IraUans.  However,  in  the 
re«4ion  free  from  Indian  dcpredalions  lieneijucn  was 
cnhivated  on  a  largo  scale,  and  (juite  jirotjtahly, 
pi'oinisin'^  to  lu'conie  a  souice  of  wealth."''  The  war 
of  races  continued  without  the  h(»stile  Indians  man 
ilcstiiiLj  any  disposition  to  submit,  or  oven  to  treat 
with  the  government." 

Other  states  were  also  tho  victinis  of  hostile  Tn- 
<lians.  Nuevo  J^eon  was  often  raided  by  wild  Indians 
from  tho  United  States.'-^  (^hiapas  suffered  from  a 
war  of  castes;  -'"  tho  national  cfuigross  and  executive  at 
once  resolvod  to  aid  tho  state  with  arms  and  money."^ 
Indian  troubles  continued,  however,  for  a  long  time 
afterward.  'IMio  frontier  states  of  (Chihuahua  and 
Sonora  continued  to  bo  tho  tramjiing  ground  of  the 
relentless  A[tachos. 

A  j)ronu!»ciamionto  took  place  at  ]*uobla,  headed 
by  ]V[iguel  Xegreto,  who  bad  been   in  concealment  in 

liiili.i.  Tito  state  govornmont  lind  hu  ,  few  serviceable  arms;  Imt  in  Sept.  tlif 
iititiotial  executive  coiitrilmteil  tr<NipH  and  niniii'V.  h'ntrio  <ijir.,  Maroli  "JT. 
Au;:.  7,  Oct.  •-'.  lHtK>;   KI.Uoiiiloi;.]»\yii,  l,Sti!»;  ///.i/vo />. /,/{/»>,  .VCorij:.,  i.  4ii, 

■'^'riiorc  wi'ie  in  tlic  state  l,14.">  liaciendaH,  .'Jti.'{  ninclms,  S.'U  sititift  and  \>:i 
ra;.'i'.s,  I  IT.tMifS  lu'ail  of  cattle,  H»,'J.")1  Iikiscm.  etc. ;  !M>  estates  had  lieen  dibtroyid 
sinec  lS(i2,  and  '.V.i  new  ones  made.     'I'iie  estimated  value  of  agi-ieiilturul  pru]) 
erty  was  •S|,.")(I.S,7I7.    Yiic.  Ji!i/ifil.  I'lKita  o/ic,  ^t,  ii,  l.">  17.  -7. 

'''In  tlie  latter  part  of  IS7I  Mome  eliief.s  were  niiirdcred,  lieinj,'  .luspeete'I 
by  tlicii'  pi'oplc  (if  a  wish  to  tender  tlieir  ttubniitision  to  tlie  government.  /,' 
AMoiiihir  />'<■/!.,  .Ian.  7,  10,  liS7'J. 

'■""One  of  tlie  many  invasions  was  that  of  the  Kiekapoo.s  in  ISOO,  M'iien  tin: 
Posiv  rani'lio  was  as.sanlted  liy  tlieni.  Mi'x.,  liij'iinnc  ('oiniit.  /''Hi/uiii.,  IS7I, 
f)'J  (Jl.and  !»p.  xxii.  xxvi.,  xlviii.-ix.;  M<x.,  Iii-pt  Mi\v.  HoriUri'oimn.,  307- 1"^: 
Dmiio  tiiic,  March 'JO,  IKtJ!). 

"•Two  of  their  chiifs  were  captured  and  shot.  .Ahout  7,000  Indians  wen' 
(lifl|H>i-!ied  on  the  7th  of  .Inly,  I8<MI,  liy  WW  yovernnient  trooiis.  The  rehil-i 
■were  u<4ain  defeateil  with  heavy  loss,  at  I'nntehuit/,  N'ov.  |:{,  I8()!).  El  l>i- 
rerlin.  iii.  Ill  l'2;  J)htrio  Ofir  ,  Dec.  10.  lS(i!»;  h'l  Monilor,  Aug.  14,  18(iU;  AV 
ViviilcntfU,  Aug.  4,  11,  -25, 'Sept.  1.  '_'«>,  Oct.  '20,  27,  1>%». 

'"Six  hundred  inusketa  and  ^.S.OOO  monthly  to  he  exclusively  used  for 
defence  apiinst  the  Indians.  Id.,  Oct.  80,  ISiK);  Duhlau  and  Lozano,  Lnj. 
Attx.,  X.  743;  La  Estrdlu  dc  Ucvid.,  Dec.  24,  18(iU, 


11 


OTHKK  RKVOLTS. 


373 


tliat  city,  on  tlio  3(1  of  Ft^Inuary.  He  wa-s,  however, 
iililiL^cil  to  uluiiuloi)  tliL!  |ilai-o  on  the  7ih,  and  on 
the  '22{\  of  the  same  month  was  tlef'eated  l)y  Oencral 
(  iiullar  at  LaL,'unilla  near  San  Afaitin  Atexeal.  The 
irljul  I'oreo  was  eoniplott-ly  (hs|ic'rs(<l/"  Insui  rectinii- 
;iiy  nioveinoiits  al^  ^  <;;*<'urre(l  in  almost  all  tlic  Ht.itts; 
liiit  hy  the  end  of  o  'tie  |)uhlie  soeurity  was  reiist.ih- 
li^lied,  and  in  October  i'(ul  November  the  pacification 
u;is  nearly  complett-d.'" 

Anntlit-r  revolution  broke  out,  liowfvrr,  on  the 
I. (ill  of  Deeendier,  IS(il>,  at  San  iii'.is  J'ntnsi,  hendcti 
iiy  generals  Francisco  Aj^uirre,  Martinez,  /id  Lar- 
i;iii;tna,  ai;ainst  Juarez'  j^oveinment,  and  was  seconded 
(111  the  loth  of  January,  1870,  in  Zacatcvi.s  by  (jov- 
ciijor  Tiinidad  (iarc  ia  de  la  Ca«lena,  w!  jilaci'<l  li'ii.- 
scif  at  til  •  head  of  the  whole  movement.'"  The  ruln'Is. 
snppoiceU  by  a  body  of  tro«  ps  of  the  fourf  ii  divi.'^Ion, 

i/ed  a  conducta  of  aitout  .^70,000.  The  public  peace 
was  also  aLjain  disturbed  in  other  states.  Thu  j)re.s- 
ident  displayed  due  activity,  haviiij;  liist  obtained 
.•iiiij)le  powers  from  congress."**     The  states  wlu-re  the 

•■"  F()rty-('i;;lit  iiHiwrsof  all  rank-* anil  :^'{Orniik  iiiiillili^  wrii'  taken  luimincis; 
II  l.ii^'c  ijiiantity  nf  arms  ah<l  otlur  war  inatiiia!  fell  ititu  tin'  \  li-tnrN'  IimihU, 
/,'/  Miitiiiiir,  I'Vli.  .">  !l,  'Jl,  'l'.\,  '1\.  Istilt.  Suvcral  of  tlif  insnr;;i'nt  (illii<'i-.s  wi  ru 
i'\u»iit<'il,  one  (if  tlicni  licin;,'  (Jm.  Krancisci)  Lnjan.  Dinriu  < )/i,  .^  Marcli  10, 
Ksti'.l;  /.'/  KsirJIa  ili  Oiriil.,  April  •-',   ItS,  .May  7.  ISIilt. 

^•■' Itftails  of  the  opci'iitions  appear  in  lHario  Ojir.,  March  "JJ,  .'II,  Apr. 
II  to  iKc.  Is,  |S()!»,  paNsiin;  A'/  /A /../«.,  iii.  Ill,  I,"i7,  I7;i;  JH-,iii>  Itihali.i, 
•<  I'lini;.,  i  'ASH  !I|S  jiassine,  Z'ir.,  M<  m.  ilil  Knl.,  I  7- pa.H.sitn;  Mu:,  Mi-in., 
Ihi,i,i„/:i,  I,S7,  !i;i:{  4;  /■;/  Mi)iiih,r,  h'l  <>r<i,/H,il(i/,  Lit  E-ilnllii  il,  O.rii/.,  El 
hit',  ill'  Hi/.,  anil  other  JDiii'nai.s,  in  aliun.st  every  i-snc. 

■'■'(iov.  K«eanilon,  the  legislature,  anil  other  fnnetionnrics  of  San  I.iiis 
I'liti'si  were  arresteil,  ami  Aj,'uiire  was  proclainieil  jiovernor.  Dhirin  Ofi'r., 
I»ec. -JS.  ihtill,  .Jan.  I.  Marcli  :i(t,  Is70:  /;/. !/.)(( iV..,-,  Dee.  '.'I,  IS(iit;  La  KsfnUa 
(Il  Orriil.,  Kel).  |H,  .March  4,  Ls7U;  .1/r.r.,  .l/i'»i.  flnlii  in.,  1871,  4,  ami  anmx 
iiM.  •>.  p.  4:1  4;  r.  ('/•»;,  Mini.,  IS7I,  l!(  -0.  Maripiez  <le  Loon  attiihutist 
till!  revolution  to  .liiaic/,'  attempts  to  retain  jtower,  .mil  to  the  eiMielties  of 
uiivernnieiit  ollii  ers  in  lliat  >ear,  wiiieli  hail  lieen  unparallileil.  The  miinli  ra 
ni  Viiiataii  liy  Celiallns,  in  Siniiloa  hy  I'airas,  anil  tlie  executions  ut  Atesr.il 
liiil  heeii  tlu!  work  of  Na\a,L;e.s  rather  tiiau  of  tivili/.eil  aiithorities.  I'liMio 
i'|>iuiiin  eonileinneil  tlnni,  hut  .luare/.  od'enil  no  n  ilress,  preferrini^  to  plav  tho 
I'iirt  of  dictator.  In  San  I.U'H  I'otoai,  Susttiieij  Kucuntlou  wa»chueiuu  governor 
ill  spito  of  Juarez.   .Mini.  /  (/.•<^,  MS.,  .S'J.V-.'U. 

"  He  was  autliori/eil  to  muster  into  «ervi  ■".  4,000  men  of  the  national 
:.'iiiiril  of  the  states,  hiihlan  ami  fjuviiio,  Lnj.  .Wi'x.,  x.  77!'  8;i,  xi.  !>  II; 
J>iiirl(,  Dihiilen,  :>  IJouK.,  i.  .'liK),  .VIO  S,  7."»!»-S»4  passim;  liolitiii  (Jjir.  Estnd. 
Sill.,  .Jan.  18,  1870;  JJiurio  O/iV.,  Jan.  i:J,  18,  1870;  Mtix.,  /'-w.  Uackiuta, 
bTO,  S8'-'-3. 


'a'i 


..I 


•1! 

m 


371 


F5D  OF  THE  JUAREZ  RKGI.VE. 


revolution  developed  itself  in  force,  namely,  San  Luis 
Potosi,  Zacatecas,  Jalisco,  and  Queretjiro,  were  j)lace<l 
under  martial  law.^'  In  about  four  months  the  move- 
nu-nt,  which  had  been  one  of  personal  ambition,  but 
threatened  the  existence  of  Juarez'  administration, 
was  forced  to  succumb,  the  rebels  being  defeated  on 
the  22(1  of  February,  1870,  b^  Generarilocha,"'  at  a 
place  known  as  Lo  de  Ovejo,  with  heavy  hisses.'^ 
'I'he  result  was  that  (luadarramaand  other  prominent 
leaders  suljmitted  to  the  L^ovi-rmnent.  (jiarcia  du  la 
(\idena  afterward  captured  Zacatecas,  from  whoso 
merchants  he  obtained  a  large  sum  of  money,  ami 
from  private  citizens  arms  and  horses,  and  then  dv- 
parted  for  Sierra  ITiTmosa;  but  soon  after  was  routed 
at  Villanueva,and  forced  into  exile."'"*  The  insurgents 
met  with  disaster  at  every  encounter,  and  finallv  i;a\  <■ 
up  the  struggle.*'  This  revolution  left  homeless  u 
huge  number  of  men  who  had  rendered  good  services 
to  their  country. 

The  long-desired  general  amnesty  law  was  fmall\ 
enacted  by  congress  on  the  13th  of  October,  1870." 

'^From  which  tiny  «cio  released  on  the  2tith  of  March.  Kt  JJrrcrho,  iv. 
289. 

^"ThiH  gt'nci'iil  li;iil  roittcil  Tuh'iht  nt  El  Tcjon  in  .Timuary. 

"' Tiicy  losu  ■  II  tlieir  iirtillci  y  -.ilxiiit  "_'(>  picue.s  :i  Iiirm' (|aai»tity  of  oI'ki' 
arms,  800  killed  iinil  uouiulcil,  ami  niAiiy  otiiueis  atul  iipwartls  of  l,0(M)  rank 
and  iile  \M  re  takisi  ^irisDtier-.s.  'J'ho  lest  of  their  foree,  which  hail  lieeii  (it 
(iltoiit  i'slMM)  (111  gi>iii;^'  i';ii)  hattle,  hcc.iiiie  dispersed,  (larciado  la  Caiieiia, 
Martiiie/.,  lliierta,  and 'loledo  tlecl.  lUiirio  Ofir.,  March  ft,  A))r.  (i,  I^TO;  /.'/ 
hiiiiho,  iv.  lS."i;  Miirqwz  ilf  Lkui,  Mi  id.  I'M.,  MS.,  ;{.'{.")-7;  IsO  h'^tn /n '!•' 
Orriil.,  Apr.  I,  8,  |S7();  (\,^,  h's/dilisf.  SiUio,  in  Jfi'.v.,  Sov.  Uiu'j.  JIulitiii,  '2n 
ilp.,  iv.  7IS;  ll.iz,   Vi'/ailf  ./nun-.,  'MVA-'A. 

'■'"JJiiirioOn'.,  Apr.  '_»,."),  10,  etc.,  ISTO;  La  Kslnlladr  Orcitl.,  Apr.  -'-', 
1S7();  I'rnoil.'ojl-.,  of  Zac.,  1S7(»  4. 

^^ Some  of  the  governors  were  gi-'en  extraordinary  powers  where  needed 
to  restore  peace.  Hiiir.,  Var'ina  l.i :i.,  J'ecree  .")S.  Kx  ;,'en.  (iutierrez  was 
eourt-niartialeil  and  shot  for  haxint;  lielonged  to  a  'banda  de  fora^iidos.'  /.' 
Mdintor,  Fell.  l(i,  ISdO;  Uul.lia  Otir.  K.itttil.  Shi.,  Apr.  IS,  IS70.  The  go\  ■ 
eminent  i.s  accnsed  of  u.sjnf.'  arhitrary  measures  to  nplmld  its  aiithorit\. 
Tlio  Dinr'iii  (>/('(■.  throiiuhoiit  the  year  is  full  of  details  on  tlie  political  distui  li 
ances.  'I'lio  isaniu  may  lie  said  of  Kl  (hr'nh  nliil,  Kl  Mouilur  h'l/i.,  etc.  Jii^a 
I'alacio,  Ml  III.  i'l  hi  Lnji^l.  lU'  Miix.,  i(,  and  J>iario  JJihulm,  .">■'  Cong.,  i.  SS-, 
SS7  S,  also  give  information. 

*'''l"iie  state  of  I'uelda,  liy  its  legishitnre  nnd  executive,  liad,  as  early  a< 
the  llJth  of  .lidy,  1S7(),  restoreil  the  ritditsnf  citizens  of  the  stjite  to  thosi'wii" 
served  iiudcr  the  intervcntinii  or  the  tMiiiiiie,  excepting  from  the  privileges  of 


■S 


LAW  OF  AMNESTY. 


37A 


It  contained  eleven  articles,  and  embraced  persons 
who,  to  the  19th  of  September  of  the  same  year,  had 
lic'cn  guilty  of  injiilcnckt,  or  treason,  sedition,  cons{)ir- 
;k'V,  and  other  oti'ences  of  a  political  nature.  From 
its  benefits  wei'o  exci'pted,  1st,  the  regcntcs  and  lui,';u- 
tcnientes  of  the  emj)ire;  and  "Jd,  generals  wlio,  while 
commanding  in  chief  a  division  or  corps  trarmci>, 
deserted  to  the  foreign  invader.'*'  One  month  was 
L^ranted  for  insurgents  still  under  arms  tit  apply  for 
their  pardons;  failing  in  which,  they  were  to  be  pros- 
ecuted. The  eleventh  article  declared  that  the  ])ersons 
included  in  the  second  exception  should  not  be  sen- 
tenced to  the  penalty  of  death,  to  which  they  wt>re 
amenahh.',  but  to  the  "mayor  extraordinaria."  .V  lew 
(lays  later  sevei'al  deputies^'  moved  that  the  benefits 
of  the  anmesty  should  l)e  extended  to  the  men  who 
had  been  regi'uts  of  the  empire,  but  congress  rejected 
the  motion.  Prisoners  entitletl  to  the  anmesty  wt-re 
released.  An»ong  them  were  the  ex-generals  Severo 
del  Castillo  and  Miguel  Xegrete.  The  latter  had 
heen  arrested  in  July,  subjei'te'd  to  trial,  and  being 
convicted,  was  sentenced  to  death.*'  ]Jut  the  people 
woulil  not  allow  such  a  fate  to  befall  one  of  the  heroes 
ot' the  Cinco  de  .NTayo,  as  well  as  a  brave  defender  of 
J'uebla  the  following  year,  and  petitions  for  his  mi- 

tlii^  law  those  jtersdiis  \\  lio  lulij  tlio  ollic,  i  <>(  si'tn'tiiiy  i>i'  uiiilii-si'rr«iaiy  of 
^t  it«',  mill  tliDsi!  \\  lio  acliil  ii.s  iiifiiil»TS  ol  (.■ciiiiLs-niMilial,  or  w  ho,  «  ln!t:  st'i-v- 
iiii:  tlicir  country,  ilcsii  ttd  to  tlio  iin  my.   I'n'hht,   \',ii\  Lii/.,  no.  41. 

"  I'lio  t'xi'fUtivi!  waiiled  al.so  to  In;  ixci'jiti d  tlio  so-callcil  iniiii.'-trrH  who 
n)mitii>i;,'ii('il  .Maximilians  ilcrico  of  Oct.  .'!,  iSCp.'i,  ainl  tiu;  liaihi  s  of  iu.sur- 
iicliiins  anil  niiitiiiiis  that  had  oiiMiiiiil  from  Aui,'.  I^^CiT  to  tlir  date  of  the 
l.iw,  l)iit  i.'on:;it's.s  njcctid  the  liiii|io.sitioii.  The  licnelils  of  the  ai:nii>ty  \M'io 
id^o  ailowi  cl  to  those  aiimii:^  thi'  i\ii|iti'(l  w  Ihlsc  fate  had  \ivvM  ililiiiiil  liy  the 
f\i  rutive,  and  it  lni;;ht  lie  exttiided  to  persons  eoMi|ilised  in  the  srri>iiil  iaccI)- 
tioii  wlu'Uevcr  the  exieiitive  clccnu'd  it  iXjiedient.  I'loseiiition.s  alieadv 
ill^titutell  Were  to  l>e  diseonliniied,  anil  liru.s  ninitted.  Scijni  strutid  or 
C'Mlliseateil  piopeity,  iiot  yet  sold,  wa.s  to  he  restored,  in  the  Londitinn  i' 
iMJi'lit  then  he,  to  tiu;  p.irties  inteiestid.  The  anmesty  did  not  exempt  from 
ri'sponsihility  for  pro|K'i  l\  nf  the  guM-rnment  or  jirivate  ))attiis  ill<-j,'ally  sei/ed; 
nur  ilnl  it  iniply  lestoialion  of  rank,  ileeoi'atiims,  oltiees,  liniiors,  piy,  pen- 
siiiis,  mntitepio,  ete.  /liiirin  />('.'/',.,  ."i"  ( 'onu'.,  iii.  -II?  IS;  /liinin  f  in'r.,  Oit. 
I'i,  I.H70.  .Mar(|iie/.  do  Jx'on  elaim.s  some  eredit  for  this  eii.ietmeiit.  .\h  lU. 
/v./.,  MS.,  Ml  A. 

'-'Zunaeona,  I»lii8,  I'l-ieto,  .(villi,  and  Orozeo.   FJ  Si'jio,  0,t.  •l'^.   Is7(). 

'•'  /'(((/ (11  0«'''. ,  .lldy  I-,  lit,  1H7().      Lerdo  w.is  aeeil.sed  of  favoiini,'  \' gretc'a 
t'.xeeutioii  out  of  jiersoual  hostility.   £7  MmiHor  III]'..  July  I.'!  j.'i,  INTO. 


370 


END  OF  THK  JUAREZ  KKGIME. 


conditional  pardon  caniu  from  all  quarters,  and  he  was 
released  on  the  14th  of  October."  One  of  the  (jreat 
(litHculties  Juarez  had  to  contend  with  was  tlie  con- 
stant deniad  from  tiie  ]il)eral  party  for  a  chant,'e  of 
|M)Iicy,  and  c<»nse(j[uent  change  of  ministers,  to  which 
he  paid  no  heed,  lie  was  also  greatly  censured  for 
having  his  salary  account  adjusted,  and  the  balance 
due  him  paid  bv  the  treasurv.'*' 

The  presidential  eUt^tion  for  the  next  constitutional 
terni,  to  end  on  the  30th  of  November,  1875,  now 
«.ame  again  to  throw  the  country  into  turmoil."  The 
chief  candidates  were  Juarez,  Lerdo  de  Tejada,  and 
Porfirio  Diaz.  Juarez  had  in  his  belialf",  Insides  his 
great  prestige  with  the  '])uro'  wing  of  the  liberal 
j)arty,  a  largi' following  of  otKce-holders.  He  encoun- 
tered nmch  oi»|)osition,  however,  on  the  part  of  the 
strict  constitutionalists,  who  lK)nestly  believed  that 
successive  reiilections  were  against  the  spirit  of  de 
niocracv.'''  Xevertlu'Kss,  (lisre<jfardinLj  these  considei- 
ations,  Jiiai'ez  exerted  hijuself  to  the  utm(»st  t(!  secure 
his  re('l(  etion,  which  was  a  grave  erroi-  on  his  pait. 
Indued,  had  he  shown  a  disinclination  to  ap[)ear  again 
as  a  candidate,  the  opj)osition  would  have  been  dis- 
armed, and  in  all  probability  the  gi'eat  national  \vm\.\ 
would  have  insisted  on  his  eontinuing  at  the  head  ot 
affairs  another  term  to  complete  his  work. 


4^ 


"llf  piihlislitid  a  I'ard  «\|)r('s.siii^'  his  j.'r!ititiiilo  to  the  people  who  Iiiid 
iiKuiifi  .-.ttil  so  imu  h  iiitfivst  nil  his  luliaif.  />/.,  Oct.  10,  1.S70;  La  KatnlUi  ilr 
O.r;./.,   Dec.  -J,  1S70. 

*'A  Kiliii  I'xci'odiiij,' !?liO,0(K).    Ilinni,  (,%,!,.  ,/,■  .l/.'.r.,  ii.  (\H'A. 

*"(,'iiii,L;ifss  aihipti'il,  Ainil  -J,  1^71.  an  (iiiicinlinint  to  the  cK-ctoral  law  of 
l.S.')7,  Jiiinrriliiii:;  that,  in  the  rviiit  nt  lin  pifsi  Iciiliul  lainliihitc  olitailiiii;.'  llic 
ici|iii.siti'  loii.stitiitiiiiial  majority,  it  shoiihl  chiw-sc  oiii' of  thotuo  most  favnrrd 
laiidid  itcs,  \i)liiiu'  not  )iy  ii<piitatiiiii>,  hut  liy  individual  iiuiiilnTa.  This  was 
lipiikfd  on  hy  .Home  as  contrary  to  the  true  spii  it  of  the  institutions  whioh 
calleil  f.ir  .;:|ual  ii'pieseiitatioii,  in  siieh  eases,  of  the  'entidades  federal i\iis.' 
Mi'X.,  JJiiifii)  <>ji<\,  Apr.  'J.'!,  Is7i.  Another aiiuiidnieiit,  Niay  Sth,  had  for  it.s 
olpjert  to  ilise'V  i^rt'Uter  freethmi  of  ehclioii.  /hiljinii  !\i\t\  /,outiio,  LciJ.  Mir., 
xi.  4!».')  '.I.  This  last  law  was  repeah'd  l)et.  KJ,  KS7;i.  J >iuiio  iJefxitcs,  "i" C'tu^., 
i.  1  •-'()!». 

*'  They  were  considered  hy  many  tiiiiiking  men  ns  a  pyuree  of  danger,  even 
thoiinh  the  reelected  president  sliciuld  he  a  iiiaii  of  arknowlod^ed  virtues, 
'huhiera  siih)  la  iiicarnacion  de  la  retoriua,  y  .so  llaniar.i  Iteiiito  ilnaicz.'  Itiia 
l'ul(ll^io,   Ailiii.   A<  ;i/i),  "JS. 

"it  lias  been  alleged  in  support  of  hia  course  that  he  was  filled  witii  tlio 


rUESIDENTIAL  C.VXDIDATES. 


x: 


D'wz  was  a  military  man,  and  a  rejircsentative  of 
tlio  popular  element.  His  victories  during;  the  wur 
dl"  intervention,  his  patriotism  and  jionesty  of  pur- 
liii>o,  lia<l  ma<le  him  the  favorite  of  the  nn-n  who  took 
u  more  or  less  active  part  in  the  wai"  a^'^ainst  the 
I'rench.*'  Juarez' op[»on(-'iits  used  thcii'  host  endeavors 
lt»  secure  the  election  of  JJiaz.'" 

licrdo  was  acknowled'^ed  to  be  a  man  of  <>:rcat  ahi!- 
ity;  still,  he  owed  much  of  his  reputalit»n  to  the  name 
lie  bore,  made  po[)ular  by  his  brother  ^Ii;^uel  Ijerdo, 
the  author  of  the  famous  decrees  on  the  property  of 
the  clergy,  and  whose  memory  was  held  dear  by  all 
lilierals.  Sebastian  Lerdo  had  won  to  his  su]>port  a 
]i(irtion  of  the  ofiieial  elemcnit,  by  aidini^f  with  the 
whole  power  of  the  national  administration  theclioi<'e 
nf  certain  tjfovernors,  etc.  He  had  taken  advanta^t! 
iif  tht^  conlidence  Juarez  had  reposed  in  him,  and  of 
tlie  ample  powers  he  had  ^'iven  him,  to  fill  the  chief 
(iliices  of  the  national  and  state  ^tivernments  with 
111(11  friendly  to  himself,  and  who  must  have  been 
aiita^njuistic  to  Juarez'  candidacy.'"'  J  lis  supporters 
w eie  the  least  numerous,  however-,  and  represented  no 
party  with  a  decided  political  color.  For  there  were 
aiiiong  them  some  well-known  liberals;  others  with 
conservative  proclivities;  and  not  a  few  w  ere  suj»[)osed 


i' It'll  that  it  was  liis  duty  not  to  Iciivo  niifinislicil  tlio  task  of  ri'constnic'tioii 
mil  ri'ionii.    Havrn,  UnU.  ,h-   )/.>.,  ii.  (KVt  4;  Lit  I'n:,  .),iii.-.liiii«!  Is7l. 

'"  liny  tni'iiiiMl  II  p.uty  ot  action,  wlioso  ranks  liail  liccn  ;,'i(a'.  ly  nwcIUmI 
"i.li  mill  (liscoiitriitc.l  with  tlif  uovcninn'iit  on  aciniiiit  of  I,i nlu's  pnlicv, 
y,'..„  /'„/,, in,  A'hii.  Lri-I  ■,  -JS  !l:  '/;/  .]/,, I ^ti ;,,■<,,  .)a;i.-.Iuly  1^71. 

■'".(iiart/.  having  hciii  taken  ill  in  Oct,  IsT'l,  sio  ihat  hi.s  life  was  ilcspaind 
"f,  iiis  fiicml.s  wcit)  (lisji.i-i  (1  to  suiii>'i!'t  |)i:i/;  Imt  ho  ivcovciiil  ami  im 
a  raii^'cnicnt  was  inailc.  M:iic|Uc/.  «1.;  ],cnii  as-cits  th.it  lio  Wuiknl  f'>i'  I)iaz 
i  1  ^-uudoa  and  L-lscwlmrc,  an  1  that  thiuii  h  the  iiniH  iiihnci!  of  Ucni:(/,  l)i.i/.' 
c'licf  nujiportiT,  S'lino  of  hii  most  innMiini'iit  polilicil  fiicnij,-.-  S'allarta, 
0.';i/.(>ii,  Mniiics,  J,c  n  <iu/iiiaii,  Zainac'ina,  and  olhi'is — liccanio  ahciiatcd. 
1  ais  risiilt  was  also  l)iini"'it  iil)out  liy  .si|ualilihs  hctwccu  Lcithi  and  othi  is, 
et  wliicli  ,I\i,ircz  ti'ik  :iilvaiita:.'0  tovlii  them  over  to  his  wide.  Mi  nl.  I'lUK, 
M  ^,  T.i,  ;i:}7-47j  J/e>.,  Dinrii,  Orir.,  Keh.  1!»,  -JO,  ls71;  /.'/  M,,„;i<  ■•  /!'/>.,  Jan. 
I'.  I>7I. 

■'Kvea  tlioso  wlio  \vi;ro  opposed  to  .Tuarc/'  roch'ction  hmked  with  <lis- 
liieastiro  on  Leido's  ernoked  eoiiihlct.  lie  was  iil-o  neeused  (if  iineoiistitil- 
tiuial  acts,  liira /',i/ii<h,,  .],/,„.  h,  i-lo,  !':»  :i».  4l--_';  LI  ../-j/nVwr /.V/..,  Nov. 
-Ii,  •-'!•,  Doc.  n,  •-•S,  ISTO,  JVU.  !i,  Marcli  iM,  1S71. 


'ii    riii 


378 


END  OF  THE  JUAREZ  REGIME. 


1 


to  liavc  no  fixed  political  opinions.''^  Under  the  cir- 
cuni. stances,  Lerdo  could  no  lonj^er  be  a  member  of  the 
ministry,  and  he  accordingly  resigned  in  January, 
1871,  returning  to  his  office  of  president  of  the  su- 
preme court. ''^ 

The  electi<jn  came  off  at  last;  but  none  of  the  can- 
didates having  obtained  the  re(|uisite  majority,"  Ihu- 
sixlli.  congress,  on  the  12th  of  October,  1871,  cIiosd 
and  formally  declared  Juarez  to  be  the  constitutional 
president  for  the  next  term.*'  He  was  inducted  into 
office  on  the  1st  of  December  with  the  usual  ceic- 
monials.  In  his  address  to  congress  he  bewailed  that 
thes|)irit  of  militarism  had  come  again  to  disturb  the 
public  peace;  exjiressing  tlie  hope  that  the  representa- 
tives of  the  people  and  all  good  citizens  would  t'low  ii 
it  down/'^  ]]ut  long  before  congress  had  made  this 
declaration,  the  su[)porters  of  Lerdo  and  ])iaz  wcvf 
aware  that  their  etforts  were  of  no  avail.  The  friends 
of  the  latter  accused  the  government  of  having  tam- 
pered with  the  polls,  etiecting  its  purpose  through  the 
official  element."^ 


*'  The  conservatives  divided  t.lieir  sufTniguH  between  Juarez  and  Lerdo.  Ihz, 
Villa  lie  Jiiiinz,  'Ml.  /yft /*'<;,  .hill.-.) line  isTl,  suiiported  .huirez;  \vh<,'i(;;s 
L'/  t'orrio  (III  Com.,  Kl  FidvndUht,  and  El  JiiipnrciiU  advocated  Jjcnlip's 
election. 

''•'Tlie  caltinet  after  tliis  was  formed  of  per.sonal  KUjiporters)  of  .Juarez,  .lo-se 
M.  Ca.still.j  Whiseo  heeoiniuj^  the  niinislcr  of  government.  L'l  Moiiitur  II' j'., 
Jan.  11,  IS,  1S7I. 

''*.liiaie/-  Jiail  i),ii'.\~  electoral  votes;  Lerdo,  -,S7I;  Diaz,  .S,.">j5.  Jiiiz,  Vi'l'i 
dr  JiKin-,  'MM. 

*^  I)ec.  1,  1S71,  to  Nov.  30,  1S7.").  He  was  so  di  'lared  under  the  electoral 
law  of  1S.")7,  anil  the  amendments  of  Apr.  "JJ  ami  May  y,  IS71.  J)iililnii  -duA 
Loziino,  Li  If,  Mix.,  \i.  ."iSl;  Uinr'ui,  J)i  lui/i.-i,  (i'  (.'oiii;.,  i.  1S7, 'JlS,  '_'.'{(),  '21\'-  ; 
Jli.c,  J)iii'rio  (>//'•.,  .lime  ■_'7,  '-".t,  July  4,  8,  11,  Oct.  7,  I'.i,  14,  17,  is,  b7!; 
El  Moii'ilnr,  Oct.  14.  Nov.  1,  Dec.  'J,  1S71;  Holil'm  Ojic.  Est.  .Sin.,  Oct.  iU, 
1S71;  EU'i-orniir  Mi\,  Oct.  1S7L 

^"'J'he  ])iesiileiit  of  the  ciiaiiilu'r  promised  the  oooperatiou  of  his  colleagues. 
Diiirio  Ihliiiii «,  ti'  Cong.,  i.  ()"J7-it. 

*'  .M:ii(jui'Z  de  lycoii  says  that  false  credentials  were  obtilined  hy  some  dci^.i- 
ties;  that  a  shameless  disrespect  for  law  i)ii'vailed  at  the  elections;  'tin  c 
were  towns  of  only  ■J.(MK)  iiili.iliitaiits  where  ".'.."ilK)  votes  apiK'iiii-d  as  cast;  tlie 
government's  partis.uis  claiming  a  majority  wiicre.hmii'/  iiad  not  had  a  siii'.'lo 
vote.'  Mill!.  I'lisi.,  MS.,  :t47  8.  iH.i/.  himself  says:  'It  w.is  clearly  seen  tli.it 
by  oiKcial  instructions  rather  than  by  the  wish  of  the  jieople  Votes  in  f:i\or  of 
Juarez  had  Iteen  polled  in  ipiantities;'  and  it  has  been  asserted  — recent  party 
animositica  have  not  permitteil  to  clea'  up  this  matter — that  in  counting  tlio 
votes  'hubo  Huplautuciou.'  IkUot  Bio'j.,  MS.,  3ri7-8. 


REVOLUTION  UNDER  DIAZ. 


379 


The  supporters  of  Porfirio  Diaz,  popularly  called 
Porfiristas,  refused  to  ret-oiriiizc  Juarez  as  lawfully 
elected,  resolving  to  gain  by  force  of  arms  tlie  victory 
they  claimed  to  have  been  robbed  of  by  the  govern- 
nu'iit's  influence  and  money,  lievolutionary  movc- 
jiKiits  followed  one  another  in  (juick  succession;  and 
fliKillv  JJiaz,  who  had  been  i-esi(lin<;  at  his  hacienda  of 
La  Xoria,  alter  declining  to  countenance  any  revolu- 
tionary movements,  gave  way  to  the  suggestions  of 
Ignacio  Vallarta,  Zamacona,  and  Manjuez  do  Loon — 
d(  puties  respectively  fur  Jalisco,  Sinaloa,  and  Pue- 
b];i — (jleneral  Ogazon  and  others,'^  and  now  about 
the  8th  of  November,  1871,  issued  from  La  Noria  a 
manifesto  to  the  Mexican  peoj)le,  setting  forth  the 
grounds  for  the  revolution,  which  was  to  have  for  its 
battle-cry,  "Constitucion  de  'bl  y  libertad  electoial," 
and  for  its  programme,  "Menos  gobitrno  y  mas  liber- 
tadcs,"  and  embodying  a  plan  for  the  reconstruction 
ot"  the  government.  The  reconstruction  was  to  be 
ctlected  by  a  convention  composed  of  three  repre- 
sentatives for  each  sta^e.  chosen  by  ihe  direct  votes  of 
the  people,  which  body  was  to  f  )rm  an  organic  law, 
meantime  choosing  a  provisional  president,  who  upon 
no  consideration  should  be  the  commander  of  the 
rev(»lutionary  forces.^^ 

The  revolution  presented  a  threatening  attitude; 
but  though  seconded  in  many  places  of  more  or  less 
iniportance,  it  had  the  germ  of  self-destruction.     Its 

"  'Cediendo  ul  (icii.  Diaz  i\.  V>  (juc  Ic  proponian  Vallnrta,  Ogazon  y  dciiuls 
oiio-'ii-'iimistii.s  ;l  uijiK.'l  goliiiMiic  st-  ntii"  piini  Oaxaca  con  el  ju'opoaito  de  ini- 
tio ^iilifziir  la  irvoluciiiM.'  />"/:,  hdia*  li'tmi.,  MS.,  ,'!"•''. 

I  ni!  otliiT  IcisL'.i  of  ircoDstnii.'liiPii  wimi'  tlie  follow  inu:  Tlio  I'lcctioii  of 
]nr>iiltMit  of  llic  rt'i)iiblic  to  l)e  dirurt  l>y  imliviilii.il  vote,  I'Xiliidiii;.;  troiii  {•an- 
diihicy  any  oiti/.i  ii  wlio  ijiiiini^  onu  yt'ar  |iii'ci;dinL;  tin;  datu  of  flcrtion  liad,  if 
v\K:n  for  ono  day,  held  any  autlioi-jty  or  ollicu  whoso  functions  cxti'iidcil  over 
the  \\  hole  national  teriitoiy.  (Jon^'ics.s  was  to  txercise  elei'toiid  powerw  only 
ill  econoniie  matters,  and  never  in  desiLOiatin;,'  hi;;h  jiMhlii;  fiinctionai'ies.  The 
.'ilili'iintMii'nts  of  secretaries  of  statu,  or  othii-  oliicials  h:i\in,L,'  a  yearly  salary 
(■I  ."^{.(IIM)  or  upwards,  must  lie  snljmitted  for  e'lnlirMiatmn  to  I'oii^o-ess.  Tlie 
Mexican  nnion  must  ;:iiarant<'e  to  ayuntamientos  ri^ilits  and  means  of  their 
own  to  secure  tiu'ir  indepeudence  and  frueilom  of  ai'tion;  dial  hy  jury  to  he 
e^iahlishid;  tliu  odious  exri^u  tax  to  he  aholished;  and  the  n  uulatioiis  of 
ciHtouidiouses  to  he  amended.  !)i(ir'm  >>iir,^  Nov.  I!!,  |S7I;  Hira  /'nl'n-io, 
AiliH,  Li  rdo,  'M;  Validllirn,  J/int.  Aha.,  .")7-!l;  El  MonUor,  Nov.  14,  1S71. 


I 

u 


i  ■ 


380 


END  OF  TIIK  JUAREZ  RfiGIMK. 


authors  and  sponsors  called  thcinsclves  coustitiitioiial- 
ists,  and  yet  went  to  work,  by  means  of  violence  and 
bloodshctl,  to  break  the  constitution  they  made  their 
battle-cry.  AUowiuij  that  the  reelection  of  Juarez 
IukI  been  unjustifiable  and  illei^al,  and  that  his  title 
should  have  bi'en  set  aside  with  all  the  energ'V  of  the 
nation,  why  was  Lerdo  de  Tejada,  president  of  the 
supreme  court,  and  the  oiHcial  desinnated  by  the  con- 
stitution  (»('  1857  as  the  IcL^al  temnorarv  succesisor, 
also  set  aside?'"'  It  is  surmised  that  the  reV(»lutionists 
mistrusted  him;  but  if  so,  they  failed  to  exjU'ess  it  in 
their  j)lan.'''  Thf  icsult  of  it  all  was  that  the  plan 
met  with  but  few  sn[>porters,  the  liberal  party,  as  ii 
whole,  lookinj^  upon  it  as  hostile  to  the  constitu- 
tion of  1857,  as  an  impending  military  dit'tators]ii|i 
prompted  by  the  spirit  of  militarism,  as  Juari'/  called 
it.  and  as  exclusive. 


][. 


the  lev 


>lut 


lonarv   move 


ment  bei-n  well  directed,   however,  without  resi»rtini 
ith  such  precipitancy  to  arms,  its  chances  of  succe? 


w 


le 


miiiht  have  been  i^reater,  for  its  ]»ossibilities  were 
larL,^',  whole  states  havino-  made  declarations  against 
the  general  government."" 

Kut    })ie\  ious    to    J3ia/'    open    rupture    with    tl 
goNernnient,  his    partisans  had  broken   out   into    re 
bellion   in  several  parts  of  the  repuldic.      A  pronmi 

""Alt.  ''.hh  of  tlio  cniistitntiiiii  siiys:  'Oiiriii^  ii  ti'iiipoiviry  vaeniicv  cf  lli 
liri'sidi'iitial  ollicc,  ami  <liiriii;;aii  absolute  oiio  till  llif  iu'wly  ulccti'il  .--liall  pri 
M'lit  liiiiisi'lf,  till!  oNi'iuitiv  e  aiitliority  is  ti)  lu' I'Xficisiil  liy  tlio  pivsiilfiit  > 
the  su[)iviiie  court  of  jiistici'.'  Mcr  ,  l.n/.  Fiiii'l,  'M'lU. 


<^'  M 


yicvh 


Ml 


ill 


who  must  l>ti  well  iiifoi'iiicd  on  the  events  of  this 
i.f  tl 


lis  well  a.s  on  till!  iiuilives  of  tli.'  men,  nays:  "While  the-capiiiie  of  S.il 
tillo  l>y  'J"r  vino  w:is  lieini;  j^lorifuMl,  tin."  pii'ss  was  eiiu;.i'_'i'il  in  dweussiiii,'  t'l' 
'iilHiiiiinalile  plan  ile  la  N.nia,'  liy  wliiih  (ieii.  nia/,  iiilliiiuce  1   hy  l.io.  .iii.-t. 


lonitc/,  liint) 


,  iM.lh 


led   tlio   president  of  the  BUpreine.  eoiiit.  .  .  .'I'lie 


lll-advise( 


y  reci'ived;   puhlio  oimuoii  l^d'aiiii'  hiUcwai'lii 


Tl 


\  ]>h 


H!  Jilali  was  a  liieii! 


proi  laniatioii  ol   the  chief,  siihseiilied   hy  himself  aloiii".      In  this  he  liacl 
siliisionadi)  a  li  geiieralidad.'  Mint.  I'd  t.,   MS.,   ;!.">S  '.I;  h'/  M^i 
1M7-.      I'ia/.    thus    explains    the    unexiieeted    lesult:    ■.Meuitiiiii! 
pointi'd    Lie.  \'all:irta   j,'M\criiiir  of  the  stale  of  .lalisei,  eai^led 


■  iiiliir 
.In 


'.so,  eaji)led    some    otlii  rs 


lire/,   a] 

th 


that  he  siispeeteil  to  lie  eoniproinitted,  y  la  revolneioii  eonienzo  il  dehilitin 
mas  de  lo  ipie  di'liia,'   hiiitf,  Hio/..  .MS.,  .'{.'i!!  Cpd. 


"•^Tlie  ])arty  eallint,'  itself  constitutionalist,  h 


-f  tl 


le  oliiiosition 


electoral  law  of  Aiiu'.   it,  I"**i7,  lost  its  prestige,  its  moral  fi 


to  th 


ith  th 


iittiick  made  a;.'ainst  the  constitntion  liy  the  Plan  d<!  la  Xoria.     The  revolii 
tioii  was  defeated  liy  public  opinion  rather  than  by  force  of  arms.  Buz,  Vidn 


de  J 


uan'Z 


310. 


I>IA/  AND  .IL'AKKZ. 


:m 


11 1st; 


fiaiuiunto  at  Taui|)ic(i,  which  had  Ituun  quollod  hv 
( iL'iicral  S()stenes  lloclui  alter  a  sliort  sii'Lje  aiul  ))l()()(ly 
assault,"''  was  followrd  by  otlier  revolts  which  were  put 
down  only  with  the  spilliuLj  ot"  much  blood.'"'*  A  seri- 
ous attcni|>t  to  upset  the  Ljoverninent  occurred  in  tlu' 
!iati(.nal  ('a])ital  on  the  1st  of  October,  when  Toledo, 
(luivaiTia,  XeiLjrete,  Mayer,  and  others  seized  at 
three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  th«3  Ciudaflda  and  the 
llcleinjail.  duarez,  with  his  characteristic  proinpt- 
iiiss,  ado[>ted  measures  for  the  suppression  of  the  sedi- 
tion, and  its  authors  were  routed  at  niidni!:^!!!,  after  a 
(Ksjierato  resistance,  by  Kocha,  under  orders  i'rom 
( ieiieral  (larcia,  their  position  brin^  taken  by  assault. ^' 
Colonel  Castro,  L,^overniir  of  the  federal  distiict,  ]ter- 
islied  in  an  enc»»unter  on  the  road  to  Popollu  witii  the 
t'orccs  of  the  guerrilla  chief  Aureliano  IJiveia. 

Diaz'' partisans  in  Oajaca,  before  his  manifesto  was 
i>sued,  had  seized  the  federal  artillei'v,  and  a  lai'Lje 
(|iianlitv  of  other  war  material.  Juan'z  was  well 
iiiouL;h  pi'epared  to  ine'ct  the  issue  of  battle,'"'  thonL;h 
it  must  be   confessed    that  at  times   the   fate  of  his 


|.1V- 

llt  "t 
tliis 


'■'' Accord  ill,'  to  r.ocha's  tt'loj,'rapi  of  June  lltli,  he  had  tiikoti  the  plact'  at 
pciiiit  (if  till'  hayniiit ;    'luuclicis  prisimn-Ki^;  iii  iiii  ulicial;  tudus  li.iii  iiiucitD  in 
I'l  I'lmiliatf,  JMiii  iiUK'hiis.'  J/«.(;.,  iHnrio,  '>'/'•.,. I iiiii'  II,  |s7l:    T''ni-i  ilc  t'nin 
/"'•i>.    I-"_M>;    h'Kir'iii   l>ih(iti.i,  .■>    ("itiii,'.,   iv.   .Vi.'i;  (I'  ('oii:,'.,   i.    \'.y.\\   Urn,    'I'niii 
ill  .liiiin  z,  .'{il"i  (!. 

'"'I'Ik!  ^raiiismi  uf  t  iiiayiua.s,  i)ii  the  Ist  of  N(>v.,  imitinicd,  kilHiii,'  tlif  olli- 
I.I.TM,  and  soi/iii'j;  tlu;  ciisto'.iilioiiso,  but  was  somi  jjioiii^lit  a'^aiii  iiiidi  r  wiil)- 
j'ttion.  Ill  Niiuvi)  Lroii,  ( Ji'ii.  'J'revifio  robclli'il  and  iiiv;idi  d  l'araii^,'i).  In 
Siiialcia,  Mari[iit/  di-  Liiin,  I'arra,  and  others  niadi:  a  proniinci  uiiicnto  on  tin- 
l.'ithof  Sipt.  \vi!h  ;i;);)  nun,  hut  wiTi'  I'l'lVatid  on  tlio'JUt,  at  I.as  lliitnt'ias 
di'  Culiacan.  'I'lu'  otlicial  report  has  it;  'Muihos  niiU'tto-^;  nada  <K'  juisio- 
Mini-i.'  It  .seems,  lio\ve\er,  that  I'ana  sm  rendeiiil,  a  few  days  later,  «  ith  a 
iiuinlier  of  his  men.  .l/'.i.,  /j!  irio  O/ir,,  Oct.  4,  !l,  "Jo,  "Jii,  1S7I.  Tahasoo  and 
Clii.ipas  also  had  some  distuihanees. 

"^' rpwards  of  ',i  >{}  prisoners,  to^'ether  with  all  the  artillery  and  .immuni- 
tiuM,  fell  into  Jioeha's  hands.  Mijc.,  Mi m.,  (liilitrti.,  1S71,  10,  and  annex  no.  ti, 
fi!l-7d;  A7  Mnnlior,  Oit.  :$,  (i,  1S71;  .)/..,:,  J)i  irio  Djir.,  Oct.  -J,  S,  !t,  1S71. 
M.irijiie/  de  Leon  sa.\s:  '  lloeha  |iid\cd  himself  an  as,sas-in  Ky  his  massacre  uf 
pi  i-oiiei-s/  adding  that  (ien.  (Jueiia,  who  hail  eli.iri;e  of  the  caxalry,  was 
"  dered  hy  the  minister  of  war  to  hrinL'  in  no  iiiisoneis,  hut  kill  them  all. 
.'/■»i.  /W.,  MS.,  ;vts  It. 

""'  ('on^rn'ss,  inmiediately  after  the  inauguration,  granteil  him  extraordinary 
l>MWcrs  to  liriiig  ahout  the  restoration  of  peace,  which  included  that  of  increas- 
ill.'  the  forces  for  active  service.  Tlu'se  powers  Were  continued  him  on 
tlie  I'd  of  Apr.,  IS7-.  J>i:ltl(iii  and  I.ir.iiin,,  /,»;/.  .\[ix.,  .\i.  ')'X\-'v,  IHario  De- 
i•(^.^,  S  Coihslll.  /-';/.,  i.  l>sl-_',  iii.  4l;i;  /-('.,  (i'V'ong.,  ii.  IMO. 


3.S-2 


END  OF  TIIK  JUAFtKZ  RbilMK. 


government  depended  on  the  result  of  a  single  en- 
gugeniciit.  He  despatched  to  the  front  two  of  lii> 
nioso  trusty  generals.  Alatorre  advanced  upon  ();i- 
jaea,  wliich  he  occupied  on  the  4th  of  January,  187l'. 
after  a  sanguinary  encounter  between  Loaeza's  lui 
gade  of  his  connnand  and  a  i)ody  of  Dia//  forces  under 
(ieneral  Luis  Mier  y  Teran  at  San  Mateo  Xindihui." 
This  victory  virtually  ended  the  campaign  in  OaJMca. 
Felix  J)iaz  lost  his  life  soon  after.""* 

Portirio  J)iaz,  after  organizing  the  insurrection  in 
the  east,  marched  with  ahout  100  mounted  men  into 
the  interior,  reaching  Zacatecas*^  on  the  8th  of  l\li- 
ruary,  amidst  a  great  ovation,  llocha  repairetl  totlie 
inteiior,  and  on  the  Cerro  de  la  Bul'a  in  Zacatecns 
signally  defeated  the  main  army  of  Xuevo  Leon  uiidir 
Trevino  on  the  2d  of  March,'"  after  five  liours'  fight- 
ing, the  latter  losing  all  his  artillery,  a  large  niuultir 
of  prisoners,  together  with  an  innnense  supply  ot 
anus  and  aiiiniunition.  His  infantry  was  lost,  and 
the  remnants  of  the  cavalry  lied,  one  portion  toward 


*'Tlic  action  took  1)1juo  from  tlio  '21st  to  tlio  '23il  of  Duo.,  1871,  the  I'oi- 
firiutas  l)L'iiig  iii'uily  aiiiiiliilati'd,  and  tlii'ir  j^tiieral  scriou.sly  wouiulcd.  'i'lio 
rt'iiiiiaiits  ol  I'lian's  force,  as  woll  as  liimsclf,  siicix'oded  in  ii'aciiiii}'  Oajaai, 
wlnTc.  (ien.  Fi'Iix  Diaz  ci'iiiniaiidcd,  who  (•onciiidiMl  not  to  ilrfcnil  tlio  phioo, 
on  Ix^iiig  infoiMiM'd  tliat  tho  foroos  of  l.tith  Ahitorro  and  Roelia  wore  appioai  h- 
ing  it.  Mirr  1/  '!'•  nhi,  A/hiiiIih  Bio'/.,  4()-2;  Kl  Monitor  l>'<j>.,  Doc.  '21),  |n7I, 
Jan.  4,  !t,  l(),'i:{,  SA,  I.s7'2. 

***  His  hody  \\,is  luimglit  to  the  coniinaiidant  of  Pochiitlaat  5  A.  m.  of  .Ian. 
'2'\,  I.S7'2.  lie  Was  sLiin  l)y  a  iiur.-uing  i)ai-ty  from  Tehuautepcc.  OlUoial  toio- 
gram  in  AY  Moiiihir  1,'ip.,  \-\\).  '2,  iS72. 

•''' Tho  place  had  lioi'U  takoii  hy  tho  I'ortirista  chiefs  Donato  Guorra  anil 
IVdro  Miirtinoz,  ,Ian.  2(;th.  Id.,  Feb.  ;?,  '20,  1872;  Kl  F<(liralinta,  Jan. '21, 
1872. 

'".Vccording  to  Marquoz  de  Leon,  the  Porfirista  army  was  9,000  stronL'.  I'f 
which  ;!,0()0  woi'o  oavahy  armed  with  repeating  rillos.  Trevifto  started  with 
this  force  tt)ward  San  Luis  I'otosi.  Koohaw.is  then  condngagainst  him  from 
.Mexico  with  :l,."i(X)  men,  and  Corolla  was  moving  from  San  l.iiis  with  l,."i(NI  t'l 
watch  their  opponents.  AntiUon  iiad  .'I.IKK)  in  (iuanajuato,  ofl'ering  to  join 
tlio  proniinci.idos  and  end  the  revolution  if  tlio  president  of  tiio  supremo  court 
was  called  to  tli';  juesidency ;  hut  Licoilciado  Honitez  was  prosentand  opposed 
it.  There  was  now  a  favorable  opportunity  for  the  pronuneiados  to  defeat  the 
enemy  before  he  got  his  forces  together;  they  also  had  the  best  of  artillery. 
The.se  advantages  were  thrown  away  by  Trovino's  retreat  into  a  region  where, 
from  the  nature  of  the  gi-ound,  artillery  was  rendered  u.seloss.  llocha  came 
against  him  with  S,(MK)  men,  on  the  Hiifa  hill,  and  routed  the  I'orfirisia  aiiiiN . 
Mem.  Post.,  .MS.,  ;i(;ti  7;  A7  Monitor /{ej).,  March 5,  1."),  '20,  1872;  UoOtin  op: 
Ed.  Shi.,  Muy  8,  12,  July  10,  1872. 


JUAIUST  SUCCKSSFX 


rws 


Frcsiiillo  and  another  towanl  Jeroz."'  Roclui's  cav- 
.'iliv  pursued  for  sonio  distance.  The  result  of*  tliis 
\i(t.>ry  was  tlie  reoceupation  of  Zacatecas  liy  the 
.luaristas  on  the  l.'Uh  of  A|)ril,  Durai^^o  havinj^  hi'cii 
ahandoned  l>y  their  opponents,  and  taken  by  l\ocha. 
Sinal(»a,  by  lier  legislature,  had  in  Deeeinbcr  IS7I 
(liclaied  aL(ainst  the  authority  of  Juarez;  and  Ma/a- 
tlan  and  other  important  towns  of  the  state  wt-re  for 
siiiiie  time  under  ('(introl  of  the  revolutionists;  hut 
attfi-  the  .luarist  sueeesscs  in  Zacatecas  and  l)uranL;(», 


matters    chan 


god 


airani. 


ucatan   was   once  inoi'e 


at  this  tini<!  bn»ught  into  the  vortex  of  revolution. 
A  pronuncianiicnto  on  the  l.'ith  of  ^[ar'ch,  1S7-,  at 
\  alladolid,  ignored  the  authority  of  (Jovcrnoi-  ('icerol, 
which  was  seized  by  Mariscal,  who  with  tin-  insur- 
U'liits   oiierated   against   l)oth   the   state    and    I'ederal 


authorities. 


Th 


ev  were  s 


tiil 


ni  arms  in 


-lub 


While  niilitarv  operations  were  s'oiiu''  on  in  Za- 
catecas,  Diaz  approached  ^Texico  with  a  column  of 
ravalrv,'*  beinii'  deceived  with  tlu;  assurance  that  a 
iiio\ement  in   his  I'avor  \\-ould  bi'eak  out  in   the  city. 


( )ii  becomiuir  convinced  that  no  sucli  assistai 


ice  cou 


Id 


>'-  counted  on,  he  j)roceeded  to  Jalisco.'''     A  document 
importing  to  have  emanated  from  thi;  leader  of  the 


'OiU'iT.i  was  aftrrwanl  surprised  in  Ln^iina  <1(;  'laliiiulila,  and  lust   Mar 


t|Ur/    aiK 


I  his 


own  cavaliv. 


J/n 


•'/" 


./.    A 


ili'ti'i.,  .hme  •_>!,  JST'J;  /v'/  Mn„ii,,r  I! 


Tlnv  iii 


d  h 


!'■ 


lOlt, 

line  7, 


M,i,i.  /' 

is; 


;i(i7-s;  Av  /■;-/. 


d   loans  at   Ma/atlan   t<>  tlio  iiniuiint  of  S-_',')0,(MH) 


to  .Ian.  4,  1.S7-.      lVs(| 


ha.l 


)vt'rcd    Ml    {''unte  anil  Cidiai-an   in   Kcli 


.M.iii|ui'/  I'ndtNivorcd  to  t.iko  tliu  latter  in  M;iy,  Imt  met  with   defeat  at  I'es- 
i|ihiia's  hands.      Mii/atlan  was  oei  npied   hy  Koeha  e;irly  in  .M.iy-    '''   /'"/'• 


("In,   !•• 

I>7I,  .Ian.  •J7,  Mareh  •-'",  "JJ,  Apr.   11,  l:;,   17,  May  S,  Hi, 


11,   Mareh   14,    Apr.  l(i.  May  •JS,    IS7-J;  A7  .1/, 


.'•_'.  -JS, 


l>i>'.  7, 
111,  •-'•-'. 


ilv  IS,  IS7-_':  Ml 


■'/' 


r :  <l>  A. 


M'lii.  I'n.i.,  MS.,  ;{(ii  :!,  :{7.".  s,  ;iss. 


The  government  troops   were  defeatecl   Mareh   L'dtli,  and   (ien.  L'epedii 


■r.iza  \vas  kille< 


)iit  in 


^1' 


11  tl 


le  iiisiM'Ji 


ids  filiandoried  .\l<iidu,  1' 


lid  Sisal,  whieh  were  reoeeiipied  liy  liie  gi>\  ernment.    AV  I'nh  nilixf(ty  Apr, 


I.  .May  !l,  I,s7-J;  Kl.  .\hi 


nfi. 


i: 


!■' 


tl',:,i,i,  on'r.  Kst.  Sill.,  May  -Jl,  :iO,  Ks7'2. 


Apr.  .'),  .lunu  is,   1^7--',  duly  Is,  •_'.->,  Is7:{; 


'Coi 
Vil/l,  ,lr  .1 


I  lijiliilidad  sin  ejcinplo,  so  prescnti'i  A  las  orilias  de  la  capital. 


.-no. 


'"■.lali 


sen    like  the  other  states,  liail  been  mifFerinL'  from  the  cU'eets  of  sedi- 


tiius  movements  in  various  districts,  (iov.  Valluita  had  tieen  irraiited  di.sere- 
ti'iiial  powers:  martial  law  niled,  and  lieiivy  taxes  were  levied.  A'.  Manifor  J!i'/'., 
■Ian.  17,  ;<(»,  .\li,rcli  '.'8,  Apr.  '27,  May  4,  7.  July  19,  liiT2;  El Fcdn-uliMa,  Feb. 
'0,  187-;  Jalisco,  Mem.,  1-3,  11-2,  doc.  uo.  o. 


I- 


li  -  ♦! 


II 


384 


KNi)  OF  THK  JUAUKZ  KKCIMK. 


rovolution  at  Aiml-cji  (»n  tlie  .'i«l  of  -\|>ril,  and  to  be  a 
iiKHliHcatioii  of  i\\v  \jii  Xoria  plan,  was  ciiculatL-d  in 
^Mi'xico;  tliu  object  bciii;,'  to  cstablisli  tht;  pivsidt'iit  nf 
tliu  suprtMiic  court  as  jtrovisioiial  i)re.si(k'nt  of  tlic 
n-pMhlio;  but  tbinkiiii^  iiu-n  looked  U|>(»m  it  as  apocrv- 
jibal.'"  It  was  no  less  uiicoiistittitioiial  tliaii  the  jdnii 
of  Idii  Noria.  Diaz  liiially  s(tiii;ht  an  asylum  with 
Lozada  at  Te})i('.'''  After  the  tiiuiuph  <»!'  La  IJuf'a, 
the  insurrection  did  not  present  the  same  nieiiacin.; 
a>pect  as  at  the  latti'i' part  oi"  1871  ;  but  in  Chihuahua, 
(jiuerrero,  the  Sierra  of  Puebla,  and  indeed  every- 
wlioro  throughout  the  country,  it  still  possessed 
clement.s  stron*^  lor  resistance,  which  any  turn  of 
events  miLjht  render  formidable.  The  government 
had  gained  sexcral  victories,  but  they  were  not  of  a 
decisive  character.'**  Juaiez' administration  could  not 
feel  assured  of  its  safety  as  to  the  war  as  late  as  July 
187-.'®  The  political  situation  was  no  more  satisfac- 
tory. The  three  political  parties,  Juarislas,  I^erdistas, 
and  Portiristas,  were  about  e<iual   in  munber  of  d 


IcD- 


uties  in  the  sixth  congress,  and  thoU'i;h  Juarez  had 
a  nuijoi'ity,  his  measures  might  be  jeopardized  by  a 
temporai-y  alliance  of  the  two  op[)()sing  parties.'^"  In 
the  early  part  of  June  1872  there  was  a  ministerial 
crisis,  Mariscal.  Romero,  and  Castillo  Velasco  resign- 

"■'Itwaa  in  tho  form  nf  a  <'ircul;ir  to  tlio  gcncr.als  snpportiii;,'  ni.i/,  \vlii) 
wen-  to  M  11(1  it  to  tlio.so  siTviiin  tin' j,'o\i'iiiint'iit.   A'/  Fnh  ndixtti,  MayJS,  l.sT-. 

'''  h'l  .Utiiiil'ir  A''//.,  -Inly  7,  i^l'J,  on  llio  antliority  of  Ln  Civili-ncioii  ui 
(iiiailaiajaia,  statos  that  l)ia/  visiti'd  tin;  Scluiiiii'o  voii'aiio  in  coin|iany  witli 
Lozaclii  asul  I'l.ui.lo  Nriza,  w  illiout  attoinptiiii;  to  kfip  liimsilf  im,i.f,'iiito. 

'''^  Idiiiato  (iiitira  ditt.atiMl  (iov,  'IVnasas  in  L'iiiliualiua,  and  won  for  liiiii- 
Bflf  friunils.  I>iii/,  \x  itii  ills  pi-csLiu'c  tlicie  gavu  I'lni'wcd  fni'oui'agonii-nt  to 
his  oaiisc.  In  (liiiiivio,  .liniciK'/.  and  in  I'uuldu,  Xtvrctf,  Liicas,  I'aiiillo, 
and  Mcndt'/.  kept  tliogovcrnuu  ut  Inisy  and  incurring  iieavy  cxpi-nsus  tosiijipoi  t 
its  niniiei'oiis  forces,  liivi  I'ulttihi,  Ailm.  I.iiilo,  12,  I.');  Miirquiz  dc  L'nn, 
Mim.  I'osi.,  .MS.,  :isy  s;!;  Ji„in«  oiir..  lU,  St,  Nov.  '2S,:iO,  1871;  AV  Monit:,- 
]{•/>.,  Nov.  •_".»,  IS7I,  to.liilv  '24,  lS7-_',  ])a«>ini;  Kl  J-'i'/imlist/i,  Jan.  '27>  to.lulv 
i:{,  187-',  passim;  !'.-:(/»■  J/-;/.,  .Ian.  :{,  11,  iS7'-';  Gun:,  Mem.  Ooh.,  1872,  4-(i, 
'M  8;  hinriit  hdnttis,  8  (,'onstitiit.  Lc;;. ;  ii.  {).">;  Mix.,  Llamumk'iito,  1-i'J; 
Mcx.,  .)/<!)!.  Jii'/diioiics,  1SS:1,  4!»  .IS,  annex  no.  .'{,  81(-y4. 

"•'No  era  por  cierto  niiiy  lialagador  el  cuadro.'  liiva  PcUario,  Adni. 
Lerilo,  15. 

''"  I'arty  animosity  was  exacerbated  hy  tlie  attempt  of  the  Juaristas  to 
throw  out  several  creduutials,  though  they  succuuded  in  only  two  or  tlncc 
cases. 


DKATH  (U-   HAIIK/. 


:iK} 


\u<^  tliiir  |«)rttnlios.  Jiimit/  tluMi  rt'CMUstructt'd  lii> 
(aliiiH't  with  tlio  InllMwiiiv;'  iiiiiiistfi's:  .foso  Maiia 
LalVaLjua,  of  relations;  Francisco  (Joiiit-z  del  l\ilacio, 
if  niivrniiiiciit ;  .)oai|iiiii  |{iii/,  of  justice  and  pub- 
lic instruction;  lilas  IJaicarcel,  of  ionicnto;  iL^nacii* 
Mcji'a,  of  war;  and  Ki'anci.sco  Nfcjfa,  of  the  treasury. 
Ilui/ declined  on   the  'J  1st  of  June  the  position   tcn- 


ilei-e((  luni. 


Jiiare/  had  IteiMi  taktu  sei'iou>|y  ill  with  an  allec- 
tioii  of  till'  hrain,  as  it  was  reported,  in  ( )ctoher  \>7U, 
\\>'\\\  which  he  rallied ;  >hortl_v  after  he  lost  his  wife, 
wiioui  he  lii^hly  prized/"'  It  seems  that  Juarez  had 
ii  presi'ntinient  that  his  own  iinl  was  nc  ar;  for  in  con- 
\rrsinn'  with  his  frii'uds  he  e\|ir'.ssrd  regret  that  it 
Wiiuld  he  out  of  his  power  to  reconstlUct  the  all'aii's 
<if  his  counti'v,  wherein,  he  said,  almost  every  ellort 
liitherto  had  hecn  <lirecti'd  to  destroy.  Xevertheless, 
iunidst  all  the  tui'Uioil,  he  \\;is  Ik  ^inninL;'  to  see  the 
i(alizati«)n  of  his  hcnt-felt  wish  for  peacr,  when 
death  os'ertool-  him.  ( )n  the  hsth  of  July,  \^7'1,  he 
rxpirieiiced  an  atjule  |iain  in  one  of  his  Icj^s,  and  had 
Millie  dilliculty  in  hn^athiuL;':  hut  he  thoui^ht  the 
trouhle  would  all  jtass  oil".  lie  lift  his  otHce  earlier 
than  usual  that  tlay,  and  s|>ent  the  time  with  his  fam- 
ily, hoping;  next  morning'  to  take  some  exei'clse  in  the 
forest  of  Chai)ulte[>ec.*'  As  ninht  a|>proached  the 
r;miily  noticed  that  lie  was  hec()minL;'  very  ill,  and 
that  his  heart  se(Mned  t(»  l)0  all'ected.  I  )o(.-toi-s  Har- 
ivda.  Alvarado,  and  Lucio  were  sunmioned;  hut 
tlion<;h   every  remedy  known   to  science  was  applied, 

•■'A7  Ih/.m/istu,  June  II.  rt,  187-J;  A7  Moiulor  /.'r/..,  June  11,  1-',  'J'.', 
I^T--'. 

■^•lan.  'J,  ISTl.  The  forfij,'ii  ministers,  Ji.i  wuU  as  all  classes  (if  sooioty, 
tiiiiiiifcstt'd  tlitir  sorrow.  Shu  hail  hi'cii  'i  nohle  niatruii,  whit  \>\  acts  of  char 
ity  won  for  herself  the  esteem  of  all.  Unz,  Viila  'te  Juitnz,  'ML  The  funeral 
took  i)hice  on  the  Ikl,  and  was  largely  attended,  the  representatives  of  tlio 
U.  S.,  I'russin,  and  Italy  being  among  the  eortege.  JJinrio  Ojic,  Jan,  14, 
1*571;  l-:i  Monitor  Itc/i.,  Jan.  3,  1871;  A/  Orciilrntal,  Jan.  31,  1S7I. 

*^  It  was  his  custom  when  he  felt  unwell  to  walk  there  early  in  the  morn- 
ing', and  to  rapidly  go  up  the  hill  so  as  to  bring  on  a  perspiration.     Thia  with 
ail  curly  bath  usually  relieved  him. 
Hist.  Mex.,  Vol.  VI.    25 


S86 


KNI»  Ol"  THK  JUAItKZ  KWilMK. 


tin:  disoasi.'  nijtidly  pi'oj^rvsstMl,  and  sli(»rtly  after  1  I 
(M'lock  tliat  u'\\j;\ii  i\u'  prcsidt-iit  i-xpiivd,  surrouiidi'd 
)jy  his  cliildrcii  ami  friends.  At  dawn  tlic  next  nioiti- 
inL,^  niinutoLTuns  announci.'d  to  tin-  Mexican  natinn 
that  theic  chief  nuiLjistrate  was  no  lonLjer  ainttniL,^  th(! 
livin;jf;  tluit  the  ;^reat  mind  which  durinL^  so  many 
yoai'H  and  mid  so  many  dilli(;uities  and  trihnlations 
faithfully  guided  it  towai'<l  liheity  and  |iroL;ress  had 
ce'ased  its  iahoi",  the  ijreat  lieai't  that  sd  deai'ly  Io\(d 
Mexi<,'o  had  ceased  to  lieat.  The  announcement  fill 
upon  till!  jieopU^  like  a  calamity.  Kveii  pai'ty  strift; 
f(»r  the  moment  was  paralyzed,  .fuare//  remains, 
while  still  warm,  were  taken  to  tlu;  salon  de  und);ija- 
dores  of  tlu'  palace;^*  and  the  peojiK;  thronged  the  h;ill 
to  view  the  |)eaceful  featui'es  (»f  him  who  had  been  in 
life  the  ohject  of  so  much  admiration  <»n  the  |»art  of 
^<omo,  and  of  so  much  hatred  on  the  jtai't  of  others.' 
The  president  of  the  supreme  court,  Sebastian 
licrdo  de  Tejada,  havin;^  been  summoned  to  assume 
the  reins  of  ^ove'i'nment,  (pialitieil  at  half-[>ast  ele\eii 
o'clock  in  the  mornini::  of  the  IDth  of  .lulv,  before  the 


conusioii  [)ermanen 


to  of 


eon<rress,  recjivo 


d  th 


0  condo 


loncc  of  the  diplomatic  cor[)s ""'  and  public  othcials, 
and  gave  directions  for  the  funeral  of  the  late  chirl' 
magistrati'  to  be  in  accordaiu^e  with  that  exalted  posi- 
tion.     The  remains  wen;  iMubalmed  and  kept  in  state' 


till    the    '2'2d,  when   at    nine 


O  ( 


■l.)ck 


V    in   the  morumLT 


they  were  })lace<l  in  a  zinc  cotlin,  which  in  its  turn 
was  encl(»sed  in  a  mahoyanv  case,  •'arnished  with  two 
.s|)rigs  o'  laurel  and  olive,  and  bearing  the  initial-^ 
Jl  J.  J  magnificent  hearse,  drawn  l)y  six  horses, 
which  w>    3  kept  in  hand  by  six  la(?kcys,  conveyed  the 

Pur.suan    to  an  uiiropcakMl  law  wliicli  l)rouglit  to  mind  tlie  praetict'  nf 


the  colonial 


8S    .1 


\n 


(1  iit  tlio  ficath  of  a 
ibl 


\1CC1<) 


/.', 


•II,   (lull,   ill'    Mh 


11.   liS.>. 


long  \     i  public  inanitestatioiis  of  sorrow  wfi'c  pai'tifularly  notioi'il 


those  of  the   1    eiich  residents,  wlio  reiiieiiiliiTed  that  his 


protei'tioii 


hnd 


failed  them  ii     inies  when  popular  i)assioii.-)  in  iNfexioo  weie  violently  itiusc 
by  the  acts  oi  theii'  governinent. 

*"  Manifestations  of  sorrow  came  afterward  from  the  heads  of  foreign  gov 
vnimeiits  having  relations  with  Mexico,  among  wliich  was  an  autograjili  lettr 
Ii-oni  Amadeo  of  Spain.  Jlcx.,  .Mem.  Itidcuiuni'K,  IST-'i,  annex  no.  4,  Til-H,  Hli 
17:  /;/  Miiiiilur  Hiji.,  Xov.  17,  lS7l'. 


HONORS  TO  TIIK  DKAD  I'lMlslIiKNT. 


••t": 


ImxIv  t<»  tlu'  San  Ft'i'iinmlo  ccnH'torv,  to  lie  iiittJiTfil  in 
ilif  tjiinilv  toiiil).'"'  Ill  an  aiiiilc  ot  tlu'  <'ai"«l»Mi  in  tin- 
|ila/ni'la  <lo  San  Fmiando  had  Krcn  r.iscd  a  nioim- 
iiiriit  in  tilt' stvlc  oC  tlic  (Ji'<'(.'k  |tartlu'iinii.  Tlu' rdllin 
was  laid  nii  a  lai'iL^c  urn.  ntNcrcd  witli  lanrrl  lra\r.s 
Miadi'  of  ^old  and  cNfr^iTriis;  in  tin;  upper  triaii'^ir 
wtrc  seen  al|>lia  and  Dinc^a,  syniltoli/.iii!^^  tin,'  Ix't^dnnin^' 
and  end  id'  lidii'_;s,  and  on  tln'  t(»[)  ol"  the  small  temple 
was  a  Inist  of  .Iiiare/."  'I'lie  standarddiearer  <>f"  the 
llatalloii  df  SupieiiiKS  |*()deres,  hnldiiiLj  ill  his  hand 
the  national  tlaj;' di'aped  in  niourniii;;-,  took  a  |)osition 
in  front  of  the  monument  .suri'otnided  hy  a  'n'nard  of 
honor.  After  the  le^juisite  ceremonies,  tlu>  hody  was 
consigned  to  the  tomh,  and  at  a  sii^iial  from  the  towers 
of  San  Fernando,  the  Itattery  of  the  pahiee  (»tHeialIy 
announced  that  the  i^ravt)  alr(>ady  eiiclosi'd  the  mortal 
ivniains  of  the  u;reat  leader  of  rel'orin  and  indepen- 
dence/' Honors  to  th(!  memory  <)f  Juarez  were  after- 
ward [>aid  hy  several  state  and  municijial  governments, 
and  in  several  foreijiii  countries,  in  vai'ious  wavs."" 

*■  'I'lic  iiall-liciicis  wci-i'  l.nis  \'cliizi|iu'z,  dirrctoi'  of  the  \\\\\  scIidoI,  Ocn. 
AlijamliK  <  liiii'ia,  ii)inaiL(l;iiitfL,'i'ii<'rul  "f  Mc\i<<),  Miimul  I*.  Iz.i;.'uin'c.  tlif 
liHtiiin's  tiiiisiiicr,  ainl  Alticilo  « 'lia\  ciii,  ii'iii'fsciitiiij,'  tli<'  jiyiintamifhtu  ul' 
the  I  ,i|)ilal.     'I'lif  late   pn  sidi/iit's  aidi'S'lfcamp  and  v.\w  iiifaiitiy  coiniiaiiy 


til  a  liaiil  <'si'(i|-tt'd  tl 


w  I 
I'nddUc 


!<•  IkhIv 


I'll.!    ]. 


and  alter  it  went  tliosi^  of   I'rcsidcnt  Lird 


[■iitial   caiiiav't',  draj'vd   in  lilark, 


dii>ioinatiu  cordis,  di|mtii.s.    ju<liriarv,  and 


diisti 


_  nations, 
tlnns,  alumni  o 


In  tl 


MTit'taiiis  of  Htatc 
inu'ni.-liid    pti-sonM  ami 


ir  roiti'm'  viTc  scun  journalists,    wm  kinL'nicn's  associa 


if  till'  [iii'iiaiatory,  law,  and  medical  siliools,  |iliy>i.'ians.  niii 
sniiic  lodm's,  the  Santa  ( 'ccilia  and  I'hilliarnionii;  sociitics,  and  tlif  (u'linan 
I  lid).  Tin:  ainiy  was  rt'iiicscnted  hy  a  militaiy  liand,  the  cadtts  of  tlic  mill- 
lary  .school,  hodii's  from  eaili  of  the  arms,  lusjdis  a  hattery  of  l"J|iiicus.  'I'lic 
|iiin(ssion  consisted  of  nearly  ,").(MK)  jierson^.  An  immense  e<iiicouise  of  jieo- 
|>le  tilled  the  Mtreets,  windows,  lialeoides,  and  house  tops,  prohahly  constitiit- 


three  foui'ths  of  the  population  in  the  city. 


The  11 


lausoleiim  was  siiriduiidid  w  ith  colossal  tap: 


liacl  inside  two 


.'iiilieent  alaliastrr  vases,  from  which  rose  the    a[)ors  of  incense  and  myrrh. 


>i:uMo,.ii,jr  n 


!• 


•  lulvJO,   •_'!,   -Jt,  1S7-J;   Mu:,  /),,•<,■/,«  Ji>'> 


rii. 


lOiili  ;•(>,  />;■'  IV 


:{d    pt. 


Mil   17;  Uaz,   \'i.tliKl<  Jnnri  ~.,  'M'2-\'t;  ('h'lirro,  /Jlnritrin,  l-'20:  /i 
'hih'iim;  jCI  luili  rdl'ixlit,  I    I."). 

'■"(^luerctaro  (leclai'eil  him  a  lienenic'rito,  and  jiave  his  name  to  the  pl.iza 
fiiiiiicrly  called  dc  la  Cruz,  also  jippropiiatiiij^  funds  to  make  it  worthy  I'f  its 
new  name.     Oajaca  dccreeil  to  purchase'  the  house  where  .luarez  was  liorii. 


Ill  dedicate  him  a  monument  there.     In    I'nehla   it 


was   enat 


ted    that 


laiiie  should  lie  inscrihcil  in  golden  letters  in  the  legislative  chamlier.  ai 


ument  should  be  raised.   A7  Maiiili 
>i-ali^lii,   May,  "J'J,  IST:?;  ]>i(inn  i )ji,-..  M.  ^ 
I'l  rii.  eai'ly  in  IS7-.   had  awai'deil   him  a  iro 
-1.  i«7'J. 


/.".;>..  Aug.  1,  Nov.  14.  Is7-';  A7  l',<l 


Th 


llcdical   c.illeire   of 


1  medal.    Kl  F'<hndi<(n,  Mar.-h 


■■i 


4 


388 


END  OF  THE  JUAREZ  REGIMK 


Tlie  national  congress  in  due  time  took  into  con- 
sideration tlic  form  of  j)ostIiunK)US  honors  to  the  late 
statesman,  inckiding  substantial  provision  for  his  fam- 
ily. Several  ways  were  j>roj>osed;  and  finally  a  reso- 
lution was  adopted,  on  the  I  Sth  of  A))ril,  1  873,  giving, 
am()n<_j  otlier  thin<js,  monuments  to  liimsulf  and  wife, 
and  pensions  to  their  children."^  On  the  7th  of  ^fay, 
1875,  the  I'emains  of  Juarez  and  his  wife  were  ex- 
humed from  the  family  vault  and  trniisterred  to  the 
jirovisional  niche  which  was  to  hold  them  till  tlir 
monument  tlien  being  j)repar(,'d  in  the  San  Fernando 
cemetery  should  be  tiinshed.  The  final  exhumation, 
witli  appr()[)riate  ceremonies,  t  )ok  })lace  on  the 
18th  of  July,  1880.''-  Juarez  left  pi-o[»erty  valued  at 
8I;)8,000;"'  and  threi;  books  in  his  own  hand\\ritiiig, 
namely,  a  com[)ilati<jn  of  maxims  from  Tacitus,''^  an 
account  of  his  ex})enditures  diu'ing  his  peregrinations. 

'•"  l.st.  .luaicz  \v,'is  drclart''!  a  'hciieiiiri  ito  de  la  patiia  vi\  ^'nido  hcvi'iicn;' 
liis  iiaiiio  was  ordurud  to  In;  iiisurihcd  iit  iL'tter.s  of  gold  in  tlio  cliaiiiliur  of  tin 
national  congicss.  iM.  On  tlic 'Jlst  of  .Marcli  (jf  each  yoar  tliu  naticmal  tiiiL; 
was  to  1)0  lioistt'd  on  all  |ml)lio  l)iiildinj.'s,  in  comnionioiation  ot  lii.s  hiith,  and 
also  on  tho  IStli  of  duly  at  liaU'-niast,  as  a  si^u  of  nionrning  for  liis  death,  {id. 
The  executive  to  apjiiopiiate  from  the  treasnr y  .S.'iO.OOU  to  ereet  a  eoniinen)0 
ratixe  nioniinient,  with  a  statue  of  .fiiare/  tliereiiiion.  'I'his  uioiiunu'iit  \v:is 
to  1)0  lini.>hed  on  the  ."ith  of  May,  I,s74.  -4tli.  The  executive  to  ap))ly,  out  ol 
the  treasury,  ,':<IO,U(IO  foi'  ase|(u!ehre  to  hold  the  mortal  renuiin.s  of  .luanz  and 
his  wife.  The  work  \\as  lo  he  linished  on  the  ISth  of  July,  IS7.').  .">tli.  .\ 
])ensiiin  of  S.'{,()()(la  yea  I  ;;ranted  to  each  of  duaie/.'  daughters,  .Soledad,  .losefii, 
and  .M.iria  de  .lesus,  wlide  they  remained  umnariied,  and  the  same  to  tlir 
minor  .son,  IJenito,  till  lie  eon]|ileted  his  iirofessional  stinlies,  or  till  his 'J-'itii 
year.  The  same  pension  to  he  allowed  to  each  of  .luare/'  seven  thildri  ii 
slioidd  they  (,'\  er  heeonie  poor,  'i'he  pensions  to  he  paid  in  monthly  instalment- 
id  ?>-."i(t,  and  the  executive  never  to  reduce  the  amounts  upon  any  considera- 
tion, titli.  The  pension  of  .'^.'i.OOO  allowed  the  unmarrieil  daughters  to  he  re 
dilci'd  to  Sl.o'tO  from  theilateof  marriage.  This  lattersum  to  he  paid  yearly 
from  date  of  the  law  to  each  of  the  married  daughteis,  and  to  tho  son  aft.i- 
lie  eompleto<l  his  ;2r)th  year.  7th.  The  executive  was  authori/ed  to  caiiit.ili/i' 
each  one  of  these  pensions,  taking  as  a  hasis  a  peiiml  of  live  years,  provided 
the  party  interested  assented  to  it,  Sth.  A  prize  of  .S'J,(H)0  was  to  he  oll'ered 
for  the  In'st  hiography  of  .luare/,  tho  executive  to  appoint  the  judges,  /Hctrin 
J><l„iti.'<,  U'  Cong.,  iv.  i;JS  i»;  Mr.,:,  Jhnrho  liil<,-ii.,M  pt,  IkS-H);  liohtui 
Ojir.  AV.  Sill.,  .May  •1\,  KS7."{;  Kl  I-Viil'-,  of  .Mazatlan,  Dec.  \:\,  187'2.  Young 
lienito  was  in  1.S77  appointed  secretary  of  the  .Mexican  legation  near  tlie  gov- 
ernment of  Italy.    La  I'nz  il<'  M''].,  Oct.  17,  1X77. 

"-.l/i.c,  l>:''no  <»i<:,  .May  !»,  IS7.");  Kiver.i,  Me'.v.  Piiitor(''<cn,  i.  "A"  s, 
jj'ives  a  view  and  description  of  the  tomh. 

•"Including  S(7,(M)0  of  unpaid  salary.  Tliis\\a.sa  moderate  fortune  as 
compared  with  that  of  some  other  rulei'.s,  when  we  consider  that  he  had  been 
presideiit  about  I.")  years.   L'l  Moiiifur  Jk'/).,  Aug.  II,  I87'2. 

"'Another  aeeouut  suya  it  waa  an  autobiography.   Id.,  July  24,  I87-. 


PATRIOT  AND  REFORMER. 


389 


IIIIIIIU'IIIO 
liiriit  u;is 
ly,  out  III 
luuiz  ami 

l,,l()s..f,-|, 

•     to     till' 

his  •-'.".th 

cliilili'i  II 

staliiuiils 

uoli.-sidria- 

to  lie  It: 

liil  yi'aily 

soli  at't.  r 

a|tita!i/c 

prc)\  iili'il 

Im;  otl'di-'il 

's.    l>inrio 

!);   llnlflin 

Vi>iiiij,' 

the  gov- 

:!77  S 


and  sketches  of  the  more  prominent  men  with  whom 
ho  hud  relations  during  his  pubhc  hfe. 

Juarez  with  liis  death  bequeathed  to  liis  country 
the  l)0()ii  (»f  peace.  Opponents  in  arms  laid  them 
ilown,  and  placed  themselves  under  the  constitutional 
lla^.  He  had  ever  an  unfaltering  faith  in  his  mission. 
()1(1  tniditit)ns  he  ignored;  petty  wrangles  and  tem- 
[lurizing  policies  he  despised.  Heeding  only  the  dic- 
tates of  duty,  he  opposed  an  iron  will  to  the  torrent 
(if  personal  anilitions  and  ])arty  strife,  to  the  wicked 
rii\y  of  a  triumphant  reaction,  as  well  as  of  a  foreign 
liivasitjn.  He  saved  the  constitution  of  1857  by  tak- 
ing into  his  hands  the  reins  of  govennncnt  at  the  time 
that  the  allied  clergy  and  army  were  endeavoriiig  to 
destroy  it.  Without  him  the  lil)eral  party  would  have 
found  itself  without  a  leader,  or  even  a  cause  to  fight 
fdi'.  What  would  have  been  the  fate  of  the  r->public, 
We  might  ask,  if  Juarez,''' the  chief  magistrate,  without 
sdldiers  or  resources,  had  faltered.''  Who  would  liave 
taken  up  the  struggle  had  he  abandoned  it  ?  Indeed, 
ill  vain  mav  we  searcli  historv  for  a  more  wonderful 
exann)le  of  human  gr(.'atness  and  success — a  poor, 
ignorant  Indian  boy,  emerging  from  the  wild  moun- 
tains of  Oajaca  t<>  link  his  name  to  some  of  the  most 
radical  reforms  the  American  continent  has  ever  wit- 
nessed. 

'' '  I'^l  presulenti;  iK-rcu'riiio. '  ]!ir.,   V'ala  ih-  Juarrz,  31G. 


m  'i 


f 


'it-: 


m 


lis! 


UHiliMi 


il 


I 


ml 


n 


ii:l  I 


CHAPTER  XVII. 

LEKDO  TRESIDENT. 

1872-1874. 

Kffwt  of  Jtakkz'  Pkatii — Lerdo  Rktains  tiik  Ministers  of  Jitarf.z— 
Genkkal  Amnestv   1'ho('laimki>— Di az  IiEfises  to  Acceft  It — Cok- 

FLA(iI!ATI()N  IN  THE  PaLACE — TllK  COUNTRY  T[tANylII,I7,ElJ — DiAZ  .SUB- 
MITS—LkKDU  Elixtei)  Cdnstiti  tional  I'hesident— Hks  i'oiTLAunv— 
He  I'eusi.sts  in  Rktaininc  the  .Ministeiis—Dlsapi-ointjiext— Clos- 
ing OK  CoN(ii!Ess — The  Veua  Ciaz  Railkoah — The  Tefic  Rebel- 
lion—Giadala.jara  Threatened — Cai'T'jue  and  Death  of  Lozada  — 
End  itf  THE  Rebellion — The  District  of  Tefio — Conoressional 
Acts  -IvxriLsioN  of  the  Jesiits -Passaoe  of  the  Reform  Laws  — 
DisTiuBANfE.s — Seventh  Constiti'tioxal  CoNtiREss. 

As  the  nows  of  Juarez'  death  spread  througliout  tlie 
land,  there  was  no  httle  uneasiness  felt  by  many.  A 
fliange  in  the  achninistration  of  atJ'airs  was  now  certain ; 
hut  what  it  wouhl  be,  or  liow  it  wouhl  att'ect  tlie  coun- 
try, were  beyond  the  power  of  man  to  foretell.  At 
the  time  of  his  death  the  Juaristas  were  still  powerful 
enough,  and  could  not  be  tlisregarded.  Indeed,  as 
stated  in  the  last  preceding  chapter,  any  change  in 
tlie  fortunes  of  war  might  give  the  u})pcr  hand  to  the 
revolutionists.  So  much  as  t(.  the  military  situation. 
The  political  field  was  not  more  promising,  for  the 
reasdu  that  neither  of  the  three  parties  struggling  for 
suiiremacv  had  sulUcient  strength  of  its  own  to  carrv 
its  measures  in  congress.' 

The  first  matter  to   occupy  the   [lublic   mind  was 

'  This  w.'is  till'  sixtli  fonstitut'onnl  congress,  and  the  eleutions  of  the  iiii'in- 
beis  to  it  liad  been  sij^'iiiili/i'd  i)y  thi'  iiiterfertince  of  those  in  jxiwev.  Tin' 
go\ernors  of  tlie  (lill'ei'ent  sttites  were  supporters  of  one  f)r  other  of  the  thno 
fiietions,  iiiul  each  hail  used  evei'y  means  to  semi  (U^piities  attached  to  tiie 
cuuue  of  his  party.  Jx'ioit  Putario,  Hint.  Adin'ut.  Lt  I'llo,  lo. 

(a90) 


rOLICY  OF  THE  \K\V  RULKR. 


391 


the  expected  formation  of  a  new  cabinet.  No  one 
doubted  that  the  ministers  of  Juarez,  who  liad  shown 
tliemselves  the  persistent  enemies  of  Lerdo,  would  \)v 
itnioved;'"  but  to  the  surprise  of  every  one  they  were 
ivtained.  To  the  demands  of  his  party  for  a  new 
ministry,  expressed  through  the  me(hum  of  its  Jour- 
nals, Lerdo  i)aid  no  heed.  It  was  tiiouglit  that,  re- 
pu'ding  liimself  as  only  acting  j)resident,  he  int(;ndcd 
to  Kt  things  remain  as  they  were  until  the  elections 
."^liould  decide  who  should  be  chief  magistrate.  ]^y 
taking  no  ste[)  which  might  cause  alai'm,  his  own  elec- 
tion would  be  the  more  certain.''  Such  was  the  gen- 
cial  o[»inion;  but  J^erdo  was  a  man  who  could  kt'e|t 
Ills  <»wn  secrets,  lie  deliohted  to  mvstifv,  to  idacc 
iiKii  in  e(}uivocal  positions;  and  to  involve  political 
atfairs  in  a  mist  of  doubt  ami  uncertainty,  he  re- 
gaided  as  the  height  of  administrative  ability. 

Sebastian  ]jer"do  de  Teiada  v  (Jorrial  was  born  in 
-lalajia,  in  1  820,  and  his  etlucation  began  at  Pucbla. 
Ill  the  first  years  of  his  .studies  he  was  inclined  to 
adopt  theology,  under  the  patronage  of  l>isliop  i'ablo 
\  a/(|Uez;    but   he  afterward    abandoned    it    for    la 


w 


aiK 


1  com})leted  his  education  at  Mexico.  W'hih'  still 
voung  he  was,  by  reason  of  his  great  attainments, 
ciiii>en  pri'sident  of  the  (•oll(!gc  of  San  lldefonso  in 
.Mexico.  Later  he  was  made  magistrate  ot"  the  su- 
invme  court.  During  the  administration  ot'  ('oiuoii- 
ii !  lie  received  his  appointment  as  minister  of  foieign 


iti: 


Ill's. 


Th 


10  reader  is  alreativ 


famil 


lar  wi 


th  1 


lis  no 


lit 


a!   career  since  that  time, 


11 


e  was  a    man  sinal 


111 


Tlio  cabinet  miiiistt'i's  \v( 


)f  rclatic 


M, 


[..if 


iami:i;  nt   \  ur, 


ic  woiKs  am 


•  ''  iiciiil  Ignacii)  Mi'jia;  (>t'  tlio  treasury,  Francisco  Mcjia;  nf  pnlil 
ilivilopnuiit  of  illllnsl^ic^s,  lUas  liMivarccl.    Coiitraiy  to  tlic  toiistitutiou,  tli'ii 


IS  lioitlii'i- a  iiiiiiistio  (to  ^'ohiMiKUK  II   nor  a  niini.s 


<tro  di 


sticia,  the  (li 


•  it  tlii'sc  lii'in!,'  piiforriicd  l)y  tlic  oliciale.s  niayons  ot  tiiu  rcsjitctive  orlicct 


lilt;  position  of  till'  ministers  was  .somewhat  anomalous 


Willi  tl 


atli 


»j|  .hiarez  tluur  foi'iner  relations  hail  ceased;  yet  Lerdo  retained  tin  in  m  oltit 


M  Itllol 
1 


It    fo 


illy 


leappointuiL'  tiuiii. 


Tl 


n'y  themselves  repoi't'.i   t!i.it   tiny 


i;ii 


it  in  their  resi^'iiations,  and  that  tliey  had  not  lu'eii  ae>  epted.      l>y 
t.'Miii;.'  till  ir  portfolios,  theyexposid  tluniselves  to  the  atta-^Us  of  the  pi  rio 


1'  lis  or   every   political   vii\v;   'los   iKjiii'idieos  de   todos   '..iii   eolores    poliLicoH 
t"i:iiiiiii   haeieiido  ^iierra  mas  I'l  nn  ims  frama  al    Minist.  rio,  taeiia.ido  de  poco 


icadoa  a  los  minlstros  dc  .Miai 


'I' 


I'ontuiua 


ban  ill  lado  de  Lerdo. 


Ml 

m 


m 


ill  • 


39-2 


fl 


line 
man 


LKUDO  I'liKSlDKNT. 


but    WL'll    built,    niodcst    and    una 


ssunnn'4-    iii 


w,    tlioroui^hly  republican    in    polities,  a    ni'ijit 
worker,  and  in  ar^jjunjent  clear,  deliberate,  and  logical. 


II 


lave  sai 


d  tliat  his  measures  were  ofttinies  dark 


but  a  little  liy;ht  broke  in  on  his  present  poliiy 
when  he  issued  orders  for  the  election  of  a  president. 
]^v  retainini:'  the  old  ministers  he  mi-dit  scj  inspiit,- 
contidcMice  as  to  secure  the  union  of  tlu;  forniei' 


o 


[',1 


uare/  wi 


th  1 


ns  own,  anc 


men 
I  so  make  certain  iiis  iiosi- 


tion.  Hence  on  the  'IJih  of  July  lie  published  u  dc- 
ci't'c.  assiuninsi:  the  I  ."ith  and  iTth  of  October  followiii''- 
as  the  two  election  days.  Still  further  to  restoi.- 
public  confidence,  he  ]>roclaimcd  a',  the  -iaiw  time  an 
amnesty,  extendiiii'-  it  to  all  political  oiLnders;  and 
on  llie  2d  of  August  issui  d  decrees  reliovini,^  the  states 
of  P',:ol)ia,  Zacatecas,  and  Hidalgo  \'vo\\\  martial  law. 
to  w!uch  they  had  l)een  sul)ject,  thj  releatse  beint:;  cx- 
t  nded  at  later  dates  to  all  the  states  of  the  rejxdjlii 


By 

office 

mini  '  I'-.tion  ot  Juarez,  in  consequence  ot  the  revolu 


d 


us  measure  such   constitutional   Ljovcrnoi'>  an 
as    had    lost  their   ])ositions  during'    the   ad- 


tion.  were  restored  to  otHci 


Th 


ese 


liberal  measuri 


gave  great  satisfaction  to  the  ]»ublic,  and  the  ofhr 
was  ([uickly  acce|»ted  by  most  of  the  insurgent  lead- 
ers,'' who  hastened  to  tender  their  submission  to  the 
governors  of  the  states,  under  the  shield  of  the  am- 
iies 


t} 


1 


*C()pifS  of  (lecreos  in  J:'/  Afoiillnr  J!i p.,  Aul'.  3,  S,  ]S7'2.  and  Sept.  IS,  ]S'-2. 

'A  list  ot  ton  revolutionary  leaders  \vlio  a\  ailed  tlieniselves  of  the  amnesty 
i.-i  given  in  /•/.,  7t!i  Anj,'.,  1X7-.  Anion>,'  tluiii  was  Negiete.  wiio  retired  to 
private  life,  having  issued  a  )iroelaniatioi>  expressing  his  eonli<lenee  in  Lerdo. 

•^  In  one  instance  only  dms  it  ajipear  that  the  amnesty  was  not  properly 
observed,  .limonez,  the  leader  of  the  revolution  in  (Juerrero,  presented  him- 
self to  the  governor  of  that  .state,  reljing  uixin  tlie  jironiises  of  the  piesident. 
A7  Monitor,  Get.  1,  10,  1S7'J.  The  governor,  (Jen.  Arce,  however,  impris- 
oned him  on  the  plea  that  all  tlie  insurgent  arms  had  not  been  deliv  ered  up, 
and  arbitrarily  tixeil  the  nund)ei'  in  e\eess.  The  friends  of  .liinene/  in  the 
capital  i-epresented  the  ea.^e  to  lA'rdo,  who,  day  after  day,  iironiised  to  order 
the  lelease  of  .limeniz.  He  failed  to  do  so,  however,  and  .limenez,  after  a 
month's  impiisoinnent,  was  lilterated  by  Aree  and  Figueroa,  tlie  eommnndi  r 
of  tile  forces  in  (luerrero.  The  enemies  of  Lerdo  charge  him  with  intentiimid 
neglect.  /I'/c"  /'((liirio,  Hi-<i,  Ailiniii.  I.i  r/lo,  t')!t-7l.  Figueroa  deemed  the 
email  cleliverv  of  arms  an  indication  that  .linienei;'  submission  \\as  simulated. 
El  Fr.l.ml.  Oct   -.'4.  1S7-.'. 


DIAZ  NOT  SL'BMISSIVK. 


:?<»3 


>  aii'l 

L'    ad- 

■Vdlll- 
Ul'o 

(•ail- 
til.' 
aiii- 


1.S7-2. 

iniesty 
,1  U< 

Djici'ly 
liiiii- 

'.-iik'iit. 

iiiiinis- 
(1  up, 
ill  the 

ilttul-  :i 

uiiiulir 

itW'lUll 

iv.l   tlie 
uhiti''!. 


General  Porfirio  Diaz,  however,  (U'flinetl  to  accept 
the  aiiiuesty,  save  under  certain  modifications.  On 
the  1st  of  Augtist  lie  addressed  a  letter  to  the  i)resi- 
(liiit,  setting  forth  his  views  of  the  position,  and 
conveying  covert  threats  of  future  op[)osition  in  case 
existing  evils  were  not  remedied,  and  satisfactorv 
'guarantees  given  that  the  ]>opular  suftVage  should 
111-  inviolablv  established."  Alludinuf  to  the  aninestv, 
lie  thought  that  the  sj)i)'it  in  which  it  had  been  ex- 
tended was  ade(juate  to  the  necessities  of  the  political 
iKisition,  but  that  the  terms  of  it  were  n(»t  sufHcientlv 


lavol 


abl, 


He  moreover  ui'tred   Jjci'do  to  extend  tin 


time  assigned  for  theelection  of  j)resi(lent.  in  orderthat 
'ilie  towns  in  which  the  revolution  had  been  developed 


HI 


1-ht  b 


ecome  se 


ttled,  and  calmlv  consider  and  cast 


their  votes.  Lastly,  as  a  main  condition  l)y  which  to 
M'cure  his  cooperation  in  nacifvint'"  the  countrv.  he 
asked  that  an  exce[»tion  should  l)c  made  in  his  own 
case  with  I'egai'd  to  the  deprivation  of  position  and 
>alary  as  laid  down  in  the  fourth  article  of  Lerdo's 
decree.  In  fact,  while  recogni/ing  Ler<li>  as  ]»resident. 
he  dictated  conditions  to  him,  and  hinted  at  war  in 
case  they  were  not  accepted. 

The  president  yielded  in  no  point.  Diaz  was  gi\eh 
to  miderstand  that  no  conventional  agreement  with 
liim  would  l)e  entertained,  ai;d  that  ids  submission 
would  have  to  be  made  in  accordance  with  the  am- 
nesty law."*      By  the  end  of  Septend»er  all  the  revolu- 


tioiiarv  forces,  wi 


th  tl 


le  excel) 


ition 


th 


ose  m 


Sinai 


oa 


an 


1   Chihtiahua,  had  a(.'cej»ted   the  amnesty,  and   tin 


■  '  I'cio  si  no  so  U'  li.ico  iNpctiiiiciit.ir  il  ciirnliic)  que  en  l.i  politica  iijxti  re' 
In  Slid,  'si  no  sc  i-eparaii  lia^-ta  ilnnili-  si-a  iiusililf  los  nialos  ocasioiunl'^M  pur- la 
(lictadura,  y  sohie  todo,  .si  no  ."e  dan  ;.'ai;intia.s  wiTias  y  pia'ticas  al  voto  popu- 
lar, la  sitiiuoioii  pri'seiitf  .-u  caiioaia  una  tngiia,  jumh  no  la  paciiiciicioii  dc- 
tiiiitiva  de  la  llepiililica.'  Kl Mmiihir  It' il,  Sept.  .'{.  I>>7-. 

^  In  a  later  conuminicatinn  ilatiil  Scjit.  'I'lA,  and  addte.-4S('d  to  (uii.  ( 'aiiill.i, 
cniiiinandor  of  tlu' govi.TiMiii'iit  fnii'is  in  jJiiiuingo,  IHaz  intiinatcd  that  tiic 
conditions  uncler  which  he  wo\dd  sulmut  wurc:  that  a  iii'W  aniiH'sty  law 
sJMuld  lie  proelaiiiR'd,  free  from  the  re,-.triitioiis  eontained  in  the  existin,'  one; 
tiiat  the  government  ."iiiould  initiate'  tiefuie  eiin}.'itss  a  e()ii.stitutional  nt'oi  m 
with  resiieet  to  tlie  iiou-rel'lectiou  of  the  presiihiit;  and  that  fn.'e  .«uHVa|.'i! 
?li'iuld  he  L'liaianteed. 


III 


w 


11 


■  1'  -^  ■ ' 


>i 


' 


:l 
.1^ 


•J 


i^l 


i    jib 


k 


if 


LKIJDU  I'iilvSlDKNT. 


fuct  tliai  Diaz  refused  ti)  do  so  caused  soiDe  inquietude. 
No  ((lie  could  regard  tl:j  revoluti<jn  as  completely 
teiiiiinated  so  long  as  he  held  aloof, 

Dui'ing  the  earlier-  conununications  between  Diaz 
and  iicrdo,  while  men's  minds  wcr*;  still  agitated  by 
the  change  in  afiuirs,  an  event  occurred  signiticant  in 
sui»trstitious  (juarters  of dii'c  calamity.  Early  in  the 
afternoon  of  August  'J"Jd,  a  tire  broke  out  in  the  in- 
terior of  the  palace,  oi'iginating  on  the  wooden  roof  of 
the  chamber  of  de[)uties."  The  conflagration  spread 
with  rapidi'>.y,  and  the  cupola,  also  of  wood,  was 
quickly  ablaze.  Tongues  of  tlame  shot  intermittently 
upward,  streaking  with  fiery  red  black  colunms  of 
smoke  which  soon  formed  a  })all  ovei'  the  capital,  the 
great  bell  of  the  cathedral  ringing  out  furt'"er  commo- 
tion. The  knowledge  that  (}uantities  of  ammunition 
'vere  de[)osited  in  the  store-rooms  increased  the  inter- 
est. By  the  exertions  of  (General  ^lejia  and  the  min- 
isters, the  lire  was  ke[)t  confined  to  that  })ortion  of  the 
building  occupied  by  the  legislative  chambers,  which 
was  totally  destroyed.^" 

As  the  election  days  drew  near  the  pacificatioji  of 
the  countrv  was  LTraduallv  accomplished,  and  consti- 
tutional  order  restored.  In  Sinaloa  the  revolution- 
ists, after  gaining  possession  of  Mazatlan,'*  and  mak- 
ing ca}>tives  of  the  commandant   l^'loi'es,  the  civil  and 

"  'I'lic  t'lrp  was  caused  Wy  the  oarolossncss  of  a  jilumhor  engaged  in  repairiii;,' 
Riiinc  Icaileii  watii-pijies,  and  who  lel't  liis  ln'a/icr  witii  live  eoala  in  it  on  tlif 
roof  wiiilc  lie  ufiit  to  dinner.    /:'/  Fuli  rrilis/n,  \w^.  '2'A,  1S7-. 

"'Aft<  r  this  disaster  the  deputies  oiru])ied  the  tlieatie  of  Itnihide.  For- 
tunati  ly  all  areliives  and  doeunnnts  were  saved.  'I'lie  los.s  eau.sed  by  tiic 
di'strnetion  of  tiie  huildiniis  was  estimated  at  .S2(J0,(K)().  Seven  lire  engines 
V  ere  lirought  up,  only  one  of  w  hirli  proved  si  rvieeahle,  and  that  belonged  to 
private  persons.  'I'lie  (  ditoi-  of  the  /'mA  idli'^td,  in  iceording  this  condition  ol 
th>'  lire  department,  leinarks:  '  l)ehemos  iiacer  esta  jiistioia  a  la  bouiba  di' 
puhieio;  ;eia  la  cpie  si'  hallaba  en  ])eor  estado!'  Tlie  .swovd  and  walking-stiek 
<it  Ituibidi,',  which  liiint;-  mi  a  wall  of  the  eiianiliers,  were  savi d,  tliough  thr 
hilt  of  tile  fornur  was  lost  for  a  time.  Ituriiide's  sword  iiad  luen  ]ii'i,senteil 
to  eon;,'n'ss  by  (len.  lUistaniante,  'I'ln'  l>lade\\as  i  >aniiisens  an<l  tiie  hiU.  ol 
\\-i-vy.Cinnha.s  Mi.i:  /'inf.  i.  II    I'J;  L'/  Fd'  rnli-'/fi,  -Aug.  '27,  IST".'. 

".M.izatlan  was  taken  Sepi.  14th,  bv  Dnroteo  ].,ope/.  A'/  Moiiihir  AVp.. 
Sei)t.  •-'(),  IST'J. 


IIOI'KS  OF  DIAZ. 


:{9.-) 


military  authorities,  and  thi;  garrison,  accoptetl  the 
.'uniiesty  on  the  (3th  of  October,  Flores  and  the  otlior 
prisoners  being  released  by  Colonel  Francisco  Canedo, 
a  revolutionary  leader  who  had  recognized  Lcrdo's 
<i-overnnient,  and  installed  himself  as  i)rovisional  gov- 
ernor  of  th(;  state.'"  (.)n  the  1 9th  ^Eazatlan  was  occu- 
pied by  the  federal  troops,  and  the  revolutionary 
movement  in  Sinaloa  was  virtuallv  at  an  end.  Xor 
were  affairs  in  Chihuahua  more  favorable  to  JJia/; 
designs.  Lerdo  managed  matters  so  as  to  make  it 
clear  that  the  direct  cause  of  the  former  revolution  no 
iDiiLier  existed.  To  continue  a  contest  which  had  been 
entered  into  for  the  j)urpose  of  overthrowing  one  gov- 
ermnent,  against  another  of  dilferent  and  more  liberal 
jiolitics,  might  or  might  not  be  called  for.  JJiaz  well 
knew  this;  but  he  hoped  that  by  refusing  submission 
lie  would  ol>tain  from  Lerdo  those  changes  in  the  ])()- 
litical  progranune  which  he  had  suggested,  and  which 
would  enhance  his  own  [)rospects  of  election  to  the 
presidency.  His  generals  evidently  did  not  all  share 
ills  views.  Guerra,  among  the  last  <if  those  who  sub- 
mitted,"' on  the  oth  of  Se})tendjer  had  entered  into  a 
(•(invention  with  Terrasas,  by  which  the  former  I'ecog- 
iiizcd  the  latter  as  g(jvernor,  agreeing  to  evacuate'  the 
( ity  of  Chihuahua  on  the  15th,  and  withdraw  his 
trodjis  from  the  state  by  the  2:3d,"  which  terms  he 
•mjilied  with,  proceeding  to  Durango,  where  he  nuule 


(•( 
111 


submission. 


^'  I-:,'  F.ihrnlis/ti,  (Jet.  11,  is;-.';  /;/  MoiiU.ir  /,'./-.,  Oot.  TJ,  187-_>.  Carii'do 
liiul  assuimjil  tlie  iiiilitary  ami  pdlitical  coiiiniainl  of  tlit.'  .statu,  ( iov.  liuiliia 
li.iviiiL;,  acciirdiiii.'  ti»l'aruMl(^'s.>tat('iiKiit,  irsi;.'iicil  in  liis  tavni'.  Ilucliia,  liuu  ■ 
I'.ir.  (lid  not  fontirm  liis  nsiL.'iiation  whiii  icliastrl  t'rom  the  powor  of  (.'aMclo, 
liiit  assLitid  tliat  it  had  liei'ii  cxtoiti'd  fioiii  iiiiii  liy  coiii|ml.si()ii.  An  oidtr 
Was  ac.'nr<liiigly  scut  to  Oiii.  (.'cliallos.  coiuiuaiidfr  <pf  tlic  ^.'ovfiiiiiiciit  tr.M.ps 
ill  Siiiiiloa,  to  riiii.statu  Jiiulua.  LI  Mniiitor  ll(j>.,  Oct.  l'-',  '-'4,  'Jo,  Xov.  '1\, 
I^:J:  KI  lud>ritlf<lii,  Oct,  'Jd,  Nov.  7,  IST'J. 

'  ( Jiiriia  ai  rivod  at  the  ca|iital  the  la>t  of  Nov.  /.'/  Fi  '/•  riin^ta.  No\ .  L'S, 
1^7'-'. 

"  AV  .1/o,((Vor,  Sc]it.  "JlJ,  IS7-.  ( liK'rra'.s  siilnui.s.sioii  wa.-*  >till  coii.-.idi-iid 
il  lulitlii!,  a.s  lit'  ilid  not  di.sliand  ins  tr(jo].s  ami  formally  afot|jt  the  aiiiih-I_\'. 
Ili.s  iiitciition.s  Wfi'i:  tho  iiioic  .•ius|iiinotis  fioin  tln^  fact  that  in  tlic  iiiiCfi'niciit 
lie  stipulated  that  S-."»,000  should  he  paid  iiiiii  for  thi'ir  iiiaintciianrc.  It  \\:m 
su.s|ie.  tod  tiiat  lie  intciulud  to  uiaicii  a;;ainst  l)ui'aui;o,  uud  (ien.  Rocha  Nvaa 
oid(  lid  to  Chihuahua. 


Vf 

i 

}        i, 

1 

''    iWi 

.!m\ 

III 

806 


LI:KD0  I'UESIDKNT. 


.J!  ■> 


Diaz  at  last  became  aware  that  it  was  useless  for 
him  to  liokl  out  longer  for  terms;  and  to  eiiga<(c  in  a 
contest  witli  the  ijfovernnient  at  i)resent  was  iinpossi- 


hie.  His  troo])s  were  demoralized  hy  the  knowlt'dgo 
that  so  many  leaders  had  laid  down  their  arms,  and 
that  Tjerdo  would  listen  to  no  proposition  f(tr  a  coni- 
ju'omise.     The  first  election  day  was  pa;-.t,  and  nothing 


that 


iu'  eou 


Id  d 


o  wou 


Id  have  anv  effect  toward 


!-■ '.'cur- 


ing freedom  of  vote  at  the  polls,  and  the  promotion  of 
his  own  interests.  However  hr.miliating  it  might  he, 
there  was  no  course  open  to  him  hut  submission; 
hence  on  tiie  "JGth  of  October  the  minister  of  war  re- 
ceived a  telegi'am  ivnnouncing  that  J*orfirio  Diaz,  with 
the  forces  under  his  command,  had  accepted  the  am- 
nesty without  condition.  This  intelligence  was  giveted 
with  demonstrations  of  joy,  the  more  so  from  the 
fact  that  on  the  same  day  the  secondary  elections  were 
l)eing  held. 

( )n  the  l()th  of  Xovember  congress  declanul  the 
result  of  the  elections,  and  proclaimed  Lerdo  presi- 
dent.''' The  announcement  was  received  with  great 
rejoicing  and  public  festivities.  Lerdo's  popularity 
had  daily  iiu-ieased  from  the  time  he  had  assumed  the 
j)residency.  The  public  ni>w  felt  confident  that  he 
would  inauo'urate  a  social  and  ))olitical  regeneration. 
He  enjoyed,  moreovei",  a  high    reputation   for   talent 


I   ad 


mnnstrative  aljuitv 


Th 


le   public,   wearie( 


1    of 


aiu 

wars,  longed  for  a  government  which  would  devote 
itself  to  the  arts  of  peace.'"  On  tlie  1st  of  J)ecend)er 
the  inauguration  of  the  ))resident  tcx^k  place.  Stand- 
in!>"  bt;fore  the  assembled  compress,  he  made  the  cus- 
tomary  protestation  of  loyalty  and  patriotism.  He 
said  nothing,  however,  about  iree  suffrage  and  non- 
reiilection.''      Lerdo,  in  fact,  proved  a  disa[)pointment. 

' '  Lei'do  polled  i),.')'20  VDtis,  Diaz  (iOl,  and  otliers  l,'$(i.  The  doolai-atioii  of 
Li'i  lo  as  pivsiilciit  was  voted  for  liy  l.")0  deputies  a^^aiiist  three  who  opposed 
it.     Alfaro,  .Mirafueiites,  ami  'lairle  lepi'eseiited  the  minority. 


ties  ol 


HelieN  ing  in  this,  I.erdo  fihtained  a  loan  of  S()()0,0()0  to  meet  the  neeessi- 

his  sneeession,  was    vcllni'di  exhausted. 


the  t 


reasiiry,  Mliieli,  oi>  Ills  sneeess 


Oil  Dee.  4th 


d  d 


k 


1  a  eonj,'ressioiial  deeree  wa.s  passed,  oiMlenng  .Mexican  lega 
tions  to  lie  sent  to  Spain,  (leiinany,  and  (Juatemala.      I'ortirio  Diaz  was  pro 


A  DISAI'POIN  TMKXT. 


397 


Tilt'  nation  expected  tliat  a  new  eaUinet  connxised  of 
l.ddistas  and  JNtrfiristas  would  l>e  loi-ined  at  once. 
A  ilianLje  of  ministers  would  l»e  a  paeilic  I'evolution, 
etl't'cted  1)}'  the  pressure  ot'pultlie  opinion,  and  without 
icsort  to  arms.  Accoi-din!^'  to  tin,'  |>i'inci]iles  pro- 
claimed hy  the  h.-adei's  of  the  late  revolution,  Jjerdo 
had  no  legitimate  I'i^iit  to  assume  the  position  of 
presiilent  ad  interim  on  the  death  of  ,J  uare/.  Tlu!  lat- 
ter was  iv^arded  as  haviiii^'  usurped  the  presidential 
chair,  and  it  was  illogical  to  allow  that  lie  could  ha\(' 
a  successor.  Hut  neither  Lerdistas  ikh-  i'oiiiristas 
were  inclined  to  I'aise  ohjections:  the  lornicr,  hecaiisc 
tliclr  leader  was  wnw  in  |)ower,  and  their  aspirations 
wii'"  t'ullilled;  and  the  latter,  hecause  theV  heliexcd 
that  the  chanj4'e  in  all'aii's  lor  which  they  hail  hern 
contending'  woidd  presently  he  eilected,  now  that  one 
\\hoN\as  |>olitically  o|)pose(l  todu.-irez  stood  at  the 
head.  They  jjrel'eiretl  i^iiorinu'  the  piinciple  which 
they  had  proclaimed  to  protraetin^'  a  ^an^•uinal■y  war. 
I'hus  a  league  was  estahlished  between  the  two  parties, 
and  the  Portiristas  pro\ed  the  sincerity  of  their  in- 
tentions hy  (-astim^'  their  votes  in  fav(jr  of  Jjcrdo.  A 
coalition  of  the  two  factions  would  constitute  an  oxer- 
whelming  majority,  and  each  party  contidt^ntly  antici- 
jiated  such  a  imion.  Xothin;^,  indeed,  was  wanting- 
to  cement  their  friendly  relations  hut  the  I'ormation 
of  a  ministry  comjiosed  of  the  most  eminent  Portiris- 
tas and  Lerdistas.  Hut  this  was  not  done.  The  dis- 
satisfaction which  he  caused  hv  ne'-let'tinu'  to  remo\"e 
the  ministers  of  Jnare/  from  office  durini,^  his  ad  in- 
terim administration  had  heen  ai)peased  hy  the  conli- 
ileiit  e.\])ectation  that  the  chanijfe  would  he  effected 
w  hen  he  was  constitutionally  elected  j)residcnt.  'J'ln.se 
hopes,  however,  were  converted  into  exasperation, 
when  Lerdo,  at  a  feast,  in  reply  to  one  of  his  stanch- 
cst  partisans,  who  indicated  to  him  that  a  change  of 
the  ministry  was  necessary,  stated  that  he  owed  his 

linsi'il  to  tile  government  as  a  8iiital)le  citizen  on  wiioni  to  bestow  one  of  tlie 
i''.iii()[ie.in  appointments. 


vm 

;   i  if 


V   •! 


308 


LERDO  I'RKSII)1<:NT. 


elovation,  not  to  his  party,  Imt  to  constitutional  law, 
and  that  consequontly  he  was  i'c'ttorod  hy  no  coin] ))•()- 
mise. 

On  the  lath  of  ])cccnil)('r  tlic  sixth  constitutional 
coni4;rcss  closed  its  third  ti-rni.  Perfect  accoid  at 
that  time  existed  hetween  the  president  and  tin' 
clunnher.  Lerdo  in  his  di.scours(^  spok(!  of  the  advan- 
taL;('S  to  conunerce  which  would  \)v.  derived  fi'oin  tlic 
estahlislmient  of  the  legations  in  Cicrniany,  Spain,  and 
(juateniala;  and  called  attention  tf)  the  ij^reat  inipoi- 
tance  of  creatinijf  commissions  to  iiKjuin;  into  tii*! 
depredations  committed  on  tin;  noi'thern  frontier-.  Tliu 
extension  of  telej^raph  lines  and  the  promotion  of 
railroad  projects  would,  h<'  aid,  receive  the  careful 
attention  of  the  excscutivo;  and  he  concludiMl  lijs 
speech  by  coni>'ratulain_i^  tlu;  di'[)uties  upon  the  jm- 
triotic  zeal  with  which  they  jiad  dischariLj(d  thcii' 
important  duties.  The  reply  of  the  president  of  tlic 
chamber  was  e(jually  satisfactory. 

The  opening  of  1873  was  signalized  l)y  tlu;  inaugu- 
ration of  the  Vera  Cruz  railroad.  On  the  morning 
of  new-year's  day  })eals  of  artillery  and  bands  of  nmsic 
announced  the  dei)arture  of  the  president,  attended 
by  his  ministers  and  a  numerous  suite  of  otiicials,  for 
\'era  Cruz,  by  the  line  now  for  the  Hist  time  tjpcnrd 
to  the  public.  His  journey  to  the  port  and  return  tn 
tiie  capital  were  marked  by  an  uninterrupted  succes- 
sion of  festivities.  The  cities  and  towns  through 
which  he  [)assed  were  gay  with  bright  colors,  and  tln' 
inhabitants  vied  Avith  each  other  in  obsc(|uious  adu- 
lations to  the  new  president.  Balls  and  banquets, 
public  receptions  and  s[)eechcs,  bonfires  and  the  pop- 
ular joy,  indicated  the  high  favor  in  which  Lerdo  stood. 
After  remaining  some  days  in  Vera  Cruz  he  returned 
to  the  capital,  where  he  arrived  on  the  lotli.^"^  Ihit 
nevertheless,  when  the  excitement  calmed,  the  publi(' 

'*" Far  full  particiiliirs,  consult  AY  Di'ir'm  Ojh-hd,  .Tin.  187."^;  El  Shjlo XIX.: 
El  Moitifor  R<"p.;  La  Vin  i/c  JIt.r.;  El  Federalistd. 


TROUBLK  IN  NAYAlilT. 


aoo 


l)c'L,'an  to  feci  that  it  liiul  l)t'(jn  lioaxod.  It  soon  beciiino 
iidtoiious  tliat  tho  railroad  was  not  <'oiii)>l(>ti'(l  aci'onl- 
i  11*^  to  contract,  and  that  tho  inaU''Mratioii  had  hccu 
premature.  This  was  rej^arded  as  a  fraud  on  the;  j)ait 
of  the  contractors,  to  whom  larj^e  concessions  had 
hcen  n'ranted.  The  press  si-wrely  denounced  the  mat- 
ter; hut  the  government  entered  into  no  e\[)lanatioii, 
which  indicated  that  it  intended  to  su|)|>ort  the  rail- 
read  company.  Unfavorahh;  comnu'nts  were  made, 
iind  conclusions  drawn  as  to  what  would  he  the  ruinous 
result  of  future  cx[)unsiv(!  concessions  for  like  I'Uter- 
prist;s. 

While  Lerdo  was  thus  heing  feted  and  flattered, 
tmuhle  was  brewing  clstiwherc;.  Manuel  Lozada, 
eaci<|ue  of  Alica,  had  ac(piired  a  despotic  ])o\ver  over 
the  (hstrictof  Tepic,  whose  inhahitants  had  practically 
maintained  their  independence  from  the  time  of  tho 
I  niKjuest.  This  chief,  ever  ready  to  aid  those  op- 
posed to  the  goveriunent,  had  aiforded  hosj)itality  to 
^e■veral  of  the  late  revolutionary  leaders,  and  these 
had  gained  ascendency  over  him.  On  the  1st  of 
August,  1872,  he  issued  a  proclamation  stating  that 
the  towns  of  Xayarit  could  only  yield  a  jjassivo  ohe- 
(hence  to  the  government;  they  could  not  defend  it. 
At  the  same  time  hos])itality  was  ofl[*ered  to  Porfirio 
Diaz,  Placido  A'^ega,  Trinidad  (^larci'a  de  la  Cadena, 
and  others.  At  the  begiiming  of  October  the  ayun- 
taniientos,  constituted  authorities  of  Tepic,  were  for- 
cibly removed  from  otHco,  and  others  of  insurgent 
tendencies  ap[)ointed  in  tlu.-ir  ])laces.  In  XovemlxT 
lioy,a(hi  sunt  commissioners  to  Jjoi'do  to  e\j)lain  mat- 
ters, and  lay  before  the  government  propositions  for 
the  settlement  of  matters  relative  to  the  district. 
The  contmission  returned  at  the  end  of  tlic  year,  but 
the  result  of  their  mission  was  not  satisfactor}'  to  the 
peo[)le  of  Tepic.  On  January  15,  187;!,  a  great  coun- 
cil was  held  at  San  Luis  do  Lozada,  and  on  the  17th 
tlie  tribes  of  Nayarit  issued  a  plan  proclaiming  war 


400 


LKKIK)  I'RKSIDKNT. 


i  \  : 


Mv^  i: 


afjfainst  tlio  i^oveniiuoiit,  .styled  tliuir  armed  forces 
the  'ejcrcito  luexicaiio  [)()|)iilar  re.stauradi»r,' and  a|»- 
pointt'il  Lo/ada  tlieir  (.'oiiiinaiidrr  in  I'liid'.'* 

Lo/ada  was  [nvpared  \(>v  tlie  eoiitest,  Iiaving  at 
his  coiniiiaiid,  as  was  chiiiiied,  I  iI,OOU  to  l."),(300  nun, 
uruied  and  provided  with  aniniunitinn.-"'  I)ivi(hiiy 
his  toives  into  tiiree  divisions,  Sinaloa,  Zacateeas,  ami 
Jahsco  were  invaded;  Ln/ada  diiertin<^'  in  person  the 
movement  a,i;ainst  the  hist-nanied  state.'^'  With  iiah 
of  his  force  he  marched  rapidly  anj^ainst  (hnuhiiajara, 
town  after  town  falHn;L>-  into  liis  hands,  most  of  tlir 
iidiahitants  llccinu'  at  his  ap[iroach.  ( )n  .lannary 
li4th  he  arri\'ed  hcfoiv  Teipiihi,  wliich,  after  an  ohsti- 
iiate  resistance,  succnnihcd  Lo  ovetwhchnim;'  numbers. 
The  unfortunate  inhal»itants  were  suhmittetl  to  tlic 
grossest  outrages.  The  rebels  now  marched  again>t 
(jruadalajara,  and  arrived  at  the  rancho  of  ^[ojonora, 
foui'  leajjues  i'rom  the  citv. 

On  the  27th  General  Corona  at  the  head  of  the 
federal  troo[)s  marched  from  (luadalajara,  and  during 
that  ilav  and  on  the  "iSth  en'>a!J(;d  the  insuru'eiits  at 
^[oj(jnera,  defeating  them  with  the  loss  of  moi'e  than 
1,000  in  killed  and  woundt-d,  and  three  pieces  of  ar- 
tillerv.""-  Owin^•  to  the  unserviceal)Ie  condition  of  liis 
artillery,  Corona  could  not  j)ursue,  anil  so  returned  to 
Guadalajara.  J3ut  from  that  time  no  success  attended 
Lozada's  enterprise.  While  he  was  engaging  with 
Corona  at  Mojonera,  General  Coballos  on  the  27tli 

"Full  partiuuliu's  with  'ociin  oiit«  will  be  fouiul  in  Kl  Ftdcritli.-i/a,  Oct.  !), 
1S7'J;  Kl  Mtwilor  H'p,,  .]n  i'."),  'JS,  'J'J,  ami  Feb.  !'J,  IST.S;  ExUulo  de  Sin., 
J;iii.  '2!),  KST.S. 

"'7^7  Monitor  Iiii>.,  VAi.  23,  1S73.  An  approximate  calculation  made 
al)outaniontli  later  tvilu  os  the  number  to  0,000  men,  with  l.'S.OOO  serviceable 
muskets  and  ritles.  In  this  estimate  it  is  stilted  thatthouj,'h  Luz<ida  had  more 
than  ."tO  iiieces  of  artillery,  no  more  than  ti  were  serviceable,  and  that  tlie 
annnunition  had  been  so  spoiled  during  the  six  preceding  years  of  pence  that 
lie  hail  sent  to  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  for  powder  and  gun-caps.  Id.,  Mar.  !t, 
1873.  It  nnist  lie  borne  in  mind,  however,  that  these  figures  only  represent 
estimates  which  appeared  in  a  journal  of  the  city  of  Mexico. 

"  The  invasion  of  Sinaloa  was  directed  by  Agaton  Martinez  and  Leonardo 
Sandoval;  that  of  2!acateca3  by  Diouisio  Geronimo  and  Marceliuo  Renteri'a. 
Jd.,  Feb.  23,  1873. 

"Despatches  of  Corona,  Florcs,  and  Gov.  Vallarta,  in  Id,,  Jan.  31  and 
Feb.  12,  1873. 


CArTLKK  OK  LO/.ADA. 


101 


rout-Ml  tlio  division  tliivctod  ayjuiiist  Siiialna,  iiiid  at 
the  licad  of  aiK)iit  ^,UOU  men  diivcU'd  his  couist;  to 
Ttpii'.  I'lu!  iiiciirsioii  into  Zacatt'cas  was  alsci  rt> 
|iiil>t'(l.  'V\\v.  jMilicy  of  tiiu  fedrra.!  coiMniaiuK'is,  too, 
ill  roiijuiictioii  with  Jjo/a(hi's  ciiu-h}'  and  caiisidoss 
txci'ut ions,  workt'd  at;"aiiist  him.  (.'oroiia  iilx'fated 
tlio  prisoiitM's  that  had  l'alK>n  iiitu  his  hands,  and  the 
iTiiorts  <'ai'iii.'d  hv  thcsr  of  thi;  iundlv  ti'oatnicnt  thcv 
li;i(l  iifL'iVfd  liad  i^icat  I'lfcct  anioniLj  tlio  insurgents. 
(Ill  tho  L'stli  of  l"\'lti'uarv  CV'i)aUos'  cavahv,  under 
(Jciici'al  ( 'aih<'>,  cnturod  Ti'[)it',  and  on  March  1st  tho 
icniaindur  of  the  command.  On  the  Ud  Cehalhts 
issued  ail  amnesty,  and  (hirinjj^  the'  month  nnniei- 
ous  insurgent  bands  suhniittod.  Ahout  thi;  mid- 
dle of  ^[arcli  Corona  arrived  with  nearlv  o.UOO  more 
iiicii.  Lozada,  whose  force  was  now  reduced  to  4,000 
men  at  tlie  most,  had  retreated  to  tlie  Sierra,  and 
(hiring  April  tlie  reln-ls  were  dislodged  from  several 
str(»iig)iolds.^'  These  reverses  led  to  still  furtlur  sul)- 
iiiission,  and  when  on  Mav  ath  the  insurgents  were 
nmted  l)V  (General  Carl)('>  with  heavv  loss  at  ^Vrrovo 
(le  (Juadalu})e,  only  a  handful  of  followers  ai-com- 
|i;uiied  Jjd/.ada  in  his  llight  to  the  pass  of  L'io  de 
Alica.  The  pacilication  of  Topic  was  now  almost 
acconiplished.  During  ^Tav  and  June  various  de- 
tachments,  sent  in  dillbrent  directions  int<t  the 
Sierra,  suhjected  several  refractory  towns;  hut  the 
(liief  leader  eludeil  all  efforts  to  capture  him.  On 
-luly  rith,  however,  Jjieutenant-colonel  Andres  ivosa- 
Ics,-'  who  was  stationed  at  San  J^uis  «le  iiozada, 
made  an  incursion  into  the  mountains,  and  on  the 
14th  surprised  a  group  of  ahout  Inilf  a  dozen  men, 
among  whom  was  Lozada.  Resistance  was  usrloss, 
and  ho  was   taken  to    San  Luis.     Pi-oceedin<_rs   were 

o 

•■'Oil  tlie  lOtli  tliey  were  driven  from  Mala  Xoclte.  /.'/  FuJi  nili-'lii,  Ajiril 
1").  isy.'t;  on  tlie  i:(tli  and  14tli  the  fortified  liill  i)f  .la/niiii  was  tiUcii.  JCI 
M'liiitur  III II.,  April  17,  1!',  1S7.'{;  and  im  tlie  'I'lA  Lo/ada  was  dislo(l;^'cd  irom 
till  lyiiaiiuita.   A/.,  April  'J'J  and  May  14,  1)S7<'1- 

■*Aii(lri''s  Riisales  had  abandoned  Lozada  in  Oct.  1S7-,  on  nccoiiiit  of  his 
iriultv  and  unjuatitiable  executionii  of  his  own  followers.  El  Faliiulixlu, 
N>'V.  o,  187-2. 

UiHT.  Mex.,  Vol.  VI.    20 


if'l 


m  1' 


.lUVVttnt 


I 


(i! 


■' 


1 


40'J 


T^KHDO  PRKSIDKXT. 


iiistitutcd  .li^ainst  liiin,  and  on  tho  18tli  soiitonoo  of 
tk'ath  was  pronounced,  and  carried  out  on  the  lOtli.'-' 
With  tliu  doatli  of  this  cliicf  the  rehellion  in  Te[)ic 
was  ended.  On  Aui^ust  5tli  the  last  insurLTent  hand 
surrendered."" 

Wlien  couLTross  reassenihled  in  AFarcli  187ll,  it  soon 
became  evident  tliat  a  stron<j^  o[)|)osition  was  present. 
This  was  made  manifest  hy  the  election  of  (Jonie/,  di  1 
Palacio  as  pi-esidtsnt  of  the  house,  altliouijjh  in  tlic 
antechandier  the  majority  had  hi'en  greatly  against 
him.  The  result  was  that  the  ministerial  deputies  left 
the  hall,  and  the  session  remained  without  a  <pioruni. 
Such  an  event  could  not  take  j)lace  without  connm-nts 
in  the  press.  Kl  S'kjIo  XIX.,  which  had  firmly  dc- 
iended  Lerdo's  candidatui'e,  now  attackcMl  the  ministi  \ , 
main.taininij;'  that  no  j)roper  union  could  exist  between 
it  and  tlie  [)resident,  as  the  former  had  been  the  sdiil 
of  Juarez'  administration.  This  elicited  a  reply  from 
till!  Didi'io  OjivKil,  to  the  ert'ect  that  com[)let(!  cone  nrd 
existed  between  Jjcrdo  and  his  uiniisters;  that  the 
latti'r  had  long  exhibited  lii-mness  and  self-di'iiial  in 
favor  of  ail  a(hninistration  which  consideriMl  theii'  ser- 
vices necessary;  and  that  such  <loctrines  as  those  I'X- 
])ri'ssed  in  Kl  Sltj/o  would  most  certainly  ne'ver  !4;iiii 
their  obiect.  This  lMn!'iia'''e  of  the  olHcial  or<>an  uas 
a  se\'ere  blow  to  tlu>  Ijci'distas,  and  natui'allv  estranu'eil 
them.  Thus  Lei'do,  instead  of  streu^theuinLi^  himself 
by  a  judicious  manai;>'ment  of  the  three  jiai'ties,  was 
ah'eadv  lavinn'  tlu;  basis  of  a  stronu'  hostile  factiun. 
W!iih>  alienatini^  the  Lei'distas,  and  treating'  with 
disfavor  the  I'orfu'istas,  he  did  not  win  the  tlecidi d 

'■•A/.,  July  '.U,  'J,-),  IST."?;  Kl  Monitor  /,',/,.,  Ani,'.  2,  IST.'?.  In  Ww  /.'..A 
till  Olifiiil,  of  Tf|iic,  .Inly  1!»,  tS~:i,  il  «iis  .stiitcd  tluit  SJ(»,(»00,  wliicii  li.nl  linii 
(ilK'iccl  for  till'  cii|itiiri'  of  Lo/iula,  wan  ln'iiij,'  iliHtiilmlci!  on  tliiit  diiti'  t'> 
Itiisiilcs  ami  Ills  oonniiand.  No  tU'ilariitioii  oi-  tcstinioiiy  was  taken  frmu 
ly.'ad.i,  wild  niinlit  have  revoaU'd  soinctliinj,'  with  ii'^'ard  to  liis  ai'coniiiliri  s 
OI'  his  intentions.  l{iva  I'alacio  thus  I'omnu'uts  upon  this  niode  of  ]ii-occfdiiijs 
'  I'cro  piu'i'i'o  ijuc  sc  tuvo  enipi'fto  en  Ci'liar  ticira  sohre  esto  asunto.'  Hi-'. 
Admin.  Li  !•//(),  I  17.      I.o/.ada  said  that  others,  not  he,  were  to  hlanie. 

"'Curomi's  lek'i^rii[ihio  despateh  in  El  Mmtilur  Hii'.,  Aug.  7,  1M7.'{. 


ljpHtt««tt 


THK  PRKSIDENTS  ADDRKSS. 


403 


kl'll    flolll 
lHliplil'i^ 


sn])]iort  of  his  foniior  cncinies,  the  Juaristas,  and 
(•(iiis(<nuMitly  I'ailccl  to  surround  liim.self'  with  <lev()t('<l 
jiiirtisaiis. 

Oil   tiio    1st  of  April   tlio  prosidt-'ut  dtTivi>red  liis 
.•kMivss  on  thi!  ()[)uniiig  of  (•(•iiii;re,ss,  spoakiiiii,'  in  most 
ll.it trriiiiuf  terms  of  the  prosju'cts  of  tlic  country.      The 
|iiincipal   topics  of  liis  <liscourso  were   tlio   relations 
with  tlio  United  St ati'S  with  reijfard  to  the  settlement 
(if  mutual  claims,  the  reduction  of  railroad  tariffs,  tlu^ 
«leveloj)ment  ol'   telegraphs,  and    the  question  ahout 
till.'  (Hstrict  of  Tei)ic.     As  early  as  18(!7,  Juarez  had, 
on   the  suhmission  of   the   insurgent   leader    ^^anuel 
lii\as,  formed  a  military  canton  out  of  that  portion  of 
.lalisco  suhject  to  the  federal  goveriunent;  and  in  IHC)!) 
it  was  ])i-oj»()S(!d  to  the  legislature  of  Jalisco  that  Tepic 
>h()uld   he   raised  to  the   [)osition   of  an  incKipimdent 
state.      This  ))ro[>osal   met  with  decided  o|)position,'' 
and  '|j'])ic  continued  to  remain  in  its  ahnormal  |)osition, 
akliough  certain  (h'puties  in  congress,  from   time   to 
time,  (K;manded  its  restoration  to  the  state  of  Jalisco. 
Ill  M.u'ch    \H7-i  the  government  of  Jalisco   impiired 
III'  the   federal   government   if   it  could  organize   tin; 
a\  untamientos   j'.nd  ap|)oint   otKcials   in    the   district. 
The  !-eply  was,  that  Tepic  was  a  military  federal  dis- 
(iirt,and  would  remain  such  until  the  c(»ngressd('ci(U'«l 
otliciwiso.      Li'rdo,  in   his  discourse,  adhered   to   this 
ilifisj.in,  and  duiing  Api'il   the  (piestion  was  warmly 
(hsciissed  in  the  house.  ;uid  tiie  action  of  the  govern- 
iiii'iit    sev«>ri'ly    commented    on.      At    that    time    the 
'-ulijectitHi  of  Tepic  hat!  heen  all  hut  acc<im|»lishe(l ;  and 
till'  govei'nment's   refusal    to   restori'    the   district    to 
-lahsco  laid  it  oj»en   to  tin;  charge  of  e\asion,  and  ol" 
ttiiiporizing  on  a  matter  of  vital  importance,  namely, 
thr  iiiteLi'ritv  of  the  states.      The  sc'reijat ion  of  'IV'pic 
ail''  "  s  j)ermanent  «'onversion   iido  a  military  district 
wiiiiid  he  unconstitutional;  nt'Vei'theless,  this  ap[>eared 
to  he  tin;  ohjcct  of  tlic  govorumont."'* 

''■  Dmrio  JhbaUH,  5'  Cong.,  ii.  177,  170,  '-W),  21,1;  Iil,  fi'  Coiij,.,  iii.  319, 
41.S,  (177,  74"). 

•"'J'liu  oppositiou  naturally  feared  that  v^hen  the  mati.T  was  brouglit  lie- 


d\\ 


404 


LKllDO  TRESlDliXT, 


])m'iiiLj  tills  last  session  of  the  Gtli  congress,  whose 
coustittitioiial  term  was  drawiii-  to  a  dose,  uiuoli  time 
war  (K;v<)t('(l  to  diseussions  of  the  fmaneial  (jiiestioii. 
Over  twenty-two  millions  were  asked  tor  hv  the  i^-ov- 
ernment;  liut  the  eongressional  coinmissi(»n,  in  its  re- 
port presented  vVpril  2(1,  stated  that  the  estimated 
ineome,  which  would  not  be  less  than  eighteen  mil- 
lions, would  l)esutHci(Mitto  meet  all  necessary  t'X[)enses; 
and  called  attention  to  the  tVecpient  waste  of  the  puhlic 
funds,  and  the  excessive  peculation  that  had  heeii 
pra('tise<l  in  previous  years.'-''  The  dehates  on  the 
matter  were  long  and  serious;  and  as  there  was  little 
pros[)ect  of  a  speedy  termination  of  them,  on  the  mo- 
tion of  the  (K'putics  Ha/>  and   Islas,  the  discussion  ot 

nassed  to  the 


^P 


V 


elfect  that  the  estimates  which  had  ruled  duriu'j;  the 


(iscal 


rear 


about  to  close  should  be  taken  as  those  for 


the  following  one.  Another  important  matti'r  to 
which  the  congress  gave  its  attention  was  the  devel- 
opment of  railroad  systems  an<l  the  establishment  of 
telegraph  lines,  and  several  concessions  were  gi'anted. 

Assassinations  and  the  abduction  of  j>rominent  cit- 
izens pi'evailed  to  such  an  extent  that  the  executive 
broULjht  the  matter  befoiv  comj^ress;  and  on  the  I'd  <»!' 
^fay  m;iitial  law  was  proclaimed  against  highwaymen 
and  abductors.'"'" 

Duiiuii'  the  early  iiart  of  this  year  Jesuits  beijfan  to 
rea.ssendde    in  violation  of  tho  laws  of  reform,  and 


f.iro  ooiigrrss  Jic  {jovpriimpiit  wouhl  cany  tho  (juoation.  Riv.i  I'alacio  fully 
(lisiMisscH  till'  iiiattiT.  U\M.  Ailiniii.  Linlo,  W'l-VH),  l"J9  ;J4.  The  opi'iiiiig 
uililii'ssi's  will  lie  t'omicl  ill  /(/.,  14.'{  ."il. 

'•'■' Tlic  foiiiiiiissidiii'i-s  wfve  (toincz  <li'l  l*alaoi(.,  Zainacona,  Gochicoa,  Sta- 
viili,  ami  I'l'ivz  ( "astro.  Tlicy  statcil  in  tlicir  ivpoit  that  more  tiiaii  81, ">i'0,- 
(t(t(t  was  iiiiai'couiited  for  of  tlui  ivcfiiits  in  the  treiisiiry  during  the  liswil 
yar  1S71   V*. 

'"Tliu  piiiiishnioiit  of  death  was  jiroiionnccd  against  any  such  ma!('fa<'tiir 
i'aii;jtit  in  clclioto  tlagrantc,  without  further  proceedings  than  the  draw  iuj:  up 
of  a  statoiiu'iit  liy  tho  otiicor  of  the  capturing  forci',  p..)ving  the  capture  aiul 
the  identification  of  the  indiviiiual.  Those  not  can;i;iit  in  the  act  were  to  he 
tried  hy  the  authorities  wI:o.sc  agents  elFectcd  the  cajjiur'),  whether  ci\il  or 
military.  The  trial  was  not  to  extend  heyond  15  days,  and  tho  accuscii,  if 
jiroved  guilty,  was  to  \w  condinuied  to  d(\'itli,  without  power  of  appeal,  uuJ 
executed.  lUurio  Ucbako,  ti't'uug.,  iv.  31'-. 


THE  JESUITS. 


405 


oven  to  })reacli  Jij^'ainst  thcin.  Nuns  also  again  fornicd 
(1k!1iis('1vc!s  into  coninuniities.  On  the  night  of  M.iy 
20th  thr  governor  of  the  <listri('t  caused  two  liundn'd 
nuns,  who  were  living  in  connnunity  in  ^Fexic^o  ('ity, 
(iluadalu[)e,   and    Tacul)aya,   to   be    turned    into    th(! 

about   seventy  Jesuits, 


4reeth 


At   tl 


le   same   tinu; 


IViars,  and  scrvitoi's  were  arrested  The  executiv 
on  the  23d,  by  virtue  of  the  faculties  extended  to  him 
by  the  33(1  article  of  the  constitution,  ordered  the 
banishment  of  nineteiMi  Jesuits.  They  appealed,  how- 
ever, for  protection  to  the  district  Judgt>,  who  gianted 
it  to  them.  ]^ut  this  was  of  no  avail,  Ibr  the  suj)reme 
court  atmulled  his  decision  in  their  favor  on  August 
IDth.'*'  Though  the  press  and  the  greater  [)ortion  of 
the  intelligent  [)ublic  approved  of  these  [)roceedings, 
the  passions  of  the  lowei"  orders  were  ex<Mted,  ami  the 
severe  treatment  of  the  nuns  evoked  wide  svmpathv. 
At  a  lati'r  <late — by  decree  of  I)ecend)er  I,  1.874  —the 
sisters  of  charity  were  expelled  froui  the  country,  a 
proceeding  which  was  regarded  by  many  as  umieces- 
sai'ily  severe. 

On  May  31st  the  icvxn  of  the  sixth  constitutional 
gress  (ixjiirt'd.      One  of  its  last  acts,  and  l)y  far  its 


coll' 


iiio>t  important  one,  was  the  approval,  on  the  "iDtluof 
r'lc  lefoi'm  laws  proposed  asaiMitions  to  the  constitu- 
tii.M  of  IHf)?.  By  these  refoi'ins  the  church  and  state 
w-.i  (  declared  independent  of  each  other,  and  freedom 
t)!"  ii'ligion  proclaimed;  marriage  became  a  cisil  con- 
tr:c  l;  1!v»  religious  institution  could  acipiire  real  estate 
oi  !io'  i  morigage  thert-on;  the  religious  oath  was 
ddiie  away  with,  an  assertion  on  the  part  of  a  witm.'s.s 
that  he  would  speak  the  ti'uth  being  only  r(M|iiired; 
forced  labor  was  foiltidden;  and  the  liberty  of  man,  in 
icspect  of  labor,  education,  and  religion,  declai'cd  in- 
violable.    As  a  consequence,  the  law   neither  recog- 


'  ( 'ons 


uit  /; 


Pal'v 


ut  snp.,  His,  *2r>S-(iO,  'J!)l   'J;  A'/  F.<l.  mli^iin,  .limo 


4.  .Inly  •-'!»,  mid  Aii^.  I,  IS7:5:  AV  M«i,ii«r  /ti/i..  May  -J.'  •-'."),  July  -Jit  ;i(l.  and 
All'.'.   -I.   \S~'A.     .Icsiiit.s  Wfii'  also  fxpclli'd    hy   tlic  .si'iiatc  I'loiii  I'liclila.  and 


!iii'  (loaL'i'fi 


■inciit  occiiiTcd  lii'twccn  the  legislature  Jiiid   the  L'nvciiior,  \\  lio 


t 


L,lit  to  protect  tlieni.  hi.,  Mar.  '2o-'M,  Apr.  o,  G,  10,  «4,  Aug.  -U,  1S73. 


40fc 


LERDO  PRESIDENT 


nized  nor  pcriiiitted  the  establisliincnt  of  inonastio 
onk'i's  of  anv  denomination  wluitevcr.  Tlieso  iiiioor- 
tant  laws  were  incorporated  into  the  constitution,  and 
became  ori^anic  hv  decree  of  tlie  seventh  coiiirress  Sen- 
iend)er  'iath  f()llo^vin«,^'^■■^  It  cannot,  however,  be  cx- 
))ected  that  such  sweei)ing  reforms  would  be  quietly 
accepted  without  some  trouble  from  the  clergy.  All 
public  functionaries  and  nuniici]>al  authorities  wore 
re(piii'cd  to  make  a  formal  and  solemn  })rotestatioii 
to  observe  the  new  laws.''^  Excommunication  was 
fulmin-'txl  from  the  Vatican  against  those  who  did  so. 
and  tlu  f'  -stirred  up  the  passions  of  the  ignorant 
Indians.  Fresnillo,  Juchi})ila,  and  Yillunueva,  the 

municipal  auuiiorities  refused  to  protest.  The  cry  oF 
Mueran  los  protestantes! — death  to  those  who  protest ! 
— was  heard  in  numerous  towns  in  Oajaca.  In  the 
state  of  ^lexico,  the  chief  of  }>olice  ancl  the  admini.>- 
trad(jr  de  rentas  at  Tt^upilco  were  nuu'dered,  and  the 
town  pillaged  and  reducetl  to  ashes.  At  Zinacantepec 
the  municipal  buildings  were  assaulted  by  2,000  or 
3,000  infuriated  fanatics,  and  tliree  emploves  put  to 
death.  But  these  wild  elforts  soon  spent  themselves. '^ 
Priestcraft  in  Mexico  \vas  lienceforth  and  forever 
fangless. 

The  elections  for  the  seventh  constitutional  congress 
passed  otf  (piietly,  Ijut  not  without  indications  of 


t>'ov- 


ntrigues. 


On  the  IGth  of  Se[)teml)er  con 


erinnent 

^■'Diimo  /),l,nlcs,  it'  Coup.,  iv.  «58  !);  /./.,  1"  Cong.,  i.  184  'M.  Tl,u 
(It'crfc  was  iloliiiitily  iippruvt-d  Nov.  li'tli.  Tlu;  k'gislatiiros  of  tlii'  following' 
stati'.s  had  ii'iMigiii/cil  tlie  lii'W  laws;  iiaiiiely,  Mi'xii-o,  Moivlos,  Hidalgo,  (iua 
Iicjuato,  Oajaca,  'I'lufoala,  Miclioacan,  AgiiascalionU's.  (^MirfOtaro,  I'liubLi, 
Nt'ia  Ciuz,  San  Luis  I'otosi,  Taniaulipas,  (iucrruro,  Cliiuiius,  Durango,  and 
Cainiu'iliu.    /i'ira  I'ulncio,  ntsup. ,  304;"). 

^''  Thu  t'oiin  adiuinisU'ied  to  the  pri'sidcnt  and  mtMnbei's  of  congress  was  as 
follows:  'I'fotfsto  sin  rcsui'va  alguiia  guanlar  y  Iihcit  guardar  las  adieiouts  y 
n'foiinas  il  la  constituoion  politica  de  los  Est.idos  Unidos  Mcxifauos,  dccrt'- 
tadas  I'l  25  du  Setienibre  do  1873  y  pronuilgadas  el  5  de  Octubre  del  niisiiia 
an...' 

■"  Kiillor  particulars  will  l)e  found  in  fit.,  ^U-M;  El  Fithrulixta,  Nov.  11, 
l.S7:<;   AY  Monitor,  Oct.  1,  3,  .">,  Nov.  V.\,  IT).  'JO.  •-'."),  1873. 

^■'  In  .lalisco  instances  of  double  elections  of  dejiuties  occurred,  establisli- 
ing  II  pernicious  precedent.  The  'dobles  eleccioues,'  as  explained  by  Kiv;i 
I'alacio,  occurred  wlu'u  two  members  were  ap[)ointeil,  the  one  bv  credentials 
i>siu(l  by  a  legitimate  electoral  college,  ami  the  other  by  falsitieil  credential-*. 
Due  ol  tiic  cases  in  ijuestiou  was  thia:  lu  the  district  of  La.  Barcu,  Alfonso  Ar^o 


RAILROAD  MATTERS. 


407 


oress  was  installed.  ^rucli  of  its  attention  was 
directed  to  railroad  uiatter.s,  and  important  work  was 
done.  It  disapproved  the  contract  of  May  21),  1873, 
with  the  International  Conij)any  of  Texas,  for  the 
fonstruetion  of  a  line  from  the  ca})ital  to  the  liio 
(irande,  and  rejected  the  j)rop(^sition  to  incorporate 
together  all  or  any  one  of  the  three  conn)anies,  tlie 
l^nion  Contract,  the  International  of  Texas,  and  the 
^lexican  Limited.  It  moreover  tinally  approved  a 
inodified  form  of  an  agreement  made  between  the  gov- 
ernment and  the  Vera  Cruz  Railway  Company,  fixing 
the  tariff  of  freight  charges,  known  as  the  convenio 
de  las  taritas,  Into  this  agreement  amplitied  conces- 
sions had  been  introduced,  distinct  from  the  (piestion 
<if  freight  rates,  and  it  had  been  the  subject  of  much 
debate  in  the  [)revious  congress.  The  terms  of  the 
oiiijinal  aixrecment  were  so  consi)icuouslv  favorable  to 
the  company,  and  detrimental  to  a  large  class  of  Mex- 
ican producers,  that  faith  in  Lerdo's  railroad  policy 
and  liis  intentions  was  shaken.  It  was  considereil 
that  the  interests  of  the  nation  were  being  sacrificed 
to  those  of  the  Enulish  companv.  The  labors  of  con- 
gress  wero  so  severe  that  it  did  not  close  its  sessions 
until  the  21st  of  January,  1874. 

was  named  deputy  with  all  legal  re(|uiremeiits,  while  Sabas  Lonieli  was  also 
a|)|ioiiited  for  tiio  saiiie  district  liy  virtue  of  ereilential.s  purporting  to  l)e  issued 
liy  an  eleetoi'al  college  a.ssend)led  at  Tijtotlan,  which  was  not  a  cal)ecera  de 
liistrito.  The  excuse  given  for  the  meeting  of  the  electoi's  at  that  town  was 
fi':ir  of  intei'ference  by  an  arnieil  force.  Tiie  certificate  was  fuhricated,  and 
tlic  college  suppositious.  Nevertiieless,  the  f  -deral  government  niaiiageil  to 
L'lt  the  false  creilentials  approved,  to  the  lejectiou  of  the  legitimate  certificate. 
'JliM.  Ad  III.  Unio,  3U0-1. 


Ir!l 


'ml 


Nov.  11, 


H\ 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 


LERDO,  KJLKSIAS,  AXU  DIAZ. 

1874-1870. 

Political  Tr.onBLKS  in  the  States — Affaiks  in  Ypcatax — RELinioi  s 
UriiisiNd  IN  Mu'iioAt'AN— Condition  of  the  CorNTUv  I'liocuF.ss  lu' 
Pui)Ti;stantis.m--The  Sia.mi'-act  — Pkeh(p(iativivS  m-  Tin;  Si  imikmi: 
c>1'I4T  Attacked — Decline  of  Lehdo's  Poitlakitv—I'olitical  1'ei;- 
sEcnioNs — Reelection  Schemes— Diaz  Leaves  Mexico  -In sikhh- 
'^idN  IN  Oajaca— A  Revolitionaky  Blaze— Plans  of  Tcxtei'ec  and 
1'alo  ]Jl,anco— Diaz  in  the  Xouth~His  Ketikn  to  Oa.jaia  i'ltAiD- 
I'LENT  Elections — Leudd  J'koclaimed  Reeleited — I(;lesias  Pkoiests 
— He  Assr.MEs  the  Kxeci  iive  Poweh— Dlvz  Defeats  Alatouke  xv 
TeCOAC—FlIC.HT  of  LeUDO— CoNSTITCTIONALIsr  VEiisrs  Revolction- 
IST  —  DlAZ     EnIEKS     the    CaI'II-AL       PliOCLAIMS     HlMSELF     EXECUTIVE- 

liiLEs.'As  Leaves  the  Country- Diaz  at  the  Head. 

Pkack  was  iK^w  aliiurst  establislied  in  Mexico,  and 
duriiis''  the  next  two  vears  no  niilitarv  opposition  ofini- 
poiiance  was  ottered  to  Lerdo's  administration,  Theie 
were  disturbances,  it  is  true,  in  ditt'erent  parts  of  the 
lejiuhhc,  but  they  were  h>cal;  aiul  thouj^h  the  federal 
troops  were  (Mn])h)yed  in  restoring-  trantpiilHty,  the 
demonstrations  were  not  generally  directed  against 
the  government.  In  August  1873  dithculties  had 
arisen  between  the  di[)utacion  pei'manente  of  Coahuila 
and  the  governor,  Cejjeda.  The  latter  was  accused  of 
malversation  in  otfice,  of  usurping  the  prerogatives 
of  the  judiciary  and  legislative  powers,  antl  attacking 
the  ])ersonal  rights  of  citizens,  Cepeda's  friends  in 
the  legislature,  being  in  the  minority,  absented  tliem- 
selves  from  the  sessions,  thereby  preventing  a  legal 
(|Uorum  in  the  assembly.*     Xevertlieless,  the  rcmain- 

'  Till'  (liimtaoiou  pi-nuaiR'nti;  consisted  of  eleven  members,  four  of  whom 

(lUS) 


WAR  IN  YUCATAN. 


409 


Remoioi  s 

ICUK.SS    OK 

Sll'UKMr, 

KM.    I'K.K- 

Insikuh  - 

TEl'KC  AM" 
V  I'UAlli- 
<  I'UOTKSTS 
ATOUUE  Af 
■.VOU'TION 

axL-iivr.— 


iiii^  seven  diputados  ]K>rinanentes  passed  a  dooreo, 
Scpteinlx.'i'  1 0th,  deposing  CV'jJeda,  and  appointiiiij^ 
I>iii;icl  !Sa];is  as  governor  ad  interim,  and  tlien  re- 
iiiDVcd  to  Monclova.  Ce[)eda  retaliated  by  denouncing 
tluiu  as  rebels,  and  on  the  19th  hostiiitiL-s  bioke 
(Hit.  Both  parties  appealed  to  the  genei'al  govein- 
iiHut  for  aid,  whieh  was  refused:  but  bv  the  intiT- 
|insition  of  federal  troops,  and  the  a[)pointinent  (tf  a 
military  provisional  governor  in  the  j)(M-son  of  Gen- 
iial   Fuero,  by  the  eentral  exeeutive,  the  state  was 


iiaci 


tied. 


In  Yucatan  a  serious  local  rebellion  brcjkc  out. 
This  state  had  long  been  distracted  by  internal  strife. 
Tlie  pacific  arrangements  entered  into  with  the  In- 
dian chief  Tzuc  in  18o.'3-'  were  of  short  duration. 
Tlu-re  was  an  unrisinu*  anain  in  the  f  )llo\vin<>"  vcar,  and 
two  expeditions  directed   against  ("ban  Santa  Ci'u/,"' 


ih 


louited   in  serious 


reverses   to   the  \ 


ucatec   troop 


I'jnboldened  by  this  failure  to  punish  tlieiii,  the  In- 
dians assumed  the  oti'enbive.  Tecax  and  otlier  puel)l()s 
were  assaulted,  and  more  than  *J,000  persons  of  both 
sexes  and  all  ages  were  put  to  death.  A'alladolid  was 
iHXt  attacked,  and  though  the  assailants  were  repulsed, 
it  was  at  the  cost  of  a  <jfreat  number  of  lives.  \\\ 
f8(iO  a  force  of  3,000  men  under  C-olonel  Acercto  was 
sent  against  Chan  Santa  Cruz,  which,  after  much 
liai'.l  fighting  and  discouraging  ilitHculties,  was  occu- 
pied.    Aceieto  then  endeavored   to  advance  farther 


111 


to  the  enemv's  countrv,  but  met  with  such  teiiaci 


ous 


loixtance  that  he  returned  to  Chan  Santa  Cruz;  and 
.•^■■liiig  that  his  men  were  dem(»ralized,  and  theii-  spirit 
brukeii  by  the  losses  sustained  in  this  warfai'e  in  thick 
forests  against  amiuiscades  and  an  invisible  foi,',  he 
ga\e  ii[>  the  e>:[)edition  and  returned,  witii  the  loss  of 

Will'  .ittiK'lii'd  to  Opoilii.  Tlio  law  rc'([iiiriHl  that  two  tliii<ls  of  tlio  nieiuhera 
.•■liiHiid  lio  pro.si'iit,  to  cunstitnte  a  (|Uoniiii,  ami  as  si'voii  do  not  ainouiit  to  two- 
tiiiiils  of  ficvt'ii.  tluit  iiiiiijliur  was  not  consiili'ird  .siiliitiont. 

•  Si'i'  l/ist.  .\/(X.,  V.  ,"t,'{it.  tliis  sfiits. 

•^'I'huH,  (luioiu  docir  chiiu  or  yc/ »'/(«,'  that  is  little.  Sor.  Mex.  0\o(j.,  2» 
Kji.  i.  73. 


!"»l^l 


r 


iiuii 


I 


410 


LKKDO,  lULESIAS,  AND  DIAZ. 


1,500  mon  killed/  2,500  inuskots,  and  all  his  artillery, 
UMiiiiUDitioii,  and  baggage  trains.  The  I'esource.s  ot' 
Yueatan  were  now  exhausted;  and  eliorts  were  eon- 
fined  to  selt-defenoe,  whieh  were  only  partially  suc- 
cessful. Many  a  thriving  town  was  burned,  anil  largo 
tracts  were  desolated.^ 

In  18()4  Jose  Salazar  Ilarrcgul  was  apjiointed  by 
!^^axinlilian  coniisario  of  Yucatan,  and  atteni}»ted  to 
pacify  the  Indians  by  kind  words  and  pacific  over- 
tures. He  sent  an  agent  to  them,  who,  alter  having 
brought  back  a  few  peaceable  Indians,  returned  and 
entered  the  hostile  territory,  where  he  was  soon  put 
to  death."  Hostilities  were  now  prosecuted  with  rr- 
newed  vigor,  and  dreadful  atrocities  were  conunitted.' 
Ilarregui,  finding  his  peace  policy  useless,  desjjatclunl 
the  imperialist  general  Galvez  against  the  Indians, 
with  1,000  govennnent  troops  and  400  Yucatecs. 
Galvez  advanced  as  far  as  Xonot,  six  leagues  from 
Tihosuco,  and  occupied  it.  But  he  was  soon  besiegeil 
and  conijx'lied  to  I'etreat,  having  lost  400  men  and 
three  pieces  of  artillery  and  his  annnunition.  Tiho- 
suco then  fdl  int/^  the  enemy's  hands;  the  military 
line  of  del:n  was  withdrawn  fifteen  leagues;"  and  to 
this  day  the  Indians  arc  unsubdued. 

But  this  war  of  races  was  not  the  oidy  scourge  from 

*  The  wounded  had  to  be  abandoned,  and  were  all  put  to  death.  Mendiol>  n, 
in  /./..  7!t. 

*  The  dovastations  of  the  Yucatan  Indiana  were  unsurpassed  even  by  thnsn 
of  the  Apaclies  in  ;ho  nortiiern  part  of  tiie  r^'public.  In  tlie  tiiree  districts  "f 
Vailiidolid,  E«pit;.,  -  ■  d  Ti/iiiiin  tlie  population  in  1S4I>  was  {(7,-i(J!s;  in  iMiJ 
it  had  been  i-educed  to  ;i"),4()!).  In  the  former  year  tliere  wi're  4!(  tiiri\  iii^' 
towns,  1!t  of  wiiich  ha<l  been  totally  destroyed  by  18'"^.  Out  of  (i'.d!  flourish- 
ing haeieiidus  and  ranciios,  Xiu  were  devastated  and  abandoned  during  the 
aanie  period. 

*  He  was  '  niaehetead'^, '  which  consisted  in  slowly  nioking  or  crimping  tlio 
victim's  limbs  and  body  '  vor  with  cuts  given  with  h  machete,  care  btiiu' 
taken  not  to  deal  a  fatal  ...jnnd,  or  cause  too  great  a  loss  of  ;lood.  Tlie  cuts 
were  so  skilfully  arranged  witii  regard  to  circulation  tliat  no  more  "jlni'l 
flowed  from  a  dozen  wounds  than  from  one,  each  successive  cut  always  stmi- 
i)ing  the  supply  to  tiic  pr  ecding  wound  inflictiHl. 

' '  De  nuevo  quemaron  a  los  hombres  y  clavarou  en  estacas  A  las  niugeii -i, 
cort-indolea  el  seiio. '  Iil. ,  80, 

*  All  thmugli  this  devastatiu'T  warfare  the  Indians  were  well  supplied  with 
lire  anna  and  auununition  from  Belize.  The  British  government  made  ii « 
attempt  to  stop  such  trallic,  and  the  colonial  government  openly  connived  at  it. 


STATE  OF  CAMPECHE. 


411 


uliich  the  unhappy  Yucatec  pennisula  suftored.  Po- 
litical (|uaiTcls  and  intestine  strife  were  endless.  Tiie 
livulrv  between  Canipeehc  and  ^Eerida  was  fierce  and 
iiiil)laeable,  and  for  years  a  series  of  struggles  had 
licoii  carried  on,  each  more  sanguinary  and  deplorable 
tliaii  the  last.  It  became  obvious  that  the  only  means 
dt'  terminating  them  was  by  separation.  On  Febru- 
ary 5,  1858,  Campeche,  rectjgnizing  the  constitution 
ot"  1857,  and  following  the  exain|)le  of  Vera  Cruz, 
assci'ted  its  sovereignly;  all  the  towns  in  the  disti'ict 
having  declared  in  favor  of  its  se])aration  from  Yuca- 
tan, it  [)roclaimed  its  elevation  into  a  state,  May  18, 
1S58." 

From  this  time  more  harmony  prevailed  between 
rainj)eche  and  Merida,  but  political  troubles  did  not 
cease;  and  during  the  decade  18G1  to  1870  various 
local  insurrections  occurred.  In  187."3  one  of  a  seri- 
ous nature  took  place  in  Yucatan.  The  Mav  elections 
had  been  conductetl  with  much  violence,  the  candi- 
dates for  the  vice-governorship  being  Francisco  Can- 
tun  and  Miguel  Castellanos  ^^anchez.  Encounters  in 
the  streets  of  Merida  were  fre(juent,  attended  with 
bloodshed,  and  on  the  day  of  the  election  the  disorder 
was  so  great  that  the  })rovisional  governor.  General 
Alatorre,  with  the  federal  tr()()j)s,  interfered.  Sanchez 
having  been  elected,  a  general  revolution  broke  out, 
which  was  aggravated  by  inroads  of  the  ever-hostile 
LuHans.  Alatorre  resigned  in  disgust.  The  state 
executive  was  j)owerless  to  restore  order;  and  in  view 
tifthe  ])i-evailing  anarchy  Colonel  Cueto,  in  connnand 
of  the  union  forces,  proclaimed  martial  law,  .lune 
I'Jtli,  to  the  indiiination  of  the  state  ijovernment  and 


''A  convention  had  been  entered  into  with  the  government  at  Mt^rida,  ^'.  / 
.'vl,  liy  whicii  tho  territorial  div-ion  wns  (U'lined.  Tlie  suite  of  ('ainptcho 
w^is  to  iiv'lude  the  districts  of  Kl  Carmen,  Si'it>aplaya,  Campeche,  lIi'i'iKJiacaii, 
.nnl  iliijielchen.  Copiis  of  do  iiiiK'nts  in  /iarlxi'finit'-,  Mem.  Cuiii/nf/i,-.  Apiil, 
l-'ii  i'2.  In  art.  2  ot  the  state  constitution,  wiii'.ii  was  formed  ami  puhlishcd 
in  lS(il.  tlie  districts  into  which  the  territory  was  divided  were  given  as  VA 
C  II  111.11,  ("hampoton,  (,"ain))eche,  H  celchacan,  and  Holonchenticul,  toj.'etiicr 
\Mtli  tlic  coast  line  comprisini,'  tiie  salt  land  t  known  as  El  Keal,  La  ilerrudura, 
uii  1  Las  Dcsconocidus.  t'((//i/>tcAe,  Con^'tUti',  PolU.,  pp.  14,  1  1. 


n 


.iTjlKJ 


i 


L^B 


h 


r 


't 


412 


LERDO,  lOLRSIAS,  AND  DIAZ. 


of  the  le<^i8laturo  of  Hi<la]<^o,  wliidi  protests !,  con- 
sidering the  sovcrciijjn  rights  of  Yucatan  attackt'd. 
In  August  (jrenoral  Pahunino  was  sent  to  take  eoiii- 
numd  of  the  federal  tnjops,  and  several  engagements 
occui'red.  But  it  was  no  easy  matter  to  restore  ordi  r. 
There  was  so  much  knavery  and  intrigue  in  tlie  J)( - 
cendjer  elections  that  wl»en  tiie  legishiture  met  it  was 
found  imjiossible  to  declare  who  was  govui-nor  or  vice- 
governor,  and  new  elections  were  lusld,  Castcllanos 
Sanchez  being  clioseu  governor,  l^ut  this  did  n(tt  ]»iit 
an  end  to  the  political  confusion.  Further  diificulties 
followed.  Two  electoral  districts  declared  tliat  th(' 
members  re|)resentini»;  them  in  the  k^iiislalui-e  were  not 
the  legitimate  ones,  and  otheis  were  substituted  in  tluir 
jtlaces.  The  ejected  deputies,  in  conjunction  with 
other  discontented  mend)ers,  and  supported  by  a  strong 
ai'med  fon-e,  constituted  themselves  into  a  legislaturo 
and  appointed  Arcadio  Kscobedo  governor.  Thus  in 
1874  two  governors  and  two  legislatures  were  strug- 
gling for  supremacy.  In  October  1874  Sanclic/ 
resigned  and  left  the  state;  but  it  was  not  until  No- 
vember 1875  that  the  rebellion  was  sup[)i  estsed  and 
tran(]uillitv  restored  in  distracted  Yucatan.*" 

Of  a  dilferent  nature  was  the  uprising  which  took 
place  in  ^[ichoacan  in  1874.  Instigated  by  the  priest- 
hood, which  was  furious  in  its  denunciations  against 
the  reform  laws,  the  Indian  population  in  many  [>or- 
tions  of  the  state  rose  in  rebellion,  and  a  revolution 
of  a  religious  rather  than  a  political  character  fol- 
lowed. The  insurgents,  divided  into  numerous  bands, 
headed  by  guerrilla  chiefs,  carried  on  a  desultory  wai- 
iiU'e,  which  extendiul  over  the  whole  state.  The  con- 
dition of  Michoacan  became  (le})lorai)le.  ]^anditti 
infested  the  different  districts,  and  all  kinds  of  ati'oci- 
ties  were  committed  by  them  and  by  religious  fanatics. 
During  1875  numerous  encounters  took  place,  without 

'"For  furtlit'i-  details  rogiirdiiifj;  alTairs  in  ('oahuila  anil  Viioataii,  consult 
Pii-a  I'ithtrh,  Ifixf.  Ailmiii.  L<'r,/o,  •-V)7~S,  -iSS-iK),  •J'.IT-.'JOO,  '.iMA,  ;<!ll  4(11. 
41-J  i;{,  4'_'-J  :<;  E/  Folemlixtn,  1S7.S,  1,S74.  1  ST."),  passim;  El  Jluiiilor  Jtrji.,  LI 
JJiurio  OJicial,  ami  La  I'oz  de  Mij.,  for  the  aaiae  yuais. 


MICHOACAN  AM>  TKI'IC. 


413 


tlio  ^ovornineiit  mal\iiijj|'  imicli  lic.'idw.'iy.  TIu'  tfouhh^, 
however,  did  not  extend  heyond  the  state,  and  iti 
]  )('C('nii>er  (ieiiei'al  Kseoheih)  was  sent  to  takti  <*oni- 
iiiniid  of  the  tederal  t'orees.  The  work  of  paeilieation 
\v;is  slow,  re<iuiiin<^  as  it  did  the  sui»|)ression  of  a 
niiiltitiide  of  seattered  l)ands;  hut  hi'  succeeded  in  time 
ill  leducini;  Michoaean  to  couipai'ative  traiKjuillity." 

In  the  bei;innin_!^  of  1874  an  atteni|)t  at  rchelHon 
was  ai,'ain  made  in  Tepic;  hut  though  this  district 
was  for  some  time  more  or  less  suhjcct  to  spasmodic 
unrisinu's,  these  efforts  were  insi^iiifieant  in  effect, 
mid  in  November  1875  the  return  to  obedience  of  a 
iiuiiiber  of  refractory  chiefs  held  out  i)rosj)ects  of  j>er- 
iiiiineiit  peace.'''  About  the  middle  of  this  yeai'  a 
iiiilitaiy  revolution  occurred  in  the  territoiy  of  i^ower 
California,  which  resulted  in  the  eaj)ture  and  deposal 
(if  the  leii'al  y^overnor,  (^Jeneral  J)avalos,  and  tlu'  pro- 
visionid  appointment  of  Emiliano  Ibarra  as  military 
and  political  chief  pending  the  decision  of  the  ceiiti'al 
government.  Diivalos  capitulated  with  the  insurgents 
l)v  resii'fnini'',  and  the  affair  ended  without  any  scrii)us 
conse(piences. 

Although  this  period  compared  with  j)revious  years 
may  be  considered  one  of  peace,  hai"dly  a  month  passed 
w  ithout  bloodshed  in  some  part  of  the  union.  Scarcely 
a  single  state  escaped  troulde,  generally  arising  irom 
intrio;ues  of  the  federal  o-overnment,  and  frauds  or 
unfair  pressure  at  ekictions.  J^anditti,  also,  and  law- 
less guerrilla  bands,  infested  the  country, '■'  while  the 


"  lU'.siilcs  the  Dinrin  <)fici(>l  for  these  two  years,  eoiisult  La  Vn:  ih'  Mi'j., 
lia-isiin.  This  wiis  tlie  eiitliolic  oriiau,  ami  coiis' (jiieiitly  rcpr.  ii:s  the  iio- 
Hull  of  tlie  govermiieiit  as  imfiivoral)ly  as  tlu;  hiw  allowed.  'J''.  .'  liial  .iiil)- 
titli'  of  this  latter  paper  was:  ]>'i<irU)  jio/Uiro,  nlii/ioso,  ricii/ilhti,  ii  lllinirio 
ill  hi  Sori,(la<l  diildHrii.  I  iiotiee  that  after  tiu^  ISth  of  Keh.  the  words  '  <lo 
la  Siiiii'dad  Catoliea' are  suppressed,  and  in  the  following  iiiiinliei'  -I''el).  il'tli 
the  piihlie  is  informed  that  the  paper  had  never  been  subsidizeil  hy  the 
ai\lilii>!i(ip  of  Mexieo. 

'•"IVIcgraiih  despatch  from  commander  Tolentino  to  the  war  olfice  in  Pvi- 
>io  I  {nihil,  Nov.  Hi,  1«7J. 

'■'  t'he  law  of  KS7"2  for  the  trial  and  punishment  of  liiiihwaymen  and  Uid- 
niiipcrs  was  extended  to  May  1S74;  and  in  May  1S7.")  a  decree  was  passed 
'lipriving  them  of  all  citizens'  rights  in  the  civil  courts,  and  declaring  them 
tiuLuvs.  fd.,  May  6,  1875, 


K  .  hH 


414 


LEUDO,  RJLKSIAS,  AND  DIAZ. 


northern  states  and  frontier  sutTerod  from  Indian  raids; 
and  mnch  indii^nation  was  aroused  in  tliose  parts  l>y 
the  \vith(h"u\val  in  1874  of  the  suhsidie.s  nuide  hy  the 
fe(h;rai  t;overnniont  to  tiiose  states  to  assist  them  in 
their  defence  a<rainst  these  inroads.'* 


If  1 11 


One  of  the  effects  of  the  reform  laws  was  the  influx 
into  ^fexico  of  protestant  missionaries  of  various  de- 
nominations. It  coukl  not  be  exjjected  tiiat  the 
introducers  of  the  new  doctrines  preached  wouhl  nieit 
■with  tile  tolerance  which  the  constitution  prescribed, 
and  thev  encounteied  no  little  persecution.  In  Jan- 
uary 1874  protc'stants  were  assault(Ml  in  Toluca;  and 
on  May  2d  John  Stephens,  an  American  protestaiit 
minister,  was  killed  at  Ahualulco,  Jalisco,  by  a  crowd 
of  fanatics,  who  raised  the  crv  of  Viva  el  cura  I '  In 
June  of  the  followinj^  year  a  protestant  church  in 
(jruerrero  was  attacked  (hirint;  service,  ai  '  some  lives 
Mere  lost.  Nevertheless  the  foreign  si  made  con- 
siderable progress;  and  I  find  tiiat  in  K.  .nber  187J 
there  were  no  fewer  tlian  123  i)rotestant  congregntioiis 
.n  the  repui)Hc,  with  eK.'veu  chur-hes  and  ninety-nine 
meeting  halls  where  service  was  held.'"  Amonij  otheis, 
■he  Mormons  made  an  attempt  at  ])roselytism.  Jn 
1875  select  ])ortions  of  the  oook  of  AEormon  were 
published  at  Salt  Lake  City  in  a  duodecimo  pamphlet 
of  S)G  i)ages,  for  circulation  ;n  Spanish -speaking  coun- 
tries. (\)[)ies  of  this  work  wjre  distributed  in  Mex- 
ico.'^    In  187(5  their  missionarijs  n'ere  in  Chihuahua. 


The  tranquillity  in  which  the  government  was  left 

'* Consult  Iti.iriirxof  jtroiiuiic'Kulo.^  ante  el  C'omjrfHO  d>'  la  Union  rn  Ini  Si- 
sionc'i  till  li,  IS,  !/  I'.i  ill'  Mayo  <li'  lS7.'f,  Mexico,  1S74,  8^,  pp.  1 13;  wliieli  is  a 
collection  of  speeches  delivered  liefove  -i  ngresa  '.'[,'  leiiibers  for  CliiliU!iliii;i, 
Sonoiii,  and  Duranf,'o,  protestiii;,'  against  the  uK-.^ure. 

'■  Kiill  narticuLu-s  in  .)/(■.»•.,  A/iin.  Oiic  Maijor  Goh.,  1S';4,  .'{9-41,  and  JJor., 
7-8;  Mij:.,  Mem.  Itihic,  IST."),  liO  4;  El  F  i(rr'i!(-/a.  May  8,  1874. 

"*  There  were  also  2S  free  protestant  schools,  -  -d  '2-  of  a  liiglier  class.  'I'lic 
protestants  [uissessed  two  printing-presses  and  ;)ul)Iished  six  periodic.il.s. 
riieir  church  property  was  worth  Sllil'.OOOand  their  annual  expenses  aniouutiil 
to  .-f  100,000.  Uiurio  O'iclal,  Nov.  l,"),  1875. 

"See  Mormon,  I'rozot  Stkctos,  iu  Pap.  Var.,  vol.  219,  No.  7;  also  Jlisl. 
Utah,  this  series. 


^ 


1)1 1'LOM ATIC  IlKLATIOXS. 


415 


lOlll  111 


ill  IS74  and   1875  affordotl  an  opjiortuiiity  to  (K'votc 
its  iittoiition  to  tlio  duties  of  administration,  and  va 


C'S 


rious  constitutional  ciianjL^os  were  ctlocttMl.  J^csid 
till!  passago  of  the  reform  laws  already  mentioned,  a 
hill  for  the  establishment  of  the  ehand)er  of  senators 
was  brought  before  the  house,  and  passed  November 
(),  1874,  to  take  ett'ect  September  1(5,  187;)."  On 
December  I,  1874,  a  stamp-act  was  j)assed,  substitut- 
iiiij^  the  use  of  stamps  for  the  'papel  sellado,'  the  rat's 
of  wliicli,  while  they  increased  tlie  revenue,  were  bur- 
■iisoiiie  to  the  peo|)lo.      This  act  was  amended,  with 


re  lu 


•sonic  relief  to  the  public,  in  March  187<) 

ill  1874,  also,  diplomatic  relations  were  renewed 
with  European  })owers,  and  ambassadors  were  sent 
to  Paris  and  to  the  courts  at  ^tadrid  and  IV-rlin. 
Friendlv  relations  with  (Ireat  l^i'itain  were  still  inter- 
i'ii|ited,  previous  differences  beiiiii^  further  aijfi^'raviited 
by  the  belief  that  the  inroads  of  Indians  into  Yucatan, 
if  not  instii^ated  by  the  authorities  at  J^elize,  wei'e  to 
ii  u'leat  extent  owini^  to  the  unfriendly  attitude  of  the 
Ihitish  colony.  J)urin<j  the  commencement  of  this 
year  a  treaty  was  entered  into  with  Italy  for  the 
cxtiJuHtion  of  criminals. 

Owiim' to  the  r  li<>ious  uprisinix  in  Michoacan  and 
the  disturbed  state  of  Queretaro,  (jJuanajuato,  and 
Jalisco,  the  i)resid(jnt,  in  April  1875,  asked  congress 
to  invest  him  with  extraordinary  powers  in  matters 


A  Ih) 


^^  D'utr'io  Di'hrttcD,  7"  Conf;. ,  iii.  .^O.'j-H.  Tlic  Icyislatiircs  of  the  states 
liiiil  Inuii  culled  iijioii  in  ()i:t.  to  ileeliilc  their  opinions  lelative  to  this  reform. 
Till!  result  was  tliat  the  lejiislatiires  ui  IS  .sta'es  were  in  favor  of  it; 
ii.imely,  A^nasealientes,  Caniiieche,  l.'hiapas,  ("olinia,  Chiiuiaiiua,  Coaliuila, 
'■ihrreio,  (iuanajiiato,  Mexico,  uolioacan,  Morelos,  Nuevo  Leon,  Queretaro, 
'I'uliaseo,  Taniaulipas,  'ITaseala,  Vera  Cruz,  a".(l  Zacateeas,  'I'lie  remaining 
slates  ilid  not  Vote;  lit  the  same  time  they  iliil  not  opi)osc  the  reform,  la 
(■(ingress  the  bill  passed  with  118  ayes  against  IH  noes  Itirii  Palacio,  ut  sup., 
4-'t. 

'••  All  kinds  of  doeuinenta  had  to  hear  corresponding'  stamps.  The  account- 
liiiiilvs  of  all  liusiness  men,  the  dipli.nias  of  professors,  engineers,  dentists,  law- 
yers, and  physicians,  were  all  taxed  '>y  this  law.  Kven  agriculturists"  and 
iii.ister  worknu'iis  eertilicates  were  reipiired  to  iiear  a  stanii)  of  tin;  value  of 
?">.  A  lawyer's  or  doctor's  stamp  cost  S-JO.  The  resjiective  tarilFs  of  1874  and 
lS7f)  will  lie  found  in  M<x.,  I.iji  del  Tiiiihri',  1874,  anil  Mtx.,  Lnj  dd  Timbre 
n/unnuda  vit  ,.'S  dc  Mai-zo  de  1^70. 


\l\    ^t; 


.mJ 


410 


LERDO,  I(;LKSIAS,  AND   DIAZ. 


of  war  arid  finance.  After  sonic  deliberation  a  decree 
was  passed,  ^lay  "JOtli,  to  that  cfl'eet.'-" 

(Jn  tlie  18th  of  May,  a  decree  was  passe  1  deelarinn' 
that  tlic  electoral  coll  )ges  only  could  decide  upon  the 
legitimacy  of  popular  elections.  This  was  a  direct 
l)low  at  tlie  supremo  court.  Tiie  design  was  obvious. 
Lerdo  feared  that  that  tribunal,  with  its  existing 
powers,  would  counteract  his  electoral  intrigues,  and 
restricted  its  faculties  by  this  measure,  winch  liis 
majority  in  congress  enabled  him  to  push  through. 
Jose  !Maria  Iglesias,  the  president  of  the  court,'"^'  im- 
mediately resigned,  considering  that  the  constitutional 
prerogaaves  of  the  su])reme  rourt  were  assailed.  ' 
Ijerdo,  however,  was  unwilling  tliat  Tglesias  should 
retire  under  such  circumstances,  and  declined  to  accej)t 
his  rcsinnation.  He  had  several  interviews  with  him, 
and  Iglesias  finally  withdr(>w  his  resignation:  but 
enteretl  a  strong  protest  against  the  new  law,  and 
tleelared  that  he  would  not  submit  to  it."^ 

At  the  time  of  Jjcrdo's  elevation  to  tlie  j)residcney, 
it  would  not  have  been  a  dilHcult  matter  for  him  to 
break  down  the  barrier  oi'  differences  between  the 
rival  parties,  who  were  then  in  a  mood  to  coalesce  on 
broad  principles.  Had  he  effected  this,  he  would  have 
surrounded  himself  with  a  large  circle  of  stanch  su[)- 
])orters,  t(-  v.'hicli  only  the  feeblest  opposition  could 
have   been  offered.      J^ut  his  po|)ularity,  as  we  have 


-'^This  ik'orco,  uhii'li  dcolaroil  thnsoof  Docoinlicr 'J,  1S71,  anil  M.iy  14,  1872, 
ti  111)  ill  {(ircc,  imtlionzt'il  tlio  I'Xi'i'utivc  to  pr'-cLiiui  lu.'.rtiiil  law  in  tlu'  ilis- 
allc'ctecl  ilisti'ii'ts;  to  aiipioh'  nd  siisDCL'tcl  jicrsoiif;  to  seal* '.i  jiiivato  dwdl- 
inL,'.s;  to  raise  foi'ccs  ami  iiicur  al!  ■hi ussary  I'Xix'nsusf.  J)iitri')  /)i''h:/i:i,  7  '  C'oiit;., 
iv.  -tlcS-'J."),  .")."il  S();  Mi.i:,  Jiiir.  Eif.,  ia  Doc.  Hi.^t.  .)/r,;'.,  ii'  1».  TIk'so  iiowtn 
M(M-c  to  last  ti!!  oao  mouth  after  the  •••assomhlin^'  of  congress,  that  is,  till  <  lit. 
17th. 

'•' When  tlie  jiresidenev  liecame  vacant  in  187-  hy  tlie  elevation  of  Lenin 
to  tho  chief  magistracy,  the  most  [lojiiilar  eamliilatis  for  tlie  jiosition  were 
Iglesias  and  Kiva  l'a'a<'io.  The  former  was  elected  and  jiroelaiined  l>y  coll- 
ar'ssional  di'ciei^  of  May  1,"),  1S7.'{.  />iirii  Ihhdlix,  (»"  C'oiii;.,  iv.  4.'!"J-4,  411  ■ 
(ii;  A7  Fnln-ii.'<t,u  Nov.  i-'S,  1S71',  May  '">  '^''•';  Ei<tiuh  ilc  Sin.,  May  I,">,  Ks7;i; 
Ei  .\ln„:/nr  l{.),.,  .May  17,  'JO,  187:$. 

--' '  Atacaha  a  mi  jiiicio,  di;  niui  nianera  incuestionahle,  las  facultatle.s  coii- 
stitiieionales  do  la  corte.'  A/A  ./(».<,  Itcrmrdnx  I'nUt.,  MS.,  1. 

-'  'Convine  en  siistituii'  ii  li  renunci.i  nna  enert;iea  ]irotesta  olleial  contra 
la  ley  de  18  de  Mayo  de  1S7.">,  ii  la  4Ue  declare  ijuu  no  me  somcteriu.'  Id.,  '1. 


VICENTE   lilVA  TALACIO. 


417 


^ro^.,  was  rapidly  (Iccliiiiiin';  and  by  Lis  iu\!j,l('ct  to 
.id(»i>t  a  judioious  and  impartial  courso  with  respect  to 
adiiiiiiistrativc  ai)})()intiiuMits,  by  his  persistent  onniity 
ti)  the  Porfiristas,  and  liis  tlisreManl  of  the  old  Ler- 
distas,  ho  only  a»^iL:^ravated  the  rivalry  existinu^  bcvwi'on 
tlie  latter  faction  and  the  Juaristas  in  their  stru^^le 
fcir  political  interests,  and  rendered  more  bitterly  hos- 
tilt;  the  PorHristas.  If  Lerdo  had  exercised  that 
political  acumen  with  which  at  first  he  was  credite<.l, 
ill'  could  not  have  failed  to  foresee  the  cominij;'  storm. 
Ihit  he  wa;i  sti'anot'ly  wantinu;'  in  certain  (jualities. 
His  confidence  in  his  gn'at  talents  sei-ms  to  have 
(luHed  his  power  of  j>erce[)tion  and  ability  to  recoo-- 
iii/.c  tlu^  magnitude  of  t!ie  troubles  he  was  brewiiiL;; 
for  himself  and  his  countrv.  One  of  Lerdi»'s  most 
conspicuous  opponents  was  Oeneral  A'icente  Jvi\a 
Puliicio,  who  as  editor  of  the  Alnihnle  ])ersistently 
assailed  him  in  that  periodical.  In  February  I,s7j 
tlie  i»i'esident  thoun'ht  best  to  banish  him  I'rom  the 
c:i|tilal,  and  appt)inted  San  Juan  del  J^io  as  his  ])lace 
nf  ii'sidenee;  wherenj)on  Piva  l^alacio  stMit  in  his 
cenimission,  and  recMiested  leave  to  retire  altogether 
fioni  the  ai'my.  His  resignation  was  accepted;'"*  and 
en  A|>t'il  'lA  he  laid  before  con^'rcss  an  accusation 
a'^ainst  the  president,  charL!,int:;  him  with  violatioii  of 
the  cniistitution  in  divers  of  its  articles.  Thouuh  the 
accusation  was  dismissed  ^fav  P.ttli  bv  a  larje  major- 
ity,"'  it  oUL;ht  to  have  been  a  warnino"  to  Lenh)  of 
the  chan«i'o  in  j)ublic  opinion;  but  to  public  o[)ini()n  he 
sciMued  inditi'erent.  He  took  iio  notici'  of  the  repeated 
denunciations  of  his  line  of  conduct  by  the  press,  or 
its  ominous  })redictions.  The  interference  of  tht; 
(iiiti'al  executive  in  the  si'ttlement  (»f  the  political 
tinuhlejs  in  C'oahuila,  Yucatan,  and  elsewhei-e,  was 
regarded  as  an  encroachment   upon   the-  sovei'ei^iity 


■■''('ii|iy  iif  olliuial  correspoiulfiu'p,  iti  I.<r  V<c  </<■  Mi'j.,  Marcli  7,  IST.'i. 

■ '  I5y   I'JS  VdtuM  a;,';iiiii<t  10.  Jiinrio  Itrlmtrx,  7    Coiii;.,   iv.  4().'i'l7.     Lonlo 
w.H  aciuMtMl  of  violating  artiok'H  7.  1:5,  14,  'JO,  'Jl,  !.".•,  od.  ami  ll'.S  ol  tlic  cpii. 
Htihitinn,     Till'  accusation  was  ivail  in  sccri't  session,  anil  passcl  to  tin;  grand 
jury  to  report  uiioii.    /,<(  \'<yi  '/<•  MiJ.,  April  4,  lS7r). 
llisT.  Mex.,  Vol.  VI.    j; 


I'' 


ill 


'Mil      ' 

'r!  '  ' 

illil 

fill  "'■  i 


418 


LERDO,  lOLESIAS,  AND  DIAZ. 


: 


and  inde[)onclonco  of  the  states;  the  prerogatives  of 
the  judicial  courts  were  curtailed;  tlie  intluoiicc 
brought  to  bear  on  tlie  elections  nullified  the  popular 
wisji ;  and  the  acquisition  of  the  extraordinary  powers, 
of  which  I  have  just  made  mention,  was  so  distasteful 
that  General  Mirafuentes — a  contributor  to  the  Almi- 
zotc — was  bold  enough  to  assert  that  the  governuient 
had  promoted  the  revolution  for  the  purpose  of  obtain- 
ing them.'-''  As  the  year  advanced  political  persecu- 
tions f)ll()\ved.  In  September  General  Manuel  (mhi- 
zalez  was  [)laced  under  espionage  of  the  secret  ])olice ; 
on  the  Dtli  and  lOth  of  the  same  month  generals 
Chacon  and  Mirafuentes  were  arrested  and  irn- 
])risoned,  and  on  the  IGth  of  October  were  sent  out 
of  the  country.  An  initiative  step  was  taken  to  re- 
form the  78th  article  of  the  constitution  on  the  24th  of 
Oi-tober.  It  was  proposed  to  congress  that  in  future 
the  president  might  be  once  reelected,  but  after 
this  st'cond  term  a  period  of  at  least  four  years  must 
elajise  before  he  could  again  become  eligible,  Tlio 
bill  ])assed  to  a  second  reading,  and  a  day  was  fixed 
for  its  discussion.  This,  however,  did  not  take  ])lacc, 
and  the  (piestion  remained  for  the  time  undei-idt  <1. 
Ihit  the  motion  was  significant,  and  pregnant  with 
civil  war.  The  advocates  of  non-reelection  were  nioic 
than  ever  numerous,  and  thev  did  not  ii\tend  to  suh- 
mit  passively  to  the  o})eration  of  such  a  law,  even  if 
it  weie  jnished  through  congress. 

Jjordo's  action,  indeed,  from  first  to  last  was  directid 
to  a  gradual  absorption  of  the  states'  rights,  and  a  sys. 
tematic  usurpation  of  ])ower.  During  the  latter  pait 
of  IS?.")  he  stood  on  a  jiolitical  vtdcano,  which  was 
ready  at  any  monient  Un'  eru[ttion.  The  Jjcrdista 
and  Juarista  parties  Avei-e  each  intriguing  in  congn  >■- 
in  the  local  governments,  and  around  ti..'  president,  t'> 
gain  the  u[>per  hand  before  the  next  elections.      Tij 

■••"' '  I'ara  lK'u;;ir  ii  la  situacidii  jiri'SL'iitc,  ncrositalia  ol  gnlpiLi'iin  el  inctoito  '!■ 
la  rcvuliuidii,  y  Jmh-  iso  lia  juiosto  fii  jiH'i;o  toilo.s  Ids  miMliiis  {(osil  U's  iiara  I'lu- 
tliU'ii'la.  La  icvolucion  I's  olda  dil  miljiunio, '  Mirafuuutes'  article  culiuil 
fro. a  tliu  Atiui-otf,  ill  ItL,  May  '2\),  ISlo, 


FALL  OF  LEUDO. 


419 


Porfiristas,  kept  uuderfocjt  by  those  two  facti'ins, 
wiiich  united  aufainst  the  coiiimou  eneinv,  were 
secretly  preparing  for  revokjtion.  l*orHrio  J)iaz, 
tliough  restored  to  liis  niihtary  rank,"'"  had  kept  aloof 
from  polities,  and  liad  been  ap[)aiently  inaetive.  l^ut 
all  the  time  he  had  been  laying  his  plans;  and  having 
made  his  preparations  for  revolt  in  Oajaea,  he  left 
Mexico  at  the  beginning  of  December  Ks7o,  and 
proceeded  to  the  I'^nited  States,  selecting  J^iowiis- 
ville,  Texas,  ()])posite  to  ^fatamoros,  as  his  ])lace  of 
roidtMice.  Manuel  Gonzalez  also  left  on  the  saint.' 
steamer  with  hini.""* 


]x'rdo  might  still  have  avoided  the  disgrace  of 
defeat  and  an  ignouiinious  flight  had  he  renounced 
his  reeh'ction  schemes.  Ihit  he  gave  no  sign  of  tloing 
so;  and  the  smouldering  fire  broke  out.  ( )n  the  l.jth 
of  Januarv,  iy7('»,  (jieneral  Fidencio  Jleinand'Z.  in 
Oajaea,  pronounced  against  the  goverinnent.  and  is- 
sued the  [)lan  of  Tuxtepec  at  the  town  of  tliat  name. 
He  then  marched  against  the  capital  of  the  state  at  the 
head  of  2,000  badly  armed  Indians.  On  the  27th  he 
encountered  and  del'eated  an  inferior  foree  of  federal 
troops  and  national  guards  at  San  Felipe  del  Agua, 
about  half  a  league  from  the  city,  and  takin-  adsaii- 
tage  of  the  panic  which  followed,  entered  Oajaea  tlie 
same  day  without  opposition.  The  trooj)s  stationed 
the)'e  suri'endered  without  striking  a  blow,  and  were 
in<  or))oKitcd  into  his  ranks,  many  of  the  ofKceis  also 
joining  him.  Xo  le>>  than  2,000  Knfield  and  jno 
luinington  rifles,  with  oOO,00<)  rounds  of  anununition, 
IMI  into  his  possession.  Having  destroyed  all  tele- 
graphic conununication,  he  jiroclaimed  himsi'lf  gov 
ernor  of  Oajaea,  and  published  the  plan  of  Tuxtepec,"' 

'-' T.io  proposal  WHS  laid  liclurc  imi^rcss  Oct.  8,  \S~\,  .iiid  passed  tu  tln' 
Jiiilitiirv  ooniiidttft'  for  (Koisidii  tliciiiiii.    IHnriit  J><'li<i/i's,  7' (  oiil;.,  iii.  'J.'f'J. 

'^  \n  Eiiglisli  vessel  iiiiiiu'd  tlio  < 'orsini,  Ln  I'oz  id'  MtJ.,  J>ui'.  ").  |S7(i; 
J>iiini}  Ojiriiil,  Jan.  ',i,  1S7(). 

-■'  l'',speron,  governor  <if  tli«>  stiito,  was  aliscnt  at  this  tiiiic  in  tiie  district  of 
Miiliuatlan.  Ln  I 'os  (/<■  .1/' /. .  Felj.  (1,  ls7(».  'I'lic  plan  ot 'riixtipeo  was  alter- 
^^ararulonuud  by  I'ortirio  Dinz.     Its  priiicipalitems  will  he  mentioned  later. 


f 


4'i() 


LERDO,  lOLESIAS,  AND  DIAZ. 


I 


(k'MouiK'iiic^  Lordo  and  liis  o^overtinitMit,  and  ]>roclaiiii- 
iiiL,''  I'orfirio  Diaz  geiieral-in-cliiot' of  the  rovolutionaiy 
army. 

Tlius  initiated,  tlic  revolution  ])urst  into  l)laze  u\\ 
over  tlie  republie.  In  the  Innj^innino'  of  Felniiajv, 
generals  Donato  (xuerra  and  (xalvan  a(lo|)ted  the  plan 
in  Jaliseo;  Mendez,  iJonilla,  and  Carrill(>  rai.sed  tlie 
standard  of  revolt  in  Puehla;  at  Jalapa  Colonel  (iareia 
made  captive  the  governor  of  Vera  Cruz;  Trevino 
and  Naranjo  in  Xuevo  Leon,  (!'anto  in  Yucatan,  Hoclia. 
in  San  Luis  Potosi,  and  Couttoleime  in  (iuerrero. 
took  up  arms.  The  storm  wliich  had  heen  raised  was 
furious  and  far-reachini;'.  The  nation  was  thontun'hly 
arcnised,  and  hy  the  end  of  ^farch  there  was  not  a 
state  that  did  not  sliow  disaffection.  The  governuKMit 
exerti'd  itself  to  the  utmost  to  sujipress  the  rehellion. 
In  Oajaca,  -Jalisco,  A^era  Cruz,  and  many  other  states, 
martial  law  was  proclaimed,  and  numerous  engage- 
ments took  plac(%  witli  varied  success,  though  at  first 
the  advantage  was  on  the  side  of  the  federal  arms. 
Escohedo  succeeded  in  subduing  for  a  time  the  insur- 
rection in  Michoacan,  and  the  insurgents  sustained 
defi'ats  in  several  other  states.  In  Oajaca  Ceneral 
Alatf>rrc  attacked  the  rebels  at  the  Cerro  del  Jazniin, 
but  was  repulsed,  and  retired  to  Vanhuitlan,  about  a 
league  distant,  where  another  sanguinar}'  engagenicnt 
took  ])lace,  iji  which  the  federal  troops  were  victo- 
rious.*' 

On  the  '28tli  of  ]\Iay,  the  same  general  defeated  the 
revolutionary  leaders,  Hernandez,  Teran,  and  Coutto- 
lenne  at  lOpatlan,  the  second  being  made  ca[)tive 
and  sent  to  the  citv  of  Mexico,  where  he  was  sub- 
mitted  to  trial,  and  confined  in  prison  till  the  downfall 
of  Lerdo.'*' 

**  At  .Tiizti\iii  the  insurgent  caviilrj-  cliargc<l  the  enemy's  artillery  thrio 
times  with  great  hravery.  At  tlie  last  eliargo  one  of  tlie  guns  was  i'a^)turi'il, 
and  tlie  feilerals  we  -e  eoiiipelleil  to  retire,  hut  only  S»;  eonihataiits  reuiainnl 
of  the  (KM)  eavalrymeii  who  eharged  the  guns,  in  this  day's  eonihats  Hill 
insurgents  ami  tiOO  of  tlie  government  troojts  were  left  deail  on  the  Held.  'I'lie 
numlier  of  wounded  is  not  known.  Diario  O/icUtl,  Feh,  'J'J  and  Maruh  17,  ISTO; 
La  r,r.  </<■  Mrj.,  Kuh.  '.".»  and  April  II,  1870. 

■'^  Mar  1/  Tcruii,  Ajnint.  Bioij.,  54-05. 


PLAN  OF  TUXT?:PEC. 


421 


Oil  tlie  2'J(1  of  Maroli,  (u'litTal  Diaz  crossed  tlic 
Ivio  Grande  with  (jlciicral  (jiouzaloz  and  i'oi'ty  t'ol- 
]i)Uors.  This  nuiiiher  was  (juickly  increased  to  tour 
hundred,  and  a|>[)roacliin;^"  Matamoros  on  the  .'list,  lie 
[luhhshed  at  Palo  jjlaiieo,  a  tew  k'aL>'ues  to  the  south 
(if  that  city,  the  [dan  of  Tuxte[)ee  ina  reformed  sluqie. 

The  })reainl)le  of  the  plan,  almost  a  verhatim  eojiy 
of  that  [)roclaimed  at  Tu.\te[)ee,  set  forth  th.-it  the 
Mexican  rejiui)lie  was  heing  ruled  by  a  government 
that  had  created  a  political  system  subversive  of  the 
laws  and  institutions  of  the  nation;  that  the  right  of 
siiHiago  had  been  reduced  to  a  farce,  as  the  elections 
were  (Hitirely  controlled  by  the  president  and  his  ad- 
herents;  that  the  sovereignty  of  the  states  had  been 
rc[)eatetll3'  infi'inged  by  the  d(.-[>osal  of  governors  and 
the  ap[»olntment  <tf  creatures  of  Lurdo  as  rulers,  es- 
pecially in  the  cases  of  Coahuila,  Oajaca,  Yucatan, 
Xuevo  I^eon,  and  Jalisco,  to  weaken  which  last  state, 
Lerdo  had  sei>re'.iited  and  made  a  niilitai'V  canton  of 
Tepic;  that  he  had  s(|uandei'ed  the  pubhu;  funds  in 
personal  amusements;  that  the  coui'ts  <)f  justice  had 
hcen  made  subservient  to  him;  that  municipal  author- 
ity was  destroyctl,  as  the  niend>ers  of  ayuntamlentos 
Were  slm}»ly  <lependents  of  the  government;  that  tli^ 
stani|)  act  was  an  extortion ;  that  the  commercial  and 
agricultural  interests  of  the  nation  were  sacriliced  bv 
the  conci'sslons  granted  to  the    l"]ngTish  railway  com- 


V 


uiv  anc 


1  tl 


le  scandalous  conveUK^ 


de  I 


IS  taritas;   that 


hy  the  monopoly  of  that  line,  tlie  establishment  of 
oilier  railroads  was  prevented;  that  Lerdo  had  agri'ed 
to  recognize  tin;  debt  to  English  bond-holders  for  the 
consideration  of  S'J.OOOJJOO,  and  tliat  Ivj  contenii»lati'd 
making  an  arrangement  with  the  I'^nlted  States  tbr 
tlie  assumption  of  that  debt  l)y  the  latter,  wliii-h  was 
eijuivalent  to  selling  the  country  to  the  neighboring 
republic;  and  that,  owing  to  his  ac<|uii('ment  of  ex- 
tiaorilinary  faculties  and  the  susjiension  oi'  the  <j,uar- 
aiities  of  j)ersonal  lights,  a  remedy  of  these  abuses 
could  only  be  sought  by  an  appeal  to  arms.     The  [»ro- 


4-22  LKRDO,  lOLESTAS,  AND   DTAZ. 

UTainiiio  of  the  original  plan  Iwul  not  Ljivon  satisfaction 
to  iiiaiiy  of  tlio  prominent  loaiN^rs  of  tlu*  ivvolution, 
wlio  I'c^tirtlcd  it  with  suspicion.  It  was  too  narrow- 
in  its  conception.  While  prochiiininj^  the  supremacy 
of  the  constitution,  tlie  fi'co  suii'ra:L;e  of  tiie  people, 
and  non-reelection,  it  left  these  organic  pi'incijiles  ex- 
posed to  military  oppression.  It  denounced  the  ad- 
ministration of  J^erdo  as  an  exhibition  of  usurjiation 
and  assumption  of  dictatorial  ])owers,  ruinous  alike  to 
the  lihertv  and  intei'ests  of  the  nation.  Hut  whilr 
seekint;'  to  overllu'ow  one  despotic  j^ovt'i'mnent  hy 
a  national  exertion,  it  pavi'd  the  way  for  the  estah- 
lishment  oi"  another  of  similar  character.  Had  it  not 
been  lor  the  unj)oj)ulai'ity  of  Lerdo,  the  rev(tlution, 
unck^r  such  a  pron'ramme,  would  have  pei'ished  in  its 
infancy.  But  the  main  and  det(>rmined  intention  of 
the  discontented  was  to  get  rid  of  Lerdo,  and  tlu y 
di<l  not  wait  to  examine  too  closelv  and  denuu'  aufainst 
tlu^  })lan  under  which  th(\v  conunenced  action.  It 
could  he  rectified  when  the  leadini''  ol»iect  was  attained. 
By  the  pl.'.n  of  Tuxtepec,  Ijcrdo  was  no  longer  rec- 
ognized as  the  ex(>cutiv(!  ])ower,  nor  any  of  his  minis- 
ti-rs  or  otticials  in  their  j)ositions.  Only  such  governois 
of  states  as  acce[)ted  the  plan  woukl  be  ri'cognizcd, 
and  substitutes  would  bi'  ai)[»ointed  by  the  general-iii- 
chii'f  of  the  revolutionary  foi'ces.  The  governors  tlins 
establislu'd  were  to  appoint  a  provisional  I'xecutivi  ; 
and  as  Diaz  was  diH'lared  the  genei"al-in-chief  bv  tlic 
tenth  aiticle,  and  could  apjioint  the  substitute  gov- 
ernors, it  was  obvious  that  he  would  become  the 
])resi(U'nt  ad  interim,  with  the  means  at  his  commaml 
of  su[>[)orting  his  intentions  by  military  foice  if  lie 
chose.  Diaz  soon  perceived  the  objections  to  wliicli 
this  [)lan  was  exposed,  and  the  dislike  M'ith  wliich  it 
w.is  ngarcUd.  The  headers  in  the  northern  pro\  iuccs 
sugg(>ste(l  that  Iglesias,  the  j)resident  of  the  su[)r(Mnc 
court  -and  by  virtue  of  that  ])osition  the  vict'-prcsi- 
dent  of  the  republic  should  be  called  tijitm  to  assume 
the  executive  power,  and  in  the  reformed  plan  this 


m 


ADVENTURES  OF   DIAZ. 


423 


\v;;s  (lone,  J^ut  the  rcfoniK^d  plan,  or  ])laii  of  J*al() 
HIaiu'o,  as  it  was  callt'd,  was  but  the  original  ouv  in 
another  i'oi-ni.  Igk'sias  was  re«|uiritl  to  rciHtonizc-  it 
ill  toto,  otherwise  tlie  general-in-chief  would  he  in- 
xcsted  with  the  executive  power."'"  As  J^lesias,  the 
[tiesident  of  the  su[)reine  court,  the  legitimate  suc- 
cessor of  a  deposed  t^xecutive,  was  a  strong  constitu- 
tiniialist.  he  would  not  entei'taiu  the  rexolutionary 
[iioposals,'"  and  rejected  the  })lan. 

Favored  l)y  the  direction  of  the  troops  and  gariison 
at  Matanioros,  J)ia/.  entered  that  city  Aj)ril  'Jd,  after 
a  slight  engagement  with  the  cavalry  which  sallied 
out  against  liim.  The  surrendered  forces,  amounting 
til  400  infantiy  and  over  ;{00  cavahy,  were  set  at  lih- 
i  rty.  i'^scohedo,  however,  was  already  on  tlie  mai'ch 
to  tlu^  frontier  with  (1,000  men  in  diifeient  colunms, 
and  on  his  approach  ]3iaz,  though  he  had   heeii  joined 


•  •y 

iiK 


r(>vmo  an< 


1   X 


uanio,  am 


I   his  forces  Were  dailv 


reasing,  was  ohliged  to  evacuate  ^Eatamoros,  and 
diiected  his  course  with  the  cavalry  toward  Monterey, 
while  (jlonzah'z  with  the  infantry  marched  southwai'd 
throuuh   the  liuasteca.      It  was  the  intention  of  Diaz 


•'■-"riii;  fdlliiwing  is  a  syuojisis  of  the  rufdnncil  jilaii;  Aft.  1st.  'J'lio  I'oiisti- 
tiuiiiii  of  1S.")7,  till'  rt't'orm  aot  of  Sipt.  •_'."),  \S~'A,  and  tlio  law  of  Di'i".  H,  ISTt, 
arc  tlio  sujiri'iiiu  laws  of  tliu  icpiihlic.  '2d.  Nou-iL'fluctioii  of  tlio  jni'sidiiit  of 
tlir  icpuhlic  and  governors  of  the  status  shall  ho  a  suincnic  law  until  it  lio 
Iru'dly  'iiadi'  a  constitutional  reform.  M.  Lordode  Tejaila,  and  all  fiinetion- 
^iin's  aii[iointed  liy  liiiii,  are  no  lon;^er  reco^ni/ed,  ii(>r  the  eleetions  of  .Inly 
1 '".">.  4tli.  (tovernoiM  of  states  who  accept  this  plan  will  lie  reeoLinized. 
\\  heri'  this  ij  not  the  ease,  the  jieni^nd-in-eliief  will  ajipoint  a  provi-iioiial 
uovcriior.  .")tli.  The  eleetions  for  the  supreme  powers  of  the  union  «  ill  Im 
i;eld  two  months  after  the  oeeupation  ot  the  capital,  and  conducted  in  con- 
formity with  t!ie  electoral  laws  of  Fch.  CJ,  iS.'iT,  and  Dec.  'j:!,  I.ST'J.  (ith.  The 
executive  power,  with  only  administrative!  faculties,  will  resiile  in  the  presi- 
dent of  the  siipreuio  court,  provided  that  hi'  acci-pt  this  plan  in  all  its  parts, 
and  ]iu1ilish  his  reeoifuitioii  of  it  within  one  mouth  after  the  [luMication  of 
the  plan  in  the  journals  of  the  capital.  In  case  of  his  refusal,  the  general-in- 
cliief  will  he  investe(l  with  the  executive  Jiower.  "tli.  On  the  asscnililiug  of 
llie  ei;:hth  constitutional  conuress,  the  oliject  of  their  lirst  1  ihors  will  lie  tiie 
constitutional  reform  which  uuarauti'cs  tlie  independence  of  municiiialities, 
and  the  law  conferring  a  [lolilieal  organization  on  the  federal  district  and 
Lower  Ciiliforuia.  Sth.  (Jencrals,  chiefs,  ami  oliicers  who  snp]iort  tliis  jilan 
Mill  he  retaincil  in  their  positions.  Diiirio  I)i'li(i/<:<,  S'<'ong.,  i.  .'i  .'i.  ('onsidt 
al-o  (''/((.ICO,  J'liiiii-f  (!'•  'J'li.vfipi I-  1/  J^iilo  JiliDh'o,  S  II;  An  I'l-  i/c  .1/'/.,  .\pr. 
S,  !S7(i. 

"See  his  lettei-,  p..oiislieil  ia  J>i'irio  Ojici'il,  Apr.  S,   1S7(1,  and    'J'"ijl<\  ('*>-• 
ctlldr  E.qivit. ,  4. 


id  I 


424 


LEllDO,  KiLESIAS,  AND   DIAZ. 


to  pi'iK'trato  into  the  interior,  but  reco^^nizing  tluit 
the  northern  n;<ijions  with  their  sparse  population 
would  att'ord  Httle  support  to  tlic  eause,  lie  decided  to 
return  to  Oajaea,  l»y  way  of  Vera  Cruz,  and  erossini;- 
Texas  and  J^ouisiana  he  took  passage  in  June  I'roin 
New  ( )rlt'an-^  for  that  ]>oi't,  oi»  hoard  the  steanu-r  Clli/ 
of  JIah(i)i(i,  disguised  as  a  C'uhan  doctor.  J  lis  voyage 
was  an  adventuious  one.  No  sus[)icion  of  his  per- 
sonality was  entertained  until  the  vesst'l  touched  at 
Tanipieo,  where  the  same  troops  which  he  had  rt;- 
leased  at  Matanioros  were  taken  on  board.  His  dt;- 
tection  soon  followed,  and  the  officers  took  steps  to 
secure  him  on  arrival  at  V\'ra  Cruz.  Though  tin; 
vessel  lay  more  than  four  miles  from  land,  ])iaz,  in  tlie 
evening  of  the  21st,  made  a  desperate  attem[>t  to  swim 
ashore.  \U)  was  discovered  and  a  boat  sent  after 
him.  He  was  picked  up  at  nightfall  in  an  exhausted 
condition.  On  heing  hrought  back  to  the  vi'ssel  lie 
was  befriended  bv  the  i)urser,  who  managed  to  seciete 
liinj  till  their  arrival  at  Vera  Cruz,  where,  disguisid 
in  the  dress  of  a  ^[exican  sailor,  he  succeeded  in  get- 
ting ashore  on  a  launch  loaded  with  carg()  from  t\\v. 
steamer. ^^  From  \"era  Cruz  he;  hastened  to  Oajaca, 
at  wliich  city  he  arrived  in  the  be'j;innini>  (»f  Julv,  after 
several  narrow  escaj)es  from  falling  into  the  hands  ol' 
federal  troops.  AFeanwhilc  Gonzalez,  after  a  toilsome 
march,  advanced  into  Hidalgo  and  Tlascala. 

As  the  time  ap[)roaehed  for  the  election  of  the 
president,  it  lu'came  evident  that  Lerdo  would  aece|»t 
the  candidateship  for  reelectit>u,  and  in  that  case  tiu; 
popular  surtrage  would  be  sacrificed  to  electoral  in- 
trigue's; and  indeed,  the  machinations  of  his  party 
were  so  notorious  that  a  large  nuniber  of  electors,  in- 
fluenced by  the  opposition  i)ress,  refrained  from  vot 
ing.^'^     In  June  and  July  the  elections  took  place,  and 

'^*  />i'z.  Dittos  Biof/.,  MS.,  :«•»;{  70;  La  Vm  ,fe  ^f,i.,  July  2,  1S7t>. 

■'■'  Ai'i'iirclinn  to  art.  14  of  tlic  organic  I'lcutoral  law,  iu  ordor  to  licoomc  yvrs- 
idt'ut  tlie  succi'ssfiil  oaiidiilati'  wi.s  roquirod  to  ohtaiii  a  majority  ol'  tlic  tot.d 
iiuiiil)i!r  of  electoral  votes.  Tlic  elcctor.s  iu  tlic  rcpulilic  at  tliis  'lato  uuinltcrcd 
18,075,  apjiortiouud   to  tUu  --7  cluctoral  districts  of  tliu  rupublio,     Couhu- 


MOVEMENTS  OF  IGLESIAS. 


4-:5 


thc 


L'Cl'jit 

tlu'. 
il  iii- 
)arty 
s,  iii- 
i  \()t- 
!,  aiul 


lie  total 
inln'i'i''! 


oii  the.  cist  (»f  Aiiij^ust,  Lcnio,  witli  tlic  uiidoubtcd 
(li'-ii;ii    of  tbrciiiu-    his  rLcloctioii   tlirouufli    congress, 


(•ii;tn«'-o 


a  1 


us    fJll)llK 


t.    :m 


anuc 


1    1 


XOllUTO 


K 


uhH)    was 


o 


appointed  iiiinister  of  rchitions;  (Jcncral  ljsi'()l)t'd 
took  the  place  of  Mejia  as  minister  of  war;  Juan  ,)oso 
J);i/  iieeame  minister  of  j^overnment;  tlie  portfoho  ot 
the  fomento  de[>artment  was  given  to  Antitnino  ''ra|;le  ; 
tli.it  of  the  treasury  to  Franeisro  Mejia;  and  tliat  of 
justice  to  Jose  Diaz  ('ovarriil)ias.  Tliis  chann'e  liad 
tilt'  desired  result.  An  electoral  commissiun  was  a[»- 
pointed,  composed  of  a  majority  in  Lerdo's  favor;  and 
on  the  'JGth  of  October  congress,  by  virtue  of  a  chetii- 
nicii,  pronounced  him  reelected."'"' 

Meantime,  Inglesias,  in  anticii)ation  of  the  fraudulent 
elections  being  maintained,  had  secretly  left  the  cai>ita] 
and  entered  into  et)nununieations  with  various  promi- 
nent men,  advancing  the  view  that  at  the  termination 
(if  Lerdo's  term,  Novend)er  ;}Uth,  lie  was  the  legiti- 
mate  provisional   executive   ])t 


ndiiiLL'   the    holdi: 


,f 


legal  elections.  Proceeding  to  Salamanca  in  (Juaiia- 
juato,  he  found  tlu^governor,  Antillon,and  the  legi>la- 
tiue  of  that  state,  ready  to  su[>port  him.  Generals 
lidcha  and  Berriozabal  also  declared  themselves  in 
"a\()r  of  his  desiiiii  to  assume  the  presidencv.      ^Vhen 


Lerdo's  leelection  was  published,  Iglesias  proeecMJed  to 
act.  lie  imnu'diately  addressed  fi'om  Salamanca  a 
manifesto  to  the  nation,  ibrmally  jirotesting  against  the 
illegality  of  the  reelection,  declaring  it  his  intention  t 
eppose  it,  and  calling  upon  the  nation  to  sup[)ort  hini. 
This  step  precipitated  matters.      It  was  in  fact  a  n 


Co 


ew 


ijuciitly,  till'  total  lumilici'  of  votfs  rcijuin'il  Ky  tlu'  law  lor  tlic  clcctioii  ot'  tlio 
111- v^iili'iit  was  half  tiit^  ahovo  huiiiIkt;  and  one  iiioro  lor  facli  (ii.--trict,  that  i.s, 
'.),li(i.").  Ill  tiio  I'lisuiiii,'  fli'ctions,  only  T.MI'.l  flfctors  votfjd  ;  ami  it  was  coii- 
siMiiu'itly  daiiiiLil  that  no  h'gal  tlccliou  hail  liccu  hfld.  In  the  statuH  of 
emlniila,  Chiapas,  C'iiihuahua,  Morolos,  Oajaca,  'I'aliasco,  and  /.icatiras  no 
I'l  rtioiis  were  lulil  on  this  oi'casion,  and  in  oertaiii  distrii'ts  of  many  other 
ftit "s  tlR'ru  wiMU  no  (juornnis.  llnllnrilo,  Cw  '.  EMml.,  ISTti  ;  /'/.,  1JS77,  ji.  14. 
"Consult  hjliiiii/i,  Jiiriifn/(tn  /'olif.,  MS.,  .'.- 2-<  ;  i'inrii)  Dilmhs,  S  Con.stit. 
I.';;is.,  ii.  -I'MI  iii.  ;U.')  :S:U,  4:i:{;  Diiirio  Ojic,  St'iit.  If),  187(>.  Kxtraordi- 
11  iiV  jiowi'rs  were  also  again  grantcil  tho  president  Oct.  14th.  /</.,  Oct.  lo, 
tSTii  ;  Itiitnt  Jhhntfx,  SConstit.  Leuis.,  iii.  '.tl-:{,  140  .m,  ITO.TfT,  'JSO. 
■   Full  copy  of  tho  protest  i.i  fuuml  iu  Diario  Ojic,  Oct.  31,  ISTO. 


'^'>'i 

kd 


■pi  ■li 


IIU- 


K    1  ! 
■*■•    i  j 


-11 

•I  ::c? 


42G 


LERDO,  IGLESIAS,  AND   DIAZ. 


revolutionary  niovcinciit."^'*  A  proj^raimnt;  of  govorn- 
incut  was  drawn  U[),  and  niiiiistci-s  were  appointed. 
T]\v  jilan  of  Salamanca,  as  it  was  called,  wassulmiitted 
to  the  legislature  of  (jruanajuato  l»y  Antilion,  and  ap- 
proved. I^erdo's  })osition  as  presiilent  of  the  repul)lic 
was  no  longer  recognized,  and  the  president  of  the 
supreme  court  assumed  the  executive  ofiice,  sujipoited 
by  a  str(»ng  force  which  was  daily  increasing.  I'mctjed- 
ing  to  (jiuanajuato,  October ;]  1st,  with  two  of  his  newly 
a[)pointed  ministers,  (jruilK'rmo  I'riett)  and  Jierrio/.ii- 
bal,'"'  Jglesias  made  a  triumphal  entry  into  that  city, 
being  received  with  all  the  honors  due  to  the  presi- 
dent of  the  republic.  The  enthusiasm  was  great,  and 
extended  throughout  the  state. 

Lerdo's  i)()sition  was  now  a  serious  one.  lie  had 
not  only  to  contend  with  this  new  cond)ination,  but 
with  the  oi'iginal  revolutionists,  who  were  being  organ- 
ized by  Diaz  in  Oajaca,  and  by  (Jonzalez,  who  had 
already  advanced  into  Tlascala.  On  Novend)er  4tli. 
the  latter  was  joined  at  Tlaxco  by  (General  Tolentiiio, 
who  abandoned  the  l^erdista  cause  with  his  conunand." 
Diaz  was  now  advancing  from  Oajaca,  having  left  that 
city  at  the  end  of  October  with  4,000  men  and  f(Mii- 
teen  ritlcd  cannon  of  medium  size.  Alatorre  was  at 
that  time  at  Teotltlan,  about  fifteen  leagues  inside 
the  boundary  line  of  that  state.  As  Diaz  ap[)roache(l, 
he  gradually  fell  back  toward  Tehuacan  and  l^uebla, 
and  might  successfully  have  decided  the  question  in 

'"In  the  Diario  Ofic,  April  8,  1870,  Iglosiiis  puMishcd  a  letter  with  i-rfci- 
ence  to  the  (itli  jirtieU^  of  the  phiii  <pf  I'lihi  Hhineo.  See  note  ;{•_',  tiiis  ehaptcr. 
Ill  it  lie  uses  these  words:  '  No  ;u'ej>to,  iii  lie  ile  lueptur,  plan  al;4Uiio  nvnlii- 
cioiiario;  y  (jue  seguirii  sieiido  mi  regla  iiivarial)le  ile  eoiidiieta,  la  eMrirla 
ohservaiieia  de  la  eoiistitlleion.' 

■''•'Tiirec  of  tiie  portfolios  were  ofl'ered  to  .loa'piiu  Ituiz,  I'raiieisi'o  (ionic/. 
del  J'alaeio,  and  Kraiii'iseo  de  J^iaiidero  y  Cos.  I'laiding  their' aeeeptatioii.  a 
provisional  governiiieiit  was  organized,  eoi'.r^iosed  of  two  ministers-  -(riiilli-nini 
I'rieto  of  govorninent,  and  Kelipe  ]$errio/;U)al  of  war  -and  three  oliei.il.s 
iiKiyores,  namely,  Kniilio  Velaseo,  Manuel  Saiiehe/  Miiriiiol,  and  iviiiiiin 
(laray,  who  respectively  repre.sented  the  departments  of  the  treasury,  justicr, 
and  internal  iniiiroveiiK'iit.s.   /v/r.s/ir.v,  ItiruinlDi  /'<iiit.,  MS.,  *J.")  li. 

*"Tiiough  it  is  asserted  in  tiie  Diario  Ojir.,  Nov.  (i,  ISTti,  tliat  the  ollieci'S 
and  soldiers  under  Toleutino  were  hetrayed  liy  him  to  (Jonzalez,  and  impris- 
oned for  refusing  to  serve  with  the  revolutionists,  the  defection  seems  to 
have  been  geuerul. 


FLICUT  OF    LKRDO. 


4-'7 


the  (illu'irs 
mill  iiiipn-*- 
u  sccias  to 


fli.'it  n('ii,rlil)(H'li()()(l,  us  Diu/'  ariiiy,  ow'mii^'  t<>  liis  lalxni- 
(lus  inarcli,  Avas  s^n-catly  n-duccd  in  iiuiiibcrH.  J-Jufc 
till'  latter  evaded  liiin,  and  liasteiied  to  lluaiiiaMtla  in 
(iidcr  to  unite  his  forces  witli  those  of  (jon/alez, 
Mtude/,  (  ai'riilo,  and  other  li-aderswlio  had  talien  u[) 
I  Illations  in  tlie  adjacent  sierras.  Ahitorre  ^'avc  chase, 
;iiid  Diaz  took   uj»  a  |)f)sit!on  at  Tecoac,  to  tlie  north 


)!"  Iluaniantla.      On  tli 


i)  evenuiL,''  oi 


X 


oveniher 


;)tli, 


tlic  o 


|»[)osinjjf  arniitss  hivouacked  ahnost  within  cannon- 


f  eacli  other;  and  on  the  toilowinu'  niorni 


nL*- 


o» 


liiliU'e  o 

Alatorre,  heheviiiL,^  the   I'orces   in  front  of  liini   were 

the  same  whicli  lie  liad  seen  on  the  ])revious  evenin;L,*", 


at  tacked  with  u'reat  confichMic 


Hut  tlio  revolution- 


ary leaders  stationed  in  the  sierras,  with  the  exce])tion 
(»f  ( Jonzalez,  had  ioiiujd  J)iaz  durini^  the  niijht,  and 
'j,it'atly  increased  his  strenj^th.  The  hattle  was  san- 
L;'uinary,  and  was  maintained  for  several  hours.  J)iaz 
was  on  the  point  of  defeat  when  the  (Opportune  arrival 
of  ( lonzalez,  who  unexj)ectodIy  fell  on  Alatorre 's  ri^^ht 
llaiik,  decided  the  day.'*"  The  lout  of  the  Jjcrdistas, 
oi'  reelectionists,  as  they  were  called,  was  crushin<j;\ 
.Many  died  on  the  Held,  and  :},00()  prisoners  wei'e 
taken  ;  while  all  their  artiller}^  ha,i;'^age,  and  war  ma- 
t<Tial  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  victors. 


\\\ 


When  the  news  of  this  disaster  reached  the  ca[)ital, 
]ianic  seized  the  government.  The  members  were  not 
Millieiently  of  accord  to  devise  any  scheme  in  the 
eiiicr«4ency,  various  plans  l)einuf  discussed  only  to  be 
rijccted.  Finally,  it  was  decided  to  leave  the  cap,ital ; 
and  on  the  night  of  the  20th,  Lerdo,  accompanied  by 
1]s(()1)(m1o,  13az,  Francisco  ^[eji'a,  and  Jlomercj  Kul>i 


o. 


"  I li.iz  status  tliiit  he  liail  only  1, ;>(!()  imii  when  Alatdii'o  juirsiuil  liim. 
y/i/,v  /y,„./.,  MS.,  .SS."). 

'-' AlatciiTu's  .surprise  was  completo.  He  bclievi-il  that  tlu'  appni.K  liiiii,' 
tii>u|is  (if  (Jouzaluz  Were  a  reciitorcumoiit  t'diiiiii;^  t"  liis  assislaiicc,  ha\  iiij^ 
I'lvvumsly  (inleruil  up  .S,0(»()  UKire  iirmi.    \'<c  </'■  .1/'/.,  Xnv.  LH.  Is7(i. 

^^  it  is  stateil  tliat  of  Alatorre 's  army.  l.'.tJM)  wen;  killed  ami  NdO  woimdcil. 
AiiKi'ii;  the  prisoiKi's,  uuiiilicriiij;  I,r)(i4,  was  (iiii.  Topete.  The  rivolutioni.-^ts 
1  p>t  S.'iT  killsil  ami  Ooli  wouiuleil,  aiuoiig  tii(^  litter  heiug  <ioii/alez.  'I  hese 
liu'iirus  arc;  iloul)tle.ss  greatly  e.xaggerateil.  IJiaz  statics  that  :i,(K):t  jirisoiic  rs 
V  le  tikeu,  hut  sa J suothing  about  the  number  of  killed  ami  wouuJed.  Dalm 
Bl.j.,  MS.,  3SS. 


428 


LEIIDO,  KJLESIAS,  AND  I>IAZ. 


niomlKTH  of  his  calunot,  a  nuiiil»t'r  of  tlo{)Utic8,  and 
otliiT  partisans  la-tdok  liinisi-lf  t(>  flight,  oHcorted  by  a 
str()i)<^  cavalry  force,  and  takinj^  with  him  a  laryc 
BUpjtly  of  the  public  funds/'  Tho  last  act  of  his 
government  was  to  surren<l«'r  the  city  to  the  I'orH- 
ristas,  (jicneral  Jjoaeza  being  left  in  chaige  of  tlu'  gar- 
rison, and  l*rotasio  Tagie  of  tho  civil  government. 
On  the  following  day  Teian  was  nleased  tVom  prison 
and  seiit  to  inform  l^oiHrio  Diaz  of  the  state  nt 
affairs/'  Lerdo  pursued  his  way  without  mok-statiou 
toward  Acapulco,  where,  after  a  toilsome  journey 
thi'ough  the  south  of  Michoaean  and  across  Guerrero, 
lie  ai'rived  about  tlie  middle  of  J)ecember.  'I'hence 
he  end)ark('<.l  Jaimary  ^oth  for  the  United  States,  and 
took  up  his  residence  in  New  York. 

Thus  terminated  the  political  career  of  the  suc- 
cessor of  Juaicz.  Since  the  date  of  the  indeptMidencf 
no  man  had  obtaini'd  the  chief  magistracy  of  tlir 
^[exican  republic  with  more  wide-s])read  populrtity. 
or  was  driven  fi.)m  it  by  more  ueneral  d'scoii nit. 
Called  to  the  head  of  the  government  by  a  pcoplr 
which  hailed  him  with  joy  as  its  future  libt'rator  from 
encroachments  upon  its  sovereign  I'ights,  but  which. 
still  angry  at  the  assumption  of  dictatoi'ial  powei\s  \>y 
Juarez,  could  easily  be  roused  to  indignation,  he  pur- 
sued the  most  aggravating  course  that  he  could  ha\f 
adopted.  Instead  of  healing  wounds,  he  irritated 
them;  instead  of  holding  out  the  hand  of  frien(lslii]\ 
he  threw  down  the  o-auntlet.  With  an  ambitious 
rival  in  the  field,  ever  on  the  watch  to  turn  mistakes 
to  account,  he  connnittcd  unpardonable  errors;  none 
more  so  than  his  systeni  of  excitinu'  by  intriuue  Ituii' 
revolutions  for  the  purpose  of  throwing  out  obnoxious 

** '  E  ilja  bicn  provisto  de  fondos,  aacados  cii  la  misina  uoclu;  dv  l;i  Tusorcri.'i 
general.'  /ijli'sids,  Itmnrilos  Polit.,  MS.,  ,S(i.  Bufure  leaving  he  took  .s'l.OlKI 
from  tlie  niontepio  t'liud.  Voz  de  M<J.,  Nov.  '2'2,  JJSTO.  Hi.s  e.seort  aiiiouiil'il 
to  1,(MK)  cavalrymen,  with  a  train  of  •_',">  vagons,  liu.sides  about  oO  niule.s  loadid 
witli  nioiiey  amounting,  it  v.as  oak'idated,  to  over  .'52(K),UOD.  The  wageiis 
were  also  supjiosed  to  contain  treasun'.   /(/.,  Nov.  2."),  1870. 

*'V;//t.s/«.>',  /'ici((;ri/o.<i  I'olit,,  MS.,  30;  Mkr  y  Tcraii,  Ainint.  Jiloj.,  04-J; 
Diario  Ojic,  7  Die,  1S70. 


ItlLKSTAS   PKOVISIOXAL  I'KIISIKF.NT. 


429 


oovrniurs  (if  stutt's  liy  IVdcnil  iiitcrtVrciicc  Hcrcltv 
lie  iiindt'  tor  liiinsrir  'miiiniu'rHl)l(' (Miniiirs.  His  joi'- 
( i^ii  iMtlicy,  t(to,  caused  <(r('at  tlissatist'actioii.  Wliih; 
he  ciicouraL;*'*!  Kui'()|)caTi  oiitcrpiisrs,  lie  was  stroiinly 
,i[i|)()S('(l  to  proiiiminii;  AiiiiTican  ones,  'I'liouuli  this 
iMitialitv  may  liavc  procccdt'd  IVom  a  fear  that  l»y 
tilt'  introduction  of  riiitrd  States  interests  011  a  larn«i 
Miile  into  Mexico  ditHculties  niij^lit  arise,  tlie  inthcy 
was  tod  narrow  I'ven  tor  the  ^lexiean  people. 


Dmini;"  th(>  month   of  Oetoher  lylesias,   hel'ore  lie 


liail 


)i'ocnum(Mi 


hinise 


)rovisionai  oresK 


P 


dent, 


ojtenec 


,.  ■L:i>tiations  with  Diaz  for  the  purpose  of  ascertain in< 
w  licther  the  latter  would  suj)j)ort  him  in  his  projected 
ilrsi'^n,  as  l)ein»4  the  most  constitutional  way  of  pro- 
(1  cdiiiL''.  Diaz  consented  to  <lo  s(»,  provicK'd  lu'le- 
>ias  Would  n'counize  the  ])lan  of  I'alo  l^laneo,  and 
a'^tce  to  otluT  conditions,  one  of  which  was  that  ho 
slioiild  select  his  ministers  from  amonir*'  the  [)arti- 
>aii>i   of   the   rev<»lution.      This,    with   anv   decree"   of 


(  nlisi.s 


tencv,    Ju'lesias    could    not    d 


o. 


X 


ever 


thel 


ess, 


iirLiotiations  were  continued  into  Novemher,  after  th(^ 
a^^lnllption  oil  the  ]»art  of  Diaz  of  tlu;  provisidiial 
|iivsi(l('iicy,  l»y  Joa(|uin  !M.  Alcalde,  who  on  the  (!th 
(if  tliat  mouth  entered  into  au  ati'rcement  at  Acatlan 


ith    Diaz,  the  terms  of  which  Alcalde  c(»nsldci'('d 


so 


ii  asoualile  that  ho  pledn'cd  his  own  and  I<j;lesias'  word 
nf  lioiior  that  they  would  be  accei)ted.'"'  ]^ut  this 
ti'4reement  contained  points  similar  to  the  ])rcvious 
litions,  and  wore  erpially  objectionahlo  to   Iglesia^ 


rolK 


wliose  firmness  was  re<.*'ar(lod  by  the  o})posite  side  as 
all  intention  to  exclude  the  revolutionists  under  the 
jilaii  of  Tuxtcpec  from  having'  any   influence  in  tho 


■jfi^a 


*'■  Alcalde  seema  to  have  acted  too  nonfiilcutly  in  the  matter,  as  lio  was  not 
coiiiiiiissidued  1)y  Igluaias,  who  says:  '  Expontancamente  so  dirigici  iil  caiiiiio 
ikl  Si-  ])iaz,  aniinado  dc  patridtieo  duseo  du  uiiir  los  esfuerzos  de  his  ciieiiiigcis 
coiinuics  dul  golpe  de  Estado. '  Mdiiijii-stn,  Due.  1,  1S7().  SfO  alsn  Tiniti; 
Cii-ridar  K.qwd'nit,  Nov.  '19,  ]870.  These  two  pamjihlets  contain  all  partic- 
ul  lis  and  correspondence  relative  to  these  uegotiatiuus.  Copy  of  tlie  latter 
wiU  iju  found  ill  Voz  de  JIcJ.,  l>ec.  G,  187G. 


430 


LERnr*,  IGLESIAS,  AND  DIAZ. 


i:^ovornment.     After  a  few  telegraphic  exclianges,  on 
November  27tli  the  conferences  terminated. 


After  the  victory  at  Tecoac  Diaz  was  for  a  mo- 
ment embarrassed  as  to  liis  immediate  movements, 
owing  to  his  want  of  ammunition  for  tiie  Kemingtoii 
rifles  with  which  the  prisoners  that  had  been  taken, 
and  now  incorporated  into  his  force,  were  armed. 
Alatorre  liad  Hed  to  Puebla;  and  at  a  comicil  of  war 
held  l)j  Diaz  it  was  discussed  whether  that  city, 
jMexico,  or  Orizaba  should  be  first  attacked.  But 
Diaz  soon  decided  to  make  the  capital  his  objective 
point.  He  encountered  no  difficulty  in  his  progress. 
Almost  at  the  commencement  of  his  march  he  was 
met  by  a  commission  from  the  governor  and  legisla- 
ture of  Tlascala,  announcing  their  espousal  of  his 
cause,  and  j)laccd  at  his  disposal  400  men  antl  40.0UU 
Remington  cartridges.  Before  his  arrival  at  Apizaco 
he  was  met  by  another  commission  from  Altamirano, 
in  conmiand  at  Puebla,  which  had  been  abandoned  bv 
Alatorre,  informing  him  that  this  general  placed  him- 
self under  his  orders.  Whereupon  Diaz  turned  liis 
course  toward  that  city;  and  as  General  Alouso  with 
his  column  happened  to  be  temporarily  stationed  there, 
Diaz  secured  his  person  and  won  over  his  troops. 
Thus  Puebla,  garrisoned  by  3,000  men  and  sujiplicd 
with  immense  war  stores,  was  occupied  without  opposi- 
tion. Then  followed  the  submission  of  Ibarra,  in  com- 
mand of  Orizaba,  aud  of  ]Marcos  Carrillo  of  Vera  Cruz, 
the  former  with  2,000  men,  and  the  latter  with  ,'5,000 
stationed  in  different  towns.  These  submissions  were 
receivetl  on  the  same  day  tliat  Diaz  entered  Puebla; 
and  having  left  a  small  garrison  there  under  Coutto- 
icnne,  whom  he  apj)ointed  military  governor  of  the 
state,  h(!  jrocecded  without  delay  to  the  capital,  at  the 
head  of  a  well-organized  and  thoroughly  cquipjml 
army  of  12,000  men.  On  his  march  thither  he  was 
met  by  Teran,  who  informed  him  of  the  flight  of  Lerdo, 
and  the  position  of  affairs  in  the  city.     On  the  2ud 


ATTITUDE  OF  IGLESIAS. 


481 


lie  made  hi?  entrance  into  the  capital,  and  five  days 
afterward,  negotiations  witli  Iglesias  having  termi- 
nated, Porfirio  Diaz  assumed  the  executive  power  ^' 
lf(!  proceeded  at  once  to  reorganize  tlie  different  gov- 
criunent  departments,  and  formed  his  cabinet  as  fol- 
lows: minister  of  relations,  Ignacio  Yallarta;  of  the 
ti'easury,  Jasto  Benitez;  of  fomento,  Vicente  Kiva 
i*ai:icio;  of  government,  Protasio  Togle;  of  war, 
J'.'ch'o  Ogozon;  and  of  justice,  Ignacio  liamirez.'^ 
Thus  at  this  juncture  there  were  no  less  than  three 
poisons  claiiuing  the  presidency  of  the  Mexican  re- 
))iil)lic.  Lerdo,  though  practically  out  of  the  fight,  was 
still  ])rot'^sting.''''  Iglesias  claimed  to  be  the  legitimate 
president  ad  interim  according  to  the  existing  consti- 
tution. But  this  was  not  Diaz'  view  under  the  cir- 
ciinistances.  So  during  the  first  \veek  in  December 
10,000  of  his  best  troops  with  50  cannon  were  put  in 
motion  for  Guanajuato.  Placing  Mendez  in  charge 
of  the  executive,'"^  Diaz  left  the  capital  on  the  8th. 

Iglesias  was  at  this  time  at  Celava.  After  his  en- 
trance  into  Guanajuato  and  the  establishment  of  his 
government  there,  lie  was  recognized  in  a  large  portion 
of  the  country.  Queretaro,  San  Luis  Potosi,  Zaca- 
tt'cas,  and  Aguascalientes  all  declared  in  his  favor, 
the  tnx^ps  f^f  Lerdo  in  those  states  for  the  most  part 
proclaiming  him  under  their  respective  commanders. 
rchullos,  general  of  the  4th  division,  which  occupied 
-lalisco,  {)laced  the  whole  of  his  command  at  the  dis- 
[losal  of  Iglesias,  whose  progress  during  the  month  of 

*'  1?y  (U'crec  (if  Nov.  2Stli,  as  given  in  Diarh  Ofic.  Dec.  4,  187(1. 

'"'i'lu'.st!  ministers  inildu  tlio  necessary  inotcritatinn  i::i  the  'Jiltli.  To;  i/c, 
Mr}.,  Nov.  .so,  ISTti;  Mi. I.,  Anal.  Miiiitt.  Fium-ii/.,  Keli.  1,  1.S77,  .")('.:  /imrio 
hr'iii,-^,  Coii.itif.  Liijlii,  ii.  ."12.").  Diaz  alsn  etl'eeteil  a  loan  ot  .'>)0(),<>()()  from 
urdtliy  jiroiirietors,  payalih' during  the  following  year  from  tiie  proceeds  of 
the  I'listoni-liouses.    Vir,  ilc  MtJ.,  Nov.  28,  187<). 

'■'Lerdo  on  his  deiiartiir;;  from  the  capital  addres.sed  a  communication  to 
tli(  foreign  representatives,  informing  tlieni  that,  though  circiimstaiieeH  neces- 
sit  lUd  his  leaving  tlie  capital,  hih  government  was  tlie  legitimate  one,  and 
woidd  continue  to  act.  AA,  Nov.  25,  187G.  During  his  llight  also  he  still 
111  lint, liiicil  tl^at  he  had  not  resigned. 

'' iJy  decree  of  Dec.  (ith.  Di'irio  Ofic,  Dee.  7,  187l>.  Mende/  iiad  heeti 
.ipinnuted  ))y  Diaz  his  second  iu  command,  Nov.  I'Jth,  while  at  I'uehla.  hi., 
iK'c.  G,  1870. 


'  i'l 


Ii 


'Ui; 


432 


LERDO,  IGLESIAS,  AND   DL\Z. 


November  was  rapid,  full  of  promise,  and  bloodless. 
At  the  begiiining  of  December  his  forces  prol^ably 
ainouuted  to  20,000  veteran  troops,  well  armed  and 
equipped.  As  soon  as  the  negotiations  which  had 
been  carried  on  with  Diaz  were  closed,  he  made  everv 
effort  to  concentrate  them  at  Celaya,  whither  he  pro- 
ceeded with  several  members  of  his  goverimient  to 
organize  a  plan  of  campaign.''^  But  notwithstanding 
all  this,  it  soon  became  evident  that  he  would  not  be 
able  to  cope  with  Diaz.  The  extraordinary  success 
of  the  latter  was  not  without  its  effect  upon  the  fol- 
lowers of  lo'lesias,  and  during  December  the  defection 
of  his  troops  and  supporters  was  alarming.  But  .i 
still  more  fatal  effect  was  the  want  of  resources.  Iglc- 
sias  had  a  minister  of  the  treasury;  but  the  treasury 
M'as  em})ty,  and  there  were  no  means  of  (illing  it. 
Apart  from  all  consideration  of  pay,  lie  could  ntjt  })ro- 
vide  for  the  common  wants  of  an  army  in  the  field. 

Meanwhile  Diaz  advanced  with  his  well -appointed 
army  to  Queretaro,  which  he  entered  December  'iOtli. 
having  met  with  no  opposition  on  his  march.  In  the 
hope  of  adjusting  matters,  Iglesias  liad  expressed  tlir 
desire  to  have  an  interview  with  him,  and  on  the  21st 
they  held  a  conference  at  the  hacienda  de  la  Ca])illa, 
about  a  league  from  Queretaro.  But  they  could  come 
to  no  arrangement.  Iglesias,  urging  his  constitutional 
right,  claimed  that  for  the  good  of  the  country  \w 
ought  to  be  recognized  as  the  provisional  president,  at 
tile  same  time  consenting  to  accept  a  cabinet  organized 
bv  Diaz.  But  the  latter  was  in  no  mood  to  make 
concessions.  He  replied  by  reminding  Iglesias  tliat 
in  their  telegraphic  communications  he  had  positively 
refused  to  accept  the  reformed  plan  of  Tuxtepec,  and 
had  closed  the  nonfotiations.     Diaz  added  that  there- 


'"Ulio  lio  rocoHe<l  replies  from  Ruiz  and  Landero,  to  whom  ho  had  offertil 
portfohos.  Tlioy  (k'clinod,  and  othors  wore  appoiiitud.  His  cahiiit-'t  was  imw 
t'ompiwi'd  of  iiiiuister  of  relations,  Francisco  (iomez  I'alacio;  of  foincnto,  .lua- 
(jiiin  .Alcalde;  of  justice,  Alfonso  Lancaster  Jones;  (iuiUernio  I'rieto  of  >,'n\ - 
eminent;  of  tlie  treasury,  Einilio  Vclasco;  and  (ien.  Bcrriozaltal,  of  war, 
JijIciilu,  litcuenloa  Polit.,  MS.,  'J5-0,  53;  Altandrano,  ia.  Aim.  Uixt.,  70. 


5    t 


RECOGNITION  OF  DIAZ. 


433 


upon  liG  had  liiiiiself  sliouldcrod  tlio  responsibility  of 
novt'i-nnicnt,  and  sliould  t-ontinuc  to  act  in  that  [)()si- 
tinii."  After  some  turtlier  argument  the  eont'ereneo 
ciidrd,  and  Iglesias  returned  to  Celaya.  He  thenco 
procfi'ded  to  8ihio,  wliere  lie  lii'ld  a  eouneil  of  war 
w  itli  liis  ministers  and  generals  of  division,  at  wliioli 
the  impossihility  of  op[)osing  J)iaz  was  admitted.  Hut 
lnKsias  would  never  resign  liis  just  right,  and  he  de- 
|)arttd  for  (jiuachdajara,  where  lit;  arrived  on  the  .'50th. 
Ill  If  aiiotlier  eouneil  was  held,  with  similar  result. 
Til''  states  which  a  few  weeks  before  had  declared  in 
lii.>  favor  now  recognized  Diaz  in  quick  succession. 
Only  two  alternatives  were;  left— exile  or  submission. 
liiit  the  stanch  constitutionalist  preferred  self-banish- 
iiiciit  to  the  recognition  of  a  revolutionist;  and  having 
issued  another  manifesto  to  the  nation  January  2,  1877, 
lir  left  (jiuadalajara  on  the  oth  for  Manzanillo,  at 
wliicli  poit  he  arrived  on  tlu!  \'-]t\\.  On  the  17th  Ik; 
riiil)arked  on  the  steamer  (iniiKida,  and  landed  at 
Sill    Francisco,  California,  on  the   'Jjth  of  the  same 

lUolltll. 

Porfirio  Diaz,  after  the  conference  at  La  Cajtilla, 
ixperienced  no  difficultv.  The  dilferent  divisions  of 
li;lesias'  army  successively  recognized  him.  Mareli- 
iiig  rapidly  through  the  states  which  had  proclaimed 
I'er  Iglesias,  ho  reorganized  their  governments  without 
'•liposition,  and  after  a  bloodless  cann)aign  of  two 
nieiiths,  Diaz  returned  to  tin;  caj»ital,  which  lit;  entered 
I'elirnary  llth,  reassumiiig  the  |ii'ovisional  presidency 
"lithe  J.')th."'  Meantime  M<'iide/  liad  issuetl  the  con- 
\n(;it()iia  for  the  congressional  aiitl  jtresidential  elec- 


tleh 


.1 


■'' /t!az,  Da/0.'*  Bin'/.,  MS..  .'i'.IK    »(»•_';  ///'n/''.',  I!<<'m;-<lii<  Polif.,  MS.,  .m. 

■•'J>!:r.,  J),i/„'<  /a'o;/.,  MS.,  40'-';  /.:i  '  Wr.  ,/,■  M,J.,  Ffl..  13,  KS77;  /Harh 
'>ji'\,  Fd>.  1(1,   1.S77. 

■'Oh  \)i'x\  'J3(l.  l>y  it  all  wlio  duriiij,'  the  last  fmir  yt'iir.s  li.nl  liciii  guilty 
iii  fal>ifyiiit,'  ck'ctonil  votes,  or  liail  aiiliMJ  l.oiilo  in  his  illcgul  |)nMc<<liii|i{s, 
\\r\,\  ilirlaivil  oxcluilod  from  I'amliilatfsliip.  /'iirln  Olir..  Pri'.  '_'."),  187ti. 
'  (i|iy  cif  i'()iiv<ioat()i'i;v  in  Ld  I'oz  (/<■  M<j.,  Ouc.  '-'(i,  I.S7(i,  and  JUiirio  Ddnitm, 
^  t'liiiij;.,  i.  ."i  7. 

Viftiiti>    /'ir  I     /'<iliirio  —/I!.i/ori(i    ili'     li     Ail  iihiitlnirloii    i/r     I).    Srliimtidn 
J.if'/n  ,/,'    'IVj.nlt.     Mexico,    ]S7."),  S,   [ip.  4'.W,    with  iiortraits.     Tliis    book 
lllhT.  Mex.,  Vol,  VI.    tf* 


4M 


LEIIDO,  IGLESIAS,  AND  DIAZ. 


contains  a  history  of  Lerdo  de  Tejadii's  cadministration,  with  a  description  (if 
Ills  jKiliuy  and  fif  tlie  men  by  whom  lie  wii.?  surrounded  Tlie  laws  lie  en- 
acted and  the  railroad  contracts  he  made  with  foreign  companies  are  also  dis- 
cussed. The  work  was  planned  by  Riva  Palacio,  who  intended  to  divide  it 
into  books,  each  having  a  special  title;  but  after  having  written  80  pages  of 
it,  circumstances  of  a  private  nature  compelled  him  to  desist.  His  publi.slicr 
was,  however,  compromised,  indat  his  request  Palacio  consented  thatanotlRT 
should  carry  it  on  to  its  conclusion,  provitled  that  hia  political  creed  and  senti- 
ments were  not  interfered  witli.  The  work  was  accordingly  concluded  Ijy  an 
anonymous  writer,  and  Irenco  Paz,  the  e<litor,  a.ssures  the  reader  tliat  tlie 
ideas  contained  in  it  are  strictly  those  of  Riva  Palacio,  to  whom  the  manu- 
script was  submitted,  and  to  which  he  offered  not  a  single  oljjeetion.  Vov 
this  reason  his  name  appears  on  the  title-page  as  that  of  the  author.  Tiie 
original  plan  of  tlie  work  was  not  carried  out.  With  regard  to  tlie  language 
employed,  it  is  generally  measured,  but  occasionally  the  writer,  wlio  was  evi- 
dently no  friend  of  Lerdo,  indulges  in  virulent  expressions  and  hard  words. 
Judging  from  the  temper  of  the  work,  the  author  appears  prejudiced  against 
Lerdo;  but  at  the  same  time  he  draws  a  correct  picture  of  the  presidtiit's 
administration,  and  the  causes  wliich  led  to  his  downfall.  The  fact  that  siiiti 
an  expose  was  published  while  Lenlo  was  still  in  power  is  a  proof  of  the  im- 
mense unpopularity  he  had  acquired. 

Joni  Maria  Iijlcxiaii^/i'criH'n/oM  Pnlilkos.  Mexico,  1S84,  MS.,  8°,  pp. 
8!).  This  is  an  original  manuscript,  setting  forth  tlie  causes  tliat  prompted  the 
author,  in  1870,  to  assume  the  duties  of  president  ad  interim  of  Mexico,  and 
describing  his  efforts  to  consolidate  a  constitutional  government,  whicli  was 
rendered  i'tipossible  by  the  acts  of  Portirio  Diaz.  Iglesias,  having  left  the 
country,  recognizes  the  collapse  of  the  constitutional  party  and  the  uselussiiess 
of  any  further  effort  to  restore  it.  Whereupon,  he  shortly  afterward  returiK;d 
to  Mexico  with  his  companions  in  exile. 

IldcfoiiHO  Entnula  y  Zciwa — MaiiwU  tie  OoJ^rnndorcs  y  Jtfes  Poli/.im-<. 
Mexico,  1878,  4°,  pp.  314.  Portraits.  A  work  contain^  ig  information  tor 
the  guidance  of  governors  of  states  in  the  discharge  of  their  duties.  It  is 
divided  into  three  parts,  iu  the  first  of  wliich  the  personal  (lualifications  wliioli 
a  governor  ought  to  possess  are  treated  of,  the  (juestions  ol  the  education  iiinl 
moral  qualities  requisite  for  such  a  position  being  discussed.  In  the  '_'d  jiait 
the  principal  duties  iu  different  branches  of  government  are  pointed  out  and 
explained.  Part  iii.  contains  extracts  from  tiie  federal  constitution  of  1S,")7, 
anil  from  the  constitutions  of  most  of  the  states.  The  portraits  in  this  niaii- 
ual  arc  those  of  J'orfirio  Diaz  and  his  ministers,  of  the  governors  of  states,  the 
jefo  politico  of  Lower  California,  and  the  coiiiandante  inilitar  of  TVpic.  I's- 
trada  y  Zene;v  was  a  member  of  tlie  Sociedad  Mexicana  de  Geogralia  y 
Estadistica,  and  several  other  scientitio  and  literary  societies. 


CHAPTER    XIX. 


DIAZ,   (iONZALEZ,    AND  DIAZ. 

1877-1887. 

I'oLincAL  Programme  of  Diaz— I.nstallation  or  Conorkss — Diaz  Elkoteh 
ruE.-JiuEN'i— OrrosiTio.N  tk  iiis  (Joveknment — Mutiny  of  the  Ckew  ok 
'La  Tuinidad' — Foiieign  Kei.atiom.s — Difficulties  with  the  Unitkh 
State!? — Joint  Commission  on  Claims — Adjustment  of  Claims— The 
Xohthern  Bouuek  Tkolislks  Their  SEnLEMENT  —  Attemfts  at 
Rkelection  Defeated— Auministkation  of  Diaz  Reviewed — Presi- 

DKNT  (JONZALEZ'  IJlOCRAl'HY — GUATEMALA'S  Cl.AIM  TO  ClIIArAS — AlUHHT- 
MKNT  OF  DiSrUTE — loiiEKiN   RELATIONS— IntEKNAL  AFFAIRS--PrO(J1!ESS 

OF  Mexico— Gonzalez  as  an  Administrator — The  Modified  Stamp 
Act— Recoonition  of  Deht  to  Uuitish  Rond-holders— Diaz  Again 
Elected  President. 

While  Diaz  was  absent  much  anxiety  had  been 
caused  in  the  capital  by  the  action  of  tlie  })ress  and 
certain  ill-balanced  individuals,  who  sought  to  divert 
tlie  revolution  from  its  true  progressive  course  by 
inculcating  reactionary  {)rinciples.  In  order  to  coun- 
teract the  effect  of  such  doctrines,  J)iaz  on  February 
](!th  issued  a  circular,'  in  which  he  set  forth  that  it 
was  his  intention  to  restc^re  constitutional  order  as 
soon  as  possil)l(^,  and  firmly  carry  out  the  promises  of 
the  plan  of  Palo  Plane*,  with  regard  to  constitutional 
reorganization,  the  security  of  j)ersonal  guaranties,  and 
the  reforms  prescribed  therein.  The  revolution,  lie 
stated,  was  not  reactionary  or  retrogressive,  l)Ut  lib- 
eral and  progressive  in  its  j)rinciples.  In  conclusion, 
lie  wished  to  impress  u',  »n  the  nation  that  the  ])resent 
executive  was  not  exclusive  in  his  views  of  oovern- 

'  See  Diario  Dtlmte»,  8°  Cong.,  i.  142;  and  La  Vw.  <le  M<!j..  Fob.  20,  1877, 
in  which  a  copy  of  the  circular  will  Ije  fouiul. 

(435) 


436 


DIAZ,  i;0\ZALEZ,  AND   DIAZ. 


iiicnt.  Tt  was  liis  \vis]i  to  n'ovri'ii  with  tlie  liUoral 
national  i)arty,  witliout  distinction  of"  orujiu's,  and  lie 
invited  the  intelho-ont  of  all  factions  to  cooperate  with 
him  in  tlie  work  of  constitutional  reconstruction. 
Thus  the  policy  of  Dm/.,  from  the  Hi'st,  was  tiie  re- 
verse of  that  of  Ijcrdo;  and  bv  his  impartial  resjfard 
for  the  libi'ral-minded  partisans  of  all  cliques  he  made 
liis  administration  successful. 

'^I'he  <lay  ap|)ointed  for  the  primary  elections  was 
January  "JS,  1^(77,  wlule  the  se<'ondary  or  electoral 
votes  of  the  districts  for  the  mend)ers  of  conii^ress  an<l 
the  presid(>nt  wi^re  to  he  cast  on  the  1  Ith  and  li!th 
res[)ectlvely  of  Fel)ruary  foUowinL;".  Contjfress  was  to 
he  instahed  on  the  I  "ith  of  IMarch.'  Ft  was  found 
necessary,  however,  in  tlie  case  of  tlie  more  distant 
stati's,  to  extend  tills  time,  and  it  was  not  until  April 
1st  that  a  numher  of  deputies  suthcient  to  constitute 
a  (juorum  coukl  be  assembled.  On  that  day  congress 
formally  ojh'iumI  its  sessions,  and  Diaz,  still  in  the 
character  of  provisional  ]>resident,  cU'hvered  the  cus- 
tomary address  to  the  house.  He  stated  that  although 
the  relations  of  the  government  witli  foreign  jxtweis 
were  for  the  present  abnormal,  the  diplomatic  agents 
resident  in  the  capital  had  manifi'sted  so  friendly  a 
spirit  that  he  did  not  doubt  that  the  nations  they 
repr(.'st'iited  would  shortly  I'ecogni/A'  the  new  govern- 
ment. Alluding  to  the  eh^'tions,  he  said  that  tlir 
l)o[)ulai' suft'rage  had  been  entirely  free  ;  that  thougli 
in  some  cases  abuses  had  occurred,  they  wer'.^  attrib- 
utable to  the  ])racticcs  inaugurated  by  the  late  admin 
istration.  and  he  called  the  attt'iition  f»f  congress  t(» 
this  evil,  in  order  that  by  reforms  of  the  electoral 
laws  and  the  punishment  of  violators  of  them,  it  might 
be  ])ut  a  stop  to.  He  then  touched  upon  the  measures 
that  had   bei'U  taken  for  the  internal  improvement  of 

'■''riiis  was  ill  conformity  witli  tlio  pliui  of  Palo  Blanco,  which  proviili  'I 
that  till'  dictions  of  tlic  suinciuc!  pdwcrs  slioulil  take  place  two  niontlis  alt' r 
the  ocriipalion  of  t!ic  capital  hy  the  revolutionists,  and  that  congress  should 
asscnihlc  one  month  after  the  elections.  See  the  convoeatoria  in  7>m/  i  > 
JJcliiih'n,  S't'ong.,  i.  o--\0. 


LIFE  OF   DIAZ. 


437 


the  covintry.  The  rural  police  had  been  iucn^asod  ?or 
tilt.'  suppression  of  brinaiulage ;  initiatory  steps  had 
l)i'ei)  taken  to  eil'eet  ret'orins  in  the  eoui'ts  of  justice; 
iiiipi'ovi'UK'nts  had  been  ltei;un  Ibr  the  advancement 
of  [uibhc  instruction;  and  attention  had  been  y,iven  to 
tlio  develojnnent  of  telenra})hic  and  railroad  systems, 
lie  then  s[)oke  of  tlic  lamentable  condition  of  the 
treasury,  and  informed  coni^rtss  that  the  minister  of 
tiiat  de})artment  would  lay  la'foi'e  it  the  Ijud^tt  for 
the  ensuinu"  financial  year,  in  which  eflbits  had  been 
made  to  reduce  exj)enditures  to  the  ordinary  income 
of  the  federal  government  without  burdenimn'  the 
nation  with  fresh  im})osts.  The  })resident  of  the  con- 
"ress  in  his  replv  coULiratulatt^d  J)iaz  on  tlu'  success 
of  the  revolution,  anil  the  nation  on  i^lic  jn'ospocts  of 
peace  and  progress  held  out  l)y  liis  jiron'i'ammc  Con- 
gress, ho  said,  would  accept  the  circular  of  Febinary 
Ititli  as  a  part  of  the  })roi;ranune  of  the  government, 
setting"  f(»rth,  as  it  did,  the  spirit  and  ])riii(iples  of  the 


revolution. 

It  was  iK.t  till  ^Tay  ild  that  I'ongress  was  able  to 
declare  the  result  of  tiii'  ])resi(k'nL;al  elections,  and  on 
that  day  it  prt)nounced  J)iaz  electeil  constitutional 
]»i'esident.  His  election  had  been  almost  unanimous, 
10,500  voti's  t)ut  of  1().H7^!,  cast  in  I  .s  I  disti'icts,  beino' 
in  his  favor.  On  th(!  oth  he  made  the  necessary  pro- 
testation.     His  term  of  otlice  was  to  ex[»ire   Xovem- 


■r  30,  1880. 


IN.rfi 


no 


])i 


laz,    wliose    previous    ])Uljiic    career 


ubli 


IS 


already  before  the  reader,  was  liorn  September  15, 
18;!(),  in  the  city  of  Oajaca,  and  was  educated  in  the 
t  lerical  and  scieiitille  institutis  established  there. 
lie  began  a  coursi;  of  studies  for  the  bai',  which,  after 
long  interruption,  he  completed  later  in  the  city  of 
^lexico.  From  eai'ly  youth  his  career  was  a  military 
one,  having,  while  still  ijuite  3'oung,  joined  the  mo\e- 
iiu'iit  against  Santa  Anna.  In  1857  he  gave  in  his 
adherence  to  the  reform  party,  and    fought  bi'avely 


^     %  '  1 
1" 


lurinir 


tl 


le    ensum 


jf  Avar.     Throuiihout    the    Freneli 


i-m 


438 


DIAZ,  GONZALEZ,  AND  DIAZ. 


invasion  he  was  conspicuous  for  his  opposition  to  the 
estahHshnicnt  of  a  monarchy,  and  lus  briihant  achieve- 
inents  raised  liim  to  the  foremost  ranl<  of  military 
h>atlers.  His  administrative  abiHty  was  si<(nally 
siiown  in  tlio  successive  positions  wliicli  lie  occupied 
as  chief  of  a  district,  ijovernor  of  a  state,  and  virtually 
civil,  military,  and  financial  ruler  of  the  territory  to 
the  south  of  the  linea  del  Oriente.  Accomi)lishe(l, 
and  in  personal  intercourse  ai^rceable,  Diaz  displays 
in  his  conversation  decision  and  military  abruptness. 
With  dit^iiity  of  deportment,  he  unites  a  manner 
marked  by  simplicity.  His  w'll  is  indonntablc. 
When  the  rebellion  against  Lerdo  broke  out,  Diaz 
was  <>enerally  disliked  by  foreigners,  who  feared  the 
revolutionary  projects  of  a  military  leader.  They 
would  have  preferred  the  unproj^ressive  but  quiet 
administration  of  Lerdo  to  the  disturbance  of  a  revo- 
lution which  entailed  risk  to  their  private  interests. 
J)Ut  these  feehngs  hi  time  died  out  under  his  firm  and 
progressive  policy. 

Although,  owing  to  the  exigencies  of  his  position, 
Diaz  surrounded  himself  at  first  by  his  particular 
jtartisans,  he  soon  began  to  display  a  more  inclusive 
policy,  and  in  time  the  jirominent  men  of  all  ])arti(s 
were  drawn  within  the  circle  of  his  suppi)rtt  is. 
Neither  civil  nor  military  positions  were  closed  to 
Inglesistas,  Juaristas,  or  Lerdistas;  and  though  the 
latter  long  held  aloof  and  refused  to  accept  his  go\- 
ernment,  beft)re  the  completion  of  his  term  he  had 
won  them  over  and  opened  a  way  for  their  entrance 
into  political  life  during  the  time  of  his  successor. 

Some  opposition  was,  nevertheless,  offered  to  his 
government.  General  Alvarez,  governor  of  (luerrero, 
rose  aijainst  Jimenez,  the  military  i^overnor  sent  hv 
Diaz,  and  the  state  was  more  or  less  disturbed  iluiitiu 
the  first  half  of  1877,  Jimenez  being  finally  driven  out 
of  it.  In  July,  however,  an  arrangeuient  was  made 
between  Alvarez  and  General  Cuellar,  by  which  tin.' 


CONDITION  OF  AFFAIRS. 


former  recognized  the  authority  of  Diaz"  ^fore 
troublesome  were  demonstrations  made  on  the  northern 
l)onler  from  the  territory  of  the  United  Stntes  in 
favor  of  Lerdo,  as  tliey  compHeated  matters  pendinj^ 
Avitli  the  neighboring  republic*  Escobedo,  in  the 
latter  part  of  1877,  organized  a  force  in  Texas  for 
the  invasion  of  Mexico,  and  entered  Coahuila.  Jose 
]Maria  Amador  made  a  similar  movement  into  Tamau- 
lipas.  In  1 87 8  several  engagements  took  place,  but 
with  no  success  to  the  Lerdistas.  On  June  3d  Es- 
cobedo was  defeated  by  Xuncio,  and  captured  shortly 
after  at  Cuatro  Cienagas,  whence  he  was  taken  to 
^lexico  city,  where  he  was  released  on  parol  Septem- 
ber l;5th/  Amador  was  not  so  fortunate.  After  a 
series  of  ill  successes  he  was  routed  Aui^ust  24th  at 
the  Kancho  do  Guadalupe,  five  leagues  from  the 
WWii  de  jMendez,  and  slain  witli  his  brother  Albino 
and  brother-in-law  Jose  Maria  Cisneros. 

A])ai"t  fr'om  these  hostile  movements  directed  against 
the  federal  government,  there  were  others  of  a  local 
character,  for  the  most  ])art  stirred  u[)  by  revolution- 
ary malecontents.  During  the  years  1878  to  1880 
inclusive.  Vera  Cruz,  Jalisco,  Puebla,  San  Luis  Potosf, 
Oajaca,  Yucatan,  and  Campeche  were  more  or  less 
afflicted  by  such  disturbances,  while  the  nuxst  trouble- 
some one  occurred  in  Sinaloa.  They  were  all,  Innv- 
ever,  suppressed;  and  where  the  intervention  of  the 
federal  troops  was  necessary  no  very  serious  exertion 
ou  the  part  of  the  government  was  required.  The 
government  of  Diaz,  in  fact,  may  be  regarded  as  hav- 


=  U.  S.Er.  Dne.,  For.  llel,  1877-1878,  i.  400,  4'25-G;  La  Voz  dc  M,j.,  May 
10  and  Aug.  -J,  1877. 

^Ia'inIo  is.-iued  a  manifesto  from  Nuw  York  Feb.  24,  1S77,  claiming  to  bu 
the  lonstitutional  jirusidi'Mt.  Ij;lesias  did  tlio  same  from  N'lW  Orleans  on 
M.ircii  llitli.  Copies  will  be  found  in  A/.,  Mareh  '-'(i,  •_>7,  lfS77.  Tlie  latter 
riturned  to  Mexico  about  the  middle  of  Oct.  He  took  no  further  part  in 
]iiiblic  allairs,  but  retired  to  private  life  w  itliout  molestation  on  the  part  of 
the  j;overnment.  I'jUs'ni^,  litcHii'ilo'i,  MS.,  87-8. 

'' I'articulars  of  FiScobedo's  operations  will  be  gathered  from  Ln  Vm  ile 
M'j.,  July  •_'4,  20,  28,  Aug.  8,  1."),  Xov.  -J,*,  Dec.  1,  14,  M,  1.S77:  //.,  .Fune  17, 
1'".  21,  Sjpt.  14,  Nov.  7,  1878;  Di'rio  O//,-.,  Nov.  ;W,  Dec.  !.'>,  1877,  and  Juiio 
14,  17,  18,  20,  28,  July  2,  25,  27,  31,  and  Any.  'J,  14,  10,  1878. 


'^40 


IHAZ,  (;oXZAl,K/„   AND    DIAZ. 


iiij;  (Miiovfd  unusual  iVccdoui  fntni  troul)io.  ronsiilcrln"- 
tlic  illsconlant  clciiiciits  iVoni  Avliicli  it,  s[)i-r,i^\ 

Special  iMciitioii  must,  lie  made  ot  ;i  lamiuy  iu  1S71) 
at  'Jlacotalpan,  nii  tlio  Alvarado  lli\t'r,  Avliidi  ^aNc 
occasion  to  a  uiost  un;orttuiatc  event,  caiisiiiLC  j^reat  c\- 
citcuuMit  at  \'cra  (  Vu/..  A.  portion  of  the  eicw  of  the 
\vai--st(>anier  Tn'ii/ddd,  taking-  advantaui'c  of  the  ahscfuce 
of  the  ('(jinniander.  and  l'"d  hv  tin;  conunandiii'''  oflici  r 


o 


f   tl 


le   ai'tnlerv,  1  rauci  co 


A.  X 


ivarro,  Miio  was  m 


couiMit   with    some   of  the   iidiahitants  of  .Vlvarado, 
seized  the  \cssel  and  j)ut  out  to  sea  in  the  direction  of 


i^:i  ( 


arnien. 


( 


an  u>ec  lie, 


^v\ 


len 


th 


US   was   known   at 


\  er-a  Cruz,  Luis  Micr  v  Teran,  the  uovei-uor.''  (auscd 


sf)ine  s 


usi 


te< 


■ted 


si'sons  I'csidinL!'  in  the  citv  to  l)i 


ized 


shot,  and  hnried  the  same  ninht  without  form  of  trial. 
This  L^'aA'e  riu;  to  a  stonn  of  indignation.      Tin;  report. 


nt  to  the  ufovermnent  was  to  the  crt'ect  that  a  i 


nu- 


tiny  in  concert  Avith  that  on  hoard  tlu;  Trhiiihul  liad 
t.diea  [ilace  at  the  hariacks  in  N'^era  ("ruz,  and  that 
the  \ictiins,  nine  in  nvnnher,  had  fallen  in  the  attack. 
Ihit  th(!  I'clatives  ot  the  di'ceased  denied  this,  and 
cla,mored    for    justict^;   the   press  was   loud    in   its  di 


nunciations;   and   tlu;   Liover'innent  A\as   com 


1  >eiie< 


I    U 


issue  orders  for  the  exhumation  of  the  ho(Hes,  that 
they  might  he  snhmitted  to  medical  examination. 
I'eran  intiToosed  eveiA'  ohstacle  to  delav  this  action: 
nor  did  the  goM-;rnmont  show  nmch  more  alacrit\. 
On  .Fuly  iritli,  however,  the  corpses  were  disinterred, 
and  hort!  inuhuiiahle  evidence  that  the  victims  had 
heeii  j»ut  to  death  l>y  military  execution.'  ri'oceed- 
ings  were  instituted  aganist  Teran,  vlio  was  tried 
l)ofore  the  grand  jury,  which  on  ^Lay  18,  1880,  de- 
( lared  itself  inconqietent  to  pass  ji-.d^nuMit  in  the  case; 
]  t,  was  then  referred  to  the  chanihcr  of  deputies,  which 

•"Tfi-m  liad  IjL'eu  cliicted  governor  iTune  ],  1877.  ifer  y  Tcnni,  Ajmnt. 
flioi/.,  7-. 

'AH  the  biuliiis  h:id  six  g;;.i-sli<)t  wounds,  roprescatiiii;  t!io  rcf^tdatidii 
iiiiinln'r,  tlvo  <if  ii  liriiii;  jdatimti  and  a  coup  do  grace.  It  i ;.  nioicovii',  .stat;  d 
that  oil  four  <if  tlio  liodics  tliu  cord.s  with  whii-h  Ihcy  liad  1il'(ju  buuud  wliilo 
alivo  wiic  still  rciuaiuLUg.    /^ct  I'l.:;  dc  J/'/.,  July  lb,  20,  1270. 


I'ORKTGX   RELATIONS. 


441 


(111  XovemlxT  11,   IHSI,  proii(>uiu'(!(l  itself  likewise  in- 
ia|iiil»le  of  relidei'iiiw'  Ji  ilceisi(»ll.'"* 

With  le<;ar»l  to  tlu'  Triiiiddil,  tlie  luutiiiot  is  liii.viii^'' 
ji|(i(i  ('(led  to  the  Islil  del  C'iinuell  sei/ed  S4,()0()  of  the 
j>iil)li('  funds,  and  Niisano  with  a  pait  of  the  crew 
iiMNinii"  remained  on  sjioic,  n  eounter-nuitinv  was  in-o- 
iiioted  hy  the  boatswani,  who  retook  tlu;  shi[>  and 
hi'ou^ht  her  hack  to  Yvni  (in/,  dune  .'toth.  Xa- 
v.iii'o  and  tlutse  with  him  wi-re  a|>]>i'ehend<'d  later,  in 
thi'  jila/a  of  (  um[)eehe,  having  with  them  over)?2,r)U0 
of  the  stolen  money.'' 


hurinjj;  the  administration  of  Diaz  the  relations  of 
Mi'xiei*  with  foreijiii  countries  were  Lireatlv  extejuh d. 
The  aim  of  both  his  foreign  and  domestic  ])olicy  was 
to  insure  the  progress  and  increa-e  the  prosperity  of 
the  \i  puhlic.  By  the  middle  of  1H77  Diaz  had  hecii 
iccdgnized  l»y  ,S[)ain,  (;lermany,  Italy,  S\vit/.(n'land, 
;  lid  most  of  the  (*entral  and  South  American  re[»ul»- 
Tks.  In  1871)  relations  were  again  entered  int<j  with 
Portugal  and  Belgium,  and  finally  with  France,  in 
()itoI)er  IS80,  after  several  years  ol'  neocttiatidi."^ 

While  new  treaties  of  amity  and  comuicii  (  were 
thus  heing  formed,  the  diplomatic  and  consular  ser- 
vices were  enlarged  in  the  intiirc^st,  and  conseipient 
cx[iiinsion  of  trade;.  Xor  was  Diaz  hlind  to  the  dis- 
;id\anta'>es  und(n'  which  Mexico  lav  with  resjard  to 
ccitalu  existing  treaties,  and  the  pro})er  notifications 
wci'e  given  for  their  annulment  in  order  to  procure 
others  more  favorable.'^      The  relations  lx;tween  Mex- 


i 


"  mario  Dehn/es,  10°  Cong.,  iii.  .")!)1-.-.;   f..,  ]'oz  di-  Mij.,  May  20,  LSSO. 

M//,<'.,  Mem.  (hurra  ji  Muriim,  ]SS1,  .'>;  Dhirh  <>ji<:,  .ftily  4,  10,  Jl,  1>S7!). 
<'iiiisult,  further,  /</.,  July  -4,  1S7'.',  ctscq.;  /,-(  Vvz  iln  M'J.,  Juui;  'J7,  July 
■)  I,  I ''"'.I,  passim. 

"Seo  Mi'x.  Corre!<2'>oiifl.  Dqil.,  i  l.">.")-7.");  ii.  17.')  SS;  D'utrio  Ojir.,  Dec. 
\>~'.\  J'^iiiiiio  Velasco  vas  aiii)(niitocl  luiuisti^r  tit  Fraucc  ami  Haicii  IJnissy 
li  Alii, IS  a:j  rri:iic-h  minister  111  Muxicd.  The  «iliii.il  it:cc[)ti()U  nt  tlu!  latter 
t  I'k  1  1  ICO  Xov.  29tli,  tlio  (lay  lielore  tlio  cxpiratiiiii  of  J)iaz'  term  of  otliee. 
/'.,  >  .t.  5.  11,  L.l,  ;;;),  and  .Nov.  'J!»,  ISSO. 

Tlio  L'nifeil  State-!,  (lermauy,  ami  Italy  vero  iiotitioil  that  the  eommcr- 
I'liil  tnutises  with  Mexieo  wouhl  eeaso  to  ho  in  foree  in  aeeoiilame  \i  itli  tho 
a-rei,iiieut.4    therein.     Tlmso   with    the    furiner   nalit)iis   woiihl    thus   heeomo 


4»J 


DIAZ.  (JONZALRZ.  AND   DIAZ. 


■  V 


ic'o  and  tlio  TTiiitcd  States  r('(|uiro  luoro  than  a  pass- 
iny;  notict',  and  1  shall  (•()nsr<|Ufntly  untor  sonicwii.it 
niuro  into  details  rci'ardin''  thuin. 

Soon  after  tlu;  ratiticiition  ot  tho  Oua<lalu[)o  trcity 
in  1848,  mutual  complaints  hcgan  tt)  arise  on  tho  jiait 
of  Mexican  and  Ignited  States  citizens  against  tlm 
rospertivi!  authorities,  on  account  of  injuries  to  tli<  ir 
persons  or  |H'o[)erty.  When  the  Chidsdeii  tivaty,  in 
1804,  ri'leased  the  United  States  o'overnnuint  tVoiii 
the  (»l)liL»jitlons  contained  in  the  eleventh  article  hy 
^vllicll  that  government  soh'innly  agreed  to  restruin 
by  f(trc(,'  Indian  incursions  into  ^Texico  i'rom  United 
States  territory,  the  complaints  of  Mexican  citi/.i  ns 
inci-ea.sed,  owing  to  tho  incessant  dc'i)redations  com- 
initted  on  the  frontier  hy  Indians  and  lawless  desper- 
adoes, who  crossi'd  till!  border  from  the  JU'ighboriiin' 
lopublic.  Still  more  numerous  and  more  urgeiitl  ■ 
jiressed  wi're  the  claims  made  against  ^[exico  \.y 
United  States  citizens,  many  of  whom  had  surteiid 
bovere  grievances  during  the  troublous  times  of  that 
nation.  Such  a  multitude  of  claims  against  the  Mex- 
ican government,  tlomanding  compensation  for  forci  d 
loans,  for  losses  incurred  by  military  o[)eratioiis,  \\iv 
appro[>riation  of  private  ])ro[)erty,  and  for  compulsoiy 
military  service^  was  laid  before  Secretary  Seward, 
tliat  he  pi'oposed,  in  March  18()7,  to  Romero,  tlir 
Mexican  minister  at  Washington,  that  in  order  \>< 
avoid  ditHculties  which  nught  lead  to  a  rupture,  a 
treaty  should  be  made,  by  which  United  States  citi- 
zens should  be  exenn)ted  from  forced  loans  or  con- 
tributions of  any  hind,  and  from  militarv  service. 
Romero  reported  the  matter  t«)  Ids  government  Thf 
result  was  a  convention  entered  into  by  the  two  go\- 
erments  in  18(38,  by  which  it  was  agreed  that  a  mixed 
commission,  composed  of  tMo  members  res[)cctive!y 
representing   tho  two  nations,  should  be  appointed  to 

null  niip  ycur  after  tho  ros|ioctivo  dates  of  notification,  ami  that  of  Italy  July 
14,  188'J.   Dinz,  Ill/or. .w,  ISSO,  S. 


CLAIMS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


4i3 


adjust  the  claims."  The  commission  was  to  appoint 
ail  uil>it('r  and  liold  its  sessions  in  Wasliininfton.  (io- 
iiirz  J?ahicio  was  appointed  l»y  tiie  Afexieati  j^ovorn- 
iiitiit,  and  William  H.  Wadswortli  by  that  of  the 
I'nited  States.  These  commissioners  l)e<»a!i  thrir 
laliors  in  Auiiust  18r»i). 

To  enter  into  particulars  connected  with  this  joint 
roMunission,  wh«»s(!  labors  extended  over  a  period  of 
scvcji  years,  would  ))e  tedious.  Its  abrupt  termina- 
timi  several  times  seemed  imminent,  tineatenins.^  a 
I  iipturc  between  the  two  nations,  and  it  was  tVc(j[uently 
prorogued.  In  1870,  Doctor  Lie!)er,  after  mucli 
wi;ui_iL;iin;j^,  was  appointed  arbiter,  and  on  liis  deatli, 
which  took  place  October  1,  1H72,  Sir  Edwai'd  Thorn- 
ton, the  British  minister  at  Washinufton,  was  made  um- 
l)ii'e  in  October  IH7i}.  There  were  further  frequent 
iiitei'i'Uptions.  Twice  the  Afexican  commissioner  was 
('h;mj4ed.  In  1871  Palacio  was  ap[)ointed  Mexico 
minister  to  the  United  States,  and  Leon  (luzman 
succeeded  him  as  member  of  the  joint  commission 
ill  April  187"2.  Guzman  and  Wadsworth,  however, 
could  not  work  amicablv  towther,  and  the  former  re- 
signed  in  December,  the  labors  of  the  commission 
being  again  interrupted  till  the  arrival,  in  July  187;'), 
ef  his  successor,  Manuel  Man'a  Zamacona.  Hence- 
forth more  cordiality  existed  between  the  connnission- 
tis;  and  on  the  31st  of  January,  187(5,  their  laboi's 
tenninati'd.  The  time  allowed  the  commission  Ibr 
the  adjustment  of  tlieir  claims  had  been  on  several 
occasions  extended  by  special  conventions,  anil  wlien 
the  cases  which  still  remained  undecided  were  sub- 
mitted to  the  umi'tire,  who  was  recjuired  to  send  in  liis 
decisions  within  six  months  after  the  closing  of  tlie 
coiiiniission,  it  was  also  found  necessary  to  extend 
that  time  to  November  20th,  on  which  dav  the  ad- 
justinent  was  finally  concluded. 

The  result  of  this  lengthy  investigation,  which  cost 

'-'('opv  of  convention  in  Spanish  and  English  is  supiilieil  in  Mej\  Sinop. 
Jli't.  Jurinm.,  14-11). 


^  Ji^;'  .If  I 


444 


DIAZ,  (iONZALKZ,  AND  DIAZ. 


oxer  SoOO,0()0,    was  tliat  awards  wcrt;   iiiatlc  aL;aii!,>r, 


M 


t'XICO 


ill    favor    of    riiitrd    States  citizens    t;>    ll 


aiUDtiiit   of  >^\, 


jA)--2,  \\]\\\v  ^^IjO.-IDS    was  awari 


to   Mexican  claimants,  tlu;  latter  sum   ti»   lie  di'dudi d 
tVom  Mexico's  liaKility,  wliicli  was  to  he  paid  Ity  yearly 


instalments  of  ,s:)()0,UOO,  to  l»c<jfir.  ,)aniiar\^ 


l« 


I  I 


'v^. 


With  )'eL;'ar(l  to  tlie  L',0()()  claims  that  wei-e  l;iid  hefore 
the  commission,   repi'csentinn"  tiie  sum  of  iji  jf)'!,? 
(jUO."  (he  greater  poi'tioii  of  them  Were  fictitious,  and 
the  legitimate!  ones  I'Xorhitant.      The  ioint  commission 


seal 


c)[)cned  a  field  for  sjieculation  to  e\'ery  class  of  ra 
l']\ery  (le\  i(H'  was  j»ractised  to  r.»h  onc:  eovernmeiit  or 
the  otli(  r,  ihe  claimants  hesitatinu' not  at  all  at  per- 


|iir\'  and  loruei'\' 


I 


)eio 


re  the  convei'tion  (»f  I  S(»s  ( 


ico 


claims    filed    hy    American    citizens    airainst     Mex 
amounted  to  ;'>:1(»;   hut  this  numher,  after  tiie  commis- 


sion was  mstalled,  was  sw 


■lle.l  t 


o  over   i  .()!)( 


( 


k,.«- 


,0 


A 


merican  claims  examined 


'.y 


tl 


le  commission- 


ers. s;!l  vv'ere  rejected,  and  out  of  1)'.)8  ^lexical,  claims 
only  I(i7  received  awards.'" 

Notwii:hstandiii_e'  this  settlement  of  claims,  there 
were  still  oth.er  matters  threateiiinin' a  ru]>tui>'  hi'tweeii 
the  two  countries.  Tlu're  was  the  refusal  of  Mexim 
to  exempt  I'liited  States  citizens  from  the  payim  lit 
of  fo)-ced  loans  -hy  doin^'  which  she  claimed  that  ^lie 
would  lie  Mirreii'lcriiiL;'  her  sovcrt'i^n  ri^ht  to  exact 
cont  rihiitioiis  in  times  of  emergency  fi'din  I'esidents 
in  the  count  I  y:    and    the  refusal   to  [ 


)eri! 


'r!e;ili 


•(,.'.  11 


It    /'.  >■.  //.. 


.1//. 


Ih, 


■Ulli  mil.. 


•-M 


ti('iil,ir>iii>iiut  tln' (•(iiniiujisidii.  si'c  I'l  [kiiI     i  tiic  .Mr\ic,.ii  .i-.iit  in  Mi 


i|'  full   ]>;ir- 


/,'' t ir.  l-j.iii,..  IhTii  1877,  ii]i.  xii.-.wi 


ll  A. 


.1/. 

Irttrl    A    to  I  '    illl'lu.!     .!/■ 


isrid 


/>;■■/ 


,1.1  <: 


r.  s.  /■'. 


■  rii'iii   If  I. 


I.   11     l.w  I 


J.I 


41lli  I'lHiL 


i.    IX.;  /./.,    i.   11.   1l\.   l.\i.,  .S;{()-'.I84 :  C.S.   .n. 


ri 


w  cl.uiil.s  ag;  ills 


t   .\i    .i( 


iiKiiiiit    1  tl)  S47(i,  l-li,(ii:!.  Hinl  tliiwo  ai;.iiii4 


Uio  I'.  S.  t(>.S^(i,(l(il  s'lj.   M'.i\  Mi- 


ll. 


i:.iii 


I. SI  id    IS,  ill. 


'•  i;aiil  s  iiiu.s.-ia: 


ll  I  til 


IS7(>,  ill  /'.  .s'.  /■' 


';/' 


A''/.,  44tli  .oiig.  -Jd  Sr 


TIr'  .Mexican  Liiivci'iiiia'iit  rc'.iiir'il  .several  dl   tin   awarii?:  a.s  uiilii  ir, 


I'ciallv  till 


ti.spi 

ivuly  ill  tlu'  .sin 
were  su]iiMift 


givfii  til  l{i.'N|aiiiiu  W'lilainl  thr  L;i,  Aliia  .Miuiiii;  Cd.,  ri'.^i"''  r- 
iis  iif  .><tS7,S|()  ami  .Sii.S|.(UI.  It  wa.s  Inlil  tliat  tlnsi'  i-lailas 
I.V 


t'al.-c  .•■t.iti.'iiirutM.     'I'lir   MixiiMii  )T(i\-ti'iiiiioiit  iiiaili;  rfjH 
sciitatiiMH  .sliiiwiiiL;'  their  lrai:ilnlciit  iliaiMrti  r.     'I'lic  lirst  iii.-taliiii'iit  was  |m 


tlmimii   til' 


Mix.  Mull.  Ilibi 


le  L'<ivi'niiiii!iit  w.is  I  iniiiH'lli'il    t"  have  icl'diu'.io  to  a  hu-.vil    li'i!i 


^^7li  1S7 


I'l 


p.    XIV.,    XV. 


TllH   NOUTHEUX  liOUDKU. 


4ir. 


liDojis  to  ontvv  ^^^.■.\i('a^   tt'iritiT}   in   pursuit   of  iiia- 
IMildrrs. 

As  t ■;'!}'  MS  Januaiy  1S71,  Nrlsoii,  I'uitid  Stales 
iniiii>tcr  in  Mexiro,  ji^kcd  tliat  tlic  latter  edneessidu 
iiii'^-lit  ')e  n'ranted,  and  i-epealed  the  re(juest  in  Ajuil 
l'iill<)\vi!!,4.  On  l>otli  occasions  lie  was  r(d'nsed, :  and 
ill  Apiil  is;,")  Secretary  I'^isli.  in  order  to  sat'sty  the 
.Mi\!<-au  ii,i>v< 'I'll n lent  on  the  point  of  international 
Imiinr.  iiriiiiiiscd  to  Afini/ter  Mariscal  tliat  an  a^^i'ce- 
iiieiit  should  lie  made  hy  which  the  tr(ni|)s  of  hotli 
iiatinns  nii;4ht  ci'oss  the  lioundaiy  line  in  juirsuit  ot 
.--,i\  ai^'es,  handits,  and  desperadoes.  Such  a  nnitual 
ciincession  would  ha.N'c  heen  dero^'atory  to  the  dignity 
III"  neither  I'epulilii',  and  there  is  little  douht  that 
Liidd,  during"  tlu;  peacet'ul  years  of  his  administra- 
tldji,  could  have  taken  measures  that  wouhl  ha\e  satis- 
fied th.e  expectations  of  the  United  States.  J>ut  this 
he  neu'lected  to  do,  ;ind  when  tlu.^  r  eMhition  broke  out 
it  was  beyond  bis  jMiwer.  ( 'oiise(|uently  the  depre- 
(latliins  on  the  frnntier  became  mure  rre(|uent  and 
initatiiiL^-.  Somewhat  later  duiine'  the  last-named 
year  the  Uniti'd  States  nunister,  dohn  ^\^  !''o>-ter, 
aeain  called  the  e'overmneiit's  attention  to  this  matter, 
aii'l  i'ecei\in^"  no  satisfactory  reply,  finally  informed 
the  niinist(>r  e^'  hucie'ii  atfairs  that  if  MexicD  would 
iieii  afford  tlu>  necessaiy  protection  the  I'nited  States 
wMiild  •issuine  the  resjionsibilitv  of  doiiie-  so.  Atl'aiis 
thus  i'eniaine(l  till  ls77,  durine'  <:-liich  the  I'epre^v'uta- 
tioiis  to  the  .\b'xican  e(>\'ciimh  !it  were  fi'eijU'  lit  and 
iiinre  ur;j,('nt.  Jt  is  not  sui'pi'isinu'.  liowe\ce,  that  in 
the  distr.icted  condition  of  ^|e\icll  diiriii;^,  this  period 
tliey  met  with  no  immediate  attention.  jlut  the  ex- 
citement in  Texas  bad  become  threatening'  The  de- 
mands of  that  state  for  redress  and  the  applicatinii  nf 
selt'-piotection  Wi'fe  s.  clainoi'c  iiis  that  oil  d  uiie  I.  1,^77, 
elders  Wel'e  is>Ued  iVoiu  Wasliin^'toii  instlljctine'  (Jell- 
eial  Ord  to  cross  the  ^[exican  fi'ontier  iii  jmrsuit  of 
iii'irauders  on  Unitid  States  soil.  lie  was,  Iio\\e\er, 
eiiarged  to  recjuest  the  eoo[ieratii»n  of  the  authorities. 


«?  IfM 


itiil 


■  'i  1  r  ^  1 

Si  ill 


i 


I-  ?i 


I    : 


iU 


440 


DIAZ,  GOInZALEZ,  AND   DLVZ. 


Tliis  cliflti'd  a  protest  on  the  part  of  the  Mcxica;! 
ai>-c'iit  at  Washington,  on  thi'  ground  that  sudi  a  step 
Avas  contrary  to  treaty  and  international  law,  ami 
])iaz  instructed  General  Trevifio  to  oppose  by  force 
{iny  Kuch  invasion.'*' 

.NTatters  at  this  tunc  were  still  further  coni})licatr(l 
l)y  the  fact  that  the  United  States,  opposed  tore\"olu- 
tionary  ])rinciples,  did  not  recogni7>e  J)iaz  as  the  head 
of  the  government,  while  the  question  of  annexatinii 
of  the  northern  states  was  animatedly  discussed. 
War  in  fact  seemed  imminent.  Tliei'e  is  little  doultt 
that  Foster  -would  have  fomented  lu»stilities  if  lif 
could,  and  Presidrnt  Ifayesdid  not  seem  advei'sc  10 
such  a  course.  Xevertheless,  the  action  of  J  )iaz  wliiK' 
maintaining  the  national  dignity  was  energetic,  and 
at  the  same  time  not  marked  hy  unfriendliness.  An 
adetpiate  force  >vas  sent  to  the  irontier,  with  gitat 
effect  in  sujtpressing  depredations;  and  the  first  and 
second  instalments  of  the  joint  connnission's  awai'ds 
were  ]>unctualh'  paid.  In  view  of  this  conciliatory 
line  of  action,  and  of  the  firm  establishment  of  J  )iaz  ,1* 
executive,  the  government  at  Washington  r(H:'ognizt(l 
him  as  jiresident  in  Ajtril  bSTH;  and  though  occasional 
encroa(dinient.-;  wen;  madi'  on  ^Mexican  territory,  lead 
ing  to  ofHc-ial  corres}>ondencc,  peaceful  ndations  cmi- 
tinned.  On  ^Fay  'Jth  Ibllowing  MaiRul  Maria  dr 
Zamacona  was  a[>])ointed  minister  plenijvotentiary  tn 
the  United  States. '' 

In  Se[»tend)er  1H80  the  government  at  Washingtuii 
asked   for  a  formal  permission  on  the  jtart  td'  Mexiro 

"  Mc.i;,  Mon.  (Inerra  1/  Mdr.,  187(>-  1877,  vi.,  with  doo.  A,  15.  V.  It  is  lu- 
lievoil,  lioWL'viT,  that  secret  instructions  were  issued  to  avoid  collision.  /'(/.<• 
ltie\i  Ji'iiiiiiin.,  ^JS.,  11. 

'■For  dotiiils  rrgiirding  these  (juestions  of  dis])uti',  consult  M(j.,  M'hi. 
Gfirrra  1/  Marin.,  1871)  1877;  Mix.,  Mini.  iV()^M  y/cAf.,  1877.  I'l'.  4.'i:  />/., 
Jtriic.  K.r/tr.,  1878;  J/cc,  < 'Dnniioilf  I'.  S.  Ii'ij.:  Frinliir''^  /i('iiiiiii.-<riii<'<-'<,  MS., 
10-'_';{;  Mt.i:,  Trrri/orio  Jiirii.'<ioiir.i,  187.S  1877',  lip.  '.U;  l'.  S.  II.  h'.r.  Ih„\.  1. 
876  4l'!>,  4r)th  cong.  L'd  sess.;  ('Inrki',^  Mix.,  MS.,  4  11;  Uonicro's  ri'i'ly  d) 
Foster's  llrjiort,  in  Dinrio  >{fii\,  ,h\u.  1."),  187il,  <'tse(i.;  /,((  \'ic  i/i'  Mij.,  Aul'. 
I,  1877;  /'/.,  Oct.  18,  1877.'  Foster,  wjio  iiad  hcen  fiiqiointed  li\  (iraiit  in 
I87'2,  was  tr.msferred  to  St  Tctcrslmrg  in  March  1880,  ;niil  whs  succiiil''! 
I»y  Morgan  as  minister  to  Mexico.  Diario  Ojic,  March  -4,  *Jo,  and  April  -I, 
1880;  tikiUon'd  titatcincntD,  MS. 


ADMINISTRATION  OP  DIAZ. 


447 


io  allow  United  States  troops  to  cross  tlu;  boundary 
line.  The  I'Xecutive  laid  tlie  matter  l)ef(ir'e  eon^jress, 
wliicli  finally  expresscnl  its  willingness  to  grant  the 
cdueession  under  eertain  conditions.  The  result  was, 
that  on  the  "JDth  of  July,  ISS-J,  a  convention  was 
^i"•lled,  1)V  which  it  was  asjreed  that  the  t'cdcral  trooijs 
(if  Itdth  r('i)ul)lics  ndght  reciprocally  cross  tlic  iVontier 
ill  pursuit  ot  savan'c  Indians.'"  On  July  'JDth  of  the 
ri>!l(i\ving  year  a  treaty  was  entered  into,  hy  which  it 
was  agreed  that  eai'h  nation  shoidd  ajipnint  a  surv«'y- 
iiig  party,  to  I'orni  when  eomhlned  an  Iiitd'uational 
Houndarv  ('onnnissi<in.  Tin  duty  of  this  corumission 
was  to  mark  out  afresh  the  dividing  line,  whicli,  owing 
to  the  di'struction  of  motunnents,  was  giving  lisc  to 
.litliculties.'' 


()n  the  1st  of  Xoveudter,  1877,  congress  ajiprovcd 
t!ie  n(»n-i'fi3lectioii  law,  and  on  May  oth  of  the  follow- 
iiig  year  a  congressional  deci'ce  anientling  the  federal 
constitution  to  that  etlect  was  jiuhlished.'""  Xeyerthe- 
li  ss,  as  the  elections  drew  near,  sevt-ral  of  the  states, 
r.-jieeially  Morelos,  ])ro[M)sed  that  J)ia/  should  again 
\>r  eligihleto  the  presitlency,  pro\ided  that  he  obtained 


'■■'I'lu'  ilistricts  into  wliich  the  pursuit  cnuM  lie  lomluoti'il  wore  lUitinoil  as 
tuiiMijiuLUt''!  (ir  ili'scit,  liiiviiiL:  nu  iKuiits  within  twn  liai;urs  (if  iui  i'iu'aiii|iiiR'iit 
urtdwii.  Tlic  ]iur>uiiiL;  jiarly  'iv.is  t<i  j.'iv(.'  the  (•.■iilii'.--t  |i(i-sil)li'  iinticc  (if  tlie 
iiivasinii  tf)  till-' aulli<irilii'.s  <if  tlio  tiMTitury  iiivaiK'i,  and  imiiu'iliatcly  tn  n-tiro 
us  .'.(11111  as  it  liad  ttlccttil  its  jiiirjinso,  nr  liail  Idst  tlic  I'Ucniy's  trail.  l'r(i\is- 
iniis  Mi'i'o  also  iiiadti  to  iiitct  cuml'.s  of  outrage  cuiniiiittcd  liy  the  trmnis  of 
citliur  nation.  Copy  of  tliu  ciinvi.'ntioii  will  In;  ioiind  in  ])'ntrit  <>iif,,  Aug.  iTi, 
l>iv-'.  and   La  Vuzih  .\hj..  Aug.  •21,  ISS'J. 

'■' lU'C(iiinoiss:iiuc  jiartics  w  i  re  to  lie  lirst  sent  out  and  niiort.  tlie  coudition 
of  till'  existin:^  lionndaiy  nioniinuiits;  tfie  iimiilirr  of  tlio."!c  di  sti'oyid  oi'  dis- 
]il.ici'(l;  tlie  places  .settled  or  oapalile  of  settleiiiriit,  where  it  iiii^ht  tn'  advis- 
ahlc  to  set  nioiuuiH'iits  elosei  to;.'(tlier  on  the  line;  and  the  eiiaraeter  of  the  new 
liiiiiiunients  re(|;iired,  whether  of  stone  or  iron,  and  tlnir  ap[ii'(ixiniate  nunilii  r 
ill  each  ease.  The  two  j^overnnients  agreed  tli.it  the  convention  .slioul  1  he  re- 
^  trded  !is  continuing  in  force  until  the  conclusion  of  thi'  work,  provided  that 
the  time  did  not  exceed  four  years  and  four  months  from  the  date  of  the 
(  \iluuij;e  of  ratilieation.s.  The  ratifications  were  exchanged  in  Washington, 
.March  .S,  IM.S.'t.    Mf.r.,  Ilniiiiilnril  /.iiie   'I'lititij  villi  I'.  ,S. 

•'I  he  amendment  also  provided  that  the  {governors  of  states  cduld  not  he 
ri  ilccted.  Xo  president  or  governor  could  lie  eli;:il)le  till  after  a  lapse  of 
tiiiir  years  from  the  cess.ition  of  his  functions,  f.'i  i'l.;  (/<•  .1/1^.,  .Nov.  ',i, 
l^^TT,  May  iS,  1S7S;  I)iiu\o  JhlmU.-,  8  (.'ong.,  iii.  II'J  'j;!-';  hiirio  (>fu\,  Mav 
7,  1S78. 


4t 


■H 


4tS 


1)IAZ,  COXZALEZ,  AND   DIAZ. 


two  tliirds  of  tlu;  olt'ctnral  votes.''  In  most  of  tlio 
states,  liowever,  tlio  pluu  Was  (lisa[)[)l'ove<! ;  lior  \\as 
Diaz  so  imprudent  as  to  favor  a  iuov(.'iiieiit  dircctlv 
opii'ised  t(»  the  plan  of  'I'uxtepec,  to  wliicli  lie  Was 
jiledged.  lie  recoj^-nized  that  sucli  an  action  niiuht 
desti'oy  confidence  in  liis  good  faith,  both  at  liome  and 
ahroati,  and  lie  coiiseipiently  instructed  Ins  friends  lo 
dt'sist  from  their  efforts  to  procure  liis  reelecti(»n.'''' 

The  candidates  foi-  the  jiresideiitial  cliair  were  flau- 
nt 1  (Joii/ale/,  dusto  Ueuitez,  (Jareia  de  la  ('adiii.i. 
Jn'iiaeio  Meji'a.,  and  Manuel  ]\r.  dt!  Zaniacona.  j!\- 
decree;  of  Septemh<'r  'JJtll  coliL^ress  declared  (  Jolizali /, 
elected, '■^•' and  on  December  1,  JS80,  he  assumed  the 
executive  office. 

The  administration  of  Diaz  was  essentially  pro- 
ij,ressi\-e.  and  a  conse(pieiit,  "general  amelioration  in  the 
condition  of  the  peojile  was  ohsei'vahle  in  both  a  social 
and  matci'ial  jtoint  of  \iew.  OwiuL;'  to  the  exeellcnt 
condition  into  which  the  urban  rural  police  \v;is 
brought,  never  had  tiie  security  of  the  pubhc  been  so 
wi'll  pro\ided  for.  JJelations  between  the  fed i ml 
H'oN'ernnient  and  tlie  statics  were  cordial;  and  although 
ihe  president  I'ctaiiied  e\ t raoidlnary  powei's.  lie  ne\<  v 
re(»rtcd  to  declaiations  of  mail  ial  law  in  districts  that 
re<[uired  federal  interposition.-'  (Jreat  impetus  Mas 
U'iveu  to  education.  The  establishment  of  nuniorou.i 
agricultural  sciuKtls  and  of  scieiitilic  observatoj'ies  wa.; 
conteiiiplati'd,  ton'cther  A\ith  the  repair  of  roads, 
causeways,  and  biidufes,  as  well  as  several  improM- 
ments  in  the  ])orts  of  tlie  republic.  ]>ut  the  difii- 
culties  the  government  had  to  contend  with,  having 

-' Tli(^  l('L.'islatin-t'  (if  Moreliis  (iildiibd  such  n  iil,-m  ii.  1^70.  nnd  [irnposiiil  it 
to  those  (if  tlu'  (illirr  stati's,  ainl  to  tlif  ili[nita(ioii  jioiiiiaiiciiti;. 

^-  />i'i~,  l.htin^  /;;..,,.,  MS.,  -n)7  '.). 

'^  J}i,u-io  ({ill-.,  Sijit.  •21,  l!S.Si).  U.'  .il't.iiiu'.l  11..VJS  ilcH-lor.il  votes— /.'f 
Vini/i-  .V'J.,  <)rt.  15,  IMSO — a  vury  lai;,'c'  majority,  due  to  tlie  lai;t  that  lie  \\  ih 
siiii)M)'.te.i  liy  1  'ia/. 

-'  .Siiiiloa  w  as,  ill  the  oarly  ]>art  ol  l>iaz"  ailiniuistral  ion,  di'i'lareil  in  a  .stito 
of  sii'He  witlioiit  liis  autliori/atioii.  It  was  iiiiniediatily  riKMsud  Iroiii  it  ui 
bona  iu  lie  liueaiue  uwuro  ot   llie  laut.    J  in:,  lijurut,  ]^i^0,  \'l. 


ciiiKA'ic  ]Ni 'i:irn:i.)Ki:. :s. 


449 


iis  vet  to  quell  tlie  turbulent  sjiii'it  wliicl)  still  ni'e- 
\a,i,(l  cNcu  after  the  crusliinj^  out  ot"  a  'j,-L'iicr;il  rcNclu- 
timi,  WL're  ill  the  way,  and  hindered  it  tVoni  larryii);^ 
niit  most  of  its  pr'();j.re'S.sive  [)lans.  It  may  l»e  said  that 
undi  r  I  )iaz'  rule  the  <-hief  material  iniprovcuK  nts  in- 
tiixhiced  wt;ro  tin;  ostahlishnient  of  two  ohst'r\;itori('s. 
;l^t^l•nonlieal  ;i.iid  iiiet(;oroJogieal.  The  t';o\  <  rumoni 
tmik  in  hand  the  railway  prohleni,  making'  liheral 
levants  to  si'voral  eoinjianies  that  wrre  (hsjioscd  to 
(..iM-.'m'e  in  the  construetion  of  railroad  liiu's.  hoth  in- 
ternational and  local.  It  should  ho  hoi'n,  in  mind 
that  in  a(lo])tiHi^  this  progressive  })o]icy  the  j)residrnt 
liad  to  contend  with  tho  opposition  existing  in  his  own 
cuhiiiet,  hrought  altout  hv  the-  estal.'Iishincnt  of  railway 
coinmunieation  ]»ctwoi  ti  Mcxieoarid  the  rnitcd  States. 
The  oidy  minister  who  opi^nly  uplnid  tiic  railway 
si-hiiiit'  Avithout  exhiiiiting  anv  t"(  ar  of  undue  .Vniori- 
can  iiithionce  was  Crciicral  (Joiizalcz,  niiiiister  of  war, 
Avlio  later  beeanie  the  su<-(,'essor  of  ricmral  I  )ia/,  in 
tJK'  <'Xcetitive  ortiec,  and  ciHeaciouslv  aided  Jiim  in  re- 
iiio\ing  the  prejudit.-es  of  his  colleagues. 

Tlie  tinaneial  eoiKhtion  of  Diaz'  government  was 
f.uly  a  paiid'ul  one.  The  conseciuenees  of  tin.'  rexdlu- 
tiiiii  whieh  had  just  triumjthed  had  caused  a  great  dis- 
t'.ii'haiiee  in  treasurv  alfairs.  Moreover,  thearmv  had 
lii'cii  eonsiderahly  increased  with  the  triumphant  re\"o- 
liitioiiarv  troops,  and  tin-  treasurv  was  unai)le  to  meet 
the  enei'iiiotis  ex[»enses  of  so  large  an  a'-med  force. 
The  '''overnment  was  undir  the  absolute  nee*  ssitv  of 
inti-ixhicing  e<-ononiv  on  a  larLTc'  scale,  involvin'--  a  con- 
Mil'iahle  reduction  of  the  army  and  tlie  supjiression 
lit'  many  civil  oftices.  Xotwithstanding  tliis  sa\iiig. 
t!.''  tivasury  contimied  in  great  >trait:  there  were 
years  wlu-n  one  f»urth  of  the  salaries  were  left  unjiaid, 
aiul  during  tlie  whole  of  that  time  public  otlicers  and 
t'le  army  iuul  to  submit  to  the  loss  of  a  p<  iveiitago 
'  tlieir  pay.  When  J)ia/,  surrendei'ed  the  (Xecutive 
chair  ihe  iToasury  w.is  exhausted,  and  burdened  with 

II  I- 1.  .Mkx.,  V.i,.  M.    -.v 


rm<^ 


n  '1. 


I  r  ) 


lili 


450 


DIAZ,  (iONZALEZ,  AND  DIAZ. 


obliu,ations  to  the  amount  of  about  three  luilllon  dol- 
lars, which  had  to  he  met  at  oucc.'^' 

la  strong  contrast  wltli  Lcrdo's  stagnation  pohcy. 
during  the  administration  of  iJiaz  fre({uent  cliangt  s 
in  his  cahiniit  occurred.  I  have  ah'e  dy  called  atten- 
tion to  his  non-exclusive  principle  in  regai'd  to  })oliii- 
cal  appointments,  and  this  was  well  illustrated  in 
Januaiy  1880  hy  his  nomination  of  (;!eneral  Jierrio- 
zal)al  as  minister  of  govermnent.'"^"  On  November  15th 
the  members  of  Diaz'  cabinet  sent  in  their  resignations, 
in  order  to  leave  the  new  president  at  liberty  to  form 
his  own  ministry.  Gonzalez  had  already  consulted 
Diaz  with  regard  to  his  selection  of  ministers,  and 
rc'(|uested  him  to  accept  the  portfolio  of  public  woiks. 
Tin.'  new  cabinet,  therefore,  was  thus  coin[)osed:  min- 
ister (;f  foreign  affairs,  Ignacio  Mariscal;  of  goveiii- 
nient,  Ciirlos  Diez  (^lutierrez;  of  justice,  KziMjuiel 
j\[<»iites;  of  ibmento,  Portirio  Diaz;  of  war,  Gerc'niinu) 
Ti'e\ih(i;  and  of  the  treasury,  Francisco  Landero  y 

.OS. 

(ionzalez'  history,  like  that  of  the  greater  number 
of  political  men  now  figuring  in  ]\Iexico,  is  highly 
roni.iiitic.  Born  in  obscurity,  he  rose  throuuh  cverv 
didiculty  and  danger  to  the  highest  office  of  the  natiiMi. 
Neither  the  death-potential  bullet  nor  the  assassin  s 
hand  could  sto[)  his  onward  career."'^  At  Puebla  lie 
lost  his  right  arm,  and  at  Tecoac  he  was  again  severely 
wounded  on  the  stump  by  a  bullet,  besides  bein^j; 
struck  on  the  thiuii.  His  bodv  bears  the  scars  of  a 
dozen  wounds  received  in  condjats  with  the  Fremli 
or  in    civil  war.      On  his  left  cheek  a  h)n'j:  u'ash  has 


h. 


■n  ' .  g 


^''  }Tiiii(irlii  ih:  Cnnznh'Z, 

'''  IJiTiiii/iLliiil  liail  hci'ii  Inlesias'  iiiini.sttT  "f  war. 

^'  Jiinrln  njl,-.,  Deo.  1,  ]>SSO;  J)/iiz,  Dntox  /Jiti;/.,  MS.,  ^Oil.  Diaz  awcpt.il 
tliu  rosigiiatidii  at  lii.-j  iriiiiisti'ra  with  tlio  uiuliTsuiiiilini,' tliat  tliuy  .sIkiuI.I  i"ii- 
timio  til  exiTcise  tliiir  fiinctiiuis  until  Dec.  1st,  wlnii  tlie  mw  iiiiiiisiry  would 
eiittT  iiliico.  ]>!(ui<t  Ojii-.,  Niiv.  "Jit,  l.SSO.  Jlu  rL'.siy;iii'il  his  pnrttolio  May  "i.l, 
ISSI,  aiiil  fin  tlie  'JTth  of  June  follnwing  (louziiluz  nuininatoil  Carlos  I'aoiieco 
ministro  (le  foniento.  7^/..  .Inly  1,  KSSl.  At  tins  timo  Diaz  was  cleoteil  guv- 
ernnr  of  Oajaca.  /i/.,  .1iino 'JS,  hsSl. 

''■^  Two  atteiii])tH  Wen;  ina<l(!  to  assassinate  liiin  (luring  his  j^iresiileuti.J  lau- 
vass  or  ininie.''       '.y  afterward.   Diax,  21im\,  no.  .jt>. 


rUKsIlJENT  OOXZALKZ. 


^.^1 


?iiiloiiti.'l  I'lU- 


left  its  cicitrict'.  Wlieii  lie  became  a  candidate  ffi- 
tiic  prcvsidoncy,  liis  oppDiients  said  that  lie  was  a 
S[>aniard,  and  therefore  inelii^ihle.  Tlie  ()[)p()siti()n 
picss  raised  tlie  cry,  and  tlie  credulous  inasvscs  l>cHt;vcd 
ir.  It  was  necessary  to  bring  his  origin  to  light,  and 
]ii>  baptismal  certificate  was  publislicd.  It  appears 
that  he  was  christened  in  Matamoros  on  the  IHtli  of 
.IiiiiL',  IS;].'],  as  a  legitimate  son  of  Fernando  Gonzah  / 
and  J'^usebia  Flores,  both  native-born  ]\[exicans.  The 
names  given  him  at  tlie  Ijaptismal  font  were  Jose 
Manuel  del  Kefugio.  lie  was  born  in  that  city,  and 
s|i('nt  his  early  ^'cars  in  the  ^ro(|uete  rancho,  situated 
live  leagues  from  the  town.  Ujion  attaining  manhood, 
he  became  the  chief  clerk  of  a  mixed  store  and  bakery 
in  Matamoros,  kept  by  an  uncle-in-law  of  his,  named 
( "anijHizano.  At  the  age  (^f  nineteen  he  enlisted  as  a 
soldier,  and  from  that  dav  his  militarv  caieer  was 
never  interrupted.  In  a  few  years,  and  solely  by  his 
eourage  and  meritorious  servici'S,  he  attained  the  high- 
est rank  in  the  army,  liis  record  shows  that  every 
promotion  awarded  liim  was  due  to  a  brave  deed  or 
tti  a  wound  r.  reived  on  the  battle-field. 

( ionzalez  is  of  low  stature  and  stalwart  build.  His 
complexion  is  somewhat  ruddy,  and  shows  the  effects 
of  "\])osure  during  his  long  military  life,  lie  wears 
a,  heavy  black  mustache;  his  beard  is  partially  gray; 
his  hair  abundant  and  inclined  to  curl. 

Gonzalez  assumed  the  presidential  office  at  the  V(,'ry 
tinu  that  the  governme'nt  was  experiencing  the  finan- 
cial difficulties  above  alluded  to;  and  although  the 
<'<nnitry  was  at  peac(%  and  his  efforts  were  mainly  di- 
lected  to  an  administrative  organization,  the  task  was 
ail  arduous  one.  Jn  regard  to  international  policy, 
tliere  were  only  two  (piestions  pending,  but  they  were 
ef  the  highest  import,  and  difficult  ones  to  solve.  ( )ne 
of  them  was  that  arisiii'''  from  tr(»ubles  on  the  fVon- 
tii'Pof  the  United  States;  the  other  was  the  boundai'V 
<!i  pute  with  (hiatemala. 

Ai'ar  tl:e  separation  of  Central  Ameriea  from  tlio 


'-     t. 


4.")2 


DIAZ,  (iONZALKZ,  AND   DIAZ. 


Mexican  federation  in  l!S-4,  .iiid  tlie  <l('risi()n  of  Cli!- 
••ipas  t(»  east  lier  lot  Avitli  Mexico,  tlie  C'liti'al  Aiiic'i 
(an  federation  still  laid  claim  to  Soeonusco,'-"'  wliieh 
Av.is  a  department  of  Chiapas.  Instiijated  l>v  nocnts 
and  ])artisans  <»f  the  Central  American  iidvernnit  iit, 
tlu!  diseonti'nteil  ])ortion  of  the  inhahitants  of  Soeo- 
Muscii  inoiinnneed  at  'J'ai)achula  July  -I,  1S24,  a^ain-t 
amiexation  oi'  the  departnumt  to  jVIoxieo,  and  the  Ct  n- 
tral  AmeiMcan  coni^'ress  thereupon  pMsscd  a  decree 
incorporating  it  into  that  rejtuhlie.  Jn  Marcli  LS-Jj 
tlie  Mi'xican  government  tii'ndy  ])roclaimod  aL;aiiist 
this  enei'oaehment,  on  tlie  i^'round  that  Soconiisco.  he 
inijf  an  inte_u'ral  pnrt  of  Chiapas,  was  a  portion  of  the 
Mexican  I'ederation.  The  ])ronvmciamient()  of  Tapa- 
chida.  was,  in  fact,  nothiiii;"  less  than  a  revoliitioiiarv 
demonstration  ai^ainst  the  local  n'overnment  of  ('hi- 
apas  and  t\\v  fcdcr;d  oovci'iinicnt,  and  ]\Iexico  h:id  a 
rin'lit  to  interfere  hy  foi'ce  of  arms  to  supj)ress  the  re- 
volt. The  fetK'ial  executi\  e,  however,  retrained  from 
doinij;  so,  and  the  ( 'entral  ^Vmerican  <j;'overnment  oc- 
cu[)ied  Tapachula  with  tr(M)ps.  As  the  pi'otest  el" 
^[exico  was  disregarded,  a  few  months  later  a  hri^-adt; 
uniler  (loneral  An;iva  was  sent  to  Chiai)as,  hut  it  iWi] 
not  advance  bevond  thatcitv.  When  ^lexico  assumed 
this  threatening^  attitude,  nei*'c>tiations  wi'i'(!  opened  hy 
ifuan  tie  .Dies  Mayorgii,  minister  [)leni[»oti'ntiary  of 
the  united  ])rovinces  of  Central  Anu'i'ica,  who  pro- 
posed that  the  question  should  he  tlecideil  hy  tin; 
cono-ress  of  .Panama.  Tins  the  nunister  of  relations, 
Lucas  Alaman,  refused  to  a^ree  to,  on  the  oiouuil 
that  such  assent  woukl  be  an  admission  of  a  douht  ;is 
to  ]\[exico's  right  to  the  department.  Mayorga  then 
suggesti'd  that  the  question  of  the  boundary  should  ho 
settle<l  by  a  joint  commission,  wliich  })ro])osal  Alam.ni 
accej)ted,  without  in  any  way  renouncing  ^lexii'os 
right  to  Soconusco.  An  agreement  was  enti'red 
into  bv  which  both  sfovernments  Mere  i)led'''cd  to 
witlulraw  their  troops,  and    the  inhabitants  of  8oco- 

**See  Hint.  Max.,  vol.  v,  2.'l-4,  iuul  H'ltil.  Cent.  Am.,  vol.  iii.,  tliis  series. 


i\ 


RELATIONS  -WITH   CENTTtAL   AMF.nK'A. 


4.-n 


nn=^':'0  \vor(3  not  to  l»»'  call.'d  ujioii  1»y  citlicr  for  contri- 
liiifious  of  iiu'ii  or  iiKMicy,  uikI  left  to  bf  liovcnuMl  hy 
tl  lir  own  iiiunici]»al  autlioritics  until  the  (juostmii  was 
stitlvd.  Tliiit  this  ji^rui'mcut  was  weal;  on  tlio  part  of 
Mfxii-o  is  ol)vioiis.  ( 'oiiscntiuiL;  not  to  exorcise  atitlioi'- 
ity  in  a  j)ortioii  of  a  Ntate  wliicli  had  juinoxcd  itself  to 
.Mexico  hy  }>oj)u]ar  \ote  streiiL,ftlieiied  tlio  claim  of 
Central  America.  And  this  was  really  all  that  was 
tloiie  1)V  these  earlv  neu'otiations ;  Jialf  a  centui'V  ]>as-.('d 
hitore  any  joint  commission  was  appointed.  'J'he  po- 
sition of  JSoeonnsco  for  the  next  .se\enteen  years  was 
anoni.'dous.  It  was  viilnally  independent,  without  the 
tiijiahjlity  of  self-L;ovt>rnment.  Its  political  condition 
iMiidered  on  anarcliy,  and  its  moral  condition  on  sav- 
aui>ni.  The  tlejiartmeiit  became  the  hea(l(juarters  of 
iiiaiauders  and  the  asylum  of  criminals  and  malefactors, 
wliilo  from  time  to  tinu;  it  was  invaded  by  ('ent)al 
Anieiican  troops,  wliosc  conduct  did  not  mend  matters. 
Allaiis  remained  thus  till  1842,  when  Santa  Anna, 
\\\  coiiseipK^nce  of  rej)resentations  of  the  authorities 
ami  citizens,  decreed  September  II,  I84"2,  that  Soco- 
iiiix'o  was  an  inalienable  })art  of  Chiapas,  and  conse- 
•  lUeiitly  of  the  ^Mexican  nation.  The  district  was 
tniiiu'd  into  a  jirefectura  of  Chiapas,  and  'I'apacliula, 
wiiich  was  I'aised  to  the  rank  of  a  citv,  Asas  desiyiiated 
as  the  ca])ital.  Guatemala,  the  dissolution  of  the 
C'enti'a]  American  federation  bein;j;  already  forecast, 
protested,  and  some  c«)rres]iondence  followed;  but  the 
iiitii'iial  troubles  of  both  countri(>s  caused  the  matter 
to  lie  drojij)ed  until  iMa."),  when  Santa,  Anna  appointed 
.luan  Xi'ponmceno  de  I'ereda  minister  plenij)otentiary 
to  ( luatemala,  now  an  imlependent  re})ublic,  and  lay- 
\\\'X  claim  to  Chiapas  and  Soconusoo.  (Jiiatemala's 
claim  was  still  moi'e  far-fetclied  than  that  ol'the  Ceii- 
tial  American  I'ederation.  It  was  based  on  the  around 
tliat  Chiapas  had  belonged  to  the  ca])taincv-<4eneral  of 
Cuatemala,  the  ( Juatemalan  o-overmnent  ioiioiino-  tht; 
fiicj,  tliat  Chiapas  liad  acquired  its  inde])endence  of 
S]Min  and  Spain's  government.     As  well  might  Cuate- 


,'   i\\ 


Kd 


1 !  I 


>x\\ 


g*e 


4.-.t 


DIAZ,  (joxzam:;;  and  i;iaz. 


iiiiil.i  liiivf  laid  claim  t(»  Xirarjiniiu  or  Costa  Uicn, 
siiicr  hotli  tli(»st'  countries  loniK'd  jiroviiiccs  <>('  tin" 
t'xtiii<'uis]u!(l  caittaiMcv-i^i'iu'ral.  Paivda's  iiilssioii  was 
to  ortcH't  a  treaty  for  tlic  ilctcniilii.'itloii  of  tlu'  Imuih- 
(lary,  aiul  tlio  scttlciiiciit  of  jiciidiiii^  clls|»utos,  and  lie 
sulniiittcd  a  project  to  J*avoM,  tlic  (luatomalaii  iiiiiii>- 
t(>r.  l)Ut  his  ctforts  wci-c  of  no  avail.  A  new  as|M(t 
was  oiven  to  ( luateniala's  deinanils.  ]*av()ii  juit  in 
a  claim  aLjain  t  Mexico  for  nearly  half  a  miirnui  if 
dollars,  known  as  the  deuda  do  Cliia[»as.^"  In  Isjs 
j'ei'eda  was  ri'called,  and  for  fifteen  years  the  inattir 
remained  in  aheyance. 

Jn  An^•UKt  1S74  IJamon  L^riarte,  Guatemalan  m- 
vov  extraoi'dinarv  to  A[exico,  i>resentetl  a  meinoraii- 
duni  to  Lafra«;ua,  tin.;  minister  of  relations,  in  whicli 
he  a^ain  hrou<;ht  forward  the  boundary  (juestion,  and 
])i{)|)(ised  to  make  the  ]>roject  of  the  treaty  discussed 
by  Perada  and  l\ivon  in  1854  the  startinL,f-|i()int. 
Xi'^'otiations  were  carried  on  for  some  time  without 
interiuplion;  a  convention  was  sigmd  Decendxr  7, 
1877,  and  a  joint  conunission  appointed.  Nevertlic- 
less,  matters  did  not  go  on  smoothly;  the  labors  of 
the  citnunission  were  several  times  stopi)ed,  and  at 
one  time  the  danger  of  liostilities  breaking  out  wns 
imminent.  During  the  years  187D  and  1880  several 
irruptions  into  Soconusco  were  made  by  bands  ef 
arnu'd  men,  ])roceeding  from  Guatemalan  territory; 
and  in  JJecend)er  of  the  latter  year  Tuxtla  Chico  was 
attacked  by  a  force  200  strong,  conunanded  by  the  Jcfc 
politico  of  San  Mai'cos,  a  dej)artment  of  Guatemala. 
^[exico  orew  airjrv,  be^-an  to  contemnlato  war,  and 
sent  a  strong  force  into  Chiapas.  J^ut  milder  meas- 
ures jirevailed;  and  on  September  27,  1882,  a  treaty 

•'■''Tln!  urouiiils  for  this  claiin  wore  as  follows:  When  indepondcMU'c  m.is 
jiroilaiiui'il  tlio  tiuituil  |ii-i>viuc'L's  of  Cfiitr.il  Amoru'a  assumed  tlie  imlilio  iKl't 
of  the  extinguislK'il  eaiitainey -general,  and  when  the  union  was  dissolviil  in 
KS47,  to  eaeli  of  the  Central  Aineriean  re|(ul)lies  its  eorres[iond)ng  (luota  \v;u! 
assiiined.  (Guatemala  elainiod  that  ..lexieo,  having  ai^n-opriated  Chiaini.-i, 
ought  *.T  pay  that  state's  quotii,  amounting  to  $458,000.  Jiarliiuz,  Vui-.-tioii 
Jkx.  >j  Gnat.,  103-7. 


CONZALi:/;  TERM. 


4.V) 


was  siy;ru'cl  hy  wliieh  Guatcinala  renounced  forever 
liL-r  pretended  rii^lits  to  ( "hiapus  anil  Socimux-o,  as 
well  as  all  claims  for  ijideninity,  and  tlie  lioundary 
line  Ix'tween  the  two  repuljlics  was  detined  in  [)ei'[io- 
tuity.^' 

The  new  comniercial  treaties  with  Gi-rinany,  Italy, 
fuid  J^i'l^iuni,  initiated  under  the  fcjrnier  administra- 
tion, as  well  as  an  extratlition  treaty  with  Spain,  wm; 
coiichided  hy  (jiun/alez  and  latilied  in  l^b'-).  The 
lonj^-interrupted  relations  with  (jreat  J^ritain  were 
it'iiewetl  hy  (lonzale/,  and  it  should  ho  reinemhered 
iliat  ^lexico  had  not  made  the  first  advance  toward 
I'conciliation.  Sir  S{)encer  St  Jolm  ari'ived  in  ^[ex- 
ico  in  July  188.'5,  as  the  representative  of  the  Ih'itish 
!4i>V(>rmnent,  ami  as  a  result  of  the  negotiations  lield, 
friendly  relations  were  fornially  restored  hetweeii  the 
two  countries,  and  I^'nacio  ^[ariseal  was  in  that  year 
accredited  as  the  minister  of  ^Fexico  near  the  l^ritish 
i;'ovi'rnment. 

In  the  arrangements  of  a  new  treaty  with  the 
United  States,  some  little  delay  occurred.  The  first 
IM'ojcct  was  disap[)rovi'd  hy  the  senate  at  Washinin'ton 
ill  Xovend)er  I8!S2,  and  another  on  the  reeiprocity 
principle  w^as  drawn  u}).  A  treaty  of  this  natui't;  was 
liually  agreed  to,  and  ratified  hy  the  Mexican  senate 
May^ui  1884. 

Comparing  Gonzalez'  administration  Mitli  the  pre- 
ceding ones,  so  greatly  disturbed,  we  may  well  say 
tiiat  p"aco  reigned  during  its  whole  period,  and  that 
there  was  no  local  trouhle  to  lament.  This  period  of 
^[exican  history  was  marked  hy  internal  progrc'ss  and 

^'  Tho  treaty  was  duly  ratilicd  by  Imtli  governments,  .iinl  exchanged  in  the 
city  of  MexiooMay  1,  1S8;{.  Mi.r.  friit:ul,>  i  nl.rc  Kstml.  in.  Mi.i\  ij  (Uial.  \\\ 
addition  to  tdlieial  (irgaiis  of  tliu  iiie.s.s  and  other  perioilieal.s,  tiie  following 
authorities  on  this  snhjeut  have  been  consulted:  Jjiirrnnizni;  Nolic.  J/ist. 
Siiiu,iiUM-o^  Mexico,  1S4U;  Iif.,  ( '/liajnis  y  Soi'imii-ico,  con  iim/iro  ilf  la  rucifinn 
ill-  Uiiiites  cntre  Jlc.rico  jf  (lunU'iiKild,  Mexico,  ISTo;  Murtiiuz,  Ciustion  ('litre 
Mi.i-ico  11  (IwUiiiiiiln,  ^lexieo,  18.S:2;  M(.i\,  Cw.'itiiin  ili;  I'lniilis  viitn:  J/».c.  v 
(•I'll.;  Mi:r.  yiliiiif.,  Ci"  xHmi.  </(•  liiiiifi:>;  Mexico,  1^7">;  Urinrti'y  (.'niiri'iinnn.  ih- 
','  /''(•.,  1,S77;  (7ii'i])ii.-i,  Ji'iiiiii/.  (/('  lo8  Poilen.i,  Mexico,  ISS'J:  Mc.r.,  ( '(inr.ijKiin/. 
J>')ilo,:i.,  ii.  4-J'.)-4S,  40S)-0S4;  Jlcx.,  21cm.  Itdac.  Exki:,  ISTS,  4o-5,  Mitli  App. 
J-;i;  Id.,  1881,  13-10. 


li         I'll) 
1        H'l 


."^K 
.^.^. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


l;£ 


2.0 


u 


1.25 

U      1.6 

■m 

6"     

► 

7 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STRK T 

WEBSTIR.N.Y.  145S0 

(716)  873-4503 


I 


0 


\ 


% 


4.')l) 


DIAZ,  <;()NZALr:z,  anij  ihaz. 


prosptiity.  The  advance  of  the  republic  was  rajtid, 
and  of  that  stahle  nature  wliicli  indicates  the  lorwiiil 
niaieh  (if  ciN  iii/.atinn.  The  railway  utuKi'takin^s  suli- 
sidi/c'd  hy  J)iaz  wen^carried  intoiHect  (hirincf  the  ruli- 
of  (jionzalez,  who,  notwitlistandinj^  the  poverty  of 
the  treasury,  provided  the  money  recjuiied  to  j)ay  th 


heavv   instahiient.>- 


aiu 


I  it 


IS 


unt^ 


unpau 


ler    1 
1. 


lis    liovernnicnt   no 


rem 
comi)any 


irkahle  fact  th;:t 


was   ever 


lett 


Traile  and  industry  were  oonsiderahly  encouraged; 
tlie  arniv  was  reor«ianiziMl  and  provided  with  tlie  hcst 

t  ~  I 

arms  and  artilKry  known  in  the  woild;  thcie  wtiv 
constructed  hriilu^es,  causeways,  wharves,  and  oth(  r 
necessary  works  at  the  ports;  pul)Iic  l)uildinL;s,  wril 
deserviuLf  of  special  mention,  were  erected,  such  as 
the  custt»m-house  at  Mexico;  the  teleijcrapli  service 
was  extended,  and  [>ul)lic  educati(»n  zealously  developed 
by  the  ij^overmnent.  The  moral  tone  of  the  jieopl. 
was  «^i;ulually  l>ecoming  more  elevati'd.'^"     Owin;^  li 


tl 


le  exec 


Ue.lt 


oriL^anization  or  the  ruriil   ]>ohce,  ma 


1   ooli 


de- 


factors,  formerly  rendi'ring  the  highway  >afe,  wen 


d< 


it! 


iione  awav  witii.  and  crnne  n< 


I 


otahl 


y 


oeci 


ec 


In  ordir  to  meet  the  great  expenditure  called  f"i' 
by  so  many  maU^rial  imj)rovements,  (lonzalez  devoteil 
his  attention  particularly  to  the  ret)rganization  of 
the  j)ul)lic  tieasury.  JJuring  the  lirst  three  years 
of  liis  administration,  the  financial  condition  of  the 
country  was  very  much  im}>roved,  with  an  increase 
of  several  millions  of  revenue.  As  to  the  jtoint  of 
order  in  the  management  of  funds,  the  most  perfe(  t 
system  was  established;  indeed,  it  was  during  (loii- 
z;dez'  tciiu  that  the  treasury  for  the  iirst  time  jiad  ;i 
pi-rfeet  system  of  a('c«»unting. 

Notwithstanding  all  these  improvi>ments  which  the 
countrv  received  the  benefit  of  under  the  ^[ovirnmeiit 
of  (jionzalez,  giving  him  aright  to  be  enrolled  amonu 
its  niost  libi'ral  rulers,  his  administration  experienced 
a  period  of  adversity,  which  was  in  its  last  year.     Tlie 

'^  J/(  iimriiiti  i'/ Fminiitu  y  ilnvrra  imd  J/dciriiitd, 


MOUE   FINANCIAL  TUOU:;LES. 


4.-7 


iiiiiiiciisu  (  \j»cM<litun\s  incuiTi'd.  l«)tli  in  tlif  coiistruc- 
tii  11  of  railways  and  in  lln'  iinjirovt'iiitiit  of  rvi-ry 
lir;iiitli  ot"  tlu>  public  atliiiiiiistration.  naturally  kept 
tlif  treasury  in  an  t-xliaustcd  condition.  Tlic  |)ul»l;c 
r<  \<niic,  tar  tVoni  being  diminished  in  |SS4  had  he- 
(•(.iiie  increased;  but  the  tusk  of  introduciii'^  |>r(»i;ress 
ill  a  country,  and  of  causinijf  it  to  live  acci»rdin'4  to 
iiiiidcin  ideas  and  wavs,  is  bound  to  lu'  a  dirticult  and 
ctistly  (jue,  and  the  treasury  of  Mexico  did  not  \ 
si  ss  the  ini'ans  to  meet  at  the  same  tinu*  the  necessaiv 


II  »,s- 


cM lenses   o 


f    tl 


le  administration    as  well  as  tl 


l«  ISO    ( ) 


iiiiiterial  development. 

(lojizalez  found  himself  jilaced  on  the  horns  of  a 
(lilciiima;  he  musteitJier  ]>ay  the  jiul)lic  employes  their 
siiaries,  ne^•lectin^•  ti>  inei't  tlie  obli''ations  a^i'ctd 
U|i<)ii  by  his  pre»lecossor  with  the  c»»mpanies  eni^ancd 
ill  liuildiuLj  the  raihvavs,  or  solely  look  al't<'r  the  in- 
tcrests  of  the  latter  to  the  prejudice  of  the  civil  list. 
He  liisitattid  not.  Hi'ini;'  conviticed  that  the  credit 
iif  the  nation  and  her  future  jiro^ress  wei'e  intimat«'ly 
(•(iiiiiec-ted  with  the  payment  of  her  debts,  contracted 
tu  secure  the  material  improvements  already  realized, 
]ir  ;ipplieil  the  public  reveime  t()the  jiaymeiit  of  those 
(Iclits,  leaving"  the  «:;overnment  otticials  without  their 
]iay.  7'his  policy  caused  an  outciy  a;^ainst  the  presi- 
dent from  that  class  of  the  communitv  livin"_r  <»n  the 
ptililic  revenue,  and  from  his  e!ienjies;  and  that  class 
nt "politicians  who  entertained  the  belief  that  the  ]>est 
nil  alls  to  iiiiin  the  uood-will  <if  the  comiu'''  ruler  lav 
ill  niiinin^'  down  the  credi;tof  the  pi'esent  one,  woi'ked 
tin  ir  jioints,  spivadin;^  innumerable  calumnies  aij^ainst 
the  president,  whom  they  I'eprest^ited  as  a  monster  of 
iiiii|uity.  Not  one  of  those  calunuiies  lias  been  sub- 
stantiated to  such  a  dei^ree  as  to  even  n"iv«'  it  the  sem- 


iila'ice  o 


f  truth.      It  was  said   that  the  sour 


re    o 


f  1 


US 


fulune,  which  has  be(>n  i;'rossly  exa^L;'erated,  was  due 


i 


II  liecu 


lation;  when  the  fact  is,  that  at  a  time  tif  such 


111  itii'ial  <levelojiment  as  Mexico  derivi'd  from  tlie  ad- 
iiniiistration  of  Gonzalez,  it  was  an  easy  matter  for 


ioS 


DIAZ,  GONZALEZ,  AND   DIAZ. 


any  intclligont  and  shrewd  man  to  aoquiro  wealth  in 
enter|)rise.s  of  recognized  utility  to  the  country,  as 
was  done  by  many  others,  some  of  whom  were  not  at 
all  fricjKlly  to  the  president.  It  was  also  reported  that 
he  was  steeped  in  vice,  when  it  is  a  well-known  tact 
that  (jionzalez  is  one  of  the  few  ]K)litical  men  of  Mix- 
ico  who  have  never  failed  to  maintain  the  respectability 
of  their  ])ositi»tn. 

The  seed  of  slander  a;jjainst  tlie  president  haviii;,' 
been  sown,  it  was  n(»t  long  in  growing,  and  evciy 
financial  measure  adopted  by  the  government,  both  to 
do  away  with  the  existing  diHiculties,  and  to  pav(;  the 
way  for  the  next  administration,  which  was  to  assuim; 
power  in  a  few  months,  was  construed  liy  the  [jublic  - 
ill  advised  by  the  enemies  of  Gonzalez — as  a  sclicint' 
to  acquire  largo  pecuniary  means,  to  be  divi<le<l  hr- 
tween  the  president  and  his  favorites.  The  main 
causes  of  disturbance  were  two;  namely,  the  modifica- 
tions introduced  in  the  stamp  law,  and  the  conveiitinu 
entered  into  for  the  payment  of  the  sums  due  the 
British  bondholders.  The  nickel  question,  which  had 
been  a  source  of  speculation  on  the  |)art  of  a  few 
money -grabbers,  and  with  which  the  government  had 
had  no  concern  whatever,  gave  rise  to  a  petty  p<>[)ular 
commotion  in  the  city  of  Mexicf^. 

In  March  1884,  with  the  view  of  augmenting  the 
public  revenue,  and  providing  resources  for  the  ik  \t 
administration,  orders  were  uiven  to  carrv  into  «tr<(t 
a  law  decreed  by  the  national  congress,  under  whicli 
a  number  of  articles  were  added  to  the  list  of  thos^e 
subject  to  the  payment  of  stamp  dues.  The  mer- 
chants became  highly  indignant;  and  in  order  to 
deceive  and  excite  the  ])opulace,  they  s[)read  the  re- 
port that  the  stamp-tax  was  intended  to  enrich  the 
president;  the  fact  being  that  Gonzah^z  would  liavo 
no  hand  in  its  ccdlection,  but  left  it  to  his  successor. 
A  few  connnercial  houses  of  the  city  of  Mexico  wi  ro 
closed  two  or  three  days;  but  the  firm  attitude  of  the 
govermnent  prevailed,  and  after  making  a  few  light 


THK   HRITISH   DKUT. 


4.VJ 


f('no(>ssi(Uis  to  tlm  iiu'rclumts,  tlic  law  went  into  ofToit. 
Tho  jn'ovcnum'nt  of  ]-)iaz  liiis  made  it  iiii|Hiativo  to 
the  pii'scnt  tiiue,  and  its  <tb.st'rvancc  is  uiidisjmttd. 

Much  deeper  was  the  exeitemeut  caused  l»y  tlic 
iccou^uition  of  the  Jiritisli  debt,  and  the  plan  of  oon- 
\iiting  the  Mexican  ImmhI  in  I^ondon  into  others,  en- 
litled  the  Consoli<latetl  del>t  of  Mexico  in  i^ondon. 
Some  intri'^uinjjf  [H-rsons,  who  liad  entertained  the  idea 
i>['  themselves  enterin<jf  into  arrantjfements  with  the 
lidiidholdcrs,  under  the  belief  that  they  would  be  well 
ciinipensated  by  the  latter,  endeavored  to  hinder  (lon- 
zalez  from  so  doinjj,  imaLjininuf  that  when  the  next 
iuhninistration  came  into  power  they  would  hv  ap- 
piiinted  the  a<^cnts  to  complete  the  neL;f>tiation. 
Th«!  terms  of  the  convention  were  that  the  del)t 
should  nominally  reiu-escnt  .£17,200,000.  Of  this 
sum  there  would  be  recoifnized  to  the  bondlutlders 
tu;lv  .£14,448,000;  the  bv  no  means  insi'^iiHcant  dif- 
hrence,  £2,752,000,  was  to  be  set  aside  by  tlie  Mexi- 
ciui  L;'(»vernment  to  m<>et  the  expenses  of  conversion. 
Wliat  (ionzulez  had  in  view  Mas  that  this  la*'iLje  sum, 
\\hich  his  successor,  antl  not  himself,  was  to  receive 
— as  his  administration  woukl  terminati?  in  fifteen 
(iiiys — should  be  applied,  one  part  to  meet  the  ex- 
jMnses  of  conversion,  and  the  otln'r  to  place  the  next 
administration  in  funds  to  pay  the  bondholders  the 
first  couixms,  thus  protectinf|f  the  credit  of  the  jnrov- 
tinment,  and  ])aving  the  way  for  it  to  raise  a  loan  in 
JiOiidon,  and  facilitate  the  devilopment  of  intt>rnal 
Works.  ]3ut  that  sum,  under  the  name  of  ijaslos, 
iHcame  tlu^  touchstone  of  scatulal,  which  the  enemies 
of  ( Jonzalez  made  the  most  of  to  charinfe  him  with  the 
intent  of  using  it  to  his  own  advantage,  while  it  was 
imjtossible  for  him  to  do,  in  vii-w  of  the  fact  that  he 
lad  but  a  few  more  hours  to  wield  the  executive 
Jiuthority.  Through  the  agency  of  jtaid  agitators  and 
of  a  few  deluded  students,  they  incited  the  rabble  of 
the  city  of  Mexico  to  revolt  at  the  moment  the  chain- 
In  r  of  deputies  was  discussing  the  clauses  of  the  coii- 


I 


400 


DIAZ,  «;()\ZALi:Z,  ANI»   DIAZ. 


Volition,  an<l  Jipproviiijiif  tlicui  in  tin;  main.  Goiizjili  /, 
iii  tliis  matter  liad  uctcci  with  liis  usual  piudtiici . 
iiia.siuucli  as,  Ikmu;^  autliorizi'd  hy  f(>ii;j;russ  t»»  iiiai<i 
tlio  ttiraiineiiieiit  liiiuself,  as  was  doiH'  hy  Diaz  latn. 
oil  tlio  'Jlld  (»f  June,  18H5,  ho  dochncd  to  act  withont, 
tho  sanction  of  the  li'v;islativ(!  authority,  prdrninu 
that  tho  discussion  sliould  Ijo  postitoiud  until  the  n*  \v 
|)ivsidont  should  ijfo  into  power,  and  not  to  spill  hlond 


I) 


)V  eniplovniy;  tlie  arnitd  torce 


I  i; 


o 


f  tl 


u!  jjroverniuent  t( 


put  down  the  uioh.  These  scenes  occurred  in  thr 
last  days  of  Xovemher  IS84,  and  the  new  ]»resid(iir 
was  inau'jurated  on  the   1st  of  J)eceuil)er  of  the  saim 

The  presidential  (>lection,  whiih  took  place  in  Sep- 
tcnihcr,  favored  l*ortirio  J)iaz,  w1h>  ohtained  a  lai'm' 
inajoiity,  tho  count  showing;  that  he  had  received 
Id.'Ji)'.)   out  of  the    l(J,4(i"2  electoral  vot 


,t\s. 


'i'l 


le   riu  - 


niies  of  (Jon/alez  spread  the  slanderous  report  that  lie 
lia.d  attempted  to  murder  and  poison  Diaz  in  onl<  i- 
that  the  latter  should  not  assume  the  executive  oliici  ; 
and  to  that  elU'ct  took  advantai^'e  ol'  an  accident  wliicli 
occurii'd  ti>  the  train  of  the  Irolo  railway,  on  whi(  li 
tho  pn-sident-eKH't  was  Journeying;'.  Jiut  plain  com- 
mon sens(5  sutlices  to  destroy  this  calumny;  for  in  a 
countiy  like  Mexico,  when;  elections  are  etfected  undrr 
theahsolute  control  of  tho  tjcovernmeiit,  with  but  littlr 
regard  to  the  popular  will,  Pn-sident  (Gonzalez  had  i 
lU'cd  of  Diaz'  thath  to  keep  him  out  of  otlice.  All  In 
need  do  would  he  to  cause  the  election  of  some  oiu 
else.  Diaz  was  chosen  because  (Jonzalez  favored  hi- 
election. 

On  tho  IJOth  of  November,  1884,  Oonzulez  sunni 
dtTcd  the  executive  <»rtice.      In  spite  of  the  financial 
dilfit'ulties  of  his  last  year,  of  the  etf«>rts  made  by  h 


i<» 


IS 


enemies  to  destroy  liis  prestig'o,  he  did  not  forf»'it,  a 
would  have  been  the  ease  with  manv  another  ruler,  tin 


IV 


respect  and  esteem  of  tho  ])eo|>le.      I  )urinijf  the  storii 
days  of  the  British  Debt  Convention,  when  tlioarm<il 
mob  of  Mexico   was  eni'ai'ed  in  riotiiiyr,   l*resideiit 


END  OK  (iON'ZALK/;   Ah.MIMsTUATION. 


461 


rioii/.al*'/,  Uiia<'('(»mi»aiii»Ml,  wnlk(>(l  tlm  stnn'ts,  »]jiy  or 
iiiuht.  ainoiii^  tlic  tiowds,  l)y  wliojii  In;  was  coiistiiiitly 
(lit(r('«l  as  a  lioiuaij^o  to  liis  ivi-kk'ss  (•ourai,^".  .ll«* 
niiiod  to  liis  own  liouso  only  upon  tin;  day  that  \ic 
iiliicd  fVoin  tlui  natio!ial  |)ala(.'t'. 

His  administration  \vill  v\vv  !•(>  a  nioinoral>l(>  one  in 
the  history  of  Mexico.  Tiiouiili  it  is  true  tliat  \\v  h'l't 
tlui  treasury  licavily  hunK'nt'd,  tho  tact  stands  that 
he  causi'd  tho  oxccution  of  a  nundxM'  of  puhlii^  works 
N\!iirh  c'oniph'trly  fluant^cd  the  faoo  of  tlic  countr}'. 
Tlio  debt  ho  incuri'i'd  ri'prcscnts  the  pro^^ress  oi 
Mixico,  and  oontinut'd  the  rcorj^^anization  «>f  every 
liianch  of  tlie  administration  Ix-ftircr  hernni. 

Aiiioiij^  tlie  persons  most  ellieicntly  e(»op('ratiuLr  In 
the  lahoi's  of  the  administration  of  (Jonzah'/,,  rspoci  d 
iictlit  sli(»nld  he  iijiven  to  Carlos  Hivas,  who,  tor  irn 
iiitcllim'nt  and  sneccssful  dischar!H"e  of  t-oiumissions 
iiitiustcd  to  him,  ohtainrd  the  resjx'ct  and  eoiisidcru- 
tiiiii  «it"  till'  pi'(^sident,  and  of  all  his  fellow-eiLi/ens. 

I  )iaz,  sut'ccodino-  ( loii/.alcz,  found  himsflf  at  tiist,  in  a 
most  diliieult  ixtsition  tinanciallv,  hct-juisc  the  tiiasury 
was  e\haustt<l,  owinL!;  to    the   lar^e  ohli^-atioiu;  coii- 


tf.H 


■ted  1)V  the  former  I'ul 


er. 


J{ 


e  issuet 


I  tl 


le  dccrcL'  «i 


f 


■I'liic  '22,  ISSf),  suspending;'  the  payment,  not  only  of 
ilu'  lloatiuL;  deht,  hut  als(>  of  the  siihsidjcs  whic-h  ho 
li;id  himself  granted  dui'liiL;  his  t'oi'iner  term  to  i*ail- 
Wiiy  companies  and  others,  he  consolidated  the  inter- 
nal and  extei'iial  dehts  into  honds  of  the  treasury,  and 
paid  with  ri'irularity  the  salaiies  of  puhlic  otlieials,  Ic-i.s 
ii  discount  of  twenty-fivo  and  later  ten  pi  r  cent. 

Peace  for  the  most  part  followed,  thoui^h  tliere 
Were  communistic  uprisin.fH  in  ^Mexico  ami  ("('u'doha 
ill  ISSf),  and  a  ri'volutionary  movement  in  Xuevo 
ii<"ii  and  Coahuila,  and  latei'  similar  revolts  ilsc- 
wliti'e.  Then  there  was  the  Ya(pn  war  in  Sonoia, 
till  arro<jjant  chii'f  rajeme  JH-inuc  tlu;  cause.  Lanta 
M''!iiia,  with  twenty-two  Va(|uis,  endeavored  to  siip- 
|'i«  ss  him,  but  the  federal  iiovermnent  was  at  lenLrth 


iiii 


I 


ft;,  i:|- 


.fi 


4C2 


DIAZ,  GONZALEZ,  AND  DI.VZ. 


11 


-i 


B 


obliged  to  send  a  large  force  against  Cajemc,  wlui 
raised  fortifications  at  various  points.  In  March  1  S^C. 
three  columns,  each  about  1,200  strong,  were  sit  in 
motion  against  his  positions,"'  while  every  town  (n- 
point  of  importance  around  the  Yaqui  Valley  was  sut- 
ficientlv  fortified  and  <;arrisoned  to  rcsi.st  any  iiostili' 
demonstration  on  the  part  of  the  Indians.  The  Y;t- 
quis  were  thus  hennned  in  on  all  sides.  It  was  a  well- 
planned  campaign,  and  completely  successful,  TIh^ 
Indians  were  driven  successively  from  stronghold  t<» 
stronghold,  till  all  were  taken  possession  of  by  the 
Mexican  troops.  Cajeme,  however,  baftled  all  eft'orts 
to  capture  him,  though  several  of  his  principal  men 
were  caught  and  executed. 

In  connection  with  the  Yaqui  war,  mention  must 
be  made  of  outrages  committed  by  the  Apaches  in 
Chihuahua  and  .Sonora  durinsj  1885-0.  To  enuuier- 
ate  in  the  briefest  manner  all  the  nmrders  and  atroci- 
ties committed  by  these  savages  in  that  short  space 
of  time  would  require  a  chapter;  suffice  it  to  say  that. 
b}'  the  combined  efibrts  of  the  Mexican  and  Unite<l 
States  troops,"*  the  scourge  has  been  to  a  great  extent 
wiped  out. 

A  hope  seems  t(>  have  been  entertained  by  certain 
schemers  in  the  United  States  that  the  acquisition  <>t 
the  northern  portion  of  ^fexico  by  purchase  Would 
not  be  impracticable  under  the  jiresent  administration, 
considering  the  financial  straits  in  which  Mexico  fouinl 
herself  when  ])iaz  entered  office.  The  project,  how- 
ever, is  a  \u\n  one.  No  peo}>le  are  more  opj>ose(l  !»• 
the  dismenibornient  of  their  national  domain  than  tli' 
Mexicans,  and  any  .administration  that  should  ]ii'"- 

"One  under  generals  Leivaaml  ("arilln,  with  2  mitrailleuse  from  tlie  w.  -,t: 
anotliur  under  (Jen.  L'ainano,  witli  iJ  li<)witz','r8  from  tlie  Houtli-eiiHt;  alit':i\y 
body  of  eavalry  was  also  moved  from  tlie  fown  of  Buena  Vistii  on  the  iiorlli- 
cast;  while  Gen.  Martinez,  the  eommandiMit,  witli  his  headiiuarter.s  at  Wu"- 
jica,  directed  his  attention  to  the  occupt>,tion  of  Toriu,  wliicii  was  tlie  key  to 
tiio  situation. 

^' A  momentary  eloud  cast  its  shadow  over  the  frieri<lly  relations  lu'twic  i 
the  two  nations,  oeea,sioi.eil  hy  an  unfortunate  collision  which  ocourre  1  i  i 
188(5  hetwct!!!  a  Mexican  detachment  and  a  hody  of  U.  S.  troops  under  C.iiit. 
Crawfurd,  who  lust  his  lilu  in  the  scriuimage. 


PEAfE  AND  GOOD-WILL. 


403 


poBo  t!ic  salo  of  a  portion  of  tliuir  torritory  would  l)o 
liaMe  to  uvc'itlirow.  It  is  truo  that  in  the  northern 
states  tlio  liolders  of  gnat  tracts  of  land,  an«I  no  few 
of  tlio  wealthier  class,  are  favorably  disposed  to  annex- 
ation to  the  Unitetl  States,  but  they  form  but  a  small 
proportion  of  the  mass  of  the  population.  The  imagi- 
naiv  necessity,  too,  for  the  sale  of  territt>rv,  has  dis- 
appeari'd  under  the  able  financial  reforms  cH'ected  by 
1  )iaz,  and  it  is  to  bo  hoped  that  the  day  may  never 
airive  when  the  counsels  of  unprincipled  men  shall 
prevail.  Under  such  administrations  as  the  present 
oni',  the  yearly  increasing  intercourse  between  the 
two  nations,  and  the  nmtual  conmienial  advantages 
to  be  derive<l  by  peace  and  reci[>rocal  comity,  jealousy 
and  apprelu-nsion  will  cease  on  the  one  side,  an«.l  arro- 
gant pretensions  on  the  other.'* 


"*Tl»o  principal  atithoritiea  used  in  vritinfj  tlio  five  preceding  cliaptcrf  are 
governiiieTit  doemnentM  ancl  (itlieial  papers,  and  tin;  wnrliH  ot'  Mcxicm  writers 
111  tlie  jieriod.     Ot'  the  latter,  notice  nmst  lie  niado  of — 

hi rii'lnt  liiU'niiifioiiiil  Mf.iiniiin,  Me\.,  IS7>S  i(,  <l^,  'A  pts,  i.  p.  vii.  and  7<)7; 
ii.  40S  pp.;  iii.  1174  pp.  A  compilation  made  liy  Jose  Feriiaiide/,  cliief  (1  rli 
<it  tlie  dcpartnientof  relations  of  Aloxieo,  and  approved  Ly  tlio  ex.cutive,  of  all 
tiriitiis  ami  eouventions  entered  into  liy  Mexico  with  other  powers  from  IH'JI 
til  IS7S.  In  tiic  tirst  part  fire  those  concluded  and  ratified  by  the  coiitracting 
|i;irtii's;  annexed  to  tlio  respective  ones  aro  important  documents,  sueli  as  I'lm- 
iri.  Ill  IS  and  tr-jatics  of  Siiaiii  with  otiier  nations  a  iFeetim;  Mexico.  Li  tlie 
■J  I  |i.iit  are  treaties  made  hut  not  ratilied  Ity  the  Mexican  rcpiililic,  with  an 
a|i|niiilix  containing  several  important  documents.  Tlio  appeiiilix  i;ii'lui!es, 
aiiiniij^  otlur  papers,  s.'Veral  treaties  entered  into  Iiy  Maxi:nilian,  thi^  ratitica- 
tiiiiis  iif  which  Were  never  exchaiiL'cd;  and  like  all  acts  eiiianating  fioin  tho 
iiii|iire,  they  Wei'C  declared  null  liy  tho  legitimate  govcnimeilt  of  Mi  xico. 
'I'lie  lid  piirt  contains  laws  and  rcgulation.si  on  matt 'i-s  of  a  general  natiire; 
vi/..  commercial  agents,  ailmii-c'ilty,  antiipiities,  arcliives,  national  anna, 
iniMic  lands,  hulls,  naturali/.atioii  and  citizenship,  forei-n  i-.  l.itinns,  cere- 
iiiiiiiiiils,  jieiial  code,  colonization,  foreign  deht,  and  nianyoihir  siihjicts  of 
iiinrr  or  liMs  interest  to  lorcigncrs.     The  typographical  work  is  vi'ry  fair. 

'  'nn-isj,!iiiilnii-!ii  Diplo'iitilirii  cumlihuta  mire  cl  i/ohirriio  ili'  ii.<  I'.t  ul,,.<  I  'n'nlim 
M' .ii,;iiiii<  1/ hs  i/e  inriii.'i  jm/iiiriiis  fxtniiijiran.  Alexico,  |S.V_',  1.  4',  '•!  vol.,  i. 
'.''■'•!  Jill.,  '>  1;  ii.  7'20  pp.,  S  1.  t'ontiiins  all  tliu  diiilmnalic  ciirr(:sponilince  that 
iMTui'i'iil  lietween  the  government  of  Mixico  and  the  goviriiineiits  of  foreign 
liiiwrrs  frii::i  .Inly  1,  187S,  to  Juno  HJ,  ISSl,  wjJi  a:ini'\i's,  somo  of  wliich  are 
III  eirlier  dates.  A  part  of  the  corres[Hindence  appe.iiiag  in  many  of  tho 
all'iiis  lontaini.d  in  tlio  work  is  not,  propi.'rly  spealiin;,',  of  a  diplomatic  nature, 
hut  internal,  having  taken  place  lietween  siutlioritii's  of  Mexii'o;  hut  the  coni- 
piltr,  Jose  Fernandez,  chief  ch'rk  of  the  d-P'irtincnt  of  relations,  thought 
lirii]Mr  to  insert  it  for  the  reason  that  imuli  of  the  matter  in  it  refers  to  a 
iritir.il  period  of  Mexican  international  relations. 

hiiton  liioi/nitirDs  iff  I  fliiifnd  (!<•  Dirisimi  ('.  Porlirio  D'uiz  mn  Anypin  ih 
I' •'■iiiiii'iifrm  /fi.i'fiiririM.  Mexico,  lS8-t.  F<>1.,  ]i.  1247,  with  piirtrait.  Tiiis 
V  01  k  contaias  data  for  tho  hiograpiiy  of  Oeiioral  Diaz  from  his  Ijirth  to  tho 


r 


464 


DIAZ,  GONZALl'IZ,  AND  DIAZ. 


uiul  nf  his  I'rosidoncy  iu  1880.     Tlio  data  aro  not  very  oxtcnsiro;  indot'il,  fur 


li 


rly  lift 


tiit'N  aro  very  Mean 


iy;  Imt  after  lie  fiifiTril  j.ul)lii'  lilr  thi;  ii. 


f<iriii:itiiiii  iH  <.l)Uti<laiit,  anil  ac'ciiiri[)aiiii'il  witli  otlicial  iloi-iiiiu'iit!'  of  \i\\i\i 
|Mir'taiii'i',  111  ):i\  iii;{  to  tin;  puliliu  tllix  lifo  of  iMa/,  it  liccaiin;  also  iicocHs.'iiy 
to  rt'lati!  till'  liistoiiral  rvriitu  of  liid  rimiitry  for  the  jirrioil  fiiiliraciil.  'I'liu 
wliolo  will  III!  foiiml  iiii|iortaiit  in  writiiij,'  tlin  lii.story  of  M'  xico. 

AijKxIiii  I'.  <  11  iir.' I  liz,  Jli'liiriii  tlvl  EMiiiIo  ilf  AiiU'iKiutlii  iitis.  Mixico, 
1881.  Sin.  4  ,.")|8|iji.,  I  l.,2inaiw.  A  ciiniiii'eli''ii-'ivi' histoi  y  of  flu"  state  of 
ALiuisi'aliiiitrs  fidtii  tlio  ( (irliist  ilayH  of  tliu  fouiulatiou  to  l.sr.'i,  tollowcd  liy 
goiutr.'il  iiifoi'iiiatioii  on  \wr  litriatiire,  tliti  customs  of  tlu:  inlialiitaiitM,  a;^'rii'til- 
tiiru  anil  minis,  niaimfaituru.M,  ami  otlur  inilu.strii'M,  and  tii'minatin^  with 
remarks  on  various  nuittcr.s  oonni'itcd  with  thu  Ntate  to  date  of  imMif.itioii. 
'.  I'liifiilit  \'':l'i,  J  'iiriiiii,  iiloji  ilf  la  ('dill  i.--i' III  Ciiiijiiti  nrinl.  1S().'!  8.  J'ol.,  I.") 
vol.  M.SS.     'I'liis  colluction  consist.s  of  tlio  corri's|ionilinf<',  doi'iiiiu'iit,-",  ac- 


(Miiints,  voiirher-i,  etc.,  foinu'cti-d  with  <! 


t'LiaH  commission 


funds 


s,  arms,  and  munitions  of  war  at  San  rrani'isco, 


,  <  'aliii 


lor 


to   111 

111 


loan  giiNrii 


IIIHIlt    of     Mu-X 


ii'o  uiiriii 


tho  ]•' 


•pi 


riiii-li   intervention  and  iiiijieni 


d 


re;:iin(i  ill  that  fountry.     'J"'io  eorrt'.-<i>oiideiico  show.s  the  dilliriilliis  met  willi 


In  tl 


10  eoiiiiniss 


ioiii  r,  and  Iiow  lio  oM'reamu  tiieiii.     It  al.^o  furnishes  ma 
ini|Mirt.'int  Lots  on  {'hi  v.:r  Ik'^wihmi  tlm   reimlilieann  and  inijieriali.st  ■ 


rresideiit  .ln.;re/,'  ]iol 

lii.Uory  of  that  (  ve;itfid  I'l'iiod. 


eti'.     Tho  wlioli!   is  a  valiuiMe 


iiitiiiMition   to  t.ie 


Thu   following  li^t   coiit.iins   an   ennmrrutioti  of    a  'ar^o    nnmlier  of    tl 


itlioritii'S   that  h  ivu   In  en   eoiisidli 
/'/■  irr)  i/r  Id.t  />• 


'111 


osu  of    an  oliii'ial    eluiriet 


Mix.,  hi  ir'ri  i/r  Id.t  />•  ',.('..<,  IM.'.I,  and  .surceiding  volumes;  ri|>or's  <  f  tlni  j.'ov- 
ernineiit  ,>llioi..ls,  iiotal.ly  tlio.iO  of  tin.'  seeret.aries  of  stato  for  tho  tii  .isiiiy, 
government,  Mar,    fi  n  i::n  n  lation.^   and  foinento  de^iaitments,  aad  deere  s 


I  trati 


les  »l;:n!i 


u'  tho  ]pi 


id;   M..r.,C.l.  /.. 


J>. 


Z/< 


,  11.  _,.>  <i 


ii:;i 


;{.'!;),  jiassim;  / /..  Jlil.   l.'i/.,  18{'.;{,  ji.issim;  /</.,  Ji'ioip  I.njin,  «'le.,  i.  r><17,  an  1 


s'lri'codint,'   volume  ;  //.,  Sinii]'.   J/i<f.   Ji'i 


1S..8  70. 


}'• 


I.I.,   (' 


K]i  iii-l.   JUpliii.,  i.- ii.,    1.S77- IVi'J,   jia.-i.si.n;  Jit.,  Itij'iniii'.  i/e  ll  Cdin.  J'r'iin 


1S;4;    l<l.,J)rrirI<„Ji,/r 


.Ur. 


//,  /, 


III''/  'tll'IK. 


.11  > 


1S78,  jias.-iiin;  Itl.,t'nil'i'in  Jti/inim,  ISCiO,  l.S; 


KSO'.t;    //.,    /..(/  ,/.;    Tl 


1871>.  81;    IvSO,  4S!  /.I 


/'■it :(.    Cinrjin  Kstiu/o  Jfci/or,    1S7'.I;  J>i.iriii:io  jiro 


;:S8'J,  ],S.S;!;   /)m:,  JnJ 


i;i;,'  ye.irs; 


7>"'./'i 


1'8.),  niin..;  M< 


mil.  jmr 
'iirio  >)l!i' 


vi  r 


•-/./</<■,  IN.  1, 
and  fiillov- 


111  l.d'j'iid,  I.I  J.  M<.i:,  V.  4ll-,")I,S'.H>-7,  7-7-8;  viii.  l."i; 


<.,.  'JhS,  -J.)..- 


CO,  :t(),V(i.  547  S,  -.71-8;  i\.   8,  l.>r..l  ( 


>.>;  x.-xi. 


yrdinn 

lie  is: 


'iiil  hi  tiiifi;  <  I  ( 


'"'./'' 


so   ,h-h  i 


i.idii  in  iii.i 


V' 


])l 


Me.xico.  1S74,  ]i:{ 


1' 


jriod;  iiofaldv,  S''ii.  Dc 


imi.'ii/rl  ji:,  j.s;  j:iili-  M  n, 
]ii'. ;  U.  S.  government  doeumonts  covering  t;;if 
.'>'•;(.  Jli.tr.;  ,Siii.   Jim  null;  Fm:  Hrl.;  JIhiim-  Jint:-- 


it;  JJ.  i  ■ 


J.'rjH „■/...■;   JI.  /;,•.  Ih 


Jl.  Mi. 


d  (' 


l:,l.;  to  tho  n 


Kji  'ctivo  imlieert  of  wliieli  tho  read.r  is  rel'erred  for  Me.xiean  allai-.'s,  as  well  i.s 


to  thoso  of  the  ('• 


<ii't. 


(;h 


A  Jfiiii.siint's  J'liil.  Diluilix.     Tho  Ml  xiean  ai 


iher  Mritcrs  and  colleetorM  that  li.ivo  Iteen  consulted  are:  Jlini  J'ulnrid,  J/i  I. 


iln 


J.I  nlii;   'J'lii-'ii;  JH.it.  I'url.,  i. 


/'iri'i-'i,  J/l<f.  Ji'lniii,  iv 


1.. 


ijiimii 


JI' 


ro,  C 


ill  I 


F 


r  y  (itr 


rriiii'/iiiz, 
J'lil'ilirii, 


Ml 


III  ]Vii.ilii>iiilnii  duriiiiti'  I'l  (I'lurril  iff  Jii/i  rn 


J.,  IV.,  jiassiiii; 
r.t  liii-lin  jiir  1 1 
I,  Mexieo, 


lS,-,8,  .'lOT  ]>[>.;  It.,  ll/iit.,  4'.)-.->l,  S.VC;  J!l 
Xiii.i;   J;'.i-j)iit.   till  Jli.r.,   7tl">-lt>;   Ji'iirnrrn,    Ji^/', 


(I'd'i.  iti:  JIi.i:,  ii.  (J74  ct  sii]. 


irillC    Hd'ilT 


J):   Jli'i-oL:   Jl. 


Jlix.  J'iiit.,  i.,  jiassim;   i>itiiiiiiii'li,  Jliit.  itii  Jli.r.,  4;5S-4(I;  Jldimro,  J)l  :z,  \y 


Jiiiz,  Jit. 


nos. 


1,  •'    4,  «,  8,  9,  12,  15.  IC,  18-20,  27,  41-3,  4.">,  Tm 


r>'.M;2;  J't.,  JUdj.,  MS.,  1-171;  J,l.,  J):i/i,>i  Jitdj.,  »2-2:;2,  pLssiin;  (Jinmtd,  Jl 
ilniiiiil  (,'dii:.:ifr~.,  Mexieo,  1SS4;  /^r.wi.s,  Jln-iimt.  Pulil..,  1'.  4,  8!),  iMS.;  7./.. 
Jl'iiiijii'xtii,    187(;,   20;  //.,  J'.kIuiI.  i'oMtit.   Ju.ilii:,  Mex.,  1874,  84;  Jli.i.il/n 


Mr 


ri.il,/f  n   jiiiiiiiit.i.. 


MS.,  40;    Vfia,  J^nc^,  MS.,  iii.  3;)4,  4-7->^, 


J/.i 


IS.-.  4' 


lil.,Ji.ij.iC'l.. 


C72-:];  /./.,  Ti'r;..  Jir,.,  iu  /',m.   Var.,  104,  no.  '.);  7>'7/.-; 

Jl  iII'h  Jli'-.  J.iiin,  'M~,;  JIiriii:H  Srrnp.%  Aiiz.,  v.  12C.-7,  i: 

(ii;   \>iiiri/iim,   (.'id.   (/'•  7,<y  y  Jicc,  1S.',\\  Til;  S'l.n-.S.'ltn'.i  Jiim-i/,  ii.,  Jias.d 

Sir.   J!i.i:   t.'id,/.,  2d  Kp.,  iv.  570-85,  748;  J<t.,  M  Kj..,  i.  .'10(i; ',VA</i/o//'.i  /' 

t'l-K,  1-2C;  Jiiinln,  J^'ntiiil.  Jiep.   JIcc,  i.,  p.  xo.-xei. ;  ii.,  T.tli  ].t,  4"J0;  hi.,  J 

pnast.  Fed.,  IS77-8,  v.-viii.  3-18,  4SS)-007';  Bancn^Vs  Xotcn  on  JIcx     ""^ 


M? 


.VrTIIOUITlKS. 


468 


ll,-.;  0'.,rA 


rt.< 


Mr 


r. 


M. 


Is7\ 


I'l'' 


:iii.  :u.;  /■; 


S.  F.,  I.s,s4,  (".:•.•:  l.\/,>i,h  ,/  Z. 


,SUt 


It 


;...  \r. 


M.u 

•■kl.h 


iir*t 


M.'r. 


/  . ./.(//,  i,<iii,i(.ii,  i.vs:i,  nil.  •j.'iO,  ."it;  iiiiiti-';  iii^hit)tMiiiii  M,.i:,  ih  •.'1.  i::i»  4S, 


•.■;;»  >;»:  /.'—//Af.  //-/"- 


McX.,    IVMI.    l;!)!;    I!,i.^t,i;i,ii,tv,   nmliil 


,-  ,l„ 


M 


I  ST 


:»4;    l'<:'> 


.l/.i 


I  (HI 


■M:<  .".»;  ii.  :ii;»  'S.\;  i:i.  '>H',i  (iiM»;  /', 


M;    J'tn:,    J'n:    l!ri>'i 


I. 


|s|  ,s.  -Jl'. 


r. 


n<f, ':. 


II. 


V 


M' 


I  •.linn,  t'litrr  Mix.  ij  liilju-iu  ISS'J,  '_'.'t;   .1/' 


';w,  i.   ii.,  ji: 


KM  :;i.  IT'.', 

H-^iiii;  M'lillf- 


j'.rt,  I),,'!-/.,  Ciii  Til,  'Ji>'.>  7i»;  Mij-iii,  Cn.iiiiit.  ii  ll.  Cuii^ti/.,  Mix.,  IsTS,  l'.»  mtIch 
of  |i.iiii|ililit.-i;  Mnliiii':,  Ciiri't,  ilv  M<j-.  ii  <!u!l.,  Mi'X.,  Iss'j,  l'T'.I;  M  unrn'.i 
'  1 1/(./-. '.'.">  4(t;  Mn,.t!il  If  l>H'irtt;  h'<fii,/,  t.'i'iri'iif.  /»./A.,  :tl(t   I 'J,  .">»(•  (lit;  !/>  rniiii- 


</:,  '.' 


'.7- 


.Vm((. 


no.  ii.  S.'i-!).';    lUllnrhi,   r-</'w,  Mcx.,  ISSit,  (Kl.'J;  Culnii,  (\ 


Inhinnu,     McX.,     ISSd.    4S;    < 'iirriii;ltiiil,     Airiiiri 


■/■■ 


\)iinil.  Ill 


t'.ilfxUim,  liiit.  Aim.,  \<\!i 


.  /''•/.,  M.S.,  ;{|'J  itn.ii.;  III.,  Fi  I'inliil',  ,V)  1 1  Mi.|. 
/.''.'.,  M.S.,  I    :  .'{;  M  il'i,  .\iiiiiirii>  i'liir.,  I^^l,  in.ssiiii; 


.M.S.,   I   I: 
i;   .\l<ir'i>ii~ 

ri,id,:H  r 


;  m:. 

,/r    /.. 


'■  !/ 


I'.. 


2>).  II". 


A/.,'J-JT 


'.»;  I,\ 


I  Ml 


'■}•' 


'if.  i:.^hi 


M. 


!'■ 


.s.  mill 
lot,  no. 


ISS;!,  .VJ;    Ml- 


M.S.,    1    '.»;    I!nl,irt.ii<ii'.^  liliiil'iiink,    I     l»;    Ti'iiin    ih-    T< 


;  ■   >,  Mix.,  \^~\,  'J'.t;    7'';//c,  <  V/r.  AV;ic./.  7,//- wr.v,  ISTli,  "JT;  Xniinnl,  l.nt  /' 


I'.U  •JM;  Aiiilii:-<ini,  Ml 


lliic.    Illlll•l.^.,    IST4  .S,   S:{;  •l.«)'('rvc   <  V«/.    Hit  run., 
St.  I'.,  I'J.)  41;  Jiiiiii-.,  i'ld.  Aii!<:,  M.  x.,  l.sTI,  <>;»; 


•i.l,i,/:i  M'.i:  mill  U.  S.,  'M,:\  H;  <; 


MS.,   ui>.   viii.;  d'oinnli'.,  Jli.^l.  L'.ifiiilo 


lUll.i 


MiX.,   rsl     ."MS;   <lii~iiiiin,  Sii.-<li  .inl  itv.    />/w  f 


iiiiiiiri'.i,  .>li'X 


//.,  Jy-.i.,  in, >,  I  Ci 


IST 


71:  ./.'/.  JA//I.  A 


I.ST 


1>,  I  (i. 


|ST(»,  hS; 
'mm':,  Hi'- 


W<i ".  }><]>ii  I.  Iii'f.,  Mix.,  IST'J,  IT'-';  A/.,  In/h-.h;  |.sT4,  7;  dm-i-i'i,  h'-]i.  ji  I •.■< 


i: 
i\ 


JA.  ••.,  M, 


1: 


;^:>;  a 


■iln,  I  linil.  (  ■ 


II. 


'■}" 


I' 


■ll.,  .M. 


ili:  It  AVkAw,  Mix.,  1sT4,  W;  Ii/.,  Cinnl.  K.^l-ul.  A- 


«•'/,,  M 

IS  i,:iT 


/' 


1' 


8;    ll'.»rAv//v„-)|/,,    /)•./.    /,•,,■/,; 


.1A' 


Ml 


1HT:{,  '.ll;  A'l 


Mr.e.  l!n-lt.„. 
Ill,:  Ji:<f.  J/- 


M. 


ist:«. 


I'l 


>.  I'. 


11. 


I'ltiikliiiij'.'l  <i'iiiili;    N.   \.. 
v:\t  (lU.uitil  V  i'(  i>tliir  luili 


Ii  a'.inim,  frniii  ii  j),iiiiiil;li  L  of  ;i  win;  li!::!irct  ti«  works  of  several  liiunln d  p.ii^i^a, 
I  r  led  luiiiiei'du.i  to  f-;ieei;'v,  Iwivt'  iil.-.o  Iierii  c'x;iiii::ie.l,  as  Well  a.s  a  i;riMl  uum- 


h  r»i  til, -I  of 


.<]<.q« 


tiive;  i;ii' 


til 


tir.  ly.     Tim  ]iri:ieil>  ;1  <i:ie:f  uru  Kl  Mn 


1" 


ieriiM(,  soiMt!  liir 


rtiall', 


a.iti 


lers  ell- 


Oj!.-;   l  ,1,1  Ksl  ul.t  ,/,•  S.'ii  dim:  i:i  llnilhi    It'ii'iil.Ui 


Kl  SijloXIX.;  I-A  Fiilii-iillitii:  El 


I. II  Iji/rilla  ill' 


ill  \i 

111  I'l 


'  nil-:  i:i  ( ■ 


ii'.ii/,'  tti'ni/i 


ll:  i:i  /• 


ill-  A I 


i:i  rnl,i;r!.</i,:  i:in,-i„li  niil: 


Fd  i\i 


ll:  A 


i:i  Dm, -hi:  Kl  J)  f. 


iiiiifn  (. 


Ill  l'ii,!.h:  El  Arm  IrU;  La  V,n  ,!,•  .1/, 


,/<■  In  l.'./u 


1. 1  (■ 


,1,1  r 


11:1  hlit  ,1,1  ,'<hiiilvi:  El  Frit  ,li'  ( h;-ii!i  1,1, :    A'l    /:. 


irifi,- 


I  lim; 

;.•  El 


.'y.iiit 


l-i:   U  1\ 


ilr    M 


''inii;    (iiir 


rn 
1,1  ill' 


i;.ti;in  ()il,-;,l  ,/p  Sulriiiliir:  El  J'iu'.Id  ,/r  S^ 


L.I  l,\ 

'■I'lii:    FA  Ml  iiiiiij, 


'JI  III  rurmii  ,ir 


m; 


•iii.tiirrii. 


El  F 


imlili  ll -d  in  Tiicsmi;  J.n  Crmiirii,  pulilislii  il  in  l.os  Ani;eU'S,   {':i\.;  I'mni 


iifi  ri'.o. 


mil 


•mil  II- mil/:  1\ 


Mr 


ul  Ir  I  ■ 


rli:    Tlir    Mr 


1;  lull  ill  llio  city  of    Mexieo  in    Kii,'l:ili   anil    S[i;inisli,   alternate   ei.jaiiii 


Uitl 


t  emiiiieratiiii;  a  miiiilier  of  t'alifornian  ami  oilier  loeal   liewsii.nier.s, 


itKiitiiin  mil  ;t  l>c  iiiaiio  of   T!ir  M 


I J  Cull:  Tlir  Cliriniii-l,-:  Tim  A 


rrimi'l 


an 


Fid- 

1  n.r 


I 


III  III,  I  i- 


l<''n:  Tlir  Fi-riilinj  1'.,^/:  Tlir  A!' I  ('•>i:f,>nii:i:  Tlir  JhiUi/  En, I 
Fi'miii'i  l,'i}Hirt,  all  luililislieil  in  .San  Fraiieiseo,  .•m<l  the  Siirrnii 
fWfA  at  tlio  eajiit.il  of  the  .slalo.  The  Me.\ieau  eorresiioinleiits  of  the.-<e  ji.iiver:? 
tiirjii-li  news  of  event.H,  anil  exjire-ss  the  views  of  jiolitie.il  jiarties  ami  tlir  lei  !■ 
g:<  of  the  people  a:i  reLSiriU'il  from  an  oiit.siile  .st.imljioint.     Such  eominiiiiie.i- 

iice   they  atl'oril   him  an  opimi-'.uni'.y  if 


111! 


tiiiiis  are  \ 


Mo  to  the  histi 


iw'te: 


I. a  la 


het 


WKnn  extremes. 


II I.ST.  Mex.,  Vol.  VI.    30 


CIIAPTJCU   XX. 


COVKKNMKXT,   I'lXANCKS,  AN1»  MlLlTAliY. 

IS(K)  ISHT. 
I'.VIiTY    SnillT— StIU<)(!I.KS    KllU   Sri'HKMAfY  — AllMV   InKI.I  KNCK    ASP   III 

i.t  TioNs    ('KNriiAi.isM,  Imi'Kui ai.inm,  am>  KkukkamsmCunsiiii  ii 


AMI    IlKKllliMS      roStilM.SM  AM 


IK  Kakciiin  I 


tiW  K.liH  «iK 


IK    I' 


;h>l 


liKM'      (AlllNKI-      AliMIVlvniAllVK   hlTIKS  AM"    IvKKtHt.MS      'rK|{|;l  I  o|;ni 
IMVISIIINS      SlAlK  (iitVr.KNMKNi'      Ml  N  ICIl'AM  IIKS — SlKKI!Ai;K — L  A\\> 

I'lii.ifK  -  FdiiKHiN  Uki.ations— Natl UALi/.Ai  ION — I'oi.om 


Al:v 


.hnir 

/.Alius  -  FiSASiK: 


AUMV  ASH  N'avv. 


I 


Xationai-  iii(l('p('ii(loU('e  was  aclilevt'd  l>y  tlif  Vi\<>- 
lut'utii  of  Il'ulal^d,  but  it  was  ii(»t  tlu*  idt-al  IVfcdnin 
p'u'tui'td   l»y  the  patriot   Icadcis.      Still   jn-rsciii   \\<iv 


i.iaiiv  oPtlu'  chains  riveted  hv  ei-iiti 


ir  es  or  oiipresshii 


( )iu'  war  over,  another  l>e!jfj»n,  thi'  liL;iit  lieiii'^'  ltet\vi«  u 
the  old  order  of  thiiiL^s  and  the  new;  hetwi'en  eham 
l)ionsof  |>o{>ular  rights  and  sticklers  for  class  prlvilei^t  s 
and  traditi»)n.  But  they  plaved  the  i^anie  with  ilan«fi  r- 
ous  Weapons,  ^[ostof  them  wen*  Mind  with  ignonuitr. 
and  inefHcient  from  lack  of  <"\jterience,  acting  soim  - 
times  perhaps  too  rashly  in  discarding  tlieir  leadin- 
springs.  Some,  dazzled  by  military  disjilay,  overlookid 
tlic  dictates  of  duty  and  the  blessings  of  peace,  and 
betook  themselves  to  war  l\)r  personal  asj^grandizenn  lit. 
The  division  of  a  united  countiy  into  semi-inde[>endi  nt 
states  loosened  the  bond  whi'h  had  hitherto  uiiit<  d 
them,  and  fostered  anarchy;  so  that  the  liberty  ^>\ 
wliich  they  bt)asted  was  too  often  a  debasing  licensr. 
Hence  for  a  long  time  the  tendency  of  jxihtual 
al.'airs  M'as  to  foster  a  bitter  l>arty  spirit,  and  still  I'ld 
to   caste   distinctions,  tribal   diti'erences,  and   the  m.c- 

( w. ) 


I'AKTV   WARS. 


467 


ti  ImiI  natuiv  (»r  till'  warfjuT  Ix'j^un  in  ISIO.  Tlu! 
.11  i^tt'fiatir  rKnifiit,  tin*  wcaltliv  and  ofHc* -liol<lin«' 
ilassrs  ill  «'liui'<'li  and  state,  accu^oiiu'd  t«>  coiitrnl, 
MHi'^lit  to  n'lL^ain  tiic  |)<»\vcr  M'i/.t'd  hy  ,  l:f  poopi*'.  Old 
iiilhiciici'H  and  old  t'ct'liiijxrt  wen*  n  )t  wliolly  dead; 
lip  ii'  was  still  stnn;j;tli  in  the  Spanish  oonstitutioii  of 
i>  I  J,  due  to  a  liln'i-al  iTupir  anionjj;  tlic  otfictTs  ot'  the 
ill  my,    and    wliit'li    found    icprcsiiitation    in    ^Frxico 


MilMII 


.<•     tl 


\v  (si'osi'srs,  so  naiiu'd  iroin  a  niasonu 


I   fi 


lodi^t 


\vii!i   S<'otrli   rites.'     True,  their  aim   had  jj^raihially 


I  t 


t  lined  to\var< 


d   ind 


epelHlenet 


<  oreseein 


.1.'  tl 


le   lllevi 


t:iMi',  the  thri'ateiied  eler<'v  rosi;  in  hehalf  of  their 
|iri\  iK\!j[es,  and  ski. '.  My  niaii(euvre<l  into  existence, 
with  l^ourhon  aid,  an  enipin'  under  Iturhidi-,  to  fore- 
stall tho  raciieals.  iJut  leitiihlicanisni  had  already 
a('i|uire(l  streiii^th,  aiul  the  eseosesea  availed  themselves 
"!'  it  tt»  overthr»»w  the  empire,  seikiiijj;  as  iin  aris- 
tncr.itie  body  to  estahlish  a  dominant  central  y'overn- 
iiit'iit.  The  provincials,  hi>Nvever,  had  scented  the 
s\V(  t  ts  of  state  indepindiMice  under  a  federation,  and 
ii'^aidless  of  anythiniLj  save  party  interests,  the  im- 
li'iialists  joined  them  in  larn'e  forc-e  to  overwhelm  the 
rsidseses.  1  [ei'i?  a^.'iiii  the  aristocratic  element  ac- 
(|uired  the  upi>er  hand,  notahly  in  the  control  of  (»tiices, 
t'l  the  disappointment  of  the  hunjj^ry  radic.-ils,  wln> 
tliricupon  comhined  und(>r  the  term  «)f  yorkiiios.  from 
.nn'ther  masonic  lod^c,  to  strive  for  a  share  of  spoils. 
Till'  mere  prospe<'t  was  enough  to  revive  the  crushed 
iMity,  and  unite  the  rich  and  inlluential  classes  to  re- 
tain the  exclusive  possession. 

Tluse  two  formed  tho  i^reat  factions,  as  we  have 


ClscW 


here  seen,  which  for  decades  kej)t  the  country  in 
tuiiuilt,  with  or  without  ))rinciples,  thoui^h  n«'\    r  lack- 


ing  war-cries,   with    suhdivisions  and    hranch 


es. 


aia 


I  apiiea 


'11 


I 

led 


Nvitli  an  occasional  partial  coaU'scenc(\     lioth 

tl'    the    pi'oplt!    with    empty    promises    ami    douhtful 


'Coiiivrning  the  niaHonie  iiiflnciuu'  (in  Moxii'.iii  itolitics,  aoc  Aliiiiimi,  Mfj., 
V  "Jl  .'),  "kS,  4(I<»;  /,/.,  Ih/niMii,  ]'\>.  ix.  XV.;  /'<i;<.  Vni:,  cxlvi.  pt  x.;  Ixxiii.  pt 
'^•;  ni.l  ill  tho  English  of  JiMiiMit't  .Vcj:  Mil.  J/ci-m'k,  145-8. 


I:' 


'tif.-. 


468 


GOVERNMKN'T,  FIXANCES,  AX1>   MILITAUV. 


COtlCL'SSlOllS, 


tlie  foinit'i'  iiiRk'i'  tliL-  iiainc  of  conseiA.i- 
tivi'.s.  Altli<)UL;'li  known  at  ilitlV  I'cnt  tiiiics  also  as  pai- 
tido  <1(']  (')iclfn,  iiovcnaiios,  Ljentcs  clcccntis,  ]ioinl)rts  dr 
bit'M,  aristocrata,s,  retroj^rados,  nionaroliistas,  and  ci  n- 
tralistas,  yet  tlio  radicals,  bcinj^  of  tlic  pt'oplc,  di>- 
T)lav('d  a  iifrowiMii'  svni'tatliv  for  tiu-'ni,  and  souiilit  i'> 
uphold  more  and  more  their  assumed  title  of  prt>ni\'s- 
sisfs."  This  eifort  becominuj  reeoLiiiized,  the  mass(  s 
Mt  re  induced  to  su|)]>ort  their  champions  and  d<<i(|r 
the  issue,  in  favor  of  a  federal  and  liheral  system,  ;is 
aijainst  a  central  and  aristocratic  one.  ^leanuliil' 
the  ami}',  as  ])ossessini4'  the  readiest  means  for  revolu- 
tion, was  the  alternate  instrument  and  arhitir  in  tln' 
stru^L^le;  sustaininn'  anarchy  or  military  des|)otisiii, 
as  strikingly  evidenced  by  the  fact  that  duriiijj,-  tlp' 
time  between  18l21  and  1857  the  country  had  niuiv 
than  half  a  <lozen  forms  of  <;()vcrnment,  under  iniju  ii,;l 
and  rei)ul)lican  i-ei^encies,  empire  and  federal,  cent  nil 
and  tlictatorial  rules,  of  varvin*''  shades,  and  oscr  JO 
different  administrations,  for  which  fullv  250  revolu- 


tions were  unc 


h-rtak 


en. 


l\(n'olutioii  became  so  connnon  that  it  was  olVeii 
treated  more  as  a  joke  than  as  somethin-j,'  to  be  banned 
for,  and  captuied  consj)irators  were  ele^'antly  entri- 
tainetl  and  afterward  jiardoned.     A  man  ilid  not  kn 


n\V. 


■■'Known  ;il.sf>  as  lilicriilri,  )iur(i.s,  !inar<[iiist;i.s,  uaimllas,  <U'  los  (miiiIhhs, 
feileralist:in,  ilciiifiL'rataM.  In  Litur  times,  tlir  victorious  lil)tirals  i^cu  rally 
assiiiiii'il  tin:  loader's  iiaiiic,  as  Jjcnlistas,  I'orfiristas. 

^Soiiic,  like  Domiiicili,  y//V.  Mi.i.,  ii.  .'fTO,  counts  240  Iictwcoii  IS'Ji  iJ; 
liut  others  .«\V(11  the  ii)^ui-o  far  lieyoiul  liy  close,  ami  not  very  arhiir  i; , 
reikoiiiiig.  And  .so  \vc  liiiil  enumerations  of  >").")  administrations  within  ii 
years,  .some  provisional,  and  of  a  lew  day i'  duration.  See  ready  in.-tan'i  ■  iu 
<'ni/r.i,  JUiir.  Sdi.,  i.  (il<;  <''l.  M'lii.  ij  (•'iiht,  18.".L', 'J'.U-.'iOO.  C'ommeu!-;  I'l 
develoimieut  of  jiarties,  and  cuises  of  revolution,  in  A  rnnnioiz,  Mij.,  iii..  'ip- 
3-1."),  etc.;  Aiji-dn,  I'ljlcx.,  ]-:t;j;  Gcn/iii/,  J>!.<riii\-<o,  l-I!'_';  /'<i]).  I'fr.,  xlii.  ]'t 
7,  Ncv.  pt  I?;  Ji'i}ii(!i.  JIi'.i:,  I'lynln,  1-bO;  ('i«'ri.<.  /'nnrnir,  Idl-riliO,  pa--iin: 
Ltaii/d,  CiK'ttidii,  1-.');  Ortiz,  Mcc.  /mlcp.,  ")()-!)7,  with  a  more  iiliiloioplii.: 
nsjieet  in  Miirtinez,  SiimpsU,  L'rr.,  l-'JSC).  (iernian  views  are' given  in  /.V'7.'- 
hnj'rii,  lltj).  Mcr.,  7,  etc.  /'ittzil.  Aim  JA'.c,  1-4;  Mulilnijij'un/t,  MiJ.,  i-  '>'"'^ 
etseij.;  Wdjip'iii.'i,  Mu.,  \-l,  1!U),  I"'or  French  opinions,  1  refer  to  the  (Im;- 
tcrs  on  the  intervention.  Americans  have  ex|tressed  thcinselvci  in  77i  "»;  • 
Ko„".M  i;,r„lL,  fiS,  1,S(»,  'J4;{-r)l;  <linn\  Mnii.,  MS.,  '_'().")-();  linhvrUm'.f  Mi j..  li. 
l.")-!.")*).  jiassiin.  The  lirst  step  i:i  a  revolution  is  the  pronuneiiimiento,  tn  pin- 
iiounce  for  a  ccn-tain  [irincijile  or  man,  followed  generally  by  a  pLvn  or  declu;i 
tion  of  oliject  ami  principles,  and  attondccl  hy  the  grito,  or  war-cry. 


THKOIIY   (W  RKVOLl'TION. 


409 


In  iiiL,'  liimself  in  power  to-day,  wlicii  liis  time  to  lio 
shot  would  come.  Althoui^li  it  was  often  appari'ntiy 
a  luckv  turn  to  <i  day's  doin<4.s  tliat  sent  one  to  tlio 


|iil;ice  instead  of  to  the  ^allows ;  and  not  infrequontly 
th.ie  was  a  bloody  settlement  of  iiecounts  after  a  hat- 
\\'\  \ct  it  lias  evidently  l>een  the  jiolicy  of  tlic  <;'ove)'n- 

but  1 
I 


lih'l 


t  not  to  drive  tlie  defeated  to  desiiei-ation 


y  means  possi 


hlc   t( 


1' 
did 


>v 


o  restore  conhdeiiee  and  main 


tain  peace 


Till'  i,n)vernment,  installed  by  a  moinentai'ily  victo- 
rious j'action,  Ibund  it  often  neces.-^aiy  t(»  purchase  its 
cMiiiinuance  by  leniency  an<i  bribery  of  o})ponents,  and 
it  was  L^'enerally  [lowt 


mIcss  to  undertake  the;  refctr) 


ns 


li\  i'( 


li  which  the  j)eople  had  Ik  en  dehided,  or  too  short- 
1   to  carry  out  tliose   that   miuht   be   attempted. 


IS  Weakness  eiieoura^'eti  re\<»iutions  a 


luti 


dso  1 


>v  indiv 


idiials  foi'  L^'ain  of  olHci^  promotion  ainl  notoriety,  or  to 
cnxer  def;dcatioi\s;  and  so  corjioi-als  spran^:;  quickly  by 
a  siiies  of  bloodless  outbreaks,  or  intimidations,  to  bo 


'Till 


lals  and  <jfovernor; 


As  in  the  early  days  of  the  Ignited  States  republic, 
tlie  first  federal  ollicials  of  NTcxico  wore  exceedin-jlv 
sliiijile  in  their  habits  and  surroundings,  ti'aine(l  as 
t!i'  y  bail  Ijcen  midst  liardshi})s  of  lield  a  id  camj),  and 
111 'iiiitain  fastnesses.      They    were   easy  of  a[t|)roach, 


ami 


]»rom[)t  m  the  execution  of  their  (hities.      During" 
]iart  of  the  French  revolution,  tlie  newly  made;  jtower-; 
\\i|e  likewise  e-racious.      Says  a  \  isitor  to  Mexico  in 
as    introduced     to    the    ju'esident,    went 


w 


tln'ou'^h  his  dininL;'-rooni.  whei'e  was  a  table-< 


■lotll 


on 


.1  of 


tl 


I  coarse  talth'  wit.'i  tliree  plain  covers  t>n  it, 


pi  sed  iVom  that  to  his  bed cliamber,  which  was  very 
liltiiily  furnished  with  a  nmttress  laid  on  a  bedstea<l 
Nviiliout  any  curtains,  and  thence  passed  to  his  audi- 


faci 
Sari 


-chamber,   as    I'ruu'allv   turnished  as  the   othej- 


I   W( 


TO  th 


.U 


lo  simple  suri'oumlm^rs  tti  the  man  v,  lio 


h 


nccl 


ipied  the.  ])alace  wIhtc   the    Aztec  emju.'rois  uwc 


d  swav;  and  afte;   them   t 


le  vKu'rovs  from 


Si 


)ain. 


Ill    iiu 


itation    of  their    I'oyal    master,    clothed    tiicni- 


!?■■ 

it        4< 


m 
ml 


470 


(JOVEIINMENT,  FINANCES,  AND  MILITAllY. 


Ki'lvcs  witli  imperial  luxury  aiul  pomi>.  Gradually, 
liowcvcr,  this  priinitivo  .simplicity  on  the  part  of  olii- 
cials  wore  away,  and  business  became  burdened  with 
more  forms  and  teclmicalities. 

Of  the  two  leadin;!^  forms  of  jj^overnment  in  repuMi- 
can  times,  centralist  and  federalist,  the  former  i m- 
bodied  a  central  administration  at  Mexico  for  iIk, 
whole  country,  in  one  stronj^  hand,  suppoi'ted  by  the 
derij^y  and  property  holders,  in  mana_i»;iii<^  the  revenue 
and  promoting'  advancement,  the  states  being  accord- 
ingly reduced  to  mere  de})artments  under  governors 
a]>]»ointc!d  by  and  subject  to  the  authority  at  the  eaji- 


ital. 


ted 


lb 


d 


ital,  congressmen  henig  Iniiited  m  number  and  powi  i, 
and  franchise  being  further  contracted  by  proj)eity 
restrictions  and  oiHcial  and  military  suj)ervision.  It 
was  argued  in  favor  of  this  system  that  the  massi.s 
were  unfit  for  e(|u;d  rights,  or  a  share  in  the  go\eiii- 
nieiit;  that  the  division  into  states  was  a  special  souk c 
of  danger  to  a  nation  so  Jieterogeneous  in  composithm. 
and  that  the  church  must  be  uj)held  as  a  bond  o\' 
safety  between  the  races.  All  this  might  havi,'  luiii 
reasonable  but  for  the  selfisli  aim  to  maintain  tin 
jR'ople  in  ignorance  and  sul)jt;ction. 

'I'he  emi)irc  under  ^raximilian  was  the  final  ell'nit 


.f  tl 


le  conservatives,  since  centralism  had  failed.     T 


II- 


idea  was  regarded  as  acce[)table,  especially  to  the  I 
dians,  and  with  a  jujrmanent  head  there  would  l" 
greater  pi'ospects  of  maintaining  [)eace,  controlling  tac- 
tions, and  uidblding  ])i'osperity,  ])artly  l)y  nu-ans  el"  :i 
reorganized  army,  by  obviating  the  excitement  and 
danger  of  elections,  and  the  strife  for  leadershi[)  and 
spoils.  A  native  ruh-r  being  a[)t  to  rouse  jtnlou^y,  a 
Ibn-ign  prince  was  called,  with  the  prestige  of  roy 
ami  talents. 

The  federalists  adopted  for  a  model  the  adjoininL: 
northern  United  States,  which  stood  commendid  I'V 
success,  and  copied  the  main  features  ol'  tlu'ir  (»rga 
law  in  the  constitution  of  LS"J4,  thouiih  failinn'  to 


ilrv 


nir 


CENTRALI;  TS   AND   FJ.DIT.ALISTS. 


471 


sci'vt'  its  sj)irlt,  Jii  tiny  liad  so  many  oilier  wiso  (;i-«;i- 
iKiiiccs.  This  ruiKliiiiuMital  law  has  jtractically  sur- 
\i\i(l  till  our  day,  in  that  of  1S.>7,  with  its  aniond- 
iiicnts  and  additions,  some  of  which  are  on  the  face  at 
1(  ust  a  step  in  advance  on  the  other.  It  |;roclaii!i<(l 
tlii'  ri'_;hts  of  man  hy  j:frantint;  free  s[>oech,  a  free  pi-esr;, 
jiiid  lil)erty  (»f  education  ;  ])ermitted  no  jmsspoits  or 
ii  striction  of  personal  iVeedom;  forbade  the  inlliction 
i>\'  the  lasli  or  other  indignities,  or  confiscation  oi' 
jiinprrty ;  recognized  no  hereditary  honors,  nobility,  or 
pit  rogatives;  and  abolished  all  s[ieclal  tribunals  save 
tor  military  discipline.  Xo  corporation  could  hold 
leal  estate  beyond  what  was  required  for  direct  use, 
and  no  monopolies  might  exist  except  in  patents.  Tlie 
legislative  j)ower  was  restricted  to  one  house  with  in- 
cicascd  i-eprescnitation,  eli'ction  being  by  secri't  ballot, 
with  intervention  of  an  electoral  college.  Tlu;  execi;- 
tive  ]»ower  was  vested  in  a  }tre.sident  elected  for  four 
years,  with  temporary  succession  of  the  president  of 
the  supreme  court.  Supreme  judges  were  elected  lor 
six  years.* 

'  All  lioiiust  Mixicaiis  above  tlio  age  of  18  if  married,  al)ovc  21  if  ttninar- 
riiil.  \\vi\'  iliclaiid  citizLii.s,  with  a  votf  ami  right  to  L'amliihu'y,  ami  ohligatiou 
t'iiiiu  the  iiitioiial  guanl.  Ann  mliiu'uts  to  the  eoiistitutioii  re(jiiir('(l  a  two- 
tliinls  voti'  of  coiiLiris.s,  ami  aii|pioval  !>y  a  majority  of  state  legislatures. 
Till-  law  (lilfereil  from  that  of  |.vi4  liy  aholitioii  of  the  senate,  liy  a  lur.nerieal 
iiii'icase  of  the  oth'T  ehamlMT,  and  iiotaldy  hy  divesting  the  eluueli  of  its 
iiiiay  jirivileges.  Mixiran  eimitiUitions  had  tlieir  beginning  in  the  Spani.h 
oivfimic  law  of  181'J,  whieh  ailmitted  cnhmiea  to  a  share  in  national  all'aii's 
liiriiu-h  the  ('(Jrteii,  and  to  eh.'ct  legislatures  and  munieipalitios  ainong  thcni- 
M'lves,  Indians  lieing  raised  to  eitizenshii>,  hut  not  Afriean  admixtures.  Tiiis 
liw  gave  imimho  to  the  tirst  re|iuliliean  i-onstituf ion  issued  in  lsl4  at  Apat- 
/iiigan,  wliieli  extended  eitizenslii[i  to  all,  ami  vested  the  sujireme  ]iower  in 
an  eleeted  eongress,  limited  to  one  member  for  eaeli  of  the  I"  proviiiees. 
(  (ingress  a|i[poi:ited  the  trijile  alternating  exeeutive,  the  judges,  and  the  mili- 
tuv  eliiefs.  Throiiuhout  jirevnileil  an  aristoeratie  .spirit  whieh  seemed  to 
imiinise  Well  for  the  limited-monareliy  programme  issued  at  Igiiala  by  Itur- 
i'ide.  Regarding  the  eountry  a<  immat\ire  for  repuMiean  rule,  he  revived 
the  empire  of  .Moutezuuia  among  tlu'  I'esuseitated  Mexican  nation,  while 
enneeding  to  it  the  privilegis  of  the  impi'o\ed  constitution  of  181'-',  as  issued 
\n  IS'JO,  with  an  elective  eongress. 

lilt;  federalists  gained  the  upper  hajid,  hoW(!Ver,  and  the  eoTistitu'ion  of 
.'.le  adjoining  I'nited  States  was  inlrodueed  with  a  few  French  and  Spanish 
uiiidiheations.  The  reinesentation  in  the  lower  house  of  eoiinress  was  one  for 
I  very  .S(»,(MH(,  (deetid  every  second  year;  the  senate  was  fonru'd  of  two  mem- 
h  rs  trom  every  slate,  chosen  by  the  legislatures,  cine  loi'  two  years,  the  other 
I  r  four.  One  reeidar  sei^ion  was  to  be  hel  1  yearly,  with  a  eonizress  deputa- 
tion during  the  recess  acti:ig  as  government  eouiieil.     The  executive  power 


..till 


M 


mvi 


h 
I? 

I 


47i'  <;i)Vi:iix>,ji:nt,  finaxc::s,  and  military. 

Tin-  iiijiiri  t'eaturo  oi'  tlio  document  M'jis  the  hluw 
aiuu'd  at  tlic  churoh  by  no  IoMi>er  doclariii^-  tlic 
]{(mi;iii  catholic  to  bo  the  state  rel!;;ion,  l)y  enilMxIx - 
\\\\X  the  famous  laws  of  Juarez  and  l^erdo,  whii-h 
v.ithdrew  the  fuero  pi'Ivile^-es  of  tlie  clers^y,  and  thrir 
|)o\v(  r  to  jiold  property,  subjectin!:^  them  to  the  supti- 
visiou  of  the  ii'overnnuiit,  bv  takiu'jf  i'roiu  them  the 
(t)!itrol  of  education,  dispersed  monastic  bodiis,  n\u\ 
urantcd  a  lil»ei'ty  of  speech  and  of  the  ])ress,  whirli 
K'lt  thi-m  e.\j»()se(l  to  levellini;;'  criticism.  Their  etlbrt 
to  resist  these  encroachments  led  to  the  lonn'  w;ir  nt" 
refoiin,  aiul  subse(|uently  to  the  m(»derate,  hcrcditiuy 
nionai'chy  under  ^raximiruui,  unham[)eivd  by  ])opul;n- 


ri'|trisentation. '     ravorecl   oy  succt 


d  b 


th 


le   reiHliflii-aii 


\V  IS  Vis 


t.'.l 


111  ;i  iiicsi 


iilr:it  (•!< 


il  for  four  viMr> 


itl 


witli  ri  viit'-iirrsi 


■lit. 


( 


ti. station  of   p:-o|Mriy   was  forliiiUU'ii.     Sl;ili-.s  tiijoyi\l   iiulcpiiulriit  ntciu.i 


g  ivcrii:iic:it,   uii 


lor   l.'''isl:ili 


c,    cxri'utivt 


•I    J' 


I    h.'M.ls;    l,i;t    1 


Kl< 


to 


•jiort  fimitially  oil  their  i-oiuUtioii.     Tlio  ilaiisi;  t'Xihidiiii;  (itliiT  roliyions  tliaa 


voMiaii  oa 


.lioli 


ittfil   iii   sovcral   state  coustitiiti 


Iu.l..,l, 


t  il  ruTii'i",  iiii'il  for  jury  wysi 
ro:i::rcssioii;il  power,  liiori'  "lirii't  rlfctii 


loii'i'r  ti'riii.s  for '•oiii'ivssiiu'ii,  ri'-:tiii'tion  i.f 


1 
iiililii'.    Wire   aiiioui'    till'   (iii'stioiis    s 


itrol  of  liiid  iiiiil  iiiiliti;i  liv  t 


M' 


n, 


I. 


'1 

•.vi:\  \-l;   Hh-litl,  h 


II, 


i; 


V- 


SlII'L'llll  , 
.1/. 


liroiiu'it    into  ;iuit,itioii. 


tor  iipiimiuuts 


A  I: 


IllliUI, 


lli-i. 


Mt:i\,  iv.  17;!,  lurfrrs  the  aristoir.itii'  Apat/iiiiraii  law.  In  ISI!,")  Uio  I'oii.sciva 
t.vi'.s  gainoil  control,  ai.il  issuod  a  (.".■ntralist  (.•oiislitiitiou,  iimli  r  m'huIi  tl,- 
utatcs  wt'ro  ri''lui.i''l  to  ili'iiart'iiont  s   rulcil  l)y  pivoriiovs,  with   siiliorilina 


L'fl'l't.S, 

ly  iK-rti'.l 


ltd  1 
ilj 


ly  and  suliji'ct  to  tiie  u'ovi'rnnnnt  at  Moxico,  yet  assisted 
Towns  Willi  owr  S.d.li)  i;ihal)itauls  cordl  alone  ilcct  a 


i..nnu'i[i 


ilit> 


The  ri|iriseiit  itioii   in  tin;  lower  house  was  redneei 


I    to 


1 


r  for  every  l.">>t,Ui)0  inhaliitaiits,  eUeted  for  four  years;  the  senate  was 


iiitril  to  "^4  ineiiiiii'iM  ehosen  for  .six  yearn  hytl 


,1, 


liartineital  eoiine:!s  Iroiii 
were  de.-iii;- 


t'.ie  triple  nominees  of  the  three  snjireine  jiowers.     Two  sessions 

It  lied  yl^•lrly,  with  a  dipiitaeion  of  seven  nieinher.s  diiriiij;  reeess.     The  jiresi 

dent  was  ilioseii   for  eijilit  years  hy  tlio  <le]':irtiiK'nt.il  emineils,  from  thri  ■ 


nominees  selected  hy  the  h 


jiovernment  eouncil  and  iiiinistrv. 


wer  iiousu  troni  the  triple.  iiiimoiT  jiresei 


iteil 


I'liate 


iiid  eoiirt. 


il 


e  was  assi^ 


ted 


louiK'il  of  thirteen  iiieked   from  It'.t  eonj,'ress  nominees,  one  tiiird  hriii;,' iin  ii 


fr 


til 


e  eiinreh  anil  ;irmy 


rere  i(er]>etnal,  the  siiiireme  jndi,'e  heiiii 
■l.'eted  l.ke  tlie  presid.nt.      A  siiiiremo  poiL-r  eonservador  of  live  persims  was 


placed  to  watrh  over  the  ac's  of  the  tlireo  su] 
tioa  Were  in.iny  eoninieiidatile  features,  hut 
disregardi-il. 


ireo  suiireme  iiovMrs 


Intl 


lis  constitii- 


il  it 


was   intriiiLiei 


ail 


reformed  i.-sne  of  it  in  jSld  iiicrea 


rc<entation,  ,iii  1  uive  more  |iower  to  (lie  pre 


a  id  U 


I'tors,  while  rcsti'ielin: 


:  the  fr 


V,\  increased  the  eoiiL'ressioii.il  ri'li- 
resi.lent,  to  de|iartment.d  asseniiilies, 
lii<e  to  ineoinesof  not  less  than  #'_'IH)  a 


I 


1   IMll  till    tr( 


eonstituii.i  I  of  |S'_'i  was  rei'slahlishod,  withaiiic 


nients,  winch  alioli  4ied  the  vi 


t.uion,   and   inolili 
eonslitutioiis,  s.' 


th 


ice-presiileiicy,  incrcasi'  I  coni^ression.il  repreM  n- 
ileetor.d   nictho.j.      l''or  full  text  of    the   dilhrmt 


Mv 


si, I. 


ii.,  and  ( 'ol.  <  oiit>it. 


I.   111. 


1.1  llii    Ftlinl..    1  -\Vi\)\    Dllitiln    II    /.iCrl: 

v. 'l.V),  •_';!>,  •_'."i();  viii.   I  (ill,  :is'K  -Jitil. 


I.. 


M,. 


V 


I.  ;te)-.'>(),  4;i:i  ."ii. 


'(I'll 


I'.i  1- 


V  ni:ie  iirnisterH  and  a   coir.u'il  of  stat".  of   his 


.1/' 


rtli'U. 


The  enipirv.' was  divided  into  eiijlit  eonii.iario  seetions,  and  ."li.)  ilr[iai'tiiieiUs. 


CONCllIiS.S   AM)  TIIK    I'Ki:siI)i:XT. 


J7.S 


so'iulit  to  ensnare  it  Itv  srvnal  anundnunts.  iiist 
|py  itroc-lainiiiiiL!;  tolerance  and  sejiaratiiin"  cliuiili  ami 
.>talo,  by  «leclai'in<T^  marriage  a  civil  contract,  l»y  snlt- 
stitutinu;*  tor  the;  ri^linious  oath  a  sini[»K'  jutimisc  to 
.juak  tlie  truth,  hy  forljiddiiiL;"  alienation  ot"  |n  iMinal 
lihtitv  hv  vow  or  contract."  .V  seiiate  was  ad«ltd  in 
I -^7  I,'  and  later  came  tlu' amendment  l)rou^ht  aiiout 


1) 


laz  revo 


luti 


on,  w 


hich  lorhade  tlu>  reiilectioii  of  a 


[iie>i(U'nt  or  i^'overnor  lor  a  consccvitivt!  tiMin.^ 

("(inj^ress  consists  of  two  houses,  one  ol'  d>iiuties, 
and  one  of  senators,  hoth  t.'lectid  hy  imlireet  popular 
viitf,  the  former  lor  two  yt'ars,  in  the  |»iM]iurtion  of 
(Hie  fill-  evei'V  -10,000  inliahitants.  "^Fho  sciiaic  is  com- 
l    of  two    meml)i'rs    for    everv   stati-,    re  luuahle 


II  i>('( 


Very    second    year 


hv    half.      Jt    lias    tli 


eXt'lUsiNe 


faculty  to  ajj^irove  tri'aties,  di'cide  for  cases  of  intei'fer- 
1  lice  with  stati  s,  ami  conlirm  aji[»ointments  cf  miiiis- 
tris,    di]»lomatic    aj^i'iits,    and    supt^rioi-    militar\     and 


iiiiaiicia 


1  otH 


cers. 


Wo  sessions  are 


hel 


(I 


\eai  l\' 


th 


Tin?  l.ittiT  ruled  l)y  jtrofoots  ainxiintod  liy  tin-  tMii])('r<ir,  ainl  t;iiiili'<l  liy  a 


il  (if   their  jciint  Mlictimi.     Toun,!  of  over  I!. (Ml.)  iiilnMtaiit^  (■litiiMu: 
ilarly  clci'teil    ayiiiitaiiiit'iitos.      Sn[n'riiir    juil:is   wvw   jici]"  tiiil.    .1/'.; 


1 


"/.  /.. 


'/>  <  ill,}).,    l.-Vlll. 


'I'liis  w:i.s  iia-!.<t'il  oil  Sejit.  '_'.'),  IST't,  an 


iliiir.l  O.I  Deo.   H».   1n74. 


All 


r  ■lii'ions 


I'.'.iiiirut  rt'tauH' 


iiiiy;lit  lie  jirat'tisc.l  as  liiii^' a.-i  laws  wen' not  iiilriu^cil,  Imt   t lie  gov 


,1 


tlol  ovt'i'  t.u'ir  llic'i;lili;;.s   to  I'.iloi'i'o  oiclr 


.1  al. 


i-C'lartrK'M. 


Uell 


'lou.s  Ira: 


;t  <1, 


ivs  wi'i'i'  aiioli.lic'i 


SiiMilav  lii'iii'4  rt'L'ai-iii'il 


.■tv 


ol  list,  ami  rcliyioiis  rites  ami  teaeliiiiL^  vero  forliiilileii  out- 


.1 


c'oa-einKiuly  lii  s 


I  liool.-i 


lli'U|i.Mir( 
•mI  est;i 


I.    u 


viiore  j:(.'iieral   mora 


ility  al( 


it    telll- 
lulcl    In; 


ij;ioi: 
il.li-al 


tiiin'-ite-s  foull   roeeive  .n  Ic^aev,   nor   any  gilts   i|i 


While 


niarriam'  was  a  eivil  coatraet,  a  in 


ill  .li 


ilil.l  not  lie  gianteil. 
'  I'l  I'u'ilii  istit,  ii.   17.")  ot  Keq. 


|iresiiioiit  aeeor 


it 


lis    tfl'lll. 


A I 


lingl.\ 
.1 


V  eaiipot  1) '  a  eamlelat^'  uiil 


;l    fe 


niemlnieiit   is.suei 


I  M 


IV 


l.s7,s.     V 


ears  alter  the 
'I'    te\t   ol'    aiaenil- 


I'lits,  with  (k'hato  and  eoiniiieiits,  1   refer  to  /o 


.I'll.. 


iv.  <iiil!  S< 


"iii'iM  the  need  of  a 


'liate   IS  .1  Iv 


oea 


ted.   Zii-i-o,  lli.^l.   ( 


H'.il;    deliate    on    l.S."i7   (iHistitutioll, 


.  I  ,■•■/,; 


Mr 


"ii'.l- 


i.  10)  .s7('i:  il. 


11 


.1/. 


(I'dli.,  I^i7."),  1.'{-'J();  /.art  iiiIki,  Mcrrhmil,  (i;    /i 


/.■/■/ 1,   4-_';iH',  4S(i-'.i;i;   him:    Ihlmlv 
>tr.,    li.    vj.  ua,    hi.    I(>,    lO-J-SSc'i;    hhi 


Conj: 
Ol!,: 


'.i;: 


i.    liios  11, 

ui-ini,  I'lti,!,- 


.    :.l  1; 

lli.^t. 
c:i;:i. 


Ai.r.  '.),    10,   '.>:!,  .Il 


\,  l> 


"it.  'Jl,  I>SS1,  with  proiiosed  aniriidiiieiit.'i.     Altaeks  niioii  them  m  Muii^uiis 


iliiirate   works,  m  his  i iftuxe. 


vi.  1 


JS;   ('riii.iiii  .1   i  lfiiiii'Ji>J.. 


IllnlilllKlllli' 


tii'ii   with   II 


)  I'J;   I'iiiiirt,   Cell.,    Ii'il/;/.!/  liiilipi'i,'/.,    1   "J.'t.     < 'oiiiiiunts  in  coiime 


iioiiareliii!  view 


s.  ill   C/iiriili, 


/■:. 


7..  4-J:   i:.<fr"'l.i,  Mr 


M:  />..-■.  //;.-/.  .)/,...,  l,s:!l   7."i,  lit  4.     Aisoliv  f>« 


rll,    .\f 


A  rrhi. 
ii.i.-irrii.-.-    ami 


"th-  :  ■,  and   |iaiii)iiilets  in   I'lq'.    Var.,  .\.\v.  pts  v.-vi.,  l.x.SNii.  pt  ii.,  eiii.  l^it  i. 
c.\.  ^it  iv.,  i!.\ii.  pt  viii.  10. 


sr^' 


i| 


III 


IM'I 


I 


474 


GOVERNMENT,  FINANCES,  AND  MILITARY. 


«;1 


ij 


second,  lK*,nniiin<^  April  Lst,  being  preferable,  devottd 
to  financial  (jucstions.  A  de[)utation  of  15  deputi*  s 
and  1 4  senators  sits  during  the  recess.^ 

The  executive  power  is  vested  in  the  president, 
elected  by  popular  indirect  vote,  and  holding  (AYuv 
from  l)ecen)l)er  Jst  for  four  years,'"  His  substitute 
in  case  of  teni[)orary  or  final  vacancy  is  the  ]>resid(iit 
of  tlie  supreme  court,  provisionally,  until  elections  cuii 
be  held."  The  president  can  appoint  civil  and  mili- 
tary oflicers  of  a  certain  grade,  and  remove  di[il<jmiitic 
agents  and  financial  chiefs,  but  those  of  a  superioi' 
rank  can  l»e  sul)niitted  only  in  nomination  to  the  sen- 
ate.'- .Fuarez  set  an  example  of  extreme  unobtrusive- 
ness  in  connection  with  public  proceedings,  acting  even 


! 


9  At  tlio  close  of  the  first  session,  which  lasts  from  Sept.  ICth  till  Dec.  ].">tl], 
must  he  iire.seiiteil  the  Imilget  for  consideration  of  the  coitmiitteo  chiriiiu  ii  - 
cess.  The  secoml  session  ends  May  !i lst.  Eacli  session  may  he  prorogiif.l  Uii 
!iO  and  1.5  days,  ies|iectively,  vhicli  must  l»e  dedicated  to  tliu  ohjcct  wliiili 
caused  the  prorogation.  IJills,  if  rejected  l>y  one  or  hoth  houses,  caiiiint  he 
presented  ai^ain  during  the  same  session.  A  simple  majority  in  coiigre-s 
.sutlices  to  pass  them  over  .'i  presidential  veto.  Deputies  must  lie  'J.')  yiiirs  ..f 
ago,  senatoi's  liO.  Tiiey  cannot  helong  to  the  ecclesiastic  profession,  and  must 
not  accept  federal  olhce  with  pay.  Of  the  former,  any  numher  ovtr  one  liali 
the  total  constitutes  a  (pioruni;  of  the  latter,  two  thirds.  Suplcntes  or  siih>ti- 
tntes  are  elected  for  ca.ses  of  ahsencc  or  vacfincy.  Tlie  federal  district  re- 
ceived two  scuatoi's  The  profusion  of  titles  of  former  days  luis  hiiu  -it 
aside.  Tliey  have  shifted  from  the  national  palace  to  dillerent  sites,  tlie  hnvi-r 
house  occupying  lately  the  old  Iturhide  theatre,  and  tlio  senate  a  modest  hiill 
elsewhere.  Tlie  representation  lias  varied  for  dcputiivs,  as  we  have  snii. 
Under  tlie  central  constitution  of  IHIUi,  it  fell  to  one  for  l.")l),(X)l)  iiihahibMits, 
while  the  st'iiate  consisted  of  only  'J4  nieiiihers.  There  used  ti>  he  a  projn  ity 
<pialilii'ati(in,  which  in  lSi.'4  amounted  to.VS.O.K),  or  an  income  of  .':1,()0U.  T..r 
term  has  ranged  l)ct\M'eii  '2  and  4  years  for  deputies,  and  '2  to  0  years  fiir.-iii- 
ators.  For  ruhs  during  the  midiile  period,  see  Arriilinjii,  llwup.,  IV.'N  '"i; 
JIf'.r.,  Liijin.,  hS.'rJ  et  seij. ;  /.'ii'ilnii  and  /.irjuiii,  Li  J.  Max.,  ii-xi.,  pas.-Dii: 
Mcr.,  Col.  I.iji  ,  l,S,-i:{  et  seq.  In  KS77  a  hill  was  presented  for  aholisluiiL:  i!k 
.senate,  in  eoiitormity  with  the  n-volutionary  jilaii  of  I.s7(i,  Dinr.  Ili!i'tli:-<,{'i<\\^. 
t>,  i.  470-1,  4SS,  hut  it  f.iilcd  to  pass.  It  was  ereatecl  only  in  1S74  undci  the 
new  constitution.  It  is  not  the  lirst  time  that  its  abolition  has  heeii  iir.iil 
and  nioreovcr  lUected. 

'^iSome  favor  a  longer  period,  to  permit  the  carrying  out  of  reform  jilan-. 
anil  to  avoid  the  disorder  of  too  close  election  agitation.  lihi/.,  MS.,  -(."lO  I, 
Ho  must  he  not  less  than  ',i'i  years  of  age,  and  cannot  leave  the  capital  with- 
out permit  from  the  congress. 

"The  vice-presidency  was  not  admitted  into  the  present  eonstitutioi;.  aiil 
has  heen  aholislied  on  former  occasions,  as  needless  and  as  the  cause  fur  in- 
trigue and  difl'erenees. 

'^  As  shown  in  a  jirevious  note.  He  oi  course  chooses  his  own  miiiist'  is. 
The  appointment  of  inferior  oliicials  is  determined  liy  law,  Tln^  ))arih'ii  ■>! 
jiersons  eonvi<'teil  liy  federal  courts  lies  with  liim.  See  previous  statcinLlit 
about  senators  conccruiug  treaties  ami  army  movcnients. 


ADMINISTRATIVE  rOWERS  AND  DUTIES. 


47S 


as  tiie  plain  majjfi.strate.  The  iiiauufuratioii  of  Diaz 
was  uiiattoiuled  hy  any  of  tlio  imposing  corenionies 
and  i)ageantry  introduced  Uy  earlier  rulers,  oven  by 
.Jiuiicz.  For  a  time  Diaz  lived  in  a  retired  dwellinijr 
(if  modest  size,  and  used  the  palace  purely  for  the 
transaction  of  business  and  *or  certain  re(H'i»tions."^ 

W'itli  extraordinary  powers  to  make  a[>pointments, 
csj)('cially  in  tlie  army,  which  looks  above  all  to  him. 


alH 


1  witl 


1  a  col 


itrolli 


n)*:"  influence  i 


n  th 


le  many  states. 


owing  to  concessions,  swayed  elections  and  installa- 
tions of  leading  officials,  the  power  of  a  president  in 
Mexico  is  innnense,  the  more  so  as  parties  in  and  out 
of  the  congress  can  be  so  readily  won  over,  manceuvred, 
or  split.  It  rccjuires,  therefore,  a  high  sense  of  duty 
and  patriotism  to  abstain  from  ai-bitrary  act^ 


lS  a 


means  to  k'sseti  intrigues  on  the  part  of  tlie  govci'n- 
nient  for  promoting  the  reiilection  of  its  ])owerful  chii'f, 
and  to  leave  the  people  at  greater  liberty  to  manifest 
its  choice,  President  Diaz  introduced  the  no-reiilection 
amendment.  Nevertheless,  it  is  easy  for  the  l)arty  in 
otHce  to  secure  the  election  of  its  ciioic(\  and  .so  per- 
j)ituate  autliority  within  certain  hands.  This  oligarchy 
is  insured  by  duly  propitiating  influential  men  and 
leaders  with  offices  or  means  for  gain. 

The  administrative   duties  are  divided  amonij  six 

'■'III  Diddiiii  >i  r.'C'ino,  L',,.  ^f,^.l^.,  vi.  8-11,  ix.  241".,   M'.r.,  Col.  h,/.,  IS.Vi, 
•JOS,  :n.S-l!»,  etc.,  ArriUiifj,!,  '/,•((•<,]>.,  lcS;i;{,  1    10,  lS4;t  ,")•).  •.'".i;{   t.  .-idiI  piwidu.H 


Imjios,  lU'L'  iiistaiK'es  ol  rii 


1(',S  f. 


curi'iiioiiiis  odiiiu'ctcil  with  liiisiiu'^s,  inaii 


Jilll'.UKUl 

the  jiris.  will 


s,  ami  t'luicrals.     15v  dfiTi't!  of  Mav  '2i,  ls:!S,   t 


U' 


ilarv  as^imii' 


!?;>().(H)();  tci  a  pidv.  pit's.,  .s|, ,"■)()(!  iiKiiitlily,  ami  M  likcsiiin  tntl 


to 
le 


prcs.  ii['  tile  e'liuiii'il;  .secri'tarii'.s  of  state  ami  eoumiildi 


i.OUO  ami  .S4.0IH). 


spectiN  c'ly;   tlu;  salary  <if  a  soiiati>r  was  lixi-  I  at  .S'i.'ilM),  aiul  that  of  a  ilip 


iii\-  at  .^; 


;,()t»o 


a  year,  to  comiiicimo  from  tin;  ilay  on  which  thcv  cii 


itcriil 


tli>  ir  duties. 


J>ii',li 


il  />. 


'mi  ami  l^uoiim 


hy.  Mr 


iii.  40'.*.      These  salarii:s  wcri 


U' 


iluce.l  teiniioraiily  liy  i  >iaz,  Mec.  IS.S4.  'I'he  [iresiilelit's  titles  havi'  iviliireil 
troiii  Hxcellelicy  to  Nlost  Serene  lIiuhiicsH,  the  latter  assiiined  hy  S  iiita  Anna 
iliirin;,'  his  last  ilictator.sliiii.  At  present  no  otiicr  title  is  ivcogni/eil  other 
tiriii  Citi/eii  I'rcsiileiit.  While  pomp  ruleil  high  under  Santa  Anna,  Maxi- 
milian excelleil  in  i)unetilious  reijulations  for  oilii;e  ami  court,  and  p?omised 
to  extend  cti(Hiette  and  rank  iiotalily  hy  the  creation  ami  revival  of  orders 
aad  patents  of  nohility,  with  tlieir  rules  for  dre.ss,  precedence,  and  titles,  con- 
c  ruin,'  which  I  refer  the  reader  to  the  earlier  cha[)ters  in  this  volume,  and 
to  .I/'/-.,  ('ill.    Lii/.  I  III}).,  ii.  .V'J(). 

"  Lerdo  did  not  scruple  to  foment  a  revolution  in  ordei-  to  olitain  exti-ai>r- 
ilih.iry  )iowers  for  interference  in  tlie  all'airs  of  st.ites  and  other  desij.'ns. 
.Siinie  jiertiuciit  coiumcuts  ou  this  power  arc  made  by  Clarke,  Mi.r.,  MS.,  ;{l!-U. 


478 


GOVEUNMKNT.   FIXAXCES,  AXD    MILITARY. 


I 


i 


r;il)iiu't  si'cretarics,  t't»r  I'oiTiL^ni  atliiirs,  justice  aiul  juili- 
lic  iiisti'uctiuii,  Intci'ior,  trcasuiT,  and  jxihlic  ci-ctlit.  w.ir 
ii:nl  iia\y,  and  jtuMu"  works,''  trcrly  selected  liy  ihr 
])rc,sid('iit,  yet  respousilde  for  tlieir  acts.  The;  lii^t 
named  enihriices  the  premii'isliij),  with  possession  of 
tlie  j^'nat  seal,  an<l  attends  to  ollicial  jmhiications  and 
cei'enionials.  A\'ith  the  depaitnu  nt  of  justice  \\;is 
i^V'tuTally  connected  ec(  Icsiast'c  aliiiirs,  hut  since  tin- 
s  'itaration  of  church  and  slate  the  suj)crvision  is 
intrelv  of  a  niauisterial  character.      The:  interior  minis- 


try,  known  as  n'ol)ernacio",  divides  Avi 


ith   th 


le  inililic 


works  de}iartinent,  a  later  cnation  known  as  foiiunlo, 
tlie  lionie  allairs  not  (Ksiixnated  hy  the  titles  of  tlie 
other  jiortfolios,  the  foineiito  secretary  atteiidiii'^'  to 
niattiTs  connected  diri'ctlv  with  tratle,  industries  and 
colonization,  huildinu;".s,  roads,  lands,  and  scieiititic  siili- 
jects.'"  l']ach  minister  must  countersi<;n  orders  coii- 
necti'd  with  his  de[)artnieiit,  and  jiresent  an  aniiuid 
report  to  congress. 


The  cahinet  has  been  subject  to  even  ij^roatcr  vie 
itudt's   tlian    the   i)resideucv,  as  may  he   underst 


0<M| 


iVoni  tlie  lonuf  }M»litieal  turmoil.      The  chronic  malady 


haviii'"'  liet'ii  the   lack  of  funds,  tlie  tii 


I.I 


[.f  f 


nance  ministry 

111'  (illicL's  arc  called  sccrotaria  dil  tlosjiadio,  sccrotariat 


'  tllC'dc 


iircii'ii  allnirs. 


jialiii 
Tlicir  lilt  111  I  III'  lias  vai'iL'd  fi'diii  twimiuk'r  Jlidali;!),  in  iNl  I, 


til   liiiic   iiiidiT 


M: 


axiiiiiliaii.  I'mlirai'iiii'  iiiiiiistiTs  f<ii'  t!i 


iiniici'ial  li 


.state,  tiiri'inii  atlairs,  and  navy,  intiTKii',  justiot',  inibiii:  iustnictiiiii  a 


^rl„,l,l, 

1 1  \\<>v- 


si 


III 


e  Wiirks 


d  t 


ruasiiry. 


I5i't\vi'i'u  tlu'.sc;  twci  tliiM'i;  wuro  iisuallv 


four  (U'|iart.iiit'utr>,   inti'rio 


,d  f 


in'i'iifii.  I'liihraciii 


tiireu   lioiiiir   jintice  and  ] 
al  -  ■ 


in  iiiili] 


10  win 


■kn.  till'  lit! 


mliliu  iiistriu'tiun,  tri'asiiry,  and  war,  yet  all  will 
ill  V  the  lirst.     Tin;  ImldtTS  liavi:  niiistlv  Ihtii  livv 


soveral  suliilivwiiiii.s,  (.'Slice! 

yiTS,  with   military  men  fur  war  atlairs,   and  a  .sj^iriiikliiii,'  (if  iiierehant.-'  tnr 

liiniiee. 

'i'he   M'cretary  (if  the  iiit^'fior  attends  to  the  iinportaiit  liraneh  of  el  e- 


tioa.s,    to   relations  witii    th 


states    t( 


iveriiiiieiit   of    federal    distriet,   ti 


traiuinillity,    national  guard,  poliec,   amnesty,  registration,  festivals,   lieallh 


,!iun-olonee 


eiitertaiiiiiieii 


ts,  til 


lili 


id' 


ils.     T 


le  maritime  iii:: 


servio.;   ]iertaiu.s  to  the   treasury.     W"lii;ii   the   national    guard   is  in   fednil 
service',   tlio  war  ollieo  takes  control. 

'•The,  exiieiises  of  the  difTorent  departnients  for  the  fiscal  year  l^.'^'i  t 
were:  the  executive,  .'-'44,7.")(),  ineludiiig  ]iresident"s  salary  of  .SllO.dDJ;  the 
suiirenie  court,  Jr^.'iR.Ttii,  of  which  .>1SS,!I.S|  was  exiieiided  on  the  district 
courts;    of  ^•oliernacion,   Sl,l.'U,!>iH),   of  Miiicli   S41S,1(>0  was  paid  tlic  n 


jiiilicc,  S'_'(!(r,7S7  the  nrliau  ]ioliec.  and  .•^404. ■240 


mid  piilili''  instruc 


tion,  ,«74S.M10:  fomento.  s.-..'.'4X7.'i;i,  .t2.'.>()4,'-".):)  1 


the  mail  service;  jii-tiie 

leiil"  sli-nt 


in  ili'velo]iinL;  railroads;  the  tieasury,  !*4, 484,510;  w;ir  aud  uavy,  ."^9,480,-41. 
J/ct'.,  JA/n.  Jlac,  1S64,  x.\i.-x.\iii. 


THKOKY   OF  I'lXULATIOX. 


»77 


]i;h  cliiiiisj^ed  most  of  all,  over  a  liuiulnd  times  (iuiiii;^' 


■riod    lyjl    54.     Tin 


1 


)remiersliii)  tuliow 


Willie 


t!ic  Will-  miiiister,  IVom  liis  o'roater  iiitimaey  witli  tlie 
pK  sideiitial  interests,  and  his  iiilliienee  with  tlie  aiuiy, 
la-  |>roved  the  firnu'st.  The  constant  chanL;('  j;avo 
11(1  (ipportunity  for*  introducing'  or  estahlishin^-  onhr 
or  ntorms,  and  the  eonlusion  naturally  atl'eeted  nen- 
inil  interests.^"* 

-luari'Z  and  Lerdo  sought  to  remedy  the  ahuse,  hut 
lacked  the  necessary  energy  and  thoroughness,  ham- 
]iii-c(l  as  they  allowed  themselves  to  be  by  factions. 
1  )ia/,  on  the  other  hand,  provi'd  true  to  his  ])i-omise  hy 
a  sw(  ipinj4'  reorganization  of  the  de[)ai'tnients,  lirst  hy 
iviii(i\ing  the  host  of  useless  olKcials  who  added  to 
t lie  disorder  and  swelled  the  expenses  for  sellislrpur- 


[M)ses;  next,  hy  mtrodiicmg  system  and  encouragnig 
/.ral  and  honesty,  selecting  capable  nx'ti  and  rewaid- 
iiig  merit.  Indeed,  j)eculation  ami  other  abuses  were 
ligiirously  looked  after,  although  allowed,  no  doubt, 
Icr  certain  circumstances  for  politic  ends.  In  the 
tter   of   spoliati()n,   there   is   a   difference    betwee 


urn 


iiiai 


u 


^\Ic\ico  and    the    United    States.      In    the   northern 
republic,  the  people  l)eing  the  power,  and  on  the  watch. 


The  foreign  oli'icu,  (l('i)uiiiliiij{  greatly  ou  inteniatiDiial  law,   tiiiM  im 


il.  limti'  [innuiplL'S 


Its  r 


oursc'oro  cliiiigfs  liutwcoii   I  Si!  1  ~ .").")  hrminht  in  over 


40  lu'w  men,   of  wlumi  fully  li.ilf  rankcil  as  lawyers.     Si 


if    til 


t!     (llllClS 


(.]ll/ll    111 


111 


iritiiiiia 


rcr 


the  aftorniioii  as  late  as  (J  I',  m.     Tliis  liraiirli  (if  the  g(ivt  is  ili\  idcd 

1.1    the 
il  their 


III    fiiiir   (leiits,    tl 


1  arel 


live  onice. 


\.i)U'rii'aii,    the    Huniiii 
111  tile  eaiieillei-ia,  fureitriiers  are  reyistert 


tl 


le    eaneilleriu 


tilieate.s;  letters  of  natiirali/.atinu  an:  exteii'leil;  [lassjidrts  issiieil.  and  de 


^[lltelll 
arc  altiniiei 


fiMiii  tlitferi'nt  liraiielu  s  nf  t! 


e  giiveriiliieiit  rcgl 


(tered. 


Signatures 
rcLjistereil. 


1,  and  the  births,  iiiarri  iges,  and  deatlis  of  foreigners 

'I'lie  exjieiises  of  the  fcireigu  oliiee  for  tlu;  liseal  y<ar  ISSI5 -4  was  s;i;!,"),sri^,  tin 

ilililoinatie  and  eonsiilar  aliroad  eostiiii;  S'jri."),.").s;{.    Mi.r.,  Mini.  Ilii\,  |,S^4,  p 


A/.,  M, 


Rrii,:  Ext.,  ISSI.      For  earli.'r  times,  M,.,\,  Col.  /, 


'!'■ 


.'0."i- 


'.I;  IV 


W  .-)],  :•_'"),  'J'.tL'  3,  -A^'.)  :fl,  :U-J  4;  xiii.  ;V.'  4;   .Mr.,:,  !,■  ji.-t.,  Isoi,  IS  :;4; 


(I'Ji 


.'14  :i5,  ;?•_•;•  41;  Ks.vt, 

l>1(i,   :U!t;  Arrhlrii   M> 
ti;  Coilijo  L'iforwii,  'J'.I2  .'i;  Mr 


\\\   14, '.11  4;    ls:i4,  11)4  '.».  •J74  .");   iSo,- 


■|S:)  ;», 


i.  ti'.U;  V.  (W"),  4:f(i 


(is:v 


vi.  'j:!0  1. 


Ui,i.  /.<■;/.,  isi::{,  ti:t  -Ci,  T'.i  w\  .i/- 


'   nl. 


I,' If.  /ill}'.,  i.  vii.,  passiiii;  DhIiIhh  ij  /.ozniio,   l.iij.  Mi.r.,  vii.  ;i'_'7,  ii()7   II,  <i-7 


viii.  4(r.';  ix.  SI,  «8,  I.T.>,  -2X>,  Xil;  x.  'JS  :U,  :}7,  KiO, 


.1  uthi 


ler  voiiinies  am 


J)l /„!/,.<,    (' 


if    preceding  eo' 


lUeetii 


/■'. 


ing 


'.  10,  xiii.  4:n-'.l,  K7l)-7;  IKnz,  Mis,; I.. 


linen rixftro,   Sifuinl.   (,'oii'j.,  i.    l'20-l;    /)ii 


17,  50;  Silirin,  Mr 


ll!»  '24;   Th 


'iniiip.ioii 


W   llrr<il.     ISO-C).      Under  eeiitralist 


inilieiial   re- 


t;iiiie,  tht!  eoiuieil  of  .state  formed  an  iiiijiortant  hody,  which  during  federal 
tiiiies  has  hcen  re]ilaee(l  liy  the  congress  dipiitatiou  of  the  recess.  The  occa- 
tiuual  juiitii  de  lutubles  also  acted  as  such. 


',:l'i 


.i,ti 


m 


478 


(iOVKKXMKXT,  FINANCKS,  AND   MILITARY. 


will  not  permit  the  liij^lier  officials  to  steal  to  any  ijrcat 
extent,  so  that  t)»e  more  extensive  robluries  ate  coni- 
niitt(!(l  Itv  the  smaller  officials,  local  hoards,  le<rislat»»rs, 
and  other  tools  of  the  millionaires  and  monopolists, 
while  in  Mexi<'o  the  chief  rulers  have  not  been  in  tlif 
hahlt  of  K'avinijf  much  for  their  subordinates  and  iii- 
fcri()rs.  Imleed,  it  is  th<;  customary  thing,  and  wlxilly 
to  be  expected,  not  only  to  take  all  there  is  to  takr, 
but  to  aiiticii)ate  future  revenue,  to  draw  wealth,  with- 
out nuich  concealment  or  reproach,  both  I'rom  tlif 
inside  and  tlie  outside. 

"I  will  give  you  five  thousand  dollars  to  j)ass  tliis 
measure  Ibi*  me,  and  hold  the  transaction  a  strict 
secret  between  ourselves,"  said  a  Xew  ^'orker,  wlm 
prided  himself  in  his  skill  in  the  art  of  bribery,  to  a 
^[exican  governor.  "^Fake  it  ten  thousand,"  re[)lie(l 
the  governor,  "and  you  mav  tell  all  the  world." 

This  state  of  afi'airs  ai)i>lies  more  to  former  days, 
however,  when,  for  instance  between  1841  and  1S44. 
about  12,000  military  commissions  alone  appi-ar  to 
have  bci'ii  issued  to  ])lease  adlunvnts  and  win  opfx)- 
nents.  It  was  this  extreme  abuse  that  gave  the  pre- 
text for  most  revolutions,  for  •'reed  and  iealousv  were 
ever  the  pn>minent  characteristics  of  statesmen."' 

The  great  official  centre  in  the  city  of  ^[exico  is 
the  palace,  formerly  occupied  by  viceroys  and  pi-esi- 
donts,  now  surrendered  almost  entirel}'  to  the  udmiii- 
istrative  departments,  to  archives,  treasury,  post- 
office,  scientific  institutions,  council  and  reception 
halls,  some  furnished  in  rich  style,  others  bare."" 


"*  A  certain  class  of  ofTicials  inauagnd  to  retain  their  position,  not  alono 
through  lavor  or  iiitiniithition,  i)Ut  hccauso  their  experience  ami  al)ility  wore 
vihialile.  More  than  once  aeaileniies  were  openeil  to  train  men  Ur  the  civil 
service,  .Ucr.,  Col.  Lci/.,  1854,  7'.)~8I,  and  ins))eetors  supervised  t'edei'id  dllicrs, 
o:dy  to  sueciinih  to  tiie  coniniou  vice,  ('nrlinjal,  /!i.<<riirnn  .lo'm'  /•J,ii})li(f<,  I  .'>-; 
Uq).  Mi:r.,  Coiisitl.  I'olit.,  38-41;  /'dp.  Vfti:,  Ixxxviii.  pt  'J,  cliv.  pt  17.  fi>nn 
instances  of  the  numerous  tirade  against  corruption.  See  also  ViUnUii, 
llejla.  /I'fjiiiioi,  Cdli'iiil.,  18.">0,  37-8. 

^"  For  a  description  of  this  venerable,  two-story  edifice,  with  its  art  and 
other  treasures,  I  refer  to  Rircra,  Mc.i:  Pint.,  i.  23  ut  seci- ;  also  Brockkhur-l  s 
Mex.,  44-(),  ami  other  late  descriptive  books. 


OFFICIALS  AND   LAND   MOXoroLISTS. 


47'J 


TIk'  fc'doral  spirit  lias  iiot  lieon  fustt-nd  l»y  race  and 
cast*'  (listiiU'tioMs,  hy  tlu'  fr('(|U('iit  s«ctioiial  attitude 
(liitiMiLj  <*ivil  wars,  and  l)y  tlie  i'licroacliniciii  citi  statt? 
lights  of  a  corrupt  i;c'iK'ral  novi'minciit;  l)ut  with  t\\v 
iiow  iirolonin'cd  peace,  witli  unloldiii^  nsources  proiiiot- 
iiio-  close  coimnunication  l>v  means  of  roads  and  lail- 
ways,  and  with  the  ;j;rowini;-  nundtei-  and  control  on 
the  part  of  the  mestizos,  tlie  national  fe(;iin|L^  is  surely 
stl•enL,'thenin,lL,^  The  distant  northern  states,  so  |on<4' 
neulected  umler  savau^e  raids  as  to  se!'iouslv  consider 
secession,  arc  hecomin;^  more  valued  as  a  frontier 
hulwark  and  promisinuf  rejjfion  for  colonization."' 

The  municipal  })ower,  while  amplitit'd  uiuK-r  a  liheral 
tiovernment,  has  in  another  senses  heen  ln'oUi;ht  under 
hetter  control.  The  lack  of  pay  for  local  offices,  to- 
^ither  with  the  inditference  of  the  mas.ses,  threw 
tliem  generally  into  the  ha'"ls  of  wealthy  or  desii^n- 
iiiuf  men,  w'ho  used  their  positions  as  step[>inL''-stont's 
toj^n-eater  influence,  wieIdiniL(  their  power  with  t^n-eat 
(fleet  a:L:jainst  a  weak  jjfoverninent,  and  ai^ainst  peace 
and  ailvanceinent,  while  sustaininn^  a  retrog'iessive 
uiieciuality  of  classes.  They  sought  to  imj>os(i  on  the 
j)(»orer  people;  using  the  Inilian  merely  for  their 
own  ])urposes  as  a  prey  and  tool,  they  deprived  him 
of  the  benefits  of  a  paternal  cololonial  regime,  giving 
him  in  return  only  the  em])ty  title  of  citizen,  for  the 
privileges  connected  therewith  were  retained  for  them- 
selves. The  comnmnal  land  system  of  the  puehlos 
has  operated  against  the  formation  of  homes,  with 
tlieir  lofty  incentives,  and  flustered  improvidence. 
TIic  ownership  of  land  in  general,  monopolized  as  it 
is  by  a  small  nund)er,  needs  reform  in  order  to  j)ro- 
iiiote  the  welfare  of  the  }H'ople,  and  this  can  be  effected 
sufficiently  by  a  judicious  imposition  of  taxes." 

-'  Yucatan,  which  once  proved  most  turbulent  an<l  aiiiiiMl  at  iiicloiicrKlciicc, 
li;n  Iiul'oiuo  reconciled,  partly  under  the  stress  of  Indian  uprisinys,  iiartly  by 
a  ilivision  of  the  peninsuhi  into  two  states.  The  secession  of  the  nortliern 
.-t.ites  was  fretjuently  agitated  by  political  leaders  from  the  second  <l<'eaile  of 
till'  iiiilependence,  the  title  8ierra  Gorda  among  others  being  considered,  even 
liui-iiig  tlie  last  decade. 

■-For  uiuiiicipal  rcgulationa  under  different  govts,  see  Mex.  Lcjin.,  1852, 


!, 


r,.  |5 


I 

mil 


'11 


4S0  fiOVKllNMKNT,   FINANCKs,   AM)    MIUTAUV. 

TIk'  I 'J  iiitciicias  and  ."1  prctvincias  of  the  ^Miloninl 
(lays  .•i|t|Mar('(l  in  tin-  coiistitutioii  of  18'J  I  as  ID  statrs 
and  .')  ttiiitnrifs.  Party  tiiumplis  assisted  several  t.> 
admission.  ,-ind  despite  the  loss  of  altoiit  half  tlie  soil 
t<»  tlie  iioj  tliern  I'l'piiltlic,  so  far  a  eornpai'atlvcly  ust-less 
Itorder  wMste,  tlie  (.'ountrv  now  enihracx'S  -8  status  and 
•J  territories. -'' 


'J17  •-':<:  \s:,\.  '.'(W  :Hi;  is."..    KHMO,  44(»  l;   Mr.,:,  <U.  In,., 
;!4  44.  ."(1  il(».  7(1.  '.'^.'i.  :U.S  riO;  viii.  '."JS  :;il;  Unllut  ;i  A. 


L, 


lit;  I 


. ;  IV. 


;W.')  '.)',l.  4."..">.  .'.(i:!,  {;(>4;  ix.  ISO  S;  .!/'•./■.  Iii>l.  I.I  J.,  l.StlU,  l(»7  I.').  Als'.,  with 
('(iiiiiiii'iit  i  ii:i  iiiisiii.iiiii^ciiu'iit,  I'll'.,  L'l/liiit.:  .Siiinv/ii,  ,!>•«.<..  ]  l.'i;  Mir., 
Itni.  ./ini/ii,  I  IL':  Mix.  t>ri/>iiiniV'.M  M in'iiriy.,  \S\\\;  Mi  .  A;/ini/..  |S44.  I  T'J; 
Jlirniint  I  III Snii/ii-n  .S'lii  Mr/Ill !,  I  'M;  /'iip.  I'l//-.,  li.  Jit  .'<;  1\\\.  Jit'-'O;  IxxMii. 
|itM  I  .■{;  IxNxiv.  jit  10;  oxlv.  pt  I;  clxxxiii.  j)t  "J;  Mr.i:,  (id.  I.i//.  ///<;».,  \i. 
]i;issirii. 

•'•'I'lii-  lolldwiii;,'  al|iliuli<'tii';il  tiililc  sii|i|plics  tlirir  riHpui'tivc  areas.  ]in|iii;,i- 
tiiiiis,  aii'l  <a[iltal.H,  accin'iliiig  to  tliu  latcit  stiitistici: 


l>IVIl!|t  IS   AM»    MLNkll'ALlTlKS. 


IS  I 


Tlaij  cttiistitutioii  and  I'niin  of  ^itvcnimt'iit  diUci 
ill  iiuiiiv  tratiu'fs  iVoiii  niu'  aiiMtluT.  Soiiu'  lia\c  oiic 
rliaiiilH'i',  utluT.s  two;  at  times  uitli  a  fixed  iumiiIm  r  ot 


ii  |iiL'si'ntativt'H,  iit  others  with  varu^d  |ti'o|ioi'ti<tiis  and 
iijiiis,  and   so    with    regard    to    nunilur,    length,    ami 


at( 


»r  th 


sessions. 


'I'l 


If    <4iil)eniatonaI    term    i- 


iiio.sliv  lor  four  years,  sometimes  "  !th  a  designated 
siii»stitute;  the  seeretaries  of  state  are  fr(^'(|iientlv  only 
niir  i.r  two  ill  numi)er,  and  tlie  numiier  of  <'ourts  and 
jiidms  \aiv."'    I)e|ia!  tmeiits  or  districts,  eurrosponiliiiL; 


111  .  iiuiitu.'s,  are  j'li 


led 


ileeon 


liiii;'   t 


o  s(»nu'  ooiistitutHJii? 


Ii\    prefects    a|i[iointed    i)y   and   siihjeet    to  the   state 
^n\friiiuent,  elsewliere   i)y  Jefs   |M(liticos   electi'tl    hy 


(liiect  popuhir  vote,      in  some  states,  every  munieipa 


it\  has  an  ayimtamiento.  <»i'  local  hoard,  c(»ni|>ost'(l  ol 
tiujii  two  t<»  twelve  re^idoies,  at  the  rate  of  iJiotit  one 
to  l.ooo  inhal>itants,  with  an  aU*alde  or  ])residt  nt,  and 


ItlH 


»!•    tw 


o  sindieo 


elected    llsualU    e\il\-  Near. 


ill  other  statcH,  small  villages  liave  merely  a  municipal 
cil   with   less  le^'islatiN  c  i)ower.      Avtmtamieiitof 


i-iiliii 
ille 


also  restricted  to  municipalitii'S  of  not  less  than 
siy  |},0()0  inhahitants.  and  in  the  •^mailer  jilaces  ride 
lieutenants  appointed  l>y  the  ufovernmeiii,  and  suh- 
pii  I'ccts  controlling'  [>artidos.  Jvxtraordinary  measures 
and  expenditures  bv  avuntamiuutos  re(|uire  state-  l^ov- 
iriiineiit  approval."^ 

The  limitation  of  sulfra'^c  can  .scaicelv  l>e  i-onsidei'id 


The  iiilcral  district  wa.s  rai.scil  into  tiu'  .-state  nf  tlic  valhy  nf  Mexii^o  iu  LSS.'), 
wUdr  till!  territory  of  Tc'iiic  was  Mgregateil  fnmi  .lali>iii>  in  IS.S4.  Mori'lm 
\\~\-i  iiia'lu  a  state  iu  iS()4.  Duhlm  ami  l^nyoin,  l.fj.  Mix.,  x.  570;  /'iihijiil. 
K't'iil.  (an.,  uuiii.  i.,  pa.ssiiii;  (,\ivin  i'lilm.-^,  AtO's,  ".I;  /(/.,  liiy.  Mr.i.,  It  10; 
'"'iiilliro.  Prim.  Aim.,  'J'Jl-T'-',  passim.  The  limit  for  a '.mission  i.s  now  lixeil 
■It  .1  |"piiiilation  of  l'JO,(KH),  iind  approval  is  rei(iiire<l  from  two  thirils  of  eon- 
i.'vis>iiieii  anil  legislatures.  During  eentralist  rule,  the  states  were  reiluceil 
t'  'liiiartments,  and  so  under  .Maximilian,  when  they  were  divided  into  50. 
N.inirs  in  (I'niii,  Alnuuiwiiif,  lS(i7,  4'i:  A  rritii'joiz,  M'j..  iii.  -74  (J. 

■'Certain  states,  like  Chiapas,  have  sought  to  upholtl  the  Human  catholie 
ii;-  the  state  religion;  others,  like  Puehla,  to  exclude  illiterate  persons  from 
'  iti/eiiship  after  a  certain  period. 

■'These  terms  have  l)cen  explained  in  otlier  volumes  of  the  work.  See 
iiuli-x, 

'The   prefect   system,    without   legislative    power,    savors   of    centralist 
tiiiu  s,  when  ayuntamientos  wore  limited  to  large  towns,  often  with  justices 
of  the  peace  as  the  sole  rulers  in  minor  places. 
JIi.sT.  Mex.,  Vol.  VI.    .•?! 


11 


M 


I 


IBiitilviHSw 


4S2 


GOVERN-MENT,  FINANCES,  AND  :V1ILITARY. 


a  hardship,  in  view  of  the  indifFerencc  iiiaiiifestid 
toward  exercising  tlio  privilege.  To  assume  that  (nic 
tenth  of  the  quahlied  voters  participated  in  the  nio.->t 
popuhir  of  late  presidential  elections  is  a  liberal  esti- 
mate; hence  tlie  case  with  which  olHeials  can  inllucuco 
or  decide  the  result,  especially  as  regulations  for  tho 
polls  and  ballots  arc  little  observed  or  understood  by 
the  great  mass  of  Indian  and  cognate  castes. 

Tho  Mexican  system  of  elections  is  divided  into 
primaries  and  secondaries.  According  to  the  organic 
law  of  1857,  each  govc-nor  of  a  state  divides  his 
]iolitical  territory  into  electoral  districts  containing 
40,000  inhabitants  each,'^  and  designates  tho  town 
wliero  the  electoral  junta  is  to  assemble.  The  muni- 
cipalities in  each  district  next  divide  their  jurisdictions 
into  sections  containing  500  inhabitants  each,  and  one 
electoi"  for  each  section  is  chosen  by  popular  vote. 
These  arc  the  primary  elections.  On  an  appointed 
(lay,  tho  electors  chosen  meet  at  the  town  selected  by 
the  governor,  and  having  appointed  a  president,  two 
examiners  and  counters  of  votes,  and  a  secri'taiy,  these 
constitute  a  junta  electoral,  or  electoral  college.  Tlio 
votes  hailing  been  counted,  the  junta's  first  duty  is  to 
pronounce  uj^on  the  legality  or  illegality  of  the  el'  c- 
tions  in  the  ease  of  each  member.  For  this  purpose, 
a  committee  is  appointed  to  examine  the  credentials 
with  which  the  electors  are  furnished  by  tho  oilicers 
of  the  primaries.  Its  report  is  submitt -d  to  tlio  junta, 
which  approves  or  disapproves  of  the  findings  l)y  tak- 
ing a  general  vote  on  each.  The  junta  then  proceeds 
on  the  second  Sunday  in  July  to  tho  election  of  one 
dejiuty  to  the  general  congress,  and  one  sn[)lenti'."-'^ 
On  tho  followinjj  day  the  elections  of  tho  presidents 
of  t]ie  republic  and  of  the  supreme  court  take  plaic; 
and  on  the  third  day  those  of  tho  magistrates  of  i!  ' 

'■'A  fractioiinl  portion  contnitiinjt  over  20,000  inhabitants  forms  a  ill<(iiit 
nc\  ortbelo^s;  wiiuii  k's,i  tluui  tli:it  uiimbur,  it  is  uuiLoil  wilU  tho  jicarcat,  lii^- 
triot, 

'■"*  A  cfmrlidate  f(ir  pr»nixrr»53  must  Im  a  pitiznn  of  tho  state  in  vliioh  tlio  ilis- 
ti'iot  uliiidi  hu  wishes  to  rt.'iirL'scut  lies,  and  a  Liyiiiiiu  ol  '^o  yuari  ui  aye. 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  JUSTICE. 


tho  iicuivst,  iii^- 


Piiprcme  court.  These  arc  the  scc(jnrlary  elections. 
The  returns  arc  sent  to  tlic  i;oncral  citiiyresa,  which, 
havini^  ereeted  itsrll'  into  an  electoral  collcc^e,  declai'cs 
who  have  been  elected.  The  primary  elections  are 
held  on  the  last  Sunday  in  June,  and  the  secondaries 
conimenc(^  on  the  second  Sunday  in  July  of  each  elec- 
tion year.-'' 

The  administration  of  justice  has  over  heen  in  a  sad 
condition,  owing  to  frequent  change  of  constitutions 
and  administrations,  with  consequent  variations  in  the 
judicial  system,  and  of  judges,  who  were  at  one  time 
pcipetual,  at  another  appointed  hy  dictatorial  author- 
ity or  elected  for  brief  teiins,  and  with  tin;  selection  of 
pei'sons  oftoi  worthless  in  character  or  unacquainted 
with  law.  With  none  to  check  or  hold  them  respon- 
sible midst  the  shifting  of  powi-r,  they  fi'll  more 
readily  into  the  general  coi-i'uption,  until  jiistici"  lie- 
cauica  mockery,  and  at  the  free  <lisposal  oi"  the  bidder 
or  the  bully.  Since  the  reign  of  the  new  constitution 
greater  order  has  prevailed.'^  . 

The  laws  are  based  on  thos<  established  during  the 
colonial  period,''^  modified  to  suit  republican  and  |>ro- 
<'rcssive  times,  lai'i>\'lv  after  tlio  Code  Napoleon,  and 
pultlished  in  a  series  of    j^)ecial  collections;"''"  but  the 

•'C(ipy  of  tlio  electoral  or;^';iiiic  ]i\v  ill  DuUdii  .I'ul  Loznim,  T.rij.  Mc.r.,  viii. 
401)-1S.  15y  rt't'crring  tn  thu  iiiipulutinu  cchrnu  v.\  tlio  iiruci'iliag  .statistical 
tiiMc,  ail  innn'oxiniato  iilua  will  bo  .irriviil  .it  >ii  tlio  iniinlici  of  iKputics  (^i'ii'„ 
to  ci  ii),'ross  liy  iMcli  stato.  For  cirlicr  clri'tion  nilcs,  si'o  llcninmhz  1/  JHivnlii^, 
Vol.,  ii.  o(l7-8;  Oik  r I'll,  /'n:,  p.  xl.-iii.;  Mc.r.,  dl.  Jlcc  j  (>nl.,  ("),"),  S,";  .l/»,;'., 
''11/.  Lii/.,  1811,  110-11:  Piihliin.  y  Li  en  in,  L<ij.  M,.r.,  ill.  ctKPi].;  Mi.r.,  Ln/. 
L!id.,  ISIS,  1-34.  e'lMiiiiuut.'j  oil  iic;^li-'''t  ami  fnuid  ii»  (  Af/'X( 's  J/rr,  M.S., 
:iU-'2;  /'i.iz  J//.<(«7.,  No.  uG;  J'<'j>.  I'lir.,  l.wxviii.  pt  'J.  Tluro  iiavu  ln'ci 
I'l'ilK'ity  limits  to  tlio  exiri'io  ot'  francliis.',  (^f  t'lom  SUH)  lo  .%'(K). 

"■'Tliuro  liavo  lioeii  inail^cvl  roforma  Ny  Diaz.  lustarn'o  the  report  in  liis 
Li/onne,  1880,  ll)-17,  ami  tho  Bupprcssion  of  liij;li\v,iy  roMiciy  ami  ciiini 
g>  ncnlly,  n.s  elsewhoro  sliown. 

•"  Wliii'h  date  Lack  to  the  lirst rcoordod  code,  I'l  Fwni  Jn-.ii^i>(  jiliout  (i!H), 
(levclop'jd  iu  tho  Si'k  Puiliil'is  oi  Alfonso  t';0  \Visc,  ami  ilm  Juriiiiiirinii'  ■■, 
ami  oxtcndud  with  8i)0cial  rcfcroiiou  to  tho  colonics  in  the  /i( (•ojiUirina  i/r  1 1- 
(/''-',  to)5othcr  with  special  (inlni'mrMS  and  (kcnt'i-i,  as  yhowti  in  J/i.c,  Atc  , 
MS.,  1  ct  sc(j.,  and  a.^  cxplaiiinl  in  previous  volumes  of  this  worlc. 

-  As  (lalv.an'.-.,  wliich  extends  to  i'^'JO  aiiil  even  licyond,  Arrill  lua's  till  IS.'t? 
niid  jiirtly  later,  Lara's,  N.ivarro's.  the  si  \cial  sets  i.-sufd  diiriii;,'  the  reform 
"'•'I'',  'iuriii^th  French  and  iinjicrial  periods,  I'csidcs  old  ]iulilicatioiis,  an  I  thu 
cniiinilation  of  JJuhlaii  and  Lo/.iiio,  which   has  nearly  reached  onr  (hx..  Ic. 


,)    >• 


481 


GOVEliNMENT,  FINANCES,  AND  MILITARY. 


confusion  is  great,  and  a  revised  code  is  needed  tt 
eliuiinattj  the  mass  of  odd,  feudal,  and  niedidDval  haoty 
and  contradictory  enactments.  Thctsu  concerning  tlju 
administration  ol"  justice  rest  on  tiie  decree  of  Octob(r 
'J,  1812,  though  yubjected  to  many  changes,  espcciahy 
after  1857.  Tlie  special  jnivileges  under  the  fucio 
tribunals  (;f  the  clergy,  army,  and  guilds  are  abolished 
yet  the  cubtoni  thus  inculcated  has  done  some  good  Jii 
promoting  arbitration  methods.  There  is  no  imprisou- 
inent  for  civil  debt,  and  no  detention  as  })i'isoner  be- 
yond three  days,  without  justifiable  jmjofs,  to  which 
end  tht!  arnjtaro  law''  may  be  invoked;  yet  numbers 
languish  in  waitiii''-  for  delayed  trials.  Counsel  is 
provided  for  tliose  in  need  thereof.  Criminal  cases 
are  limited  to  three  instanci  s,  and  a  defective  jury 
system  extends  only  to  certain  cases.  '  State  codes 
dilfer  greatly. 

The  present  form  of  tribunals  does  not  vary  much 
from  that  ordained  by  the  constitution  of  IFJl. 
There  are  thi'ec  grades  of  ft'deral  courts,  suprem  , 
circuit,  and  district,  with  original  jurisdiction  in  affairs 
of  state,  and  as  courts  of  a[)peal  or  final  insta.icc. 
The  cloxen  supreme  judges  ar  elected  for  six  3'ears^' 
There  are  eiglit  circuit  courts,'^*^  and  one  district  c<mrt 

All  of  tliciii  liav(!  liccu  frequently  quoted  in  my  paL'cs  i;eajr;illy  nn  Jfc.i'. ,  CW. 
J^<!/.  ami  ('('/.  Ltji-i.  Sccral  special  abriilgcd  sot:j  ii.-ivo  )ouu  issued  iit  tli" 
United  States  liy  IXalleek,  Ilaiuiltun,  ILiU,  aud  otheis,  tlio  latter  appeariu.' 
at  iS.  F.  ill  1SS5  with  an  S4()  |iagu  voluiuo.  Tlio  growing'  iuturcoiu'so  will 
Ijriug  forth  more.  IJesiilos  codes  of  jiroouduro,  as  liy  Chavez,  tho  dill'crcnt 
la\ss  apijoar  with  collii;tiou.s  of  euacanent.-,  aud  nidiju-i.  Noto  allusions  to 
rt'fornied  issues,  in  Dim;  Ddmtts,  Cong,  ti,  '  li4S-57;  ii.  31,  170-80;  J/ix, 
M<  m.  Junt.,  for  dilferent  years.  Cddtjo  Civtl  Imp.,  1-40,  ia  a  Bpecinicu  of 
Maximilian's  ctTorts. 

^■' Litruduciug  writ  of  protection  and  suspcusiou  of  protested  acts,  et 
greater  seopo  than  tho  hahciw  corpua  a-t. 

■•♦Itwasiiotcstahlished  until  «  mo  time  after  the  federal  constitution,  ami 
met  with  a  temporary  check  in  tlio  sixth  dccailo.  For  ilecrccs  coneeruiu!.', 
see  liioera,  IIUL  Jul.,  iv.  li'JO-l ;  Duhhni  y  f.oznint,  Lcj.  Ml\i\,  x.  525,  537— I'i, 
G58-05;  Mex.,  Mem.  Juat.,  ISO',),  5,  7'-'-!);  H.  Lm.i  Pot,  Junido.f,  1-".).  Adverso 
coauneuts,  in  C/iavez,  Cod.  Prucal.  Pciat',  8;  Mi  dure,  Opmioiin,  i.  413.  It  v.'m 
extended  to  the  army. 

'•"Ia  tho  same  maimer  as  tho  president  Tlicir  presiding  judge  heing 
temporary  successor  to  tho  chief  magistrate.  Tho  court  is  divided  into  ineo 
salas,  or  halls,  tho  first  with  live  juilges.  F  ur  suporuumerarios,  one  li^i.il, 
and  one  procurador  general  are  attaelied. 

^°£ach  c^verin^  two  or  more  utates,  the  three  northern  and  that  of 
Merida  having  a  wide  circuit 


i' 


LAWYERS  AND  JUDfJES. 


485 


osti'il  acts,  I''. 


for  each  state,  except  two,  which  have  more;  appeals 
no  from  thcao  to  the  other  two  courts.  The  federal 
district  .and  Lower  Cahfornia  have  special  federal 
courts.  Tribunals  of  common  jurisdiction,  not  count- 
ing the  supreme  court  of  tlie  nation,  arc  of  three 
orades,  superior  tribunals  in  the  capitals  of  states  and 
territories,  courts  of  first  instance,  and  the  courts  of 
local  judges,  including-  nlcaldcs,  justices  of  the  peace, 
and  conciliadores  or  in fe-rior  justices.  The  first  vary 
in  composition,  with  usually  three  salas,  five  elected 
judges,  one  fiscal,  and  one  agent.  The  second  corre- 
>[)ond  very  nearly  to  prefect  districts,  as  may  be 
found  necessary;^'  they  consider  ajtjieals,  and  among 
other  procedures  hold  verbal  trials  for  cases  involving 
amounts  between  .$'00  and  .$-'.00.  Amounts  below 
this  pertain  to  the  local  judges,  elected  or  appointed.*^ 
The  legal  profession  is  the  favorite  in  Mexico,  as 
shown  by  the  number  of  law  students;^  but  with 
the  departed  strictness  of  S[)anish  times,  a  host  of 
incflacient  men  crept  in  to  help  tlie  corrupt  and  irre- 
-ponsiblo  judges  in  distorting  still  further  the  defect- 
ivo  laws,  and  the  irregular  mode  of  procedure^  too 
often  conducted  in  secret,  and  with  interminable  pro- 

^'  Wlii'ii  two  or  moro  in  nuiiilier,  tlio  judgus  ilivido  tho  civil  and  criminal 
jurisili(;ti(iuexilusivi-ly.     Jn  .sdiiio  iiluccs  tlii'y  ;iro  clcctiil,  in  ntheraappointoil. 

"^  Acconlin,'  to  tlie  l.iwa  of  tho  state.  Even  tho  jucees  monorea,  or  inferior 
ju^tlce.s  must  liaNo  practisril  as  lawyers  lor  four  years.  Elected,  alcaldes 
li  ivi'  their  lei;al  advisers.  I,ocal  judges  take  eognizanco  also  in  written  pro- 
Cidurc.s  involving  amounts  helow  .SoOO.  Furtlier  details  in  il/cc.  L'Ivm,  MS., 
4et.se(];  C/inrc?.,  ('ml.,  i.-iii.;  JlirrniKt,  Fm-rt,  A/.,  Miiminl  de  rmclkn;  P<ill'i- 
■''-■.  Poder  Jwtidal.  For  earlier  trilmnal  rei^nlations  and  procednn's,  si  o 
!>'-reto  ('nr/,'.i  Trihvwth-^,  \-\'2;  M'.-:,  Col.  Jh.-.  „  Onl.,  X>-')S,  ICl-HO,  105; 
Ci,'^,  D!iirh,  viii.  40;  JA.--.,  Vol.  J.<y.,  i.  11-14,  lolJ-TC,  234-0,  oo\-2,  Ol'J-l'O; 
II ,  y  ppi'.,  1S41,  ilo-O,  '.17-100;  Aniihfin,  I'lrop.,  lS'-'7-37,  passim;  Airhivo 
.'/■/•,,  ii.  7.'}'.),  etc.;  Ma:  Lojit.,  1S.')1,  ;)l7-^0,  etc.;  Mcx.,  CoL  Ltnj.  Imp.,  vii., 
I  i"ini.  Uehato  on  criminal  law  of  ]irocedure,  iu  />i'n\  Debates,  i.  ll'.)-54r>, 
•-"•;  Mex.,  Mi'iii.  Jn.d.,  IM'.I,  1-'J3;  ISOS,  A\~m\  1S70-7,  3-lG;  lS7>vi>],pi; 
n1.  I't  S'.q.  and  dm's. ;  BustiinKiiifi;  (i'll'im/i:  .l/i.i-.,  iii.  MS.,  L  58-9,  2\o;  Biii/i 
V'rn,  JJ/4.  I'riiii.  -i  Sec.  Con;/.,  nos.  4S-7.");  Mi.c.,  Dicfmnen.  Jii-it.,  '.i-'li; 
fi'iiiiim.  Col.  Dii\,  ;ili3,  etc.  Foreign  eonnmnts,  in  Moyr,  Mcx.  .izf^r, 
ii.  U7-oO;  Fosse;/  M<.:,  2&2-1;  Diumnn-h,  1114.  Mcr..,  iii.  2J()-3.  rceuliar 
iii<tauco9  ami  lomplaints.  Aluinnn,  Coniliftn,  1-20;  Confryf.,  1-15;  Pup. 
i'lr.,  l.vxiii.  pts  10-11;  Aii'jiiln,  /mjiorf.  Ciii:-it.,  4;  lUislaiiinnte,  Eihun/o,  1IS-U4. 
I'lr  stato  rules,  noo  S.  Lun  Pot.,  An-cjlo  Trih.,  1-29;  Iih,  .Innn-i'l,  ]-4S. 

^^Tho  academy  <)^  colonial  times  stdl  lives,  Ifrniini>liz>i  Ddiiilo'i,  Col.  Doc, 
'^.  218-,')8,  and  tho  fraternity  have  a  strong;  organization.  For  noted  names, 
S'O  n<v/em,  .I;k7.,  04-75;  ^;.,  •,  /lAi;;.,  ]ias.siin;  /'op.  ]'<ii:,  e\iii.,  pt  i.  04; 
^'   Mi'juel,  Ml.,:.,  i.  lSO-7.     Notarial  duties.   Dcnx/iu,  ii.  ;!20-44. 


4SG 


GOVERNMKNT,  FINANCES.  AND  MlLITAliY. 


traction,  especially  in  civil  suits.  This  state  ofafiiiirs 
lias  been  greatly  fostered  by  national  indolence  and 
excessive  good-nature,  which  hold  citi/x'ns  from  aidin;^, 
in  the  arrest  or  ])rosecution  of  criminals.  Fear  of 
vengeance  affect  botli  judges  and  witnesses.  This 
leniency  has  fostered  crime,  for  which  inducements 
may  be  found  in  race  feeling  and  caste  distinctions,  witli 
tlic  degraded  condition  of  many  classes;  in  the  perni- 
cit)us  church  absolutions;  in  tiie  civil  wars  and  oiHciul 
corru[»tlon  which  encouraged  smugglirig  and  gave 
impulse  to  what  tlic  Spanish  govermnent  termed  ;iii 
innat(!  pi'opensitv  for  hiy:hwav  robbi'rv;  and  in  tlir 
rooted  inclination  for  gambling.  Tlie  [)revalence  of 
robbery  has  been  proclaimed  by  all  travellers.  E\in 
jNIexicans  at  times  became  roused  to  })rotest,  and  to 
im]>el  the  government  to  spasmodic  steps.*" 

President  ])iaz  recognized  the  need  for  swift  and 
strict  justice,  and  his  efforts  have  procured  for  the 
country  a  seeurity  never  before  attained.  The  former 
general  use  of  arms,  and  employment  of  combinations 
anil  escorts  for  even  short  journeys,  are  fast  disap[»ear- 
ing.  The  decrease  of  crime  is  immense,  greater  tli.iii 
indicated  l)y  statistics  of  convictions,  whieli  with  early 
;i(hnlnistratioiis  Ibrmed  a  mere  percentage. ^^     This  lias 

'  'liio  rci'stalili-^liini'iit  was  several  times  ur;^eil  of  tlic  Cdlonial  acfiniaila, 
<ir  vigilance  tiilninal.  Ji'i>'l{niiiuit'\  /)'i<ir.,  ,MS.,  ,\lv.  .'{-11.  F^r  ollKr  iiieaa- 
ures  see  .lrnll'i>/.i,  /.'ir,,},.,  ISl'.l- .")(),  VM;  M,.r.,  Cnl.  I.ni.,  ISIS,  ITO-S:  hi. 
l.S;;3-()7,  'K>\-\h'  Dithiin  !/  Li>z.iiio,  /.-,/.  M,.r.,  viii.  :{ll-l!l;  J>i:n:  D<l„i/,.~. 
Coug.  0,  iv.  :uu-i-j. 

^'  Tlio  increasing  ainilicatimi  df  ju.^tici',  and  its  iH\'ct  on  tlic  iliininiitio'i  oi 
crime,  will  bo  ajiparcut  from  tlie  toUnwiiig  statistii^s;  l)iiriiii,'  the  lirst  nim: 
inoiitlis  of  1875,  the  total  numlier  of  pci'soiis  taken  to  the  city  [irisoii,  inchni- 
nil;  "JIS  (lead,  killed  liy  wounds  or  accident,  was  :}.'J,:!llS,  of  whom  li'J.SIS)  vcrc 
at  once  dismissed  or  relciscd  after  short  deteiitiou;  '21-  were  seiitenceil;  and 
the  ca.;us  of  111)  Were  still  jieiidijig.  iHiring  tile  aamo  jieriod,  the  corresjiou.i- 
iiii^  figures  for  the  iiatioiril  prison  at  Me  ico,  tlie  deud  liciiiur -'01,  were  II. 
o'j.i,  1.!,I-1S,  tiO-l,  and  '.V?2.  Mr.,:,  Mr,,,.  Ojic.  M,i,i„r  <l„l,.,  1875,  I'JD-in,  1 'oc. 
o,"  and  ."iS.  Ill  the  first  ,,ix  months  of  ISSl,  the  numl>erof  persons  iinprisoiicd 
in  tlie  federal  dis'^vict  was  7, <>(•.">.  In  addition,  .'i.'S.'J  wounded  liy  design  or  nc- 
cideiit  were  conveyed  thither,  and  17S  dead  Ijodies.  The  charges  agailljt 
l,ti7i)  Were  dismissed,  and  178  w<'re  released  after  ditlerent  terms  of  imi>i  i'<oii- 
nient,  tlius  showing  tin  apparent  numlicr  of  criminals  to  he  r>,74S.  l*ui:iii,' 
the  period  from  Sept.  1."),  IsSi),  to  Aug.  ;i(),  18M,  Ii3,(i7r»  arrests  were  niad.i  ill 
tlio  same  district,  tiie  c.isjs  of  8,047  luing  dismissed.  I'roeeedings  were  in- 
stituted agaiu.st  i),l()'.l,  and  •l,()l'(t  senteiu'cs  passed.  Tiio  number  of  per.-oiis 
ari'csted  for  minor  oll'cnces  was  ll,4.")ll,  a'ld  for  grave  criiiu's  (181,  o!i  7  of  wli^'ia 
the  death  teuteucu  \^■a!i  paased.   Mr.r..,  Mci,  JudkLi,  1881,  Doc.  101  and  lUli. 


DIPLO.M ATIC  SEK \' IC K. 


4S7 


been  accomplished  j)aitly  by  tlio  tribunal  letbrnis 
already  notieed,  together  with  lui  improved  peniten- 
tiary system/"  and  a  nu)ro  untlineliing  enforcement  of 
jieualty,  especially  ajjon  highway  robbers,  whom  local 
judges  and  military  connnanders  were  instructed  to 
^hoot  on  sight  or  execute  without  delay  At  the 
.same  time  a  more  judicious  gradation  of  punishments 
was  reccjmmended  to  the  courts,  and  the  intention  is 
to  speedily  abolish  executions.'*^  No  ccnliscation,  lash, 
or  nmtilation  is  permitted.'*  The  police  force  has 
been  greatly  imjjroved,''  and  the  admirable  security 
of  the  country  roads  is  mainly  due  to  the  rural  guard/" 
a  select  body  of  men,  assisted  by  converted  robbers, 
on  the  principle  of  setting  a  thief  to  catch  a  thief. 


The  republic  lias  not  stood  on  the  best  footing  with 
foreign  powers,  owing  to  the  anarchic  state  of  affairs, 
and  her  disregard  for  obligations  and  international 
usages.  At  iirst  Europe  held  aloof  out  of  respect 
for  Spain,  Colombia  being  the  first  to  establish  otii- 
( ial  relations,  although  no  intimacy  resulted.  Indeed, 
Mexico  was  a  main  cause  for  the  failure  of  the  pro- 

*^  Slowly  being  ailoptetl.  It  wus  ii'lvocated  Ijy  IJustamantu,  Emayo,  184- 
6,  and  was  partly  iutro'iiuuil  at  Oiiauajiiato  (hir.iij,'  \w  'ast  ilouailu.  O'lian., 
Mem.  Oil!).,  ]Sl',i,  ;{;{-!);  Mr,:,  Mi„i..  (lnh.,  \^~'.\,  J77-S1.  Uoport  on  now 
Eiiiopoau  system  for  {uloptiou.  Ji'irc'iiir,  Et<tuil.  Cres,  ;j('i".;  M  <liwi,  Projcrto 
J''  "'t  iir..  1-160;  Diaz'  Iiiloniie  ( !(iailalajara  lias  fo  far  tlic  iimat  I'miipletn  sys- 
tuii'.  ,.al.,  Mem.  Ejcc,  IST")-'.),  1-44.  Seo  also  ,S\  /.".•>■  Pot.,  Penitcm:,  1-1  . 
Loiiiuat  truatiu'.'ut  of  prisoners  is  .still  oxoessivc. 

'''As  cxjirossL'd  already  in  art.  -'i  i>i  tlio  constitution,  win  h  prohibits  tlium 
l"i'  |)<  l.tical  otl'cncos,  etc.  For  ell'orts  in  states  to  tiiat  ent'  sue  T  "((/■  JJl>/. 
i'lri,  iii,  IS'J  ys7,  304,450,  i>;i(',et.se(|.;  />/.//•.  DiJmU.-:,  Co  ^  5,  iii.  l.")l-'J"0, 
pis>im,  707;  Mowtor,i\x  o  10,  N.>\'.  2.'),  ISO'J;  E.-<t,xlli  cdd.  Sept.  'J,  IS.'O. 
It  h.'  been  the  custom  to  enroU  criminals  iu  tlio  army  s  rec  minended  e-.-en 
by  law.  (..'oliitii,  Lciic.%  no.  .15. 

"Acconling  to  the  constituticu.  Tlie  administrative  piwer  can  impose 
only  a  correction  not  exceeding'  a  months  imprisonmcjnt  or  a  lino  of  s.'iUO. 

'■"'.rhiiy  carry  lanterns,  wliioli,  placed  in  the  niiildle  of  the  blrmt,  often 
forma  tiie  fiidy  illumination.  Electric  liylits  arc  beinj,' iut  oduced.  Rejj;i,la- 
tious  of  the  force.  C/iard:,  Cod.  I'tnnl,  1'.»-L'4;  Mcx.,  Mem.  Gob.,  liil'.^,  'J-bu, 
and  later  dates;  Polirin,  Pnjla.,  1-S. 

*'' '  Al  princiiiio  esta  j^iiardia  era  compuesta  de  banduloa  que  se  arrepen- 
tian.'  ]>}tiz,  liiii'j.,  MS.,  48,').  Its  licginning  lies  in  Jua  ez  decree  of  IS.")7, 
Mcx.,  1,11).  (liKin'lhi  SvijurhUul,  1-27,  which  laeUed  due  ein'orcement.  lieport 
oil  later  elliciont  ste[is.  Me.i-.,  Mem.  >,'nl,.,  1S77-S  L'l»-IU  and  later  <lates. 
The  poliee  signal  and  assist  at  tires.  Regular  hre  chpartments  are  forming, 
the  nedect  tiuM-iMif  .so  far  lieing  due  to  t!ic  rari  y  f  luge  tires  owuig  to  the 
gLiieral  use  of  adobe  and  .stone  lor  liuddings.  (Jrono,  MS.,  lJ-3. 


ft'sn 


488 


I'M 


(iOVERNMENT,   FINANCES,  AN;)   MILITAUV 


j 

'  1 
.  i 


jet;t  to  form  an  Hispano- American  confederacy  for 
tlefence,  niovi'd  as  slie  was  by  jealousy  of  Bolivar's 
supremacy;  sul)sequently  came  indifference.  EniL>laii(l 
efl'ected  a  commercial  treaty  in  1820,  which  served  a.s 
a  model  for  others,  as  Pi'ussia  and  other  CJerman  states, 
Holland,  J)c!nmark,  Switzerland,  Austria,  the  United 
States,  and  Italv,  si>veral  of  them  advantan'couslv  re- 
vised  hy  J)ia/.''  The  neiL^hboring'  nortliern  r(>])ub]ie 
was  looked  U])on  as  model  and  ally  with  the  achieve- 
ment of  indejiendence,  but  the  incidents  of  184(1  8 
(•hani;'ed  admiration  to  suspicion;  yet  the  effective 
attitude  of  the  l"niti;d  States  during-  the  l^'rench  in- 
tervention should  not  bi'  for^•ottell,  and  witli  ra])idly 
Hi'owiiiL!,'  trade  and  intercourse  intimate  connections 
will  follow. 

The  si  rained  n>lations  with  several  powers  at  differ- 
ent times,  and  the  i;raspin«;'  disposition  of  foreii^ii  r(\s- 
idcnts,  have  not  ])romoted  the  best  of  feelinu;s  towaid 
the  latter,  and  they  have  c()nse(piently  suffered  nuieli 
annoyance  and  loss,  altliou^h  indenmity  has,  as  a  rule, 
been  exacted  for  the  latter.  Naturalization  wliieli 
according    to    the    constitution    can    be   ac([uiT'e(l    by 

'•  III  KSSI?  iliploiiiatie  nlatiniis  were  niaiiitaincil  witli  the  U.  S.,  ('out.  Am., 
Fraiioo,  (ioriiiaiiy,  lirlgiiiiii,  Spain,  and  Italy.  Jiulations  with  I'^ntj.  Wiii' 
iutori'uiiti'il  fur  many  yoais  in  <'iinse(|m'ni'c  of  the  attitinlc  of  (it  IJritain  lim- 
ing tho  French  intiivtiitiim.  In  ISiSt  tlioy  wtru  iiaitially  runcwi'il,  witlmut 
eitliur  .siilu  making  ailv.inccs  tnward  ivfnnciliatiiiii,  hy  thr  arrival  in  thciMjii- 
tal  of  SpiMK'cr  St  .lohn  fin  a  mission  I'oniu'ctfd  with  British  claims.  In  tln' 
following  year  this  man  was  formally  iVL'oi;nizt.(l  l>y  tho  Mexican  govern- 
ment, and  diplomatic  relations  renewed.  There  are  resident  in  the  Me.vieau 
capital,  l)esides  I'cjtresentatives  of  the  ahove-mejitioned  n.itions — Cent.  Am. 
excepted  envois  exti'aoi'dinary  from  ( iuatamala,  Salvador,  and  l^Iondiira-. 
.Mexican  consul  and  consnlar  agents  re.-ide  in  most  of  the  priiu'ipal  cities  ai'.d 
)iorts  of  the  following  conntries:  thi;  V.  S.,  i5olivia,  I'lcuador,  U.  S.  of  (  e- 
iomhia,  U.  S.  of  \'eiie/uila,  Costa  Kica,  a!id  llondnras,  in  America;  in 
JMiropc,  (It  Britain,  (ierniany,  France,  l>enniark,  Beluinni,  Sjiain.  Italy,  Por- 
tugal, anil  Switzerland.  There  i.s  also  a  eonsid  at  Honolnln.  ,\11  the  ahovc 
named  cotmtries,  exi.'cpt  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  liave  consnlar  representation 
in  Mexico,  and  also  Holland,  Norwav  and  Swecdcn,  the  Ai'gentine  Itepulilir, 
and  Chile.  M<.r.,  Mn,i.  I!,L  A'.-y.,  'jNSI,  '.W  I0:{;  Dhn,  Mlinl.,  no.  17,  p.  :!; 
.)V  fo/iii,  <■'/  liritdia  diiil  Mil-.,  MS.  Few  con.snls  i-eceived  regular  pay, 
y.'t  suveral  enjoyed  large  fees.  Diaz  reorganized  the  .service,  ami  rctaiin  d 
cii.ngh  of  the  t'iM's  to  cover  nearly  the  entire  cost  of  foreign  agents.  I'rcc;  d- 
ing  rules,  \\\]),'rn-lio  liil>'ni.,m.  ll»7  '.t'.l,  TKU  •_••_';  M,x.  L,;,;.-,.,  US,")!),  45-8;  .l/'/,. 
Mi:i:,  ii.  ;tl)'J  4;  .l/c.r.,  Cal.  f.ii/.  /i.p.,  ii.  iL'.")  et  secj.;  Afi.r.,  I'tiihi.  Coii.--iil'ii; 
1871,  1-'2I?;  Pap.  Vxr.,  xccix.  ])t  ii.  Mcxican.s  posse.s.s  line  diplomatic  in- 
.stincts,  and  their  niinister.s  are,  a.s  a  rule,  men  of  high  culture,  though 
not  always  well  sustained. 


NATURALIZATION   AND  COLONIZATION. 


489 


merely  holdiiiij;'  real  estate  or  haviiin"  Mexieaii  oliil- 
(lieii,  has  until  lately  bcfii  little  sought  foi',  owiiiLj  to 
the  lU'evalent  disorder  and  insecurity.  Foreigners 
t'ouiid  theniselvos  safer  under  their  own  Wixa:,  which 


jn- 


protected  them  au^ainst  seizuri'.s,  arbitrary  coutril 
tions,  and  other  ills  ntHictinL;  citizens.  Residents  can 
iiow  enjoy  unmolested  their  jn'opei'ty,  thouuli  suhjeet 
to  I'e.'^triction  on  land  holdings  within  a  certain  ranu'e 
of  coasts  and  hoi'ders,  and  transients  can  move  tVeelv 


\V!t 


tliout  ])assports. 


is 


The  reasons  tliatdiscouran'od  naturalization  ojterated 
iil^o  aj^ainst  colonization,  to  whicli  must  he  addetl  in- 
tolerance and  jealousy  of  forein'iiers,  manifested  in  a 
too  narrow-minded  form  hy  early  lej^islators  in  seekiiiL;' 
only  catholic  settlers,  and  in  limiting"  the  extent  and 
ownership  of  land. ^'  The  I'csult  was  tlie  failui'e  of  the 
lew  attempts  made,'"'  the   military  colonies,  as  on   the 

'"  Liuiilud  piMperty  caiiiicit  l>t'  licM  liy  porsoiis  who  vcsiilo  .'ilu'diul,  nr  iirj 
aliscnt  lor  ovor  two  ytsirs.      Foriiuily,   restriction 


W(!rf  liiori'  scvcri' 


witli 


I'uanl  to  o.-stato  and  traili'  iirivilcgcs,  ami  lorfMuutT.-i  liad  to  olit:iiii  aiiim.illy  a 
Itltcr  of  security,  a^jainst  a  fiT  of  .S4,  liesiili's  a  prriiiit  to  carry  \vca[ioiis,  in 


to  lie  ahli'  to  claii.i  tlic  il 


crci'lio  lie  estran"i'ri.i:   vi 


t  tli. 
d  tin 


'  real  ]iroti'ctors 
found  it  ncccs- 


(ir  dfrii'ho  lay  witii  tlio  niinisti'rH,  if  they  liail  any 

sary  to  exercise  their  jiowcr  t'neigeticaHy,  as   events   indicate,  in  a   manner 

that  often  assisted  a  weak  i^ovei-nmeiit.      Kven   Mexicans  found  it  prudent  to 


ipital 


•r  foreigTi  names  and  firms.     'I'he  levy  of  foreeil  contri 


was  iievertliuless  long  applied  to  foreign  r(^sidents,  on  the  pica  tiiat  they 
iiust  share  in  the  cost  of  protecting  tlieii'  property.  For  nnniber  and  con 
litiipii,  see  the  later  chapti  r  on  society 


tllHI- 


Tl 


iten.sitv  of  feeling,  wl 


Ivjsanil  following  years   led  to  the  expulsion  iif  S]ianiai(ls,  was  iuirtfid   tc 


m<histnes. 


Dec 


An-Htii 


':!•> 


l.uMient.    in   Ziiiiiitrn!.-!,    //i.-f.    Mi. 


:  trouhlesonie.     See  Jhihhni  ;/ 
'It  was  feaied  that  a  colony 


'he, 


r,},. 


IS-.'S,  :j.j  'J(»4;   IS'.'lt,  d7-l! 
rOd-l.S.      Karlier   naturalization    was 
/.'',/.  .Utx.,  V.  Mil. 


if  alloweil  to  grow  strong,  might  provi'  a 
tliorn  hy  objecting  to  arbitrary  and  unjust  interfert'nce,  and  aim  at  indepen- 


(Ir 
]lUll' 

.1,1, 


or  bring  foi'eign  intervention. 


I'tweeii  th(!  states  anil  general  govt. 


he  ownership  of  land  was  al 


so  m 


t  ,,r/n 


.ler  f^ 


I'tr. 


X.   t)   II;  .1/- 


oniento,  hnanc 


.1/' 

d  intc 


I' or  earlier  laws  on  coloni/atnm, 
.■.  Hstoiln,  LS'JS,  5-2-3,  and  later 
ministries;  Colont..  Itnjlii.,  IS4(J, 


li 


l!od;r,'ll's  Sp,ui.  /.rwc,  C.ltO;  Mr.,-..  I'n>,ir.'l.  C.doi).,  1S40,  I    1'2; /'((;>,   I' 


pt  S,  cxiv.  pt 


M<: 


/,<,)/.<.,  IS.Ki,  1)0   I;  An-/,.  Me.,-.,  (\,l.  I.iij.,  iii.  lOS. 


eniiiiiicnts  oil  narrow  policy,  in  Hn.-'fi,  h'li.i'ii/o,  'J.">  et  sii|. ;  Znr(rli,,  /fa:,  ii. 
IJ',1  .'>(l:  Or/iz,  E-<}io,i.,  Sartoriun,  Iiiijtnr/.  .l/'.c.,  'M  ~;  /ii/t/iiiinni/i'.  Mini.  Hist., 
M>.,  \.  -i.'iO;  Colour..  /'/-Oi/cwo,  JS4S,  I   40. 

"N'otalily  liy  the  French  on  tiie  ( loazacoalco.  in  1S;!()  I,  ;ind  at  Xautla  in 
\K\:1  ;\'\,  /'()>,>■(  7,  .]!,.! .,  +  ()'_',  passim,  HIS.  The  hlame  is  laiil  on  the  managers 
I'v  .!/(.;•.,  JA//(.  /,',/.,  isii'J,  i;{.  (irants  made  to  Baring  anil  others  hy  one 
aiivt  were  annulled  hy  another.  Such  irregidarities  were  enough  to  ihder 
■■'ttlers.  On  other  colonies,  sec  /jm/h/'-i  Mt.r.,  'J.")'.);  Drakc'g  Onni/f:,  1-70; 
y.'(A-<(,  Enini/o,  :J0-'_';  l,'itt~.<l,  JA',/.,  'M'-iSO. 


■  \i 


rvii 


4'.IU 


(iONKUNMEXT,  FINANCES,  AND  MILITARY. 


iiortlieni  Iku'cIci',  alone  iiianagiii;^  to  keep  alive  witli 
the  Ir'Iji  of  g(/VL'rimieiit.  Mexicans  are  not  good  col- 
onists.''' Later  statesmen  liave  reco«inized  the  need 
for  emigrants  to  develop  neglecti.'d  resourc(!s  and 
establish  new  industries,  which  should  open  fVesli 
awnues  for  employment,  and  set  at  the  same  time  a 
l)ractical  and  sti'iking  example  to  Mexicans  in  methods 
and  in  manner  of  life,  and  stinmlating  them  hy  succi-ss 
to  eneruetie  imitation.  With  his  usual  i'neri>y  and 
foresight  l^rcsidcnt  J)iaz  hcgan  t(^  take  ste[)s,  parti v 
for  introducing  settlers,  but  mainly  to  insure  peace  and 
security,  and  [ireparc  wise  enactments  which  should 
attract  self-assisted  imndgrants  as  the  most  desirable 
class.  In  188;?  anew  rolonizatiou  law  was  promul- 
gated, which  facilitated  the  acijuisitiou  of  land  by  gift 
or  purchase,  defined  regulations,  ottered  liberal  ex- 
emptions, permitted  the  government  to  grant  aid 
toward  passage  and  sustenance,  and  for  }>lanting  set- 
tlements."- The  result  has  been  a  rai)idly  growing 
indux  from  the  United  States,  Italy,  and  other  eouu- 
tries/'=' 

From  Jamiary  12,  1878,  to  December  (5,  1882,  the 
principal  contracts  entered  into  were  no  less  than  niiie- 

■■'Ou  this  sul)ject,  sec  Hist.  Mix.,  v.,  tliia  sorius,  ami  vol.  vi.,  cliaptor  nn 
iiriny  rforgauizatioii. 

■'- Freo  urauts  to  f(ireiu;iuirs  sliouM  not  cxcceil  100  licctai'es.  Not  ovii' 
ti.oOO  lu'ctaros  couM  ho  sold  to  ouu  [)orsoii,  Imt  payiiiuut  hy  oiignieers'  valua- 
tions ini;,'ht  ho  oxtciuloil  ovor  tun  years,  witli  oxoniptioii  iluriug  that  iieriod 
from  military  service,  from  taxes,  save  munieij)al,  from  import  duty  on 
iieeessaries.  By  plantin:;  trees,  further  exemption  could  he  ohtained.  Al'- 
senee  for  six  months  forfeited  free  grants.  Lots  could  he  ohtained  ly 
founders  of  new  towns  l)y  huilding  thereon,  ("ompauics  miyht  arrange  lor 
extended  terms  of  ext.'mption,  paymc:iit,  etc.,  and  retain  one  third  of  tiie  laud 
granted.  Disputes  must  he  settled  hy  Mexican  triliunals  alone.  Frixatc 
land-lu)ldcrs  could  introduce  settlers.  Islands,  horder,  and  i;oast  lands  were 
suhject  to  nationality  restrictions.  The  price  for  governnunt  lands,  as  fixed 
in  1S7S,  varied  from  ti  cents  tiie  hectare  in  sterile  Lower  Cal.  to  !>'J..")0  in  the 
federal  ilistrict,  tlu  average  in  the  horder  states  liein;,'  from  \'l  to  IS  cents, 
and  in  tlie  settled  central  provinces  from  .SI  to  .S'J.  llmniUoit'-i  Lcii;  14S.  Tin- 
Very  common  tract  of  one  sitio  do  ganado  mayor  was  a  s((uar(!  league,  5,00(1 
varas  scjuaro,  eijual  to  1,7").")  hectares,  or  \A-^  acres.  Furilier  ruj  s  in  //i^W'.s 
Mix.  J^dir.t,  SKS-itio.  For  lateretlorts  to  promote  immigi'ation,  and  comments, 
JIi.i.,  Mi'in.  Foiiicitio,  l.S7.')-S."),  jiassim;  Diitr.  Iichoir.^,  Cong.  .">,  iii.  .SO")-'J;  Cong. 
10.  ii.  4.")]-;?;  Bi'ircho  Iiih-ni.,  iii.  117:5  4:  /iii-^/o,  EM,nl.  Sir.,-.,  ii.  pt  v.,  :{(1.-)  70. 
An  ixcellent  writer  ori  this  and  similar  progrcis  topics  is  Maiiero,  in  his  Ihr. 
Iiitcn",  GO-111,  passim. 

•'•' Coinpauius  received  a  houus  of  ahout  §25  a  head  for  desirahle  families. 


ENCOURAGEMENT  OF   IMMKiRATION. 


401 


tooii  ill  iuniil»cr,  of  wliic-li  the  only  ri'ully  sucoosst'ul 
ones  wi'i'o  tlu!  Italian  sottlcnionts  ostablisluMJ  in  Vvia 
Cvn/.,  Pu('l)la,  Morelos,  San  Luis  Potosi,  and  in  t\\v 
iu'i,ulil)»»i'liO(Kl  of  tlu'  capital.  In  tliesr  states,  tlir  ,n'<'v- 
(iinni'nt  purchased  Luuls  to  the  i-xtcnt  »»f  •J'J.-loS  hcc- 
tai'fs  at  a  cost  of  $1  (;!»/.>88.'''  ])urinLr  the  years  ksS3 
tti  188.'),  numerous  other  colonization  contracts  were 
niiide,"''  the  prospects  of  the  success  of  winch  projects 
will  he  greatly  enhanced  by  the  rapid  [ti'(iL;ress  that  is 
heinijf  made  hy  AEexico.  The  ^overmnent  is  desirous 
f(ir  the  immigration  of  forei^'ners,  and  the  policy  is  t(^ 
infuse  into  a  colony  a  certain  proi)t»rtion  iA'  Mexican 
clement  for  the  improvement  of  the  natives  in  indus- 
trial occu})ati(jns  hy  contact  with  other  races.      A\'itli 


■'Other  lands  were  also  aequired  cm  tlie  isthmus  of  'rcluuiiitiiK'i'.  in  Coa- 
hiiihi.  (Juerrei'd,  and  on  the  island  of  Tiliui'on,  to  the  value  of  .Sl.li'-'S.  ITS,  of 
MJiieh  sum  Si,. ■(.");»,  .'{.'U  were  ])aid  for  lands  in  Coahuila.  Mi  i ..  Mcni.  S<»: 
fniiiiidn,  1884,  i.,  i")  8.  The  first  Italian  colony  ai-rived  Oct.  lU,  1S81,  and 
consisted  of  84  families,  nuinherin^'  I'j;}  jiersons.  They  arrived  at  lluatiisco 
(111  Nov.  'M  of  the  same  year.  The  nanjo  j:iven  to  the  settlement  was  tlie 
Mumul  Oon/.alez  colony.  In  .lau.  188"_',  f>'.\  families,  numhering  !'.•.'$  [lersous, 
and  8.")  Mexican  settlers,  were  estahlisiied  in  Morelos.  They  were  .shortly  after 
inmased  liy  404  more  Italians  and  .'S(i  .Mixicans.  The  luime  given  to  the  col- 
(•:iy  was  that  of  I'orlirio  Diaz.  Tlie  tiiird  Italian  colony  esta1)li.shcd  was  on 
tile  iiacienda  de  Ma/atejiee,  I'uehla,  in  Afiril,  188'_',  and  i'onn)rised  IJTl)  Italians 
and '-U  Mexicans.  It  was  calh'd  tlie  <  arlos  I'acheco  colony.  The  .San  Luis 
I'otosi  colony  was  estalilisiied  at  Ojo  dc  l.,eon  in  May.  consisted  of  4l(t  jn^rsoiis, 
and  was  n.imed  after  OiezOuticrrc/..  The  last  arrival  of  Italian  colonists  took 
lil.Kc  Si'pt.  12."),  188'_',  to  tlie  inimlici' o!  (i.')(),  who  were  tlnis  distrilmted:  4'_'4  he- 
1  uiic  settler.s  on  tlie  liaeienda.s  of  ( 'hipiloc  ;iiid  Tenamaxtla  in  I'licMa,  'JIl*  went 
to  llu.ilusco,  \'era  Cruz,  and  \',i  to  tiie  ^lexican  c^ipital,  where  a  .small  moilel 
ciiliiiiy  was  esta!)lished  on  the  lands  of  Aldama  ami  Nativitas  adjoining  the 
;i-i'icultur;il  school.  It  consisted  of  'J(i  families,  comiirising  1124  [lersons, 
Italian  immigrantri  chosen  for  their  su\ierior  (jualitii's.  The  settlement  at 
Chiliiloc  was  calleil  the  Fernandez  Leal  cohmy.  In  April  ].S78,  an  attempt 
w  IS  made  to  found  a  Mexican  colony  at  Suchil,  Tehuanteiiec,  and  170  settler.s 
^\iieseiit  thither.  There  I  icing  no  foreign  element  amoiit;  tlieni,  theeiiter- 
]ivise  faiUd.  A/.,  i.  10  :S8.  .See  also  /)/'.n7o  0;,V.,  Mayo  8,  ll'i.  Oct.  11,  I'-', 
l»78;  .\pr.  '28,  l87!t ;  .Mayo  'J7,  Oct.  19,  Nov.' ;i,  issj  ;  Kiiero  '24,  .M.ir.  '.'I, 
.lul.  14,  Sep.  12,  1882;  Jlnl.  o/' (■'•iIk  B.  CaL,  An].  :!ii,  1882,  p.  2  I!;  lo-.  ''>: 
.l/'j-.,  A-.  2."),    1882;  /'it'U(,   M,n.-«<jc(!oh.,   18  H. 

■'■'Among  M'liich  may  he  inentioned  those  with  \erdier,  Oaiiiel  Levy, 
ri'ociros,  dose  Iglesias  it  Co.,  Kamon  Fcrnamlez  i*i:  Co.,  li;n.  ]'"raiichi  de  Al- 
faro  i\:  Co.,  Mendez  A:  Co.,  (^luillcniot  it  Co.,  Si.rra  ;uid  Zeliiia,  ;iiid  ih.irra  & 
Co.  /);,n-!i>  Ojir.,  Eiiero  ;<(),  Fell.  1,  Mar.  2,  18S:{ ;  Kn.  .">,  .Mar.  7,  10.  II,  2('., 
Ag.  18,  Nov.  l'.»,  1884;  M<.r.  F!n>iii.,  June  13,  .Iiily  4,  188;".,  pp.  KIC,  2i:{. 
LirL;(!  contracts  were  made  with  Itafael  I'ortas  Martinez  to  est;ililish  settli'- 
im-iits  ill  Champoton,  Yucatan,  witii  immigrants  from  the  Canaries.  No  less 
tiiin  1,0110  familit's  Were  expected  to  arrive  from  tho.su  islands,  hut  it  <loes  not 
ajipear  that  the  project  met  with  any  success.  Mr.r.,  Miw.  ,^'X.  Fonitnto,  i.  t», 
VicdcMcx.,  Ag.  25,  1882;  DinrioOJii:,  Mar.  14,  1."),  1S83. 


\i\l 


«;>!:■ 


wmm 


492 


(iOVKUNMKNT,   FIXAXCKS,  AND    MILITARY 


4^ 


.! 


■,:l 


i'tkii 


m 


f 

■' 

i' 

i 

'k,  i  t 

' 

4^  ! 

1 

I 

J 

the  loss  of  Texas  in  licr  iiicinory,  and  tlu!  bitter  fccl- 
iiiijfs  c'lin-eiult'i'ecl  tl)i'ivl)V.  (-•itizciisof  tlic  United  States 
were  for  a  loiii^  time  excluded  IVoin  beconiirio-  eoloni/a- 
tion  innnij^rants;  nor  is  it  assei'tini»'  too  mneli  to  say 
that  settlers  of  any  other  nationality  arc  preferred  to 


th 


le  l)resen 


t  d; 


IN' 


Mexieo   thinks  she   wants   |>oj)ulation,  hut   si 


II'   wil 


*j^vt  enough   in   time  without  the  aid  of    innnii^ratioii 


and   eoloni/ation   soeieti 


t'S ; 


at  all 


events,  she  can 


hetter  with  hei'  nioiiey  than  hy  jiayinj^"  tlu-  ))assan'e  t( 


her  sliores    t 


f  l":ur 


opcan  paupei'i 


If  a  lain'e  and  superior  foreinn  po])ulation  lloi-ks  ii 
the  native  ^Fexii-ins  A\il]  he  overwhelmed,  thrust  asidt 
to  some  extent  ahsorhed,  and  for  the  rest  extir])ate( 


M. 


exieo  then  wants  no  nioic  people  irom  aoioad   i 
he]'  cities  or  in  her  mines;  these  can  take  care  of  tlu'u 


selves. 


If  si 


le  coul( 


1    I 


lave  s( 


)me  of  the  riu'ht  kind  of 


instructors  in   h<r  agricultural  districts,  if  those  who 
enter  from  ahroad  come  as  teachei's  in  the  seN'eral  ai'ts 


le   Sdi 


and    industries,    rather  than  as  usurpers  of  tl 
man\  of  the  present  inhahitants  will  he  educated  an( 
im|)ro\t'd,  and   thus,  n'l'iieration  after  «;"eneration.  tli 
children  eviii  of  the   lowi'st  won 


Id  - 


low  in  en 


ment  and  impi'oved  physical  condition 


lii^'ht 


ell- 


A  history  of  the  re\emie  department  during'  colo- 
nial times  down  to  the  hreaking  out  of  tlie  revolution- 
ary war  has  heeii  hrietly  ii;'iven  t'lsewhert\  In  the 
last  lil'ty  years  the  recei])ts  increased  from  less  than 
$7.0()(),()0b  to  more  than  8-J0,000,0()0.  From  that 
time,  owing  to  the  [)aralyzation  of  all  industries,  the 
ordinary  resources  mateiially  declined,"  while  the  ex- 
|)enditurt's,  under  those  peculiar  circumstances,  neces- 
sarilv  increased.''^     The  e'oN'ernment  had  to  I'csoi't  to 

■''Tliis  at  ;iii\  ^at^•  was  (icii.  Krisliic's  (i]iiiii()ii  in  liSS4.    Hciiihiix.,  MS.,  ;>i>. 

■•"Jll  ISIll  the  irvi'lliu;  was  Sl().-Jl'_'.:!7:{:  in  ISl'O,  Sl().74:{,r.71.  /Jr,'fi,i. 
Ailii:  1/  Itrrti/.,  y.vi. 

■"'  Ai'ccirdiiii;  to  \'i^•l  loy  ( 'allija.  in  Ai>ril  IS]  I!,  tlio^'nvi'finiiont  already  nwcil 
>;li».()(M),()l)0;  till'  iliriuaso  «>t  tlio  ivoeipts  was  S'J()(>,(HMI  niontlily.  ami  "all  or- 
diiiaiv.  ami  suiiiiMif  the  extraordinarv,  rosourt'os  were  exhausted.  Oaatit,  J/i.r., 
KSKi.'iv.  ■\-2-2. 


DKHT   A\l>  RKVKNUK. 


403 


t'orcod  loiins,  and  cxtmoidiiiaiT  fiiKiiicicrint:^  (lovirt-s,'''* 
ill  order  to  im-ot  tho  most  prctssiiij^  dcinaiids  of  tlu>  iiio- 
iiuiit.  All  jtersoiisaiid  corporations  were  in  turn  cnm- 
]k1I(mI  to  coiitiilaitr.'"'  Amoii^'  other  auxiliaiy  deviees, 
a  liousi'-tax  and  a  war-tax  wcri'  established.''' 

During  tlu'  i^arlic  i  years  of  the  I'evolution,  the  reve- 
nue and  exjtenditui'es  \vt  rt'  (iiornmus;  hut  to\var<l  the 
close  of  the  war,  the  conihined  ordinary  and  I'xtraordi- 
iiary  sources  of  su|>|>lii's  declined  to  less  than  one  third 
of  tlii'ir  original  productiNcness.""  while  tlu'  govein- 
nieiit  deltt  had  heeu  nii»re  tiian  douMed;  and  when  the 
last  \  ieeroy  lelt  the  sliore.--  of  Mexico,  the  liahilities 
of  the  treasury  exceeded  S7 .^OOO.OOO."'' 

After  Mexico  hecanie  independent,  the  rulers  went 
to  extremes  in  tlieir  lil»er;dity,  and  hy  inconsi<K'rate 
reduction  of  duties  and  taxes,  as  well  as  hy  opening 
too  suddenly  the  aNenues  of  ciunnierclal  enti'r[)rise, 
the  government  soon  found  that  the  recei[)ts  of  the 
c.\che(|uer  did  not  coi'respond  with  the  ill-judg<'d  esti- 
iiiati's.  Iturbide  r»-'stored  in  his  time  some  of  the 
t.ixes  which  had  been  aholished,  and  issued  paper 
money,  which  only  obtained  a  partial  cireulation  by  the 
sacriHci"  of  two  thirds  of  its   nominal  value.*"     After 

''•'Jii  Jan.  1812,  .S'_',(MK),(HKt  \Na»  ilfiiiainUil,  wliirli  sum  was  iklivLTcil  in 
t,'>il(l  and  liilvcr  i>lati'  to  lie  coined.  In  1.^11  s,")(IO.()(MI  was  (■xa(tc<l  with 
tlinats,  <if  wliicli  .S.S()(),(M)0  was  culliitiil  fnun  tUf  nurchant  class.  U('[iay- 
im  nt  <it  tlu;  ]ii'inci[ial,  or  tvcii  interest,  on  tlionc  loans  was  rarely  possilile. 
.\hi,ni„,  JliM.  Mrj.,  iv.  ■Jl.")  Iti;  <;,i.;/,,,  .)/,.,-.,  ISli',  iii.  lit)  IS,  1'_'4  J;  IS'.'O,  xi. 
•-'•-•4  .-). 

'"'The  eontiihutions  loreeil  npon  tlie  capital  alone  iluiinj,'  the  war  anmuntcil 
to  ?:lL',(;()0,(KK».    .)/</■.,   Mr,n.  Min.    J/'ir.,   lS-_>:{,  (i."). 

'■'  Ten  jier  cent  on  the  rents  of  all  (Iwellin^-lionses,  one  half  paid  hy  the 
'luuers,  and  the  other  hy  tlie  tenants.  This  nmst  have  yielded  largely,  and 
N\as  contiiinc<l  in  force  until  the  in<leiiendciicc.  I'rivate  carriages,  hired  vc- 
liieles,  and  riding-horses  wi!l  also  taxed.  A  duty  was  also  iniiiosed  on  mescal. 
y>.-j«>.<.  !'((/•.,  ii.  •_•(;;>();  /'In'irl's  Coll.,  i.  ]print'_'l;  ('"/iil'iiiu,  MS.,  iv.  .'$4;  Sor. 
Mi.r.  (U'oij.,  Bol.,  X.  ")]'_'.  It  is  not  jxissihle  to  furnish  exact  linancial  statistics 
tor  this  period,  as  tliu  govt  archives  were  plundcrutl  to  conceal  former  rob- 
heries.    Witrd'n  Mer.  in  IS.'T,  i.  .SO"). 

"-Receipts  for  hSl.S  were  ^r),07l.',S04;  expenditures,  .*4r>,0ir),.S'.)o.  It  is 
clear  that  eaoriiious  sums  were  raised  hy  loans,  (liuitn,  .Ui.r.,  1 814,  v.  'M  "). 
Ill  KS'JO  the  revenue  from  all  souices  onlv  reached  .*I4,405,.")74;  the  expendi- 
tures heing  .>?14,():U,941.   MiX.,  Mini.  Mhi.  Jfac,  1S44,  7. 

™As  ascertained  l)y  the  Junta  de  Credito  IMblico.  Id.,  1848,  22-7;  Id., 
1S70,  75-0. 

"'The  republican  govt  subseiiucutly  redeemed  this  paper.  Id.,  72-3. 


'U> 


rs 


I:'     !:'[!:*r- i«;l' ';4 


r 


^ 


1  ■  ■*'' 


404 


flOVKKN.MF.NT,   I'lNANCKS,   AND    MlLl' "liV. 


IiIh  fall,tliL'  it'|)ul)lii-ai»  i^'ovcninu  nt  tonml  itself  in  dlro 
strait,  and  \vns  oldij^rd  to  icsoi't  to  I'xtraordinaiy 
means,  tenipoi'arily  more  oppressive  tlian  tlio  former 
nietliod  employed  Ity  tlic  viceroys  durinui;  the  lasfc\v;ii'. 
All  res(»Mrees  had  L;reatly  diminished.  Heavy  loans 
had  to  he  raised  hy  morti;a;j;inLj  pnhlie  property.  To 
make  matters  worse,  corrnption  jirevaile(l  gi'iierally  in 
the  revenues  departments."'  No  ordinaiy  nu-asnivs 
or  threats  awakened  the  inferior  ollieei's  from  thrir 
a])atliy.  The  !j;overmnent  ehani^ed  the  system.  In 
Septemhcr  18'J4,  comisarios  Ljcnerales  were  appointed 
to  supi;rsede  the  former  intendentes;  and  in  Xovcmher 
of  the  same  year,  the  eonstitnent  congress  thoroui^hly 
reor^'anized  the  revenue  dejiartmi'iit,  estahlishinL;'  ;• 
systc-m  which  may  be  deemeil  thi'  most  complete 
hitherto  adopted  since  the  indep(>ndence.  Thisremaik 
applies  only  to  the  period  down  to  1870.  By  the  new 
ori;\inizatioii,  the  eontadurias  iLjeni'rales,  or  auditiiii.;' 
otHees,  connected  with  the  dilferent  hraneh  depait- 
ments  of  the  service,  were  abolisheil,  as  well  as  the 
local  direction  of  the  latter.  A  treasury-general  of 
tlie  federation  was  orijfanized,  and  also  a  comisiiii'ji 
central  do  jjfuerra  v  marina,  subject  to  the  fornin, 
whose  duties  consisted  in  collectini;'  data  for  makiiiL; 
U[)  the  n'en  oral  accounts  of  the  aiiuy  and  navy.  J^astly, 
a  contadun'a  mayor,  or  chiel'  a  iditor's  office,  w;is 
created.  All  offices  connected  w  ith  the  revenue  Jiad 
to  send  their  original  accounts  i../  the  treasury-genei'al. 
This  system  elfectually  checked  the  wide-jn-m'ailln'^ 
corruption  that  ixisted.  But  the  iinancial  situation 
was  otherwise  not  improved.  Taxes  and  export  dui  s 
were  remitted  without  devisinj^  a  sound  method  of 
compensation.  But  the  ini})ort  duties  were  success- 
ivcily  tloubled  and  tri[)led,  a  short-sighted  policy  which 
directly  worked  in  favor  of  smugo-ling  and  illicit 
tratle,  while  the  reduction  of  the  ex[)ort  dues  on  the 

'"111  18l':?  thr  .U'tiiit  M-as  8.'?, 000.000,  a  'torrililu  laugosta, "  was  the  tonu 
Miiiistor  Arrilluga  api^iliuil  to  the  alcahala.s.   A/.,  75. 


ii> 


ClllMINAI-    POUCV, 


490 


|irt)ci<nis  metals  tn  thrn'  \nv  ctiit  had  caused  immeiisu 
.iinuunts  of  treasure  to  leavi-  tin;  euuntrv."" 

The  fii-st  ftirei^n  loau  was  ('((iitiueted  with  (ioKl- 
:Mliuiidt  in  IS-j;Hor  the  suui  of  ,i;;;,-JO(),OUU,  which  ivp- 
icseiitcMl  $1(5, QUO, 000,  and  in  the  following"  yeai'  an- 
other ti»r  a  .siiiiihir  sum  was  eonehKh'd  with  |{arela\', 
Herring,  Jiieliardson,  and  (\)m[»;iMy.  Tlie  loss  oii 
these  loans  was  enoi'inous."'  .\t  tlio  end  of  J)eeem- 
\>rv  I  MM,  the  indehte<hu'ss  tor  the  [M-ineipal,  with 
arivjirs  of  interest  and  tm]>aid  dividends,  amounted 
to  si;i, 1277, ;").")".  Having'  found  it  im[»ossil)le  to  meet 
the  lialiilities  a;j,i'eed  Upon,  an  understanding'  was 
ai  lived  at  with  the  I iOiulon  bond-Jiolders,  which  was 
ratified  on  the  1st  of  .rune,  I8.')l),  t<»  fund  the  whole 
di'ht,  and  new  liolids  were  tlii'll  issued.""  XeNi'rtlie- 
less,  the  same  ditHculties  existed  in  the  I'uture,  and 
Mexico  was  iuiahK>  to  ]»ay  the  ilixideiids  with  imnetu- 
ality,  to  say  nothing;'  of  the  redemption  of  her  honds; 
and  the  amount  of  her  foreign  iiulehtediii'ss  increased 
rapidly  hy  the  aecumulation  of  ari'eai's.  lender  an- 
other adjustment,  made  in  ISaO  witli  the  hoiid-holders, 
Mexico  recogni/.cd  .1' lo/Jl  |,(;oO,  and  the  interest  was 
reduced  from  li\e  per  cunt  to  three  per  cent.'"  For 
the  payment  of  the  new  stock,  a  coiisiderahle  portion 
of  the  revenut^    tVoin   customs   was   pled^'ed."      j'\ir  a 

'''''J'lii'  rt'sult  Mas  tlic  ailniitioii  nt  I'iiciicss  i'1i.'iiil;i.'s  and  inDdilicatiop-i,  wiiirli 
ilisturlii'il  Im.siiu's.s  a\  iilmut  ilninM  the  tri'a.siiry  any  licnelit. 

''Out  iif  till-  s:i-J,(MH»,((00,  tlu'  .Mexican  govt'only  ivocivi  il  siljir.MlS. 
Tilt-  la'i-tiT  lipst  !^■_^l.'l4,.■')4■J  liy  tlu;  failnii.'  i^f  Haiclay,  Merrins.',  IlirliifiKnii,  iiid 
Coinpany.   Alainiut,  l.i'jii'nl.  d'fu.  l>'  win  Krii r..  il'J  ;!. 

'""■'I'lii;  new  hiinds  wiro  niailc  iiayaM(M)n  (>ctiiln;r  1,  iMill,  and  oii  Oi'tiiliiT  I, 
IS7(i,  at  T)  and  0  piT  cent  interest,  for  tlic  jiayinent  of  wlueli  ont'  sixili  of  tlie. 
eiistonis  at  Vit;;  (.'niz  and  Santa  Anna  dc  ranianli[)as  was  set  aiiail.  And 
lor  ;irealer  wccnrily  ]<M),(>()(I,(K)0  acres  of  land  in  the  California-:,  Ciiilnialina, 
New  Mexico,  Sonora,  and  Texas  uere  hyimtliecated.  'I'lu'  lands  could  In! 
l'ureliase(l  will  I  tlic  bonds,  l>iit  no  one  carcil  to  huv  lands  in  Mexico.    Arrl/I'i'i", 

/.'n-ny.,  is:;'.i,  ii.',")-'J7;  /'<Mi,  A'//.- '-/o, :;:!. 

'■'•''i'iic  lionddioldcr.s  aL;reed  to  this  on  Mexico  giving  tlicin  a  draft  for 
S'_*,")Oi),(K)()  (lU  tlie  indemnity  iluc  liy  the  U.  S.  Tiie  arrears  of  dividends  were 
eonsiihred  a.s  paid  nji.  Tlie  honddiohhrs  sacriliecd  nearly  .^■_'7,(M»0,(MHI.  l?y 
a  jircvious  c^onijironiisc  in  IS4(),  they  sacrificed  .s  1 S, ;">()( I, (MK>.  Mi.iioiti  Snliitmil 
l><l.t,  (1. 

"''Twenty -live  per  ci'ut  of  the  import  duties  of  tlu'  maritinu'  aixl  frontit  r 
eiistoin  houses,  7')  per  cent  of  tlic  export  duties  in  tlu'  jiorts  of  tlu'  I'acilic, 
ami  .")  per  cent  of  those  on  the  gulf  of  Mu.<ico.      l''or  the  lirst  six  years  tho 


!; 


J 


r 


49ti 


(lOVERNMENT,  FINANCES,  AND  MILITARY. 


few  years,  financial  matters  appear  to  liavo  gone  nioru 
smooth!},  but  from  1858  to  1802  dividends  were  again 
delinquent,  and  bonds  remained  unredeemed.  Thf 
French  intervention  was  the  ultimate  result. 

Maximilian,  before  occupying  a  throne  in  Mex- 
ico, contracted  enormous  debts  in  Europe.  During 
his  ephemeral  game  at  king-craft  supported  by  for- 
eign bayonets,  he  augmented  the  liabilities  of  the  na- 
tion to  $187,000,000.  xVt  the  end  of  18GG  the  liability 
of  the  empire  was  over  $200,000,000.  It  is  not  strange 
that  on  his  downfall  Mexico  would  not  recognize  the 
debts  contracted  by  him  in  Euro[)e.''  In  October 
1880,  ti:c  total  jmblic  debt  was  $144,953,785,  of 
which  $40,241,215  represented  tlie  internal  debt,  and 
$104,712,570  the  foreign  ()ne.''"  There  Avas,  besides, 
a  very  lartjc  iloatinu,'  indebtedness. 

To  enter  into  details  of  tlie  changes  and  counter- 
chann'cs  which  have  been  made  by  successive  mini.s- 
ters  who  have  directed  the  financial  [)olicy  of  the 
federal  government,  in  the  innumeral>le  vicissitudes 
through  wliich  the  Mexican  nation  has  passed  during 
this  century,  would  require  a  volume,  ami  the  result 
M'oukl  be  intcrestinu"  only  to  the  financier.  But  one 
fact  stands,  that  whether  Mexico  had  a  foreign  war,  or 
indulged  in  the  pastime  of  intestine  strife,  the  balance- 
sheet  in  the  treasurer's  office  alwys  exhibited  an  in- 
crease in  the  national  debt 

The  Texan  war,  followed  by  that  with  the  United 

surplus  of  these  assigiiineuts,  where  tlii^ri;  was  any,  was  applied  to  form  a 
siukiug  fuml.  When  tliis  delay  liad  expired,  tlie  Mexican  govt  undertook  to 
remit  annually  §250,000  to  London.  For  fuller  particulars,  see  Mcv.,  Pi<".ii!i 
Juntijir.  Dimla  L'xter.,  passim;  Mid-ji/ii/,  Mi'h,.  Dcni/a  E.etcr.,  passim.  On  tlio 
linaiicial  couditiou  of  the  republic  to  .luly  1850,  sec  Pai/iio,  L\qx).i.  //(«•., 
1850,  1-128. 

"'When  friendly  relations  were  resumed  witli  France,  it  was  expressly 
und>.r8too<l  that  the  latter  should  press  i-o  claim  of  the  past  debt  against 
Mexico.  England  somewhat  later  renewed  friendly  intercourse,  and  negotia- 
tions were  opened  toward  eflfecting  some  arrangement  in  favor  of  the  Britisli 
bond-holders. 

''•^  Due  Eng.  creditors,  SS9,252,3()0,  including  arrears  of  interest  since  1850. 
There  were  $15,400,210  due  to  English,  Spaniards,  and  Americans.  Mex.,  xUem. 
Mill.  Jfnc,  1880  d  188!.  155-6.  No  dehnitive  arrangement  about  the  Eng- 
lish debt  had  been  made  to  the  end  of  1885,  nor  has  it  since.  Mex.,  In/brme 
Sec.  Hoc.,  1886,  3-4. 


FiNANt.'iAi.  emkii(;i:N(  ii:s. 


407 


States,  tlio   invasion  by  tlie  Frcncli,  and  tlie  onsiiinsjf 

struggle  for  existence  as  a  nation,  sank   the  re}nil)lie 

iiioi'e  de(!})ly  in  liabilities.      ]^nt  the  national  vitality 

i-;  ureat,  as  evideneed  i?i  the  increase  of  rev*'nne  fi-oni 

li'^itiniate  sources.'''     Tlie  receipts  for  tlu'   Hvi'  liscal 

years    ISOl)    to    1874    were    $78,r);^(;,a:}l ,    averaging 

i^\i),727,2C)(\  yearly,  and  those  of  the  years  1874  to 

1871)  were  .$'.)0,8r)(;,7l2,  or  an  averag-o  of  $1  8,171,;U'2 

:i  vear.      In    1879-80,  the  revenue  was  -321 ,1  ■J4,();{7,'* 

and  in  1  880    1 ,  $21,329,9  i  2  ;  of  wliicji  sum  !ij;i4,:{24,(;70 

n'|)resented    the    receipts    from    customs,    ,$:}, 4 11,498 

fidui  stamps,  and  the  rest  from  several  other  sourct^s. 

Tlie  ex[)enditures  for  the  year  had  been  estimated  at 

C^24,2 1  (i.f)!  8,  but  they  exceeded  that  sum  in  ^2, 98:], 424. 

^lexico  was  experiencing  a  financial  crisis  in  188  1-5. 

The  expenditures  authorized  by  congress  amounted  to 

838,90:3,853,  whereas  the  revenue  was  not  expected  to 

ivacli  even  !?27, 000,000.''     The  pri>spects  for  l885-() 

\V(  I'c  still  less  reassurino-,.     The  jrovernnuMit,  beinii'  con- 

viiu-ed  that  sixty  per  cent  of  the  probable  receipts  would 

not  cover  the  liabilitic>s  of  the  Hoatinu"  debt  which  had 

Ih'cii  in  course  of  payment,  clearly  saw  the  necessity 

(if  introducing  a  great  economy  in  the  expenses,  and 

of  ;it  once  arranging  and  consoli<la.ting   th-  national 

<Kl)t.      I  n  order  to  efi'ect  this,  on  thi!  '2.ld  of  J  une,  I  885, 

laws  wei'e  passed  to  j)ut  off  the  p.vynu'iit  of  liabilities 

'ii'|ircvious  years,  and  to  ado])t  other  measures  deenie<l 

ncccssarv.     Tlie  govermnent  also  took  advantaLje  of 

llie  crisis,  to  fix  the  basis  for  tlie  adjustment  of  the 

(Itht,    with   a   view   to   its   future    })ayme!it.      It    was 

tlumght  that  by  these  measures  the  government  would 

Ik-  enabled  to  m  >■'>   its  current  obligations.'"     Among 

till'  <'\[>enditures  the  govt>rnment  had  assumed  were 

•"5'-.477,4(>7  of  subsidies  to  several  railroad  compamt  s, 


Mini.    Srr.     Hill-     (I'.ir 


'   I'rtvimi.sly  to    18(11    they  did  not   i;x( 
/•''■ji.  Ml. I-.,  i.  xc.  xuii. 

'■('iiyo  rosultiido  jiiiiias  80  li;i!)ia  olitoiiido.'  Mi' 
I'^T'.l  Mil,' ISM,  xxii. 

;''liiL'ix;'i  -'li.  ires  for  tlie  fiscal  year  1S83  4  were  eMtiiiiaicd  at  .*H0,7I7,!>!'7. 

'".!/' '•.,  t,.j  ,,iii:  Sfi:  lliH-.,  188;'),  4  .") ;  Mi.r.,  77i<  ''diihuUiI.  t</t/a  Mi  r.  A<it. 
I'^'ii.  1   -'7;  A/.,  Monitor  /fip.,  June  *24,   1885. 
1 1 1ST.  Mkx.,  Vol,  VI.    32 


!  :i 


il 

■,!l 

■r.t 

■A 


iX.m 


m 


[f'ii) 


Iff 


mm 


] 

14 


4U8 


GOVERNMENT,  FINANCES,  AND  MILITARY. 


wliich  had  also  to  suffer  under  the  laws  of  June  22(1 
above  alluded  to. 

Mexico  has  been  rej^arded  by  her  creditors  as  a 
hopc;less  bankrupt,  but  the  amount  of  her  indebtedness 
bears  no  comparison  with  the  debts  of  other  countries." 
The  measures  which  are  being  taken  to  increase  htr 
prosperity,  by  opening  railroads,  encouraging  foreign 
colonization,  and  otherwise,  for  which  the  government 
makes  concessions,  camiot  fail  to  be  attended  with  ])i()- 
gress;  and  if  Mexico  were  so  fortunate  as  to  enjoy  a 
few  decades  of  peace,  her  advance  in  civilization  and 
wealth  would  be  conspicuous;  taxation,  wliich  at  pres- 
ent is  heavy,  would  gradually  become  less  burden- 
some, while  the  sources  of  the  public  revenue  would 
become  more  remunerative.'^ 

At  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  of  independence,  the 
standing  army  in  Mexico  could  compare  favorably 
with  those  in  Europe,  and  during  the  long  struggle 
which  followed,  the  nation  was  developed  into  an  essen- 
tially military  one.  It  is  true  that  the  revolutionary 
forces  were  for  the  most  part  ill  organized  and  ill 
disciplined,  and  that  the  independence  would  never 
have  been  achieved  had  it  not  been  for  the  final  coop- 
eration of  the  army  ;  but  long  experience  on  the  battle- 
field had  produced  a  strong  fighting  element.  Alter 
the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons,  many  professional 
soldiers  of  the  French  armies  souijht  in  Alexico  a  new 
field  for  the  exercise  of  their  calling,  and  their  skill 
raised  the  military  art  to  a  high  standard.'" 

"  The  debt  distributed  over  the  population  who  must  pay  it  in  J?'.'-  jii' 
bond;  that  of  France,  ^127.53;  tliat  of  Italy,  lJ71.!!4;  and  tUitC  of  CivMt 
Britain,  %ill4.t>'J. 

'•'  For  further  information  on  Mexican  financial  afl'airs,  see  ^f<■.l•.,  Mi-m.  Sn'- 
line,  18()8-9,  and  1884  ;  Id.,  Id.,  lid.,  1875,  on(iornian  and  American  flaiin.-; 
1,1.,  Id.,  CMcni.,  1880-4;  Id.,  Ilirop.  Lci/.,  iii.  aoO-.") ;  Id.,  Lrydv  I ,„j ,■<.■<,>,  \SS\~ 
fl;  Mix.,  DiitrioOJic,  April  1,  188,");  Id.,  JA'.r.  Fiiiowier,  July  II,  Auji;.  I,  l^8,"i; 
Mr.,:,  Monitor  L'(i>.,.hily  11,  14,  1(5,  'J'J,  1885;  Id.,  Lvydr  IiK/rew,  188.")  (1;  /■/. 
Ln(  d>l  Tiiiihre,  1885,   1-45. 

''■•Says  one  who  saw  the  Mexican  troops,  writing  in  IS'2'.);  'Tlie  soldi'"  .  <( 
Mexico,  for  res[iectability,  decent  appearance,  and  discipline,  are  e(|.  .:  m 
tlMMc  of  any  country.  Their  oHicers  particularly  the  young  ones,  ii  •>  W'U 
educated.'  Maclurc'.i  Opinions  uii  Varinu  Sul'JudK,  i.  385. 


^EFFICIENCY   OF  IIC.HTINV,  MEN. 


409 


But  many  years  of  internal  desultory  warfare,  wliilo 
fostering  a  martial  spirit>  reduced  the  army  to  a  low 
eld)  in  .sterling  efficiency.  Organization  became  (\^- 
fcctiv'c;  drill  and  instruction  in  military  evolutions 
AVire  interrupted,  di.scipline  was  relaxed,  and  owing 
tt)  want  of  money,  tlie  equipment  of  the  troops  was 
wretched  in  comparison  with  progress  made  in  other 
ji.ition.s.  Thus  in  the  war  with  the  United  States, 
^s.'  xi  'o,  though  able  to  send  armies  vastly  superior  in 
-  irui  ,s  into  the  fi(}ld,  was  unable  to  cope  with  tlio 
c)H::iy.  Tlie  native  Mexican  was  ready  enough  to 
tiglit,  and  did  fight  to  the  best  of  his  i)ower.  Raw  re- 
cruits by  thousands  sh.ouldered  their  old-fashioned  mus- 
krts,^"  and  untrained,  ill  fed,  and  miserably  <'quip])ed, 
faced  the  foe  over  and  over  ajjfain,  to  die  on  battle- 
fields  while  giving  to  the  enemy  the  victory. 

The  disastrous  result  of  the  war  was  a  severe  lesson 
to  Mexicj;  and  when  the  French  intervention  came, 
licr  army  had  been  raised  to  a  hi<;her  degree  of  effi- 
c'u  iicy,  and  was  not  ill  provided  witli  improved  weapons 
and  W'"r  mat(  rial.  Since  the  successful  issue  of  that 
•struggle,  he?  mUiuiry  strength  has  gradually  increased. 
To  tho  go',  ornn. ont  the  army  has  ever  been  a  neces- 
sity, an  1  ()  ;-Uj  I'ort  it  and  render  it  efficient,  the  party 
ill  jiower  has  .  Kvav^  dire  ted  its  earnest  attention. 

When  Diaz  '..as  firmly  installed,  one  of  his  first 
cares  was  the  reorganization  of  tiic  federal  forces.  To 
raise  them  to  an  e({uality  with  those  of  foreign  nations 
^vas  a  work  of  time,  and  put  to  the  test  his  ability  as 
a  commander,  statesman,  and  financier.  The  first  ob- 
ject to  be  attained  was  immerical  reduction.  The  late 
contest-  ad  called  into  the  field  a  nmcli  larger  num- 
ber of  ti  (K'S  than  was  necessary  for  a  firm  adminis- 
tration, Ui!  )  he  began  gradually  to  get  rid  of  the 
excess,  in  due  time  converting  a  cumbersome  number 
el'  men,  unwieldy  through  defective  regulations,  into 
a  smaller  but  far  more  compact  and  serviceable  army. 

'At  tlio  InUlc  of  ('orr<)(!(«ril(),  Scott  took  1«ot\vct'ii  4.();M>  ami  ."),001)  staiicU 
of  ir  ii.s,  wiiicli  tor  tlu'ir  wortlilfssiii'ss  I  u  oiMuru  1  t(»  Iil;  ilujtroyL'd.  L'.  S.  Govt 
!>•".,  Cong.  3J,  Sess.  1,  Seu.  Ex.  i.  \},  2J7. 


:i: 


600 


COVKRXMKNT.  FINANCES,  AND   MILITARY. 


l-Jeor^Mi ligation  and  the  reform  of  the  military  vode 
ANcrc  inattcirs  requiring  still  more  time,  liadical 
clian,cs  liad  to  be  effected,  (jrrave  contradictions  ex- 
isted between  the  military  code  and  the  fundamental 
law  of  the  nation,  causing  serious  embarrassment  to 
cliiefs  who  had  no  ( srapo  from  awkward  dilemmas  ex- 
cept by  assuming  1  I  ■  ';sj)onsibilitier.  Antiquated 
8i)anish  ordinances  n.  jatible  with  the  existing  in- 
stitutions, especially  in  onnection  with  the  militaiy 
judicial  courts  and  the  military  privilege,  had  to  bo 
done  away  witli,  and  the  code  to  be  reformed  in  many 
important  particulars. 

The  reforms  projwsed  were  most  im[)ortant,  and 
affected  every  branch  of  the  service.  The  old  j)i!riii- 
cious  system  of  compulsory  recruiting — the  cause  of 
incessant  desertion — was  to  be  done  away  with,  and 
the  voluntary  system  adopted. 

Accordingly,  a  new  military  judicial  code  was  laid 
before  congress  in  1871),'^^  and  a  reformed  military 
ordinance  was  approved  by  Diaz  in  September  1880. 

During  his  presidency,  his  aim  was  to  elevate  the 
army  to  a  par  with  tliose  of  foreign  nations,  and  he 
effected  great  improvements,  not  only  in  its  disci})linc 
and  armament,  but  also  in  its  moral  tone.  His  suc- 
cessor, Gonzalez,  completed  the  work,  and  in  June 
1881  issued  a  decree  establishing  a  complete  and 
defiiute  (»i'ganization.^" 

On  the  close  of  the  war  with  the  United  States, 
the  Mexican  government  turned  its  attention  to  the 

"'Copy  of  it  will  lie  fouiul  in  Diario  Dehaten,  9th  Cong.,  ii,  590-050;  /'I., 
10th  ('oiig.,1ii.  148,  2S;i,  371,  oM,  708. 

•"^.lA'./'.,  Aji.  Mem.  ({iiarni  y  Murin,  1881,  p.  1  et  seq. ;  Dvirio  Ojic,  Sopt. 
14-17,  1881.  Ill  I88'2  and  188.S  fuilher  iiiiportaiit  reforms  were  carried  mit. 
A/.,  4  Jul.,  11  Sot.,  1882;  2  and  3  Eiicro,  I'J  Set.,  1883.  Under  the  luw 
organization,  tlio  army  was  composed  of  20  battalions  of  infantry,  nuiidH'iiii:; 
12,!KK)  ollicers  and  men;  20  Nkoleton  hatbilions,  4,720  otUeers  and  men,  (U'^i^- 
nated  hy  nund)er.s  from  1  to  40;  10  regiments  of  cavalry,  4,890  men;  10  skil- 
ton  cavalry  regiments,  1,480,  also  designate<l  Ity  nuiiilier;  3  battalions  i>\ 
artillery,  1,2()()  men;  and  an  artillery  battalion  of  reserves,  194  men;  tin: 
battalion  of  supers,  (>17  men;  tlie  train  squadron,  109  men;  lixed  batteries  at 
the  ports,  258  men;  and  the  invalid  corps,  203  men;  in  all,  20,051  nn  ii. 
The  troops  were  armed  with  Hemingtou  rillea  and  carbines,  and  the  drc.s 
uuiforni  was  dark  blue. 


MILITARY   COLONIZA'l  ION. 


501 


protection  of  tlie  northern  frontier,  and  an  effort  was 
iiiiule  to  establisli  military  colonies  for  that  [)urpose, 
the  particulars  of  wliich  are  related  in  the  previous 
volume.**^  The  result  was  a  failure ;  and  in  April  18().S 
.Juarez  issued  decrees  ordering  the  establishment  of 
tliirty  colonies  on  the  northern  frontier,  composed  of 
100  men  each,  and  two  in  Yucatan  and  Canipeche, 
composed  of  500  men  eacV**  To  carry  out  the  sys- 
tem on  so  large  a  scale  would  have  required  enormous 
sums  of  money,  and  no  ste[»s  were  ever  taken  to  do 
so.  A  commission  was  appointed  to  draw  up  a  pio- 
jt'ct  for  the  reform  of  the  law,  and  new  colonial  rt-'gu- 
liitions.'^''  The  report  of  the  commission  was  hande<l 
ill  April  1871,  and  suggested  two  important  modifi- 
cations; nameh ,  that  the  ijovernment  was  not  undir 
th(!  obligation  of  establishing  sinmltaneously  a  consid- 
erable number  of  colonies,  but  succe.ssivelv,  at  its  own 
discretion,  in  those  states  where  the  necessity  seemed 
to  1)0  njost  urgent,  and  in  a  lunnber  according  to  the 
condition  of  the  treasury.  Secondly,  that  the  mini- 
Ixr-  of  colonists  in  each  settlement  shouhl  not  be 
aibitrarilv  fixed  at  one  hundred,  but  left  to  the  decis- 
ion  of  the  executive. 

Although  the  commission  performed  its  dut}',  and 
<li\\v  up  a  project  for  new  colonial  regulations  based  on 
those  issued  in  18G8,  it  pronounced  the  system  as  im- 
practicable. Military  service  and  agricultural  pui'suits 
•  oiiibiiied  would  never  be  successful.  The  former 
Would  be  inefticient,  and  the  latter  fall  into  neglect. 
It  suggested  that  the  far  better  plan  wouhl  be  to  es- 
tiiMish  military  posts,  garrisoned  l)y  federal  troops,  or 
I'uial  comi)anies,  which  would  be  much  more  econom- 
iial,  and  would  tend  to  the  growth  of  pueblos  round 
the  fortified  posts.**' 

'"'///'.</.  Mi'.r.,  V.  572-0,  tliis  series. 

'■Sou  iluciues  in  El  Ih'irclin,  iii.  4;j9-40,  v.  128,  171.  List  of  locations  in 
.l/';/i;(),  Ihc.  Jiitcivs.,  41-2.     ('oiiKult  also  J )itlil(i II  .'iml  Lfcnm,  l.tij.  Mir.,  x. 

•11.;  I.-.,  4:t'.»;  7v.,v„-,  j/u.  Purl.,  i.  :m-(i,  nio  in,  ma  4;  i\.  lo,  22  -i,  177,  201, 

•-'i:;  II,  22;{,  2:i«,  2r).'{,  :).S:M,  :W7,  4y,i,  4(ill;  iii.  772;  iv.  740. 

'  Issued  Nov.  10,  181)8.   Mini.  .Ij».  M<:r.  aiin-ra  1/  Murin,  1881,  p.  laii. 
"'Jtl.,  13G-7.     This  report  was  still  under  cousiduriitiou  in  1S82.  /(/.,  p.  ii. 


m 


m 


■ifii 


Jl' 


8   ! 


II 
I 


f' 


m 


5!)'-' 


(JOV^EUNMEXT,  FINANCES,  AND  MILITARY. 


During  the  civil  wars  which  raged  througliout 
^Mexico  i)revious  to  and  after  the  death  of  Juarez, 
the  colonies  estahlished  were  greatly  neglected  and 
fell  under  the  control  of  state  governments,  whicli  in 
the  dej>leted  condition  of  the  federal  treasury  received 
no  pecuniary  assistance.  The  frontier  states  under 
these  circumstances  suffered  grievously  from  tlie  in- 
cursions of  the  Indians,  while  the  militarv  settlements 
retrotiiaded.  Durini*-  Lerdo's  administration,  they 
again  came  under  the  care  of  the  federal  government, 
and  some  little  'm[)rovement  was  effected,  but  still  in 
1875  there  were  only  twelve  locations  on  the  nortlieiii 
frontier,  scattf  red  over  an  immense  extent  of  tirri- 
tory."'  The  goverimient's  attention  was  naturally 
directed  to  this  condition  of  the  frontiers,  especially 
to  those  of  Yucatan  and  Sonora;  and  for  the  financial 
year  of  1878-9  .$(500,000  figure  in  the  budget  as  an 
a[)i)ropriation  fov  frontier  defence.**** 

The  troubles  with  Indians  on  the  northern  frontier 
may  be  considere'd  ar;  ended,  but  it  cannot  i)e  assorted 
that  such  a  result  would  have  been  attaiui'd  had  the 
matter  depended  entirely  on  the  Mexican  militaiy 
colonial  system.  In  Yucatan,  more  time  will  be  re- 
quired to  j)revent  the  inroads  of  barbarians.  Nevei- 
theless,  the  military  line  has  betMi  greatly  advanced 
during  lute  years,  and  large  tracts  of  country  recovered 
from  the  Indians.*"^ 

During  the  earlier  years  of  independence,  little 
attention  could  be  given  to  military  instruction,  and 
the  growth  of  a  military  educational  system  was  ix- 
ceedingly  slow;  it  is  doubtful  whether  any  institution 

"  Acoordiiii,'  to  the  report  of  the  inini.ster  of  war,  Nov.  17,  1^7"),  tlicic 
were  17.SI)  military  eolonists  doing  service.  Tliey  were  ilistrihuteil  as  fnlii'us: 
Sonora,  •JOO;  Chihuahua,  ISO;  Coahuila,  100;  Lurango,  10i»;  Nuevo  \yn, 
DO;  Lower  California,  25.  In  Yucatan  there  were  'JJ'i,  and  in  Caiij|iirlii; 
\'>0.  Tlie  disorganization,  during  tiie  time  that  the  niihtary  colniiics  wviv 
uader  the  charge  of  the  state  governments,  was  so  great  that  tiiey  had  ;dniii<t 
cased  to  be  such.  The  nundier  of  otticers  was  out  of  all  proportion  to  tli:it 
of  the  men.  Diitrin  Ojic,  Nov.  17,  187.'). 

""Thus  apportioned:  Yucatan,  .^I.10,(K)0;  Sonora,  .«il20,001);  Chiluialnia. 
Nuevo  Leon,  Coahuila,  an<l  Durango,  each  §t)0,0()0;  Canipeehe,  ^M,'-)  iO;  ainl 
Ijowl;' Calitornia  and  Chiapas,  each  .S-O.UOO.   Muiwru,  I>(h\  liitnr.-i.,  i(»7. 

•■'J/r,/'.,  Mtiii.  (.'iicn-d,  1883,  12'.».  The  estimates  for  the  army  aad  nivy 
expensed  for  the  tiaeal  year  ending  June  'M,  1884,  were  .>;8,'J5'J,;io2.  Id.,  ih"  ■  --■ 


ARMY  AND  NAVY. 


003 


worthy  the  name  of  a  college  was  establislicd  till 
18;3;5T  Its  first  location  was  in  tlie  capital,  Lut  lor 
many  years  it  had  no  fixed  abiding-place,  and  was 
roiuoved  from  one  building  to  antither,  as  circumstances 
necessitated,  till  finally  TacuV)aya  was  selected  as  the 
[)lace  for  its  permanent  establishment. 

The  instructi(m  of  soldiers  of  the  line,  until  1  H'M), 
was  almost  entirely  neglected,  but  in  June  of  that 
year  Santa  Anna  established  a  j)rimary  school  in  each 
army  cor])S,  and  laid  down  regulations  for  their  gov- 
ernment."' He,  moreover,  founded  in  the  capital  a 
normal  scliool  for  the  instruction  of  primary  teachers."'^ 

In  1840  Bustamante  established  a  school  at  (^ha- 
pultepec,  in  which  students  at  the  military  college 
might  complete  their  education  for  all  branches  of  the 
service.  This  institution  was  called  La  Escuda  do 
Aplicacion.  In  1843  the  code  of  ordinances  of  both 
tliese  establishments  was  remodelled,  since  whicli  time 
a  marked  improvement  is  observable,  military  acade- 
mies being  established  in  all  the  army  corps. 

Some  changes  were  made  bv  !^[aximilian,  but  were 
no  more  lasting  than  his  own  brief  reign.  'J'he  college 
at  Tacubaj'^a  was  broken  up,  but  reestablished  by 
Juarez  in  December  18(57,  and  was  afterward  removed 
to  Chapultepec."^  At  this  institution  cadets  are  edu- 
cated for  every  branch  of  the  service;  and  it  is  to 
^[exico  what  West  Point  is  to  the  United  States,  with 
which  establishment  it  can  be  favorably  compared.^* 

After  independence,   the    government    for   several 

'■>•' liy  ilucreo  of  Nov.  10th.   Ii'hvrn,  I/iMf.  Jalnjui,  iii.  .WS. 

"'  M<:r.,  Col.  de  Liij.  y  Ihi-nt.,  lS:i<),  144-50. 

'•*- Orphan  .sons  of  soliliur.s  wltc  iiilinittud.  The  sum  of  ij.'{(),0()0  was  as- 
signeil  for  the  niaintenancu  of  thcso  sdiools.  ///. 

'•'■'In  January  1880,  I'orlirio  Diaz  liy  decruo  estahlishcil  in  it  a  ciiair  for 
thu  instruction  of  mechanics,  as  aindied  to  navigation.  Tiic  salary  attiicliod 
vas  §1,200  jiur  annum.  Dernto,  no.  (i,  annex  'J,  in  iJvcretwi  Ciiriilnri'n,  187U- 
8);  M>.r.,  Itirop.  Li-ijen,  i.  5(»;{-5;  Id.,  iii.  481  !)7. 

*'  The  ourriculuin  is  as  comprehensive.  Diaz  reformed  the  code  of  ordi- 
li  uices  in  1879,  and  (lon/alez  in  1881.  Forty  professors  and  instructors  arc 
!■  iiph)yi'd,  and  the  course  of  studies  includes  geodesy,  astronomy,  physics, 
chuMiistry,  stcreotomy,  military  jurisprudence,  logic,  and  the  rights  of  nations, 
tii|iograpliical  and  linear  drawing,  and  the  French  and  English  languages. 
I  le  annual  appropriation  is  over  i?ll").000,  fand  the  military  system  of  disci- 
Iiliiic  u  oh.serveil.  tiraduatcd  cadets  are  un<ler  the  obligation  to  serve  for 
tliii'i;  vears  in  the  army.  Mex.,  Ap,  Mem.  Guerm  y  Munii,  Doc.  4;  J/ex., 
^Jc.n.  Otien-a,   1883,  Doc.  U. 


1  i 


■Jv. 


i  1 


4i 


604 


GOVEUXMEXT,  FIXAXCES,  AXD  MILITARY. 


years  atti'inptud  to  iiuiiiitaiii  a  naval  fleot,  but  inial)le 
to  iiK'L't  tlio  cost,  tliu  idea  was  abandoned  in  IH2'.),'''' 
and  the  navy  was  representetl  by  a  few  revenu»i  vessels. 
At  a  later  date,  however,  it  was  revived,  and  in  I  Hf)*; 
the  government  possessed  15  vessels  mounting  40 
guns.'"  In  1875  the  navy  was  strengthened  by  two 
iron-clads  which  were  built  at  Liverpool,  England, 
and  arrived  at  Vera  Cruz  in  Septend^er.  These  were 
the  first  vessels  of  this  class  introduced  into  the  Mex- 
ican navv:"'  two  others  were  added,  and  in  1880  the 
republic  possessed  four  iron-clad  war  steamers.''^  Xa- 
val  arsenals  have  been  established  at  Lerma,  in  Cani- 
peche,  and  in  the  bay  of  Acapulco,  the  first  mentioned 
being  provided  with  a  floating  dock,''* 

As  early  as  1822  a  decree  was  passed  to  found  a 
naval  school  at  Tepic,  and  in  1854  one  was  established 
on  the  Jsladel  Carmen,  Campeehe,  in  1857  another  was 
established  at  the  Fortress  Ulua,  and  lastly  in  ISSI 
a  naval  school  was  founded  at  Alvarado.**"'  At  the 
present  time,  two  such  institutions,  one  in  Cam[)e('li(' 
and  the  other  at  Mazatlan,  are  supported  by  the 
government  at  an  annual  expense  of  $(),;?00  each."" 
Ten  resident  pupils  are  admitted  into  each  of  these 
establishment,  whose  expenses  are  included  in  the  an- 
nual estimates  for  the  militarv  colleiie. 

*■'  Mnclit n-'t  ())iiiiioii.^,  3.")8. 

^''Xaiiioly,  in  tho  gulf,  4  steamers  with  IG  giins,  5  schooners  with  17  k""**. 
anil  "2  transports.  la  tlie  I'acilic  there  wuro  2  barks  with  4  guns,  iiinl  "J 
schooners  witii  S  guns.  Buthrjiidil'.i  U.  S.  itiid  Mi:-:.,  Ap.  4.'i.  In  Keh.  two 
war  stoainers  wore  sol, I  in  Lomhm  on  account  of  debt,  the  ptirehusers  r  i- 
gaging  to  iise  them  as  2)ackets  jilying  lietwoen  Vera  Cruz  and  New  Orleuiis. 
Mt'x.,  Ia'ijM.  Mcj.,  Jan. -June,  18.')(>,  400;  Pcnsaiiiii-iilo  Niu\,  I-'eh.  17,  KS'ni,  -. 

^'  Mix.,  Diai'io  Ojic,  Jan.  2,  Oct.  2,  Nov.  15,  1875;  Vw-  tic  M<:v.,  Sept.  2, 
Nov.  17,  1S75. 

'•"' Namely,  the  Iw/cprmlfiiriii  aud  Llhcrtnd  in  the  gulf,  and  the  J/cj/co  and 
l)eiii6friili  in  tiie  I'aciKe.  Mcr.,  Mem.  Oiierra  if  Marin,  KS77-S1,  i.  .S7  42. 
Two  coiist-guard  steamers  were  added  to  the  gulf  fleet  later,  named  tlio 
Cudii/ik' iiioc  iind  Xicott'ucdtl.   Id.,  1883,  i.  i;i5. 

""  .l/c.c. ,  Men.  Oiicn-d,  1883,  i.  ];i4-5.  The  estimate  of  the  expenses  "f 
these  arsenals  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1884,  was  .S44, 1 15  eadi,  aiil 
$('),8.S8  for  the  floating  dock  at  Lerma.  The  total  estimate  for  naval  e.xpeii  e-s 
w;is!it5'.»3,251.    Id.,  Doc.  22,  21K)-!tl>. 

'^"r,V(r.,  (imid.,  May  22,  1822,  393;  Mex.,  Col.  Lfy...Ord.,  May  to  U.r. 
1854,  vii.  202-.3;  Cor.  dr  k'.t}>>iri(t,  Jan.  13,  1855;  Arrlihvo  Mex.  Col.  f.n/..  ui. 
03; I  47;  .\li:i.,  Diiirio  hel„it>-x,  10th  Cong.,  ii.  338,  <W2;  iii.  58,  181,  2.30. 

'  '  This  sum  is  t'-e  estimate  for  the  year  ending  June  3J,  1884.  Mex.,  Mi  m. 
Oueira  //  Marin,  1883,  i.  299. 


CHAPTER  XXI. 

MmiNG,  MANUFACTUKKS,  AND   FISHERIES. 

180O-1SS7. 

Effect  on  Mining  of  thk  Revomtidn— SntsEguKNT  Polk -v  of  the  Gov- 
K.KN.MKNi'— Effect  of  Mini.no  on  Aokhti.i'che — Mine   Mana(1ement 

AN1>   Uoi  tine — MlNlN(i    1)IST1U(T.S--M|N()K  MFriAUS— MiNTS  -DeVEI.OI'- 

MENT  OF  National  Manufactikf^s— Banco  de  Avio — Patent  Laws  — 

t'llTTON     FaCTOKIES    IN    THE    CoLONIAL   PeKIOD — WoOLLEN    InOI'STHY— 

Other  MANiFAiTi'itEs — Silk,  Pai-eh,  Chockekv,  ani»  ( J  lass— Toiiacco 
AND  ITS  Utilization  —  Fisheimes  -  F(M)1)-fish  —  Peai'-  s  — Toktoise 
Shells — Sponges — Whaling— International,  National,  ani>  State 
Exhibitions. 

Thr  prospects  of  ininiiig  were  full  of  promise,  when, 
early  in  the  century,  a  cloud  pvers[)read  this  aiul  other 
industries,^  in  the  form  of  the  political  agitation,  which 
afti^r  ten  years  of  warfare  brought  to  an  end  Spain's 
(loniination  in  ^lexico.  The  fii'st  blow  for  indepen- 
dence wa.s  struck,  not  at  the  capital,  but  in  the  region 
<»r  (juanajuato,  and  the  nnolution  demolished  in  a  few 
vtais  what  had  occupied  nearly  three  centuries  in 
building  up."  From  1814,  witii  the  exception  of 
tlic  districts  of  Catorce,  Zacatecas,  and  S<)nd)rerete, 
scientific  mining  v  as  almost  wholly  suspended.     Min- 

'  Dutailed  information  on  the  subject  to  tlio  on  I  of  tlic  IStli  century  may 
lie  t'ouiid  in  Hixt.  Mex.,  iii.  .")7S-',(,  this  suitu.-i. 

-Tlie  mining  jiopulatiim  dispurscd  to  participate  in  tlic  events  of  the  <lay, 
(ir  lluil  from  their  homes,  the  general  insecurity  reiuleririg  further  jiuisuit  of 
tlitir  inilustry  unproductive  ami  often  dangerous.  Most  of  tlic  huildiiigs, 
niiiiliiiiery,  and  reduction-works  were  destroyed.  This  naturally  eiivolved 
tlic  disappearance  of  the  rescatadores  or  purchasers  and  their  capital.  Facil- 
ities for  obtaining  supplies  were  frequently  cut  off.  In  eviilen(,'c  of  (iuana- 
ju.ito's  loss,  we  have  that  the  production  which  had  Iteen  (il7,474  marks  of 
Sliver  and  1,842  marks  of  gold  in  KS08  hail  fallen  to  7:J,!tS:{  marks  of  silver 
an  I  -Jits  of  gold  in  IS'Jl.  ir.(/(/'.i  Mci:,  ii.  44;  Max.,  Jlaii.  Mill.  lln,\,  1870,  08; 
1872,  tiS;  l)d  Mar's  Precious  Metals,  147. 

( .505  ) 


! 


1 


606 


MINING,  MANUFACTURES,  AND  FISHERIES. 


ing  was  carried  on,  however,  after  a  fasliion,  by  nicii 
of  tlie  lower  classes,  generally  called  buscones,  j^ain- 
businos,  or  searchers,  who  to  the  injury  of  the  mint  s 
worked  the  upper  levels  or  s[)ots  abandoned  in  bettor 
times,  and  sold  the  metal  at  low  prices  to  wealthy 
men,  who  put  it  away  until  better  times  when  they 
could  carry  it  to  the  mint, 

I  have  spoken  elsewhere  of  the  mining  laws  enacted 
by  the  Spanish  crown  in  178:}  and  subsequently.' 
The  government  of  the  regency  in  1821,  after  Mexico 
became  independent,  passed  on  the  8th  of  February, 
1822,  a  law  reducing  the  taxes  on  silver  and  gold,  and 
the  coinage  dues ;  quicksilver,  both  native  and  foreign, 
was  exempted  from  imposts,  and  blasting-powder  for 
nrining  purposes  was  to  be  supplied  by  the  govern- 
ment at  cost  and  charges. *  These  measures  could  not 
at  once  restore  confidence,  or  bring  back  the  caj)ital 
which  the  wholesale  emigration  of  S])aniards  had  re- 
moved from  the  country.  In  order  to  renu;dy  the 
difficulties,  it  was  decided  to  al)andon  the  old  Spanisli 
policy  of  excluding  foreigners.  A  law  was  accord- 
ingly passed  ''  repealing  the  Spanish  restrictive  laws, 
and  granting  to  foreigners  the  privilege  of  becoming 
share-holdeis  in  mines,  for  the  working  of  which  tluy 
furnished  the  requisite  means;  but  it  was  not  [)er- 
mitted  them  to  file  claims  either  f(>r  new  or  old  aban- 
doned mines.  No  sooner  had  this  law  become  known 
in  Europe  than  several  associations  were  formed,  es- 
pecially in  England,  to  take  advantage  of  the  piivi- 
lege  thus  c(mceded.  But  in  the  majority  of  cases, 
from  ignorance  of  the  country,  the  parties  exhibited  a 
lack  of  judgment  in  their  eagerness  to  possess  them- 
selves of  mines,  which  in  former  years  had  been  profit- 
ably worked,  regiirdless  of  their  actual  condition  at 

^  Under  these  laws  was  crcatoil  the  Colcgio  do  Miueros.  Tlie  ]ilan  was 
much  improved  in  IHSS  by  tlio  creation  of  tlie  Escuela  Practica  <lc  Mniiisy 
Mctahirgia,  wliieli  lost  its  special  character  in  1807  om  being  converted  iiitivim 
Escuela  de  Ini,'enieroa. 

*  For  details,  see  irar(i'.s  Mc.r.,  ii.  59-Gl;  Alnmnii,  Hist.  M,j.,  v.  AT,  AX 
^Oct.  7,  18'2;i.   Max.,  Co/.,  ('h-il.  ;/  l:e<:,  ii.    1«.C2;    l'nlilinM\A  Lozaiio,  L<'<J- 
Mex.,  i.  G8I;  Eug.  traual.  iu  Htilkck's  Min.  Laws,  403-5, 


FOUKI.JN  t'AI'ITAL. 


807 


tlio  tiiMc  of  makiii'Ly  UwW  loiitiacts."  It  was  tliiriiiiQf 
the  most  (li'prrsHod  poiiod  ot'tlie  luiiiiiii^  industry  that 
liUcas  Alainaii  '  sciouivd  the  cooijo ration  of  Knghsh 
and  Fi'iMich  {';H)italists,  who  fornu'il  thi'nis('lv<'s  into 
the  United  ATexican  Mining'  Company,  liavlnijf  in  view, 
mainly,  to  rciu-w  operations  in  tlie  Cata  mine,  in  which 
1k!  was  [x-rsonally  interesti'd.  It  was  l)ut  natuial  that 
suoli  com[»anies  siiould  tui'n  their  attention  to  (jluana- 
juato.  Hence  the  above  named,  and  another  as.socia- 
tion  called  the  An^lo-^fexican,  ac(|uired  shares  in  the 
most  piominent  mines  of  that  district,  particularly  in 
the  N'^alenciana,  the  tlrainini»"  of  which  hy  the  latter 
was  heucun  in  1825."*  In  Septeinher  of  the  followinj^ 
year,  tlie  outlay  had  already  reached  !?(I7'2,0()(),  when 
the  task  was  given  up  as  im[)racticahle.  The  United 
Mexican  Mining  (^)mpany,  which  had  renewed  woik 
on  the  Jlayas  mines,  seconti  only  to  the  \"alenciana., 
fared  somewhat  better.  The  expenditure  of  $4  I  2,000 
for  draining'  was  repaid  by  a  good  production  of  ore. 
l>ut  the  yield  never  reached  the  j)ossible  maximum. 
In  fact,  at  the  ex})i";>tion  of  the  contract  in  1841  it 
was  not  renewed.  The  same  company  had  contracts 
in  other  mines,  whose  results  were  indifferent.'' 

Unfortunately,  the  same  fickleness  so  noticeable  in 
former  years  in  the  general  policy  of  the  govermnent 
prevailed  in  regard  to  revenue  fn^m  mining  reducing 
the  duties  and  imposts  one  day,  oidy  to  excessively 
augment    them    when    least    ex[)ected.      Tlie    conse- 

''  Some  well-written  remarks  on  the  subject  appeared  in  the  lirlf.  Qwirf. 
Ilii\,  18'.'7,  !M  etseq.,  xxx.  107-70. 

'  He  had  exerteil  himself  as  a  Mexican  deputy  to  the  Spanisli  c<5rte.s,  on 
helialf  of  protection  to  mining.  In  after  years  lie  rendered  valuahle  services 
t(i  manufactures  in  his  country. 

""Tlie  uutlertaking  was  a  lahorif)Us  and  co.stly  one.  Tlie  priiiciiial  shaft 
was  the  largest  and  deejiest  of  all  Mexican  mines.  PujHii-f,  M<t.  /'/re,  '_'!.'); 
Ki'iiis  S'lKtcr  I!i"p.,  197  et  seq.  The  Valeuciana's  profits  in  1808  I)  were  still 
S'Ji)O,O0O;  ill  18'23  they  ha.l  l)een  reduced  to  .<4,0(K). 

"The  English  companies,  having  shares  in  mines  of  (luanajuato,  Zicatecas, 
Sdiuhrerete,  and  El  Oro,  had  invested  since  18*2()  about  Jyo.OlMMl.M),  of  which 
lliey  had  recovered  in  18*J9  about  .^1,000,000.  Alainan  says  that  other  com- 
jiiiiies  lost  all  their  capital.  A  (lerman  company  was  more  fortunate,  linr- 
hirf,  ftcUeii,  i.  100-2,  114-1.");  Xilcs  fi,'<j.,  xxiii.  'J7,  228;  Mr.,:,  Dhiiio  <>ji<:, 
I'V'li.  2(5,  1870.  The  immense  losses  su.stained  by  the  share-holders  were 
mainly  caused  by  the  difficulties  and  expeiisci  of  transportation.  DMijrvyia 
JdUt.  Mines  Mex.,  20. 


>;:r 


5ns 


MlNlNt;.  MAXUF.UTl'UKS,  AXD   FlsHKlUlvS. 


f|i:H 


(jin'iH'i's  of  .such  iiiHtal>ilitv  wci-c  tlu'  i-cjK'jiti'd  IVaiids 
Uiifaiiist  tlic  tivasurv  l>V  the  claiuhstiiu;  cxportatiinis 
<»t"  prt'cious  iiiotals,  anil  the  tU'iaiigi'iiKMit  of  tlio  inininn 

l)llsill('SS.'" 

After  tho  |»roimilijfation  of  the  constitution  of  1H;")7, 
wliicli  <li«l  n(»t  fonfi'i"  on  tlu>  !^('ni'ral  n'ovornniont  j)o\V(  !• 
to  legislate  on  inininn",  *>nly  two  states,  lli(lal}j;(»  and 
J )uran>j,(),  framed  a  special  mil dnuf  code.  Tlie  others 
nu>rely  adopted  isolated  measures.  Oajaca,  in  l(S7.1. 
declaii'd  fri'e  of  taxation  all  capital  exclu.<ively  iii- 
N'ested  in  minine-,  on  the  mines  and  reduction-work^, 
metals  taken  out  in  any  form,  upon  their  transit 
throuu^h  the  interior,  or  on  their  exportation,  macliin 
cry,  (juicksilver,  ii'on,  l)lastin;;-[)ow(ler,  ilyn.miiti',  aiid 
evervtliiuij:    else   for  conductint;  the   industry.      Men 


enuai 


o(h1 


m  nnnnii^  were  likewise  exi'inp 


ted  t 


roin  mil 


tary  and   munici[)al  servici',      Puehla,   between    ISNO 
aiul  1H8'2,  also  t'liactiMl  liberal  laws  for  tho  })ronioti(>ii 
of  this  branch  of  busiiu'ss.      In  most  of  the  states,  how 
ever,  it  was  heavily  burdeiu'd.      The  national  constitu- 
tion  bi'iiiL;'  amended   in    I  )i'cember    IHS:?,  the  <;(Mier;il 


iiovi'rnnien 


t  obt; 


lined  i)ower  to  issue  a  minini'"  t'oe 


II 


le  i 


III' 


tlie  whole  republic. 

"It  is  not  u:isy  to  iist'ortiiiu   linw  iiiiu'li   ivvt'iiuo  wiis  derived    from   tlui 
liiiiies  ill  the  jireseiit  century.      Uuriiig  the  ten  years  from   IS.S.")  to  l!S44  it 


aygre 
'  '  11 


;ated  .'<l,'.tMS,S!»!l. 


It 


\v:i.s  .so  (hme 


•2'»    KS84.     UiKler  this  lav 


\v,  wiiieh  went  into  opei 


tioii  on  .laniiary  1,  LSf>."),  are  exi'inliteil,  for  fifty  years  from  its  date,  froi 
•lin'ct  taxation,  mines  of  coal  in  all  its  varieties,  iron,  and  tjuieksilver,  as  w  c 
;  the  produets  thereof.     The  transit  throuf^ii  tlie  interior  of  ),'old  and  sil\ 


.11 


n  hullion  or  eoiiieil,  as  also  that  of  other  metals  and  of 


all  nulling  |iri 


diui,- 


is  likewise  mailo  free,  from  every  kind  of  impost.     Quicksilver  continues 


fr 


iport  d 


lies,  and   from  a 


ill  d 


ireet  taxes. 


Mi 


it   of 


ll, 


nets 


<iuicksilver,  are  ret|uired  to  pay  a  single  impost  on  tho  valno  of  the  jtrod 
M'ithout  deiluetinj,'  expenses,  which  arc  not  at  any  time  to  exceed  '2  yvv  eetn. 
This  tax  is  levied  for  tlie  use  of  the  state  within  which  the  property  is  situ- 
ated, or  for  that  of  the  federal  treasury  if  it  should  be  within  a  federal  tei  li- 
tory,  or  in  tliat  of  J^iower  C'al.  This  tax  is  to  be  fixed  every  year  by  the  re- 
spective legislature,  or  by  the  federal  congress,  as  the  case  may  be.  This  tax 
is  aside  from  the  coinage  dut}'.  Mills  and  reduction-works  pay  no  liigJM  r 
rates  of  taxation  tlian  other  industrial  cstabli-iliments.  The  federal  govern- 
l;icnt  receives  'J.')  per  cent  of  the  taxes  c(.llected  by  the  state  under  tliis  law. 
Mc.r.,  J>iario  Ojic,  Nov.  '2li,  lSiS4.  Kiill  information  on  inining  laws  to  l>ie. 
18S;i  is  given  in  h'aiii/rcs,  Jtiiiiiczt  Mm.  Mix.,  I'l'.i  47.  Santi.igo  Kainin  z, 
the  author  of  /lii/iiizi  Miitcni  dc  Mrrirn,  an  8vo  of  708  pag(!S,  iirinted  in  Mex- 
ico, is  a  niiiiing  engineer;  and  for  tlie  pre[)aratioli  of  this  exhaustive  treat i.-c, 
iiad  before  him  all  the  data  in  pos<ession  of  the  Mexicin  governnieiit,  and  ci 
the  Sociedad  .Minera.  He  also  consulted  tho  most  uoted  authorities  upiii 
the  subject. 


Mixixc  i'Uoci:s,si:s. 


:i.vj 


Tt  will  have  hccn  iioticiMl  that  iiiiiics  in  Mexico  jin? 
ji  |>r('uliar  sju'cicH  ot'  property  i>eIuiiHiiiM-  to  tlie  ,t,^ov- 
cniiiieiit,  which,  without  I'litireiy  tiii'owiiiLj  otl*  its 
(li)iiiain  over  it.  i^rnnts  the  niiius  to  private  persons!!  or 
(•(Uporations  (h'siroiis  of  working"  tlu'ni.  Any  intelli- 
oi  lit  person,  l>v  a  little  industiT,  and  hy  the  ol»servan<'e 
ot'  certain  pi-escrihed  rules,  may  acipiire  the  ownershi[» 
ot'  ;i  valuahh^  pi'operty. 

The  mininj'"  industry  has  a  direct  and  fruitful  influ- 
cnrc^  oil  ftiifriculture,  Mi<ijuel  \'ela/.(piez  de*  iicon,  a 
very  competent  authority,  uriu'ently  reconnm-nded  it 
te  the  fostei'in'''  care  of  the  jjfoveiMiment.  lie  f;ivored 
its  exom])tion  from  taxation,  on  the  around  that  its 
(le\(lopment  naturally  led  to  that  of  a_i?ricultiii-e  :uid 
ether  industries;  arL^uin^'.  moreovi'i-,  that  e^old  and  sil- 
\ci'  were  tlu;  oidy  availahh'  articles  of  exportidion  of 
the  ci'ntral  mi>sa,  and  it  was  I'xpedient  to  procure  foi-- 
rii'ii  markets  for  them.  A  small  mill  yieldintr  a  i»"ros.s 
;i mount  of  .*^4,()()0  provides  lahor  for  many  uum,  not 
•  inly  in  the  works  themselves,  but  in  the  field,  road, 
itc.  It  consumes  the  products  of  aoi-iculture,  iind 
feeds  trade  and  otlier  industries.''" 

I"]ach  mine  in  Mexico  has  an  administrator  oi-  super- 
intendent, in  whose  oharufe  is  the  manaj;ement  of  the 
whole  husiness.  He  has  several  assistants,  who,  in 
their  turn,  have  a  numhtT  of  suhordinates,'''  Pay- 
rnlls  are  coviired  eveiy  Saturday,  the  men  receiving-  a 
I'-ertion  of  their  wages  in  rations,  and  the  balance  in 
coin. 

Tile  ore  once  sorted   is  ])ut  in  bali>s  of   I  .")0  jtounds 

'-'It  liriiigs  from  aliroiul  inaoliiiiory  aiul  miicksilviM';  from  tlio  ctKiHts,  sjilt; 
frnru  till'  suiting  <k'[)artiiifiit.  sulpliate  ol  (mhhht;  froiii  tln'  miiit.s,  Odiii;  fnnu 
tlir  liiii'st,  WDiiil  anil  i'(-al;  frum  tiuisuil,  fi'oil  tor  man  anil  lioast;  ami  iinploys 
ihcii  in  tliL'  transiturtatiuii  ui  its  iirixUicts  as  well  as  of  tlio  articles  of  oon- 
.^\iiiilition. 

'  Tlu're  are  a  licail  miner  ami  liis  uniler-minurs,  calleil  soto-mineros,  or 
jii'''!  hlori's;  tlio  rayailor  krt'ips  the  tally;  tlie  velailor  is  tlie  watelimau.  l;i 
til'-  pitio,  or  amalgamation  lloor,  tliere  is  an  overseer  who  sniierintemls  tlio 
inr  xiiti  rs.  Tlu'  lieatl  miner  ehooses  his  liarreteros  or  hole-ilriller  j,  tanateros 
111'  ]!  iikers  of  ori'  i;i  /iirroiies  or  tanates,  limi)iailores  or  (|nel)ra<lores.  or  |)e]ie- 
n  111  .ITS,  whonr  ■  the  ore-sorters.  If  tlio  mine  is  wet,  ho  hires  an  acliiciiini|ni', 
<'!•  Ill  iM  to  ji  lek  water  out;  ami  at  times  an  ailemailor  or  timlier-inuu.  Miners 
feviRially  do  their  own  hlaekijiiiithing  ar.tl  Hliarpuuiiig  of  tuuU. 


fl 


610 


MiNiNfi,  manufacture:;,  and  fisheries. 


each,  and  carried  on  mule-back  to  the  hacienda  or 
reduction-works  by  the  arrieros.  The  sortings  at 
the  mines  into  several  sizes  are  called  respectively 
gavarro  or  broza,  or  stones  as  large  as  an  egg  or  apple, 
granzas  or  tierras  de  labor,  which  arc  chips  from 
blasting,  or  assorted.  Their  richness  is  also  taken 
into  account  at  the  assortment,  the  gavarro  or  bri,/;i 
being  the  first  and  richest;  the  second  follows,  and 
the  ])iedra  comun  a;id  tierras  de  labor  are  the  lowest. 
After  tlu^  ore  has  been  reduced  to  pov/dor,  it  is  made 
into  a  pasty  substance,  and  then  placed  in  the  patio  in 
great  heaps  of  from  one  to  twelve,  and  even  twenty, 
tons,  whore  it  is  subjected  to  the  process  of  amalga- 
mation by  the  old  Medina  system.  The  second  step 
is  to  concentrate  the  sulph.urets;  the  third  to  [)roduee 
the  plata  fuego,  or  fire-silver,  in  cakes.  The  ores  aic 
worked  very  closely,  97  to  98/,  ])er  cent  of  their  assay 
value  beinu,'  extracted,  though  consumino'  mu(di  time 
and  losing  a  great  deal  of  quicksilver.  Another  method 
in  gt  u;ral  use  is  that  of  smelting.  The  first  and  sec- 
ond groups  ofcrcs,  known  respectively  as  coloi-ados 
and  negros,  are  amalg.imated :  tlio  liga.s  or  polvillos,  mi- 
sulphurets,  are  smelted.  In  later  times  li'civiation  or 
leachini;  has  C(^nle  into  use.  The  leachiui''  process  1)\' 
means  of  hyposulphate  has  not  been  long  practised 
in  Mexico.  Many  mills  in  Chiliuahua,  Siji.doa,  So- 
nera, and  Lower  California  have  taken  (»ut  theii' 
barri'ls  and  pans,  and  replaced  them  with  leaching 
tubs.^' 

"  Mines  have  10,  15,  or  20  stamps.  One  has  aa  many  as  40.  The  rock  is 
crushe  I  (h'y,  ami  passed  thi'i>ui;h  scrteus  of  from  '20  to  110  meslies  to  the  iiuM. 
Tlio  ore  is  tht'ii  roasted  in  rcverlieratory  furuaci's  with  s:ilt:  after  which  it  ii 
placed  in  larjic  tanks  or  tuhs  holdini.^  8  to  1.)  to;is,  ;ind  a  stream  of  dear 
water  is  turned  on  until  the  ore  is  eovereil,  and  kept  running  live  or  six  hour  . 
The  water  is  then  run  otl',  and  a  cold  solution  of  hyposnlpiiate  of  soda  is  pa^-s  •  1 
throui;li  tile  ore  in  the  same  manner,  until  it  :.■>  .>;>eu  that  the  .-ohitiou  carriei 
no  more  silver.  The  precipitation  of  tli.:  silver  is  elleeted  liy  adding  a  sniii- 
tioi.  .'■  quicksilver  and  suliiliur,  mack!  hy  hoiling  lime  and  sulphur.  'J'liis  i.f 
dc;!i'  in  the  tanks  hy  the  aid  of  steam.  After  tiie  precipitation,  and  the  nia- 
iiiu^'  otl"  of  tlie  precipitating  liipiid,  the  silver  remains  in  the  furm  of  a  sul- 
phiile.  It  is  then  put  into  canvas  filters,  and  afterwanls  dried,  when  it  m 
roasteil  in  revcrheratory  furnaces  to  carry  otl' tiie  sulphur.  ;uid  then  melted  latu 
hars.  When  tlie  o])eratioii  is  successfully  performed,  tlie  hiillioi  if  IL.tMn 
1,00,)  fine.     Tlie  solution  is  pumped  back  i:ito  thu  tanks  to  i>o  used  again. 


All-.!  Ahl^ll-  MtOUrs    t  i-^.N  1  lHv>. 


Oil 


The  inot.illiferons  lino  uiiitos  two  iuiixir-tant  mineral 
ciiitrcs—CjruaiiMJuato  and  Plidalu^o- having  a  mean 
(lireotion  of  north-west  45  deijfees  .south-cast.  Near 
tliis  line  ai'e  t\\o  most  important  and  Ix-st  known  min- 
iiiiif  sections  in  tlie  countrv  Zacatccas,  Fresidllo, 
Soinl)rereto,  Dui'ani;'o,  Ban  ])imas,  (iuarisamev, 
( ui\ilanes,  Ai^uascalii-ntes,  Quei'etaro,  and  states  of 
Mexico  and  Oajaca;  near  it  also,  on  tlic  west,  are  the 
Hiininsj;'  districts  hclonging  to  Sonora  and  Sinaloa, 
IJolanos,  El  ()r(»,  Tlalj)ujahua,  Angangucs,  Sulte|)i-c. 
Temasi'alti'peo,  Zacualpan,  and  Tasco;  and  on  the 
cast,  l^atopilas,  ( 'atorce,  Kamos,  Cluu\as,  Han  Pedro, 
(jTiiadalcazar,  Zimapaii,  El  Chico,  l*ac]iuca,  and  Ileal 
del  Monte.''' 

The  states  of  (iuorrero,  jNIcxico,  and  Oajaoa  have  de- 
posits of  native  gold,  respectively  in  the  distr-iets  of 
Tepantitlan,  Oro,  and  San  Antonio.  1'liere  are  aurif- 
erous j)lacers  in  several  localities  of  ('hihualiua  and 
Sonora,  and  in  I  xtapa,  of  the  state  of  Mexico.  The 
silver  of  several  distriet.s  contains  gold.  ()f  such  are 
(Juadalupe  y  Calvo,  (jluadahqc^  (h>  los  l\eyes,  and 
Pari'al  in  Cliihuahua,  twenty -three  in  I  )ui'ango,  the 
Tasco  in  (ruerrero;  most  of  the  siher  mines  in  (niana- 
juato  have  gold,  chiefly  those  of  Rayas,  Monte  dv.  San 
XicoliU,  Sirena,  and  XaVid;  Paehuca  and  Zimapaii 
in  Hidalgo,  Et/atlan  in  Jalisco,  four  in  Mexic(»,  An- 
gnngueo  and  1'lalpujahua  in  Midioacan,  Ixtlan  and 
Peiioles  in  Oajaca,  'letela  del  ()i<»  in  Puehla,  Dof^tor 
ill  (()ucretai"o,  San  i'edro  in  San  Luis  Potosi.  si  ven  in 
Sinaloa,  Promontoiios  and  Minas  N;ie\as  in  Sonora, 
and  nine  in  Zacatccas.  There  is  iia.ti\-e  silver  in  the 
ih.->tricts  of  Jiato[)ihis  in  (Miihualiua,  (Juanajnato,  Pa- 

Sii!  lli.it.orir  Minv!<  11/  Mi.ilnt,  l)y  Cluirlcfi  B.  l>iiiilmvii,  inMchiiiist  and  nniiiiijj; 
<ii;jiii(  (I-,  ;i  4  (if  'JlJi*  p;iL:i.'.<,  w  itli  -jiigraviiigs  aiiil  iii:i[is,  is-iiLil  at  N  w 
^  "I  k  in  ]SS;!.  This  ImoU  \a  what  it  jdirpcit.-i  to  \n\  a  iv\  iuw  of  tlio  nii'ie.s 
"I'lki'i'.iu  Mcxiti)  (lui'iiiL,'  tho  last  chn.c  Lrnturi'.;.s,  funipilid  IVoiii  the  ItvHt 
t^'itiives,  iinil  Iiascil  iijion  a  iiur.iicial  exiKji'linco  of  m'ViTal  years  as  a  supur- 
iiiti^iiilcut  <if  niiiu's  ill  Mcxicn.  I>alil;;i'i,'ii  liis  liceii  uiialilni  tn  liriiig  into  an 
iiv.iililili'  form  a  largo  nia-i.<  ol  Mscful  data.  Tiio  maps  ^ho\v  the  mining  ilis- 
trii  t-i  and  tlu'ir  relation  with  the  liiio-i  of  rail.vay. 

''T!>u  prolongation   of  tlrs  line  northward  rnns  to  the   r..   of   (iuaiaias 
throiigli  nuiiiuruus  aiid  littlu  knt.vii  groups,   li'nn^inz,  /,'i'/'iiiii  Miii.  Mej-.,  ()3. 


'f* 


It  I 


f'   - 


!.l 


iS12 


MIXINC,   MANUFACTUUKS,  AND    FISIIKKII'X 


f  I 


{'liuca.  ;i.i)(l  Zacatvcas.  Arot'ntifci'ous  and  jilntiuifcr- 
ous  ores  are  ftuiiul  in  tlic  district  ot"  .larala,  or  Santa 
Maria  do  Alamos,  in  Hidalgo. 


Afost  (tf  the  iiold  and 


silver  ore  in 


M 


exieo  IS  tound  in  viMiis 


■J'lie  followinuj  is  tlie  order  of  the  hest  mines,  l)y 
states  and  districts,  from  past  history:  In  (Juana- 
JLiato,  th(^  (hstriets  ot"  (luanajiiato  and  \'ilhd]iando;   in 


1    I 


M'esmllo;   ni 


Zaoateeas,  Zacatecas,   Sond)rerete,  au< 

San  Luis  rotosi,('a,toi'co,C^errodo  San  Peth'o,  and  Ha- 

mos;   in    Hidalgo,  Ileal  del  ^Fonte  (Moran.  l*achiica), 


a!i( 


1  Z 


imaitan  :   in  > 


Fal 


iseo. 


Hoi; 


uios:  in 


I) 


iranyo 


San 
Javi- 


Dimas  or  ( Juarisamey,  'ro[)ia,  (luanacevi,  and   ( 
la'.ies;    in    Cliiluiahua.  Hato|>ilas,  Jesus    Maria,  Santa 
Kulalia,  (\)sihuirinchic,  (jluadalu[)e  y  Calvo,  and    Par 


ral ;    in    Sonora,    Mulatos,  Alam 


OS. 


an 


(1    Cahorca;    in 


Sinaloa,  (Juadahqie  de  los  ll(  yes,  Jocuistita,  Rosario, 
(^opala,  and  Piinuco;   in  Michoacan,  Tlalpujahua,  and 


El    Oro:    hi    Mex 


ICO, 


emascaitei)e( 


Itc 


Sult( 


el)ec 


and 


Zacualpan;  and  in  (luerrero  et  al.,  Tascoa  nd  'i'ehuilo- 


Depec. 


The  district  of  Santa  Fe  de  ( Juanajuato  was  the 
richest  in  Mexico,  and  Inid  a  steatly  [)roductioii. 
seventy-tiv(>  per  cent  of  it  comin*;'  from  anialoamatieii 
and  tweiity-tivc^  p(>r  cent  from  smeltimjf.  It  is  helii'Ncd 
that  this  district  has  produced  from  first  to  last 
.SSOO, ()<)(). ()()()  to  !i>l,()0(),000,()()0." 

The  tlistrict  de  la  Luz  some  years  a^i^o  slii])ped  over 
,$•200,000  of  bullion  weekly.  Most  of  the  mines  are 
now  abandoned.      The  state  of  Zacatecas  has  been  the 


Th 


uiiluM'of  silver  ilisti-iots  aro  as  fo 


CI 


iiluialiua. 


1.");    I)i 


iraimo 


X\:  ( iiiaiiajiiatd  K{,  incluiliiii;  the  ri'iui\viu'<l  \'aliiu'iaiia;  ( liU'iTtTo  4;   lliilal^i 


alisid  10;   M( 


.M 


uiioacaii 


M. 


i>ri'liis,  the  San  iluaii  < 


Iv.Wi 


Ni 


L 


tilt'    Miiias  N'ii'jas  of   \'illalilaiiia;  Oajacal;    I'uehla,  the  'I'l'tili  ili;  ()i- 


QiUTt'taro,  tlu'    Itoetor;  Sau  Luis   I'otdsi   (>;  Siiialoa 'JG,  solium  of   uliieh   liave 


)ni\'i'(l    imiiiciisclv  iirodiu'tivi 


Souora    1(1;    ami  Zaiattnas    lt>,  all 


ri 


U'so  (II 


strii'ts  \  ieldfii  all  tli 


July  1,   IS7S.  to.h 
l,(li'!t,5l'.)  kilo 


iO,  IST'.t, 


il  and  silver  coiiiul  tliroiii;lioiit  M 
iiiielv,  547,. 'iLU, <»;).->  kil 


very  ru'li. 
exieo  from 


ogvaiiis  o 


f  silv 


Mills  of  eold.    />«.<^),   Exltuli-'^l.   /lip.   Mi.r.,  ii.  'Jd  }it  7. 
Aliout  l(i  of  tlii'iu  have  American  iiiaehiiierv  at  Work,  either  tor  lioiHl 


iminiMiiL.',  or  ri'ihietioii,  or 


f>)r  all.     The  advent  of  rai 


Iroad 


s  may  eutiiely  in- 


vert, or  eliaiiye  this  order.    Ihihiimi't  IIM.  M 


The  ] 


!;iyas  mine,  next  in  iniportanei 


.')((•; 


.)[> 


to  the  Valenciana,  is  said  to  li  ivt 


yieldoil   in  44   vi'.ir.s  nhoiit  S7   inillioii  dollars.    Rniha,  EMuilh)  KsUutiitt.  Mi. 
Gmvi.,  1884,  p.' 18. 


FA .MOUS   M 1 N  1N( i    DJS  TK I CTS. 


.•.KJ 


inlfiT- 
Saulii 
1(1  1111(1 

us,  l»y 
luanii- 
(lo;  ill 
11(»;  ill 
lul  Ha- 
•luu-a), 
(),   San 
(Javi- 
,  Santa 
.1    Pai- 
rca;    in 
xosaric, 
iia,  anti 
'('.    antI 
\'huilo- 


Hinatit.n 


(Ml 


been 


iliu'h 


socoiid  in  rank  as  a  l)iilli()ii  producer.  From  If)  IS  to 
1S:)2  it  yielded  .^-J,  1 -JO.OOO  a  yeai-,  and  in  tlie  next  ;;j 
years  an  averaufe  ol"  $  I, ()()(), (U)0  a  year.  Its  wealthiest 
dlslrict  hears  the  same  name,  whose  j^ieat  mines  ar(! 
the  V^i'ta  (Jrande,  (^)iiel)radilla,  and  San  Jiernaht'.  Its 
ores  have  heen  classilied  as  follows:  stephanite  oi"  j)iis- 
inatie  hlack  silver,  arocntite,  native  silver,  hlack  silver, 
dark  riihy,  eliloride  (»t"  silver,  einholite,  horn  silver, 
caihonates,  aru'entitei'ous  oaleiia,  and  ti'seatet(.'.  Theixj 
is  no  o()l(l  ("\c(>pt  to  th(!  west  of  Zaeatecas,  T1h3  dis- 
trict of  Fresnillo  in  the  (V'rro  dv  J'roano  produced 
ill  IS4I  $  I, ()•_';■),  I  1 :5.  With  the  coinint;-  of  the  I'ail- 
way  its  further  success  is  a.ssured.  'I'he  distiict  of 
Soinhrerete  has  a  larj^e  nunihcr  of  mines,  the  aver- 
au'c  yield  of  whose  (»i'e  is  >!;!()()  j)er  ton.  The  ]iast 
production  of  this  jj^rou])  is  veiled  in  douht;  hut  oiu; 
lialf  <if  the  amount  oflicially  stated  would  he  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  million  dollars,  which  is  proltahly  cor 
ivct.  An  xVmerican  company  is  now  opeiatini;"  in 
those  mi  .es.  Thedistrict  of  ^lazapil,  itissaid,  yielded 
.s,")(), ()()(), ()()(),  which  is  jtrohahly  true,  for  the  workings 
and  slao'-pil(\s  even  luiw  ix'\\v  .SaO  per  ton.  It  has  heeii 
iil'ti  11  raided  hy  the  Aiiaches,  causing  its  ahaiidonment 
i'ni'  some  tinu\  Ijater  it  was  worked  hy  the  New  \"ork 
( ''iiii|iany,  which  sent  tiu;;'  ;>.  4()-ton  water-jacket  fur- 
ii.ice  to  reduce  the  ores.  The  state  of  San  Luis  |*otosi' 
was  iii  former  times  the  third  hullion  pi-odueer.  Its 
Liicatest  district  was  ( 'atorce,  yieldlni^'  from  .S(i0(i,()()()  to 
si'.dLl.UOO  a  year.  In  its  hest'vears  it  --ave  $l', SO  1, ()()(); 
in  I  S()4,  three  and  a  half  millions.  The  Puri'sima,  ( 'on- 
(•i|Mi(,n.  Padre  Flore^ ,  or  Zavala  mines,  and  the  \'i- 
i'(  atin,  have  also  heen  rich.''* 

Tlie  state  of  Sonora  is  a  vast  mineral  ret^ion,  and 
it>  numerous  minini;-  districts  are  productive.  In  that 
"t  IJahicanora,  the  ("armen  mine  is  said  to  have  j»ro- 
diiced  .i5'Jr), 000,000  from  KS20  to  18:10,  and  tlio  Babi- 

'■'In  flic  Miiii'ral  do  (iiiudalcitzir,  ruiiicil  liy  tlu'  cvoiits  of   ISIO  to   IS'Jj, 
alii'iit    l(i;{  I'liiiiiM  Win' lili'l   tn   IST^,  most  ol   tiuiii  with  tlie  main   view  of 
liiiMiii^  liu'  liiuls  freely.     The  ( 'oiiee^icioli  was  dcstroyeil  hy  a  heavy  rain. 
Mist.  Mkx.,  Vol..  VI.    :::! 


*■  1 1 


(  , 


614 


MlNINiJ,  MANL'FA( TUllKS,  AND   FiaHEUIKS. 


canoni  iniiic^  has  <^ivcii  $.")!  ,000,000.      Siiialoa  ]ins  tlie 
districts  of  Hos.u'ii),  CotUMndia.  Mazatlan,  Sail  lutiacio. 


Siiialoa,  and  Fiicite.  The  (i! uadahipc  (K'  Ins  l-Jcycs 
jnine  has  produci'd  $85,000,000.  Its  ovv  yields  from 
,$S.')  to  i^\  If)  pel'  ton,  usiiio-  no  salt.  The  Tajo  in  Ijo 
sai'io  has  i^'iven  nearly  '200,000  tons,  which  at  i^'M) 
maki's  .^  I  -J, 000,000.  It  i)roduces  I'-l  tou^  daily  at  s  I  -j:) 
{)ei'  ton.     Tlu>  Jociiistita  is  also  ({iiite  jti'oductive. 

The  state  of  Chihualiiia  possesses  many  miniut;'  dis- 
tricts, tlie  I  idlest  beinj4'  San  IV'dro  Katopilas  in  tlic 
Canton  San  Andres  del  Hio.  It  is  not  possihle  tons- 
certain  what  its  actual  iiroduction  has  been,""  whetlicr 


100  («r  ;;(»()  unllion  dollar: 


Xo  district  of  ^[exico  I 


1 


)een  so  c( 


lehrated  as  this  for  its  yield  of  nati\'e  silv 


ll'.S 

•  •r. 


It  has  heen  workeil  of  late  hy  the  (\)risolidated  l>at(>- 
pilas  Siivi'r  M  inini^'  ( 'onipany,  undt-r  the  enert^'ctic  niaii- 
a^'enient  of  A.  H.  Shejdiei'd.  Me  produces  aI)out 
,370,(100  per  month.  The  disti'ict  of  Parral  has  yielded 
.^(iO, 000,000,  and  is  the  second  richest  in  the  state. 
The  Santa  Hiirhara  is  next  in  wealth.  Th(>  Santa 
ICulalia,  or  ('hihuahua  v\  N'^it'jo,  i)roduced   from    17iU 


44,000,000. 


aiH 


1    t 


rom 


IS;^;')     to      IM 


$1  7, 1  0'.*,(>.VJ;  no  o'old.  Tlie  Santa  liosa  de  Cusiliui- 
riachic  was  worked  from  KitJO  to  IS  10.  when  it  was 
abandoned  because  ot'  the  I'cvolution.  Its  estimated 
jiroduction.  smuL;i;'lin^'  included,  has  Ixhmi  from  (i"  to 
HO  millions.  Then'  are  several  other  i)roductive  dis- 
tricts, 'file  state  of  Duran^'o  has  several  fanieiis 
districts,  and  others  of  lessei'  fame  are  yet  new  mid 
untried.      The  Candelaria  mine  in  the  district  (d'  Saii 


ire- 


Dinias  i)aid   .$  I  1 ,000,000  of  Hfths  royalty  on   its  ] 
ducts.      The  mine  is  now  scientifically  work* d. 

In  Coahuila,  the  Sail  .hian  de  (jluad;diipe.  district 
of  Santa  Rosa,  produces  free-smelting;'  ore.  wliicli  lias 
ji'oiie  as  hi;j,'h  as  ,$;"). (JOO  per  ton.  The  Santa  ('•rv- 
trudis  and  rabellon  have  yielded  ricli  nati\c  slUtr 
ores  as  hi;j,h  as  $l,(»SO  per  ton.  An  American  ei'iii- 
pany  is  workinuf  them.      There  ari>  ten  others  av'i- 


^'Tlu!  ri'CDrils  siill'oi'L'il  l>v  tire, 


iihit 


mil,  iiiKl  tiiiiu 


Iti 


UUiES  AND  .MINERALS. 


olu 


lias  tlie 
I^iiaciit. 
>  l^'y«s 
Ids  tVoiii 
o  ill  Iv" 
at  8'''i> 

ivi'. 

iiiuu;  (li>- 
is  ill  tlif 
l)lo  to  as- 
wlu'tlirr 
exico  li.".s 
ve  silver, 
trd  l*.ato- 
[vt'\r  luaii- 
H's   alx'ut 
i»s  yirl<l'''l 
the  state. 
lit>   Santa 
17<il 
ISU 
Cusiliui- 
1   it  was 
stiuiatrd 
un   (■>!'  tit 
tivi'  tlis- 
l'aiii""s 
new  ainl 
t  (if  S;m 
1   its  pn'- 

a. 

r.  district 
\vhirli  l;;i^ 
iiita  ( ■'  1'- 
\\r  slK'i' 
icaii  fc'in- 
ici's  a\''i'- 


Ol! 


co'iii!^  $274  per  ton.  In  tlu'  district  near  Castaiios 
(■i.|i|)er  lias  been  mined.  Tliere  is  also  a  ;j,i'eat  coal 
licit,  NvJiieli  is  tliou'^lit  to  extend  into  Texas,  and  u[) 
into  Missouri.  Jaliseo  and  Miehoaean  liave  likewi.so 
lurii  well  known  lor  their  [iroduetive  mines.  (Juer- 
ii  TO  lias  Ween  trutlifiilly  called  one  extensive  crust  of 
sihcr  and  i^old;  the  renowiieil  Taseo  mines  are  in  its 
tniitoi'V.  '  In  1803  Tehuiloteiiec,  Soehipala,  Cerro- 
(Irl  Liinon,  San  I^]stevan,  and  Cuautla  only  })roduced 
4'.<."),U00  ounces  of  silver  annually. 

The  state  of  Hidalo'o  is  one  of  the  wealthiest  in 
Mixifo  for  mines.  I'lie  famous  districts  of  I'achucii, 
lual  del  ^lOnte,  and  Aloraii  are  in  its  territorv.  The 
iiiieinal  owiK'i'  of  the  N'iscaina  mine,  after  sjieiidiiii;'  in 
I  7(iO  aliout  .s-J,000,000  on  it,  took  out  over  ->?  I  .">,()0U,()()0 
at  small  cost.  For  his  donations  to  the  kin^",  he  was 
made  a  count.  Fi'oni  1781  to  18 1 1)  the  production 
was  ,s  1 0,000,000.  It  is  asserted  that  the  mine  hj:s 
lH'niuei-d  in  ;U)0  years  .>?-JO0,0O(),O00.  An  Kn-lish 
(•nni[iany  who  worked  it  I'roni  1824  to  1848  lost  money. 
l''idiii  184!)  to  18(ir),  according  to  a  ])artial  record, 
tlicie  were  r)rt2.277  tons  of  ore  taken  out  of  the  llosa- 
lio,  yieldiiiiL;-  a  clear  profit  of  ,^^1  2,0.')7,4'.)0.  The  states 
(if  Mexico,  Pufhla,  and  W'la  Cruz  likewise  possess 
\alual)le  mine.?.  J^ower  ( 'alifoi'iiia  has  several  mining' 
di-^tiicts,  the  chief  heiiit;'  IJeal  de  Santa  h'ila.  M  ii- 
lej(''  and  Triimfo.  A^uascalientes  posst'.sses  miniiii;' 
Wealth."'  (\uiipeche  has  none  at  all.  ('Iiiapas  lias 
^eiiic  productiNe  salt  mines.  The  state  of  Coliiiia  is 
,\et  undeveloped.-'' 

The  country  is  rich  in  di'jiosits  of  other  metals; 
namely,  sul[ihate  of  silver  in  the  districts  of  (Juaiia- 
juato,  I'achuca,  Zacatecas,  and  Zacu;il[)an.  in  the  state 
ef  Mexico;   li^ht  ruhy  silver,  red   antiinonial  ore,  in 

'I'asco,  I'.u'liiKM,  'riiilpiijahiia,  and  Ztiltt'iiio  ■.vurc  tlir  inwv  iiiims  lirst 
Woikii!  |)y  tlic  SiKtliiards. 

•  I  III.'  A'^K'iitn.s  district  was  tamoii^  in  1714.    tlnnilx)".  ('i>iiii}i/iiriii-<  ■•'olirr'  iuf 
liU'iilr  mill,  ilr  \.   A'sj).      I'lic  niilU's  wi'iT  Worked  liy  tiii'  .Irsliits  171-  (i7. 

lv\ti'!i.-iivL>  iiitoriiiatidii  may  In;  fduiul  in  Ihilibin  n't  ///■</.  MIiks.  Mix., 
•-'tl  •JJII;  liiist,.  i:.^t,idist  Urp.  .}f,:i:.,  ii  lM  lit,  2H  .•{()■»,  and  .">tli  jit.  1171  fs;l,  r-'-7, 
i^l,  Ir'ihinz,  J!i'2iur..i  JJiiura  Mci:.,  -JO-OlS;  El  Miiiciv  Mci.,  no.  ii.  \lio. 


J^ 


( 


616 


MININ(J,  MAXUFA(  TL'KES,  AND   FISIIKRIES. 


1  I 


tlic  district  of  ^[orelos,  of  tlie  state  of  Cliiliualni;i ; 
darlv  I'uhy  siKcr  in  C'liiliualiua,  (^uanajuato,  ami  Zaca- 
tecas;  refractory  silver  in  (^luanajuato  and  Zacatccas; 
ai-'^cntiferous  galenas  in  most  of  the  mineral  districts 
of  the  repuMic;  nmriate  of  silver  in  Catorce  of  S;iii 
Luis  Potosf,  and  Mina  Verde  of  Somhrerete,  in  tln' 
state  of  Zacatecas ;  ciimal>ar  of  several  varieties  in 
]Jura.ii»'o,  (Juanajuato,  (Jnerrcro,  Jalisco,  Queretaro, 
San  Luis  Potosi,  and  Zacatecas;  iron  in  (.'hihualiiia. 
Coaliuila,  l)utano(),  Hidalgo,  Mexii'o,  and  Jaliscn: 
pyrites  in  (Juanajuato  and  Zacatecas;  lead  in  Hidalgo 
and  Aj_;uascalienti's;  pyroniorpliite,  a  variety  of  plms- 
pliate  of  lead,  wliicli  by  fusion  becomes  crystallized,  in 
Morelos;  carbonate  of  lead  in  Hidal<»'o  and  Quen' 
tare;  suli>hurous  c<)pj)er  in  Aguascalientes;  yellow 
copper  in  Michoacan,  Chihuahua,  and  .Jalisco;  nati\i' 
and  sul[)hurous  bisnmth  in  Zacatecas;  carbonate  n\' 
bismuth  in  San  Luis  Potosi;  ochre  of  bisnmth  in 
Queretaro;  zinc  in  tlie  Tasco  mines  of  Morelos;  nati\c 
sulphur  in  the  volcanoes;  precious  stones,  to  wif: 
rul)ies  in  Duran^-o;  diamonds  in  (jtuerrero  and  in 
Tonalixco  toward  the  sierra  of  Zon^olica  ;  to})az  in  the 
sierra  tie  Canvas,  San  Luis  Potosi;  emeralds  in  T(  ju- 
pilco,  Mexico;  <ijarnets  in  Xalostro,  ^[orelos,  and  in 
Chihuahua;  tine  opals  in  (.Queretaro  and  HidalLin: 
common  opals  in  Hididgo;  other  stones  in  se\ni  il 
states.  ]\larble  in  Puebla,  Queretaro,  (xuericm. 
(jiuanajuato,  Michoacan,  Nuevo  Leon,  etc.;  Mexic.m 
onyx  or  t(H'ali  in  l*uebla;  ^•yl)sum  in  Tamazula.  .I.i- 
liseo  ;  oranite  in  ( )ajaca,  Jalisco,  ^[exico,  and  (xUeriH  in: 
jtorjthyry  in  Chihuahua,  Hidalgo,  Jalisco,  PueMi, 
Queretaro,  and  Zacatecas;  and  several  other  kin(l>  i>f 
stones  in  many  of  the  states;  saline  lands  in  Ji(>\\<r 
California,  Colima,  Jalisco,  ALichoacan,  San  Luis  l*(i- 
tosi,  Tamaulipas,  Valley  of  Mexico,  Yucatan,  and  /a- 
coidco;  co])peras  in  Mexico,  Hidalgo,  and  Michoacan. 
C\)al,  anthracite  in  Queretaro  and  l*uebla;  bitumiiiou.s 
in  Chamacuero  t>f  Guanajuato;  and  other  varieties  in 


MINTS  AND  t'OlNACK 


riR'blo  and  Ilidalu^o;""*  jn'trolcuin  in  Piu'ito  AiilucI  'if 
O.ijaca;  naplitlia  in  (jiuatlalu[)C!  Hidalgo  of  the  tt'di'ial 
disti-ift.'' 

'I'lie  government,  with  a  view  of  ol)tiiininij;  full  as 
well  a.s  reliahlt!  infiti'ination  on  tlie  lutlierto  liiddt-n 
wcaltli  of  the  eounti y,  appointed  exploring  coinmis- 
>i(iiis,  and  inerea.se<l  their  nunii)er  as  far  as  the  coiidi- 
tiim  of  the  ]tiil)lie  treasury  permitted  it.  Among  tlie 
coniniissions  a  numi)er  were  insti'uett-d  to  study  tlie 
mining  hraneh,  two  being  sent  to  ^liciinncan,  one  to 
(Juerrero,  one  to  the  states  of  ( )ajaea  and  I'uehhi,  and 
one  to  thi!  liuasteeas.  The  speeial  object  of  the  last 
two  wns  to  survey  and  make  a  study  of  clie  eurl)onifer- 
iiis  (lei»osits.  Some  of  tiie  et»mmissions  ri'ndeiitl  their 
reports  between  1878  and  188-2.'"" 

Tlie  ra])id  increase  of  mining  ))roducts,  and  tli(> 
great  distance  of  the  mines  from  the  mint  at  Mc'xieo, 


\(.ki 


llowli'ili'i'   cxistc;!  (if 


ll-1.,.,ls 


Mixkan  till  isr)4,  wlicii  tlic  liist 


(ictitioii    liir  ii  jjiviiit  Wiifi  jircsi.'iiti'il  td  the   yovcniiii 'iit.    J/'.i.,  Mini.  Sir.  /•'. 


nil). 


1S.S4, 


(i'Jti   I't   SCI 


'  Bii-ito,  Ediili.'^l.    III]).    .Mi'.r.,   ii,   lM  ])t,   (i   II.      Fiii'tliiT   iiiioniiatiiiii    ii> 


and  lilies. 


m; 

.MS.,  :^'.»;   O'. 
J'irrz,  IK 


.\l, 
.Mr 


U7 


*.yl 


lh:Z.     II 


"./•, 


MS.,  4;i 


IS.'kS,  -l-l  :!;    ISC.j,  (it:  i:.^ 


■il ..  M, 


'JO 


VC.  lil'll'i 


•Jil.   INT.). 


iiy/;('.<.l/r.;-.  Itiyi  l'\ 


,  ii.  -i-n 

M,  10  l-J:   .1/. 


-.U-l  (J:  l)d  .Miir'.^  r 


;/.,   14    IT) 
i"\  .Mitiiif 


I) 


iiir/i  I >li'' 


I'VI..  1,"»  ti.  Ni 


|)  ISSllll 


.1; 


•JS,   M; 


l-A,   M;M 


<  •///• 


1 1)  II  I)  II 


lul'i 


Si'^.t.    i:i,  ISTC);  CihiiUi 


III, 


.l:/"'w,f/.,  :i  4,  '.>,  471   >S();  .1/- 


nil'  Mill.  <  iiiiiimjii,  1   4(t;  (innz  ili~.,  Hi<i.  hit. 

.\iiiili:t  Fi>:iifllli\    ISSO,    iii.    WW]    404.  (Wii    S7; 


l^^|. 


•  im  llfn 


KS.S-'    i.  447  11:57 


lliiiiilhaiik. 


Tlic  1 


8,  .")."),   lil   SO:    .1/' 

f    lull' 


Vi' n-  |S,\S  il  were  tlu:  st:iti'.s   of  ZuMti'i;i  ■:.     I 
itl."i.:fll,(i"-M  Uiloar,;   Ui.l.ilL'.i.  '.C)..".OI,!»s:{  kill 


irj^cst  j)r(nliu-i'iM  (It  ]iui('  M 


.Mini.   Sir. 
I  tliu   liscul 


.417,S(il    kil.i^r. ;    Ouiiiniiiati), 


S.ui  Luis 


oiiLsi,  (j(..s;i.s..s(; 


kill 


.luli 


■-'^.."i:!4,(i'.i7   kil( 


;U.-J-_'L',-JI(i   kilour.:    Si,ii,ii;i.   :iL>.'.»17.04'.»   kild-r. 


Dii 


.M 


'gr- 


ill! I   Chilm.iliii.i,    •J7.'.lL'."..'.i."iS    kill 


Siiiilui 


Ml 


IrlKilll'UU, 


OajiK^.i,  (iuiMTcni,  .iiiil  (>>iu  ritaro  i'.iml;im1  iVinii  1 1.70.').0l.">  tn  ■_';{(). 7l' 


The  ililliTLMit  syitoiin  (■iii[ihiycMl  yi>l  h'  I  the   !'i'llii\vinL;  ri;sult.s:   iiitio  cii'  amal 
LMiiiatidii,  ;{i)ll.L'S4,;il7  k  hi,i;i-. ;  tuiicl,  •_H.,">0:!,.S4;i  kildgr.;  lixiviatimi,    ll).l07, 


■|  ki 


imr. 


mil  smi'ltiiiL',   l4-_'."_''_'t.li 


kill 


T'l 


ic  coiiimissiiiii   1,1  iIlul,'!'   lit   Saiilia;. 


u 


iiiiiic/,  iiitnistcil  with  till'  I'X- 


lil.iraliiiii  ot  Oajaca  ami  I'liihla,  ri'imrtuil  tli,'  r.'siili.s  ulitaiiii'il  in  the  llist^il•t^ 
lit  .Mataiiuinis,  Acatlaii,  ami  (liiaiitla,  in  I'liclila.  It  \va-(  also  iiiciihiilally 
ihr ctuil  to  I'XiiluiL'  tins  cai'liiiiiitci'iiiis  (liijKisit i  (it  tho  stati;  of  'ITa-n'ila,  tlmsd 


Itiiiaiisin  in  Morclo.s,  Miu'taii 


.Mi 


"ill  to  make  ;i  .stiuls  of  the 


il   of  Tkixiaco  il 


•ai!   Actojiaii  ill  X'era  »  riiz. 


[iiilili^lieil   ill  the  .liiiili'.i  ill-  lit   .Sirnlnriil  ilr   Fimitiito. 


Tl 


Tnu  iviiorts  were 
le  two  coiiiiiiissioiis 


liatchi'il  to  .Mielioaeaii,  liesiilcs  jirocuviiig  the  discovery  ami  exainiiiatinii 


<'t  the  eoal-'iieds,   were  to  .study  the   metal   dejiosits.      M  uiiiel    L'n|uizi,  t 


chief    iif    ( 


Wlileh 


lu:  ot   them,  made  a  re]iort  tu 


.f 


•scielitltic   ail 


I    ind 


ustna 


ita. 


Ai„ni.<.  Mi 


the  f^ovuriimeiil  ordered  imlilished  in  the  7tli  vol.  of  theafor  jmeiitioliec 


Me 


Sit.  /•'oiiieido,  1SS4,  i.  4ol-037. 


.£.  l* 


■ir'"'i 


618 


MINIXC,  MiVXUFACTURES.  AXD  FTSFIERIES. 


reinlcred  it  iiocossary  to  estalilisli  other  mints,  wliicli 
at  one  time  rciidicd  tlie  ihuuIk'!'  of  fil'tcen."'  Alt.  r 
tliis,  only  a  small  ([iiaiitity  iA'  tlie  pi'ceious  metals 
ri'aelied  tlu'  city  of  Mexico.  The  mint  and  ictiii- 
ciy  were  l(>asc>(l  to  |)rivat<'  persons  in  1847  for  ten 
years,  and  the  leas(>  was  several  times  renewed."* 
From  1804  to  I84S  the  total  yield  of  <rold  and  sil- 
ver was  $7(i8,()0(),()()O,  and  the  ))ro(luction  from  tlie 
latter  year  to  Jmie  ;{(),  1  877,  870-2,000,000,'"  making' 
$4,470,000,000.  J^v  th(>  fourth  tahle  of  the  treas- 
ury department  sliowinu-  the  coina<^e  of  the  fiscal 
year  1877  8,  it  is  seen  that  the  amount  of  Ljold 
coined  was  $iGl)1,l)98,  and  of  silver  .$-J-J,084,204.  or  a 


iit 


"  TluTi!  wi'1'0  fluvi'ii  ill  1SS7;  niiiiiely,  at  Alamon,  Ciili.-ican,  ( 'lulm.ilii 
Jtiirailgo,  (iiKiilala jaia,  (liiaiiajuato,  lloniKisillo,  Mfxicd,  OajaiM,  Sail  1., 
J'litosi,  ami  Z  uatL'i'a.s.  TIkisl'  of  (iuailalajara,  DuraiiL;",  ( 'liiliualma,  a 
O.ijaca  Were   ailiiiiiii.stcred  fiii-  govi'minoiit  acconut.     Tlii'  (itlicr   scviii   wet 


1 


<l   ti 


[irivate  iiartu-s. 


Tliat  of  i-leriii<iMll(i  was  cstahlisliccl  in  ISIiT.  aii< 


tli.it  of  Alamos  in  l.sCiS.    /'niiiinr.,  Jiiinivzii  Miii.  <li'  Mcx.,  47-."i;{;  M 


Foiiii 


(I'K 


KSN4. 


i.  (i;w. 


Mr 


'In  18i'i()  it  was  ht ill  leased.     The  mint ' 


\,. 


■en  tran.sferreil  to  anollici' 


li'iildinji,  wlieic  tlio  e(iinai;e  was  lugnn  on  tlie  !.-t  ot'  July,  KS."i(l.     Tlie  aiimiuit 


f  lined  there  ti'om  that  date  to  Uee.  'M,  lSti(i, 


M' 


I'ln 


C.wl.     Mr 


Si4, :*•-'.'),'.•!»'.».   Oncrn  //  Jh 


i»;s  71. 


irdilii;   to   tlie    IlilniZ'i'*  (l<(   (' 


jmhlislicd  liy  tlie  Real  'rrilmnal  del  Coiisiilado  at  N'era  Cruz  for  the  four  year.i 


1- 


diiel 


I  sum  were   vr\\\v.- 


I'ccdiiii;  IMd,  there  were  e.xiiorted  s7t),Sti'J,aW, 

iitod  ijold  and  silver,  luaniifaetured  and  eoined,  to  the  valine  of  .S")4,  l()l{.7>7 


ill  clso  animiiitiiii!  to  S|(),7.")iS.41tl, 


'I'l 


11^  same  (loeni 


)iir  yt 


th 


int  eoiiie.l  .MI4,-JI(».'J()4,  that  is  to  say.  tl 


iieiit  showiid  that  in  Uki  i 
Sl(),7."tS.4HI  nail 


tiplioil  l>y  ,■).(■)."),  wliicli  makes  it  evident  that  the  j;old  and  silver  eoined  repr  •• 
^s  ntod  six  times  the  amount  of  all  other  hraiiehes  of  exiiort.  Jt  was  jnuVdl 
ill  lIio  ri'port  read  lieiore  that  tiiimiial  in  January  "24,  1817,  that  the  aiiinial 
liroduets  of  all  New  Spain  were  S'i'J7.'.»ll,'.t.'!!t,  of  wliieli  the  iiiiuerf  yielal 
fe; I 'J2,l'.l'_'. ()()(),  or  live  sixths  of  the  totality.    M<ir.,  Snlur  In  nlHhlinl  .'  /////«>.  </'• 


ii  iiiiiK'riit  (II  el  11 /III) 


l''rom   llumholdt's  oHieial  data  we  yather  tliat  tin 


Spanish  Aim^'lean  colonies  ]iro(lueed  from  14i)'J  to  ISOIl  gold  and  silver  \a 
at  4,0:?.").  l.")(i.O()U  ]»esos,  registereil,  and  the  further  sum  of  «l(i,()00,(KMI  ]» 
not  i(\jistei'ed,  inakiiii^  a  total  of  4,sr)l,  l."i(),()0()  pe.-sos;  iu  wliieh  sum  th( 
of    Ni'W    S|iain    ligured    f(  " 


it.VJJIOO    pesi 


id    the    further   suiii   'if 


i>7-, ()4S,(MI0  pesos  may  he  added  for  value  not  iuelnded  in  those  coinputatin 
making  a  grand  total  of  H.(HK)  millions.  It  is  not  known  how  naieh  gnM  ; 
silver  had  heen  olitained  hefore  the  Spanish  eomjuost.  On  one  oiras 
iMontezuma  gathered  the  value  of  7,0<X),(XX)  pesos  to  he  sent  to  Spa' 


Or 


Mr 


ill  liiiKlo,  K-tiiilisf.   Iv 


Mr 


pt  2,    l-J:  liifn 


lie 


<'ti:iii'<io.  ijen  ilr  tirrrnn,  in  ///.  Tiie  coinage  system  was  ii'organized  liy  drcav 
of  Nov.  'J7,  ]!St)7.  Under  this  law  the  (lecimal  system  was  estahlished.  Tlie 
iiioiiotary  unit  was  declared  to  lie  as  heretofore,  the  silver  peso  or  tlolhir, 
of  the  Weight  of  'J7  grams  and  7.(  miligrams,  and  value  of  100  euntavn.s. 
It  was  to  lie  coined  in  jiieces  of  one  dollar,  and  .").),  'lo,  and  10  and  .")  ceniaviM. 
Tlie   gold   coin  was  to  he  in  pieei'-s  of  t2J  pesos  with   tlie  weight  of  ■').'<  iri 


d  iS41   iniliu; 


Tl 


icre  are 


pie 


ees  of   10,  o, 


■Mu\   1   clolll 


Til. 


copper  cent  lius  the  weight  of  S  grams.   Mvj:.,  Jica>2i.  I-nj.,  i.  4'2.J-'J 


rNDUSTIll AL   DKV KLOl'M  1:NT. 


610 


total  of  822,77(),"J02 ;  and  takiiii;'  one  lialf,  one  si'incs- 
t(  I's  sliaro  will  lit-  Jjjil  1  ,:)eSS,  100,  wliicli  (Kdiictcd  I'roiii 
till'  preceding'  sum  KaNus  ,34,4r)S,(l  I  1,1)00  loi-  tlic 
[jioductioii  to  tin;  end  of  the  fiscal  year  lS7(»-7. 
Addiii*;' tlio  j)rodiU'ts  of  the- SL'vrii  fiscal  years  1H77-84, 
sl71,04:!,(;(,l,="'  we  have  a  sum  of  i?4, (i'Ji), (;.')."). jC.  1,  to 
wliicli  must  1)0  added  the;  copper  coined  till  ISS2, 
!;<j,4;J8,47(J,  makiiio-  the  grand  total  84, <;;)."), 000, 0;)7.'" 
lu  December  1H(S1,  the  coining'  of  nickel  momy  was 
dci.'reed."''^  The  ])e(H)le  refused  tlie  coin  hecause  it  was 
sold  hy  the  o-overnment  in  large  amounts  at  a  dis- 
count, while;  it  was  made  legal  tender  only  for  a  small 
amount.  Tiie  (juestion  excited  much  comment  l>y  the 
jtross  and  the  people  in  JSH.'i.'" 

The  development  of  national  industries  early  en- 
gaged the  attention  of  the  government.  The  miuistir 
of  state,  Lucas  Alaman,  ht'ing  o})post;d  to  the  im[tor- 
tation  of  foreign  manufactures,  and  to  the;  ex])ortation 
of  gold  and  silver,  desired  to  see  every  branch  of  manu- 
facture faii'ly  started  in  the  country.  ( )ne  of  his 
scliemes  was  the  opening  of  industrial  schools.  To 
liis  iniluence  was  due  the  creation  of  a  JJanco  di-  Avi\), 
under  govei'nment  control,  and  with  the  capital  of  one 
iiiillion  dollars,  to  afibrd  |)ecuniarv  aid  and  machinerv 
to  muimfacturers  and  agriculturists.'"  The  authors 
of  the   })lan   expected   it  would  at  once  de\elo|)  indus- 

■"Averi'.giiii,'  .Si.'4,4;!4,)S0S  a  yciir. 

■■' 'I'lu;  li;;urf.-   t'lir  the  List  .yoiir.s  arc  siiiallii' tliiiu   for  tlic  actii  ,1   ]i,'o.liicts, 


cause  till;  cxjHirtatioii  of  liullioii  ami  ore  louci's  the  aiudiiiit  coined.    Iiiminz, 


h. 

//"///(.•;/  MIh.  J/'.c,  717  --;  M<.i\  Fi/miirii  r,  .Ian.  .'{|,  KSfS.");   M(.i.,  hiiiiin  O/ir 

M'V'JI,    ISS;};  Jiiisto,  Kst(i,li.-<t.    !!,)>.  Ml.,.,  ii.  •_',!  [it,    !•.';  /,',}>/  Dlrn-h,,-  .\li„t, 

ISMI.  yX,\--y,  18Sl>,  •_'7  S,  .SS  !»,  101:  .l/<.,-.,  M,,,,.  Sir.  Fn„w„li>.  I^S'.',  C.'SS  .-)(); 
IVSl,  l\ii.-iii.;  MUii  Miy.,  .Iiine  I,  1SS4,  :;.-i;  dnirin  Ciil.n.s'  /,'.  ji.  !■/  Mi.r., 
-■<  7;  .M,'.r.,  Mciii.  .See.  Fiiiiini/o,  1.SS4,  i.  041  \K 

■It  is  iiii))()ssihh"  for  the  <j;ovcriiiiu'iit  ami  its  othccrs  to  coinlucl  iiu-ii'iess 
liiiiicitly.  If  lino  ollicial  thie.s  not  steal,  there  :iri'  twenty  who  ilu  just  as  iu 
;ill  ■iA,'.-v  rciiublic.s. 

■'  The  evil  getting  worse,  the  peo^ile  took  matters  into  their  own  hamls, 
l"r  M  liich  iproeednre  they  had  the  rcpect  of  all  fair-minded  men. 

'"  Such  was  the  main  ohjeet;  hut  the  aid  might  also  lie  given  to  other 
hiiiiciies.  The  liank'.s  regulation  was  ajijirovi'd  hy  govi'rnineni  Oct.  ,"i.  l;s;t,">. 
-/>''./'(»  and  Lovnio,  Li;/.  .1/c.r.,  ii.  '2'.r.i  4:  .1  i-rilliiiin,  /,'irn]i..  |.s:ii;  (.lidv  to 
l».c.!,  S.S,  •24;?,  :V,fJ  4;  Bituro  de  Ariu,  Inf.   ii  CiuiUM,  Jan.    1   and  J»ec.'31, 

]s;)L>,  ]7---'o,  aua:5-'J4. 


' 


r  i      hi    .. 


r)'2o 


MIXIN(i,  MANl'FACTUUIvS  AND   KISIIKUIES. 


m':: 


tries,  wiiicli  was  not  tlic  cast';''  as  neither  uioiiey,  iiia- 
cliiiierv.  nor  raw  material  coukl  Ue  procured  as  clieiii»ly 
as  ill  iOurope,  iiiid  the  Mexican  population  lacked  nuin- 
l»er,  conii)actness,  industry,  and  intelli!j;-('nc(^  The 
»;(»vernni('nt  made  L;l(»wini;'  re|»orts  on  the  pio^ress  ol" 
manut'acturi's,  which  was  atti'ihuted  to  the  aid  (»!"  the 
hank,  hut  it  all  i)roveil  fallacious  n|ion  tlie  destruction 
of  the  hank  hy  its  own  founders.'"'  'IMie  effort  made 
was  n<»t,  lit>wever,  I'litlrely  fi'uitless,  several  comi)aiiirs 
ha.vin!4  hei'U  ornani/ed,  which  laid  the  I'oundation  of' 
manufacturinu:  industry  in  Mexico.'*' 

l*atcnt  laws  have  heen  i'rttm  time  to  time  enact((l 
to  promote  improvements  in  methods.  Any  product 
Ol'  manufacture,  or  means  of  produciiiL;',  previously 
unknown  in  the  country,  hccaine  eiititk'd  to  the  hciu- 
tits  of  the  law.  In  urantiu^'  a  patent  for  introduction, 
preference  has  heen  i;iven  to  the  inventor  holdiiin'  n 
patent  obtained  from  a  foreiy'ii  m-overnment."'"* 

The  manufacture  (»f  cotton  «j;-oo(ls  dui'inj;'  the  Span- 
ish rule  existed  to  some  extent  in  Xew  Spain. 
notwithstandini>'  the  special  favor  shown  hv  the  '.'o\ 
ernment  to  fahrics  of  the  mother  countiy.  'Phnv 
wore  factorii'S  in  Queretaro,  Tezciico,  Puehla,  This- 
cala,  and  I  fu-'tzotziiii^o.  The  liusiness  ditl  not,  how 
ever,  attain  ureat  iin]tortance.  Its  ])royres-;  was  slow, 
and    more    as   a   need    resnltino-    from    foreign    wars. 

•''Scuiio  coarse  wooUdm  ainl  cotton  faliric-i  wcro  tli  •  only  jirodiictions,  an  1 
tlio  piosptct  was  that  cv.ii  tlicsc  woliM  soon  ccaso  to  liu  made.  Mom,  /li  fo'. 
Mcx.,  i.  41)  1. 

•'"Tlio  l)ank  liail  loaned  in  siiccic  and  in  inniortcd  niachiuci'y  Si,  I7').'.'-<I, 
to  develop  several  industries.  J/r.r.,  Mini.  Min.  hi/.,  I  ■>.'>>S,  id  17,  !!•>  7-: 
iSid.-iz  !/  S'lirnrri),  lli.tl.  .1/r.i-.,  W'H).  Tiie  t'nnds  were  in  many  instances  mis- 
a'ljilied,  and  in  two  or  tline  years  the  hank's  eajiital  had  disapjieared.  Since 
M   icli  IS,S:t  the  }:ovt  In  1  used  mucli  of  it.    liirlitlmfni,  Mijim,  •J7S  '.». 

■'  Tia  Con.^taneia,  an  ai^iropriate  name,  was  one  set  ui>  in  ruehla  hy  K.  ilc 
A  itunano  and  others.  Mix.,  Miii.  .Min.  Kit.,  IS:!,"),  "JO  t<;  .{luiiinii,  Mnn.  .\[ir!i: 
<  /.I'/ .  ISK5,  lit;   D'Or/'i /III/,  I'l"/-  />'"': -I  ""'V'/i/m,  4K1;  Anditiuiun,  Ihu-.  Ili-l. 

l.:dH4n.ll,    1     :{|. 

'^"Arrilliii.lii,  Ilvro}).,  \K\'1'.\,  >S7-'.I;  M,.r.,  f.iyii.  Mr.r.,  18.V2,  IDIi-li;  </.//-■.'», 
()ri/('iniiizi('<,  4.S-r)().  The  iuind)erof  pat(Mit.s  issued  from  .Inly  Id,  liS.'i;!,  to  .luiu'. 
3  ),  1S.")7,  wa.s  (il;  tiiey  wei'e  for  the  respeetiv(!  terms  of  ."),  (1,  10,  and  1.")  years. 
a.'liiro,  Mnn.  Fn  eiito,  104  II,  and  annex  Ivi.  oI  7.'{;  J>hui)  Dc'in/i'",  '.Itii  t'on;^., 
iii.  .^14'  Id;  /,'h'ii  Piilii-h,  Mm.  Fain..  IS77.  "i-Jti.  Nearly  'A'O  petitions  Inf 
jiatents  were  presented  from  Dee.  1,  1S77,  to  Dec.  31,  1S8"J.  Mcc,  Men.  HcC. 
FoiiiciUo,  166-1,  4;37-4'J;  J/e.t,,  Financier,  Feh.  J,  1SS4. 


COTTON    FA(  TOIillX 


r.'JI 


AFui'li  tlic  lai'o'cr  ])<»i'tl(tii  (tf  tlic  i^'oods  was  not  iiuuh- 
ill  icmilar  iactorics,  hut  liv  itiiicraiit  wouvris.'''^  in 
Itidiaii  towns,  the  inlial)itants  wove  tlic  laKiics  tluy 
wore,  tlu'  cost  of  tilt'  raw  material  Ix-in^'  the  <Mily 
iiKiiH'V  tlicv  l)ut  into  circnlation/" 

|)fawn  into  tin-  armies  wt'ic  lai'n'e  numlx'i's  of 
weasel's,  as  well  as  tillers  of  the  soil.  After  tlir  in- 
(le|ien(lene(^  was  seeui'ed,  foreign  trade  l>eeame  so  mneh 
t'asored  that  manufacturing"  intoi'ests  continuc<l  to 
siitfci-;  indeed,  thoULjh  the  in'ovcrnmcnt  did  something- 
1(1  icvive  them,  and  some  cotton  mills  spraiii;'  into  life 
ill  N'ictoria's  adnnnistration,  tlu-  industiy  did  not  ac- 
(juire  a  hcaltliy  growth.  Jn  IH'J:)  the  Iactorics  were 
little  hetter  than  })ri.sons.^^  The  policy  of  jirotectioii 
to  home  industry  was  initiated  in  lyJS,  e\cm[>tin!;; 
t'loin  taxation  all  nianufactun-s  of  the  country,  and 
also  the  raw  cotton  produced  therein,  and  the  twist 
or  yarn  made  therefrom.^"  T\\v  importation  of  raw 
(iitton  had  heeii  forhidden,  and  in  is;;(i  th(!  same  rule 
was  applied  to  gimied  cotton,  and  in  1H;)7  to  cotton 
twist,  the  higher  numbers  of  wiiich  were  to  cease 
coininij;'  in  March  l(S;!(S.  The  next  step  was  to  levy  a. 
licavy  inland  tax  on  foreign  fahrics;  and  finally,  the 
importation  of  connnon  cotton  goods  was  prohihited. 
This  and  other  restrictive  measures  liad  heen  clamored 
Inr  hy  cotton  planters  and  nianufacturei's/''  Cotton 
manufacturers,  for  all  occasional  checks,  went  on  as- 


■'Tiic  rt'l)(i/()  iiiaknr  of  I'lulilii,  for  iiishuii'c,  tr.ivclicil  ahouf,  ainl  iiii^lit 
lie  Inimil  with  liis  .s[i!iiiiiiiu  wlicil  and  iiuiiilliiiuii  in  ililjiroit  iil,ici;s,  v\vn  at 
till  liistaiioi'  of  .'lOO  mill's;  liis  stoi'lv  ciiiisistiiij^  uf  almiit  '20  llis.  of  raw  cotton, 
\i"ilii  tliroi' jirsoH  or  Irss,  to  iiiakc  oni'  jjicct;  of  niaiita,  ;i"J  varas  '.ong  liy  h 
\aii  wide,  ont  of  wliicli  lii!  siipiioitrd  himself  and  his  lamily. 

"  Ari'onling  to  statistics  of  IS17,  tin-  valnc  of  all  maMnfactnrcs  in  Mexico 
«  i<  com|iuttMl  at  (il, Oil, SIS  pesos,  (^tnlriis,  Mem.  ilc  Ksliidiln,  in  Snr.  Mix. 
'■'""I-,  li'lilni,  i.    IS. 

"  Many  of  the  woikmeii  were  criminals  sentenced  to  lalior  in  the  olnajes, 
;is  the  factories  were  called,  and  were  rigoronsly  treated.  Others,  hy  Imr- 
ii'winn  nioney  fmni  the  owners,  jilrdgcd  tiieniselves  and  their  lahor  till  itwa.s 
ii  iiiiliiirsi^l,  which  in  most  instances  nevtr  was,  and  the  workman  hecanic^  a 
1 II   for  life.    /i"ll>vi-'.-<  Sir   Mi>,if/ix  in    J/r./.,  ti'."_'  .");   Tahlii.i  E.^Oo/iH.,  MS.,  -i'.i. 

'■■  An-;a<uj(t,  />'<ro;..,   iS-JS,  J  1.');    KS;{S,  'J77  8. 

'  'I'hey  were  looked  u])on  as  necessary  to  save  their  interest.s.  Afr.r.,  Ej-jmm. 
<  'liiir.  ALindoii,   1841,  S-D;  Jiustaiiaudv,  Gab.  Mvx.,    i.  13;  Id,,  Voz  d<:  Ui  I'a- 

/"',  Ms.,'.\iii.  ;j8-y. 


1.    h 


1 :' « ..■  -n 


f.22 


MININC.  MANUFACTUIIKS,  AND   FISIIKltlKS. 


suiuiii'L?  a  licaltliful  time,  utul  in  1^5 1.'!  tlu  ro  wltc  i'rl 
i'acUn'wH,  with  10(),ri8  spiiidlis  and  2,C>i)\)  looms,  in 
oiK'iation,  ninkin*^  woctkly  8,47U  pii.'fcs  of  .sheetin;^. 
Tlio  cotton  ])roduf'('d  Ix-ins;'  insuiKoiL-nt,  leave  w.is 
granted  in  ^Tay  l>!44  to  ini[)oit  100,000  quintals, 
Tliosu  eil'orts  to  Imild  up  the  industry^'  were  nhnii- 
doned  in  1H4H.  T\\v  i;ov(Tinnent,  on  the  uTound  lliiit 
home  manufiutures  could  not  com[)ete  with  the  I'nr- 
eij^n,  discontinued  the  in'ohihitive  system,  and  f'oi('ii;u 
fabrics  were  ;d1owed  to  come  in  hv  paviu"';  duties.  At 
the  end  of  iHoO  there  were  in  operation  af)  fai-tories 
of  cloth  and  twist  in  Coaliuila,  Colima,  Dunm^-o, 
(Juanajuato,  Jalisco,  ^Mexico,  and  the  federal  district, 
Puehla,  (^ueretaro,  and  A'l-ra  Cruz,  besides  no  le-;s  than 
10,000  looms  scattered  throujj^liout  the  country.''' 
The  fahrics  were  ])lain,  worked,  and  J  tint,  the  (juality 
j^radually  iniprovinj^.  The  price  had  bt'eii  lowered, 
so  that  ))oor  people  could  be  clothed  seventy  pt'r  cent 
cheajter  than  prior  to  1801.'**' 

After  the  fall  of  the  dictator  Santa  Anna,  the  new 
rulers  were  disposed  to  aflbrd  every  possible  aid  to 
home  manufactures.'*'  By  the  law  of  August  4,  1SJ7, 
a  tax  of  37<^  cents  a  year  was  set  on  each  spindle,  the 
states  beiiiL:;  I'orbidden  to  tax  factories  or  iheir  products. 
In  185()  there  were  bitter  complaints,  because  cotton 
thread  of  low  mnnbcrs  and  connuon  cloths  and  tex- 
tures were  allowed  to  be  imported  at  lower  duties  tliaii 
had  been  intended  in  1  850.  The  factoiies,  it  was  said, 
were  losing  money;  at  any  rate,  their  owners  el;;ni- 
orcd  for  a  return  to  the  prohibitive  systen],*^  denying" 

'*It  li;i(lii()tlK'('ii  invariiilily  nurturcMl  tuiidiTly.  .Some  ;iilniiuistriiti(in-<,  inr 
tlio  saki;  of  gi'ttint;  ;i  few  millions,  hiul  disruganliil  it. 

*'T!u!  value  of  fiietories,  looms,  etc.,  was  !:"_1>, 000,000,  supporting  4-,'.i:iO 
I'amilies,  eiinivalout  to  *J14.r)(K)  |icrsoiis. 

*''Tliere  were  alreaily  made  seven  varas  of  maiita  for  each  one  of  the  7  j  mil- 
lion inhabitants.  Had  there  been  a  demand,  three  times  that  (|uantity  eoiilil 
have  been  matle  with  the  machinery  on  hand.  Oliscri:  Fnh.  ij  Aijiif.,  17   1^- 

*' Santa  Anna  had  in  IS.V?  levied  a  tax  of  'Xl\  eents  on  every  spine  lie,  jhmui- 
ising  it  .should  be  the  only  bunlen  ;  but  the  politieal  troubles  forced  s' \e;;:l 
state  governments  to  lay  on  more  taxes,  which  increased  the  general  di|  ?■•-- 
sion,  and  this,  adiled  to  the  dillieulty  of  procuring  raw  material,  coiiipclliil 
many  factories  to  elo'ie. 

'■■■.Aceordintr  to  Lerdo  de  Tejada,  the  annual  value  of  manufactures  woa 
estimated  at  90  to  100  inilliou  dollars.  Butkrjidd's  U.  S.  uitil  2Ivj:.,  03. 


',  the 

JlU'tS. 

■ottoll 

tcx- 

tluui 

s  suit  I. 

cl;;iii- 


WOOM.KN   (i(U)l)S. 


tluit  iiiMmifactiirt's  lijul  Itccii  in  Ji  floiivl  iliiiiLi^  statf  since 
ISjCi.  'I'lu!  stiltt'incllt  Ky  tlir  opixnicllts  nf  tlic  |ili)- 
ti'ftiM' .systi'iii,  that  tlif  cuttoii  t'in  toi-'ns  liad  na*  Inil  a 
|).»iiit  wlu'ir  jii'oHt  was  srcuivil,  was  in  I.S7'.>  (IcciarctI 
an  ('Xa_i,'<(t'rat.ion.  It  was  furtin'r  clainicd  that,  a  nuin- 
hrr  of  men,  under  the  *ynv\)  of  nianuiactiii't  rs.  \\ru\ 
ivally  sinuL;t;Itis.  Tlii"  real  fact  was,  that  from  IS.VJ 
t.»  l.s"'.',  with  nianta  paying' only  four  cents,  factories 
luul  niulti[>lic(l,  tlie  Production  had  hecn  enlarged,  tlio 
fahric  was  much  ini|>rovi'd,  and  the  [iricu  j^ni-atly  re- 
duci'd.  ( V)nse(jUi'ntly,  a  nuicii  lari^cr  portion  of  thi' 
jeoplu  went  c!ad.  Jn  tlie  diiys  of  protection  and  pi'o- 
1  Ihition,  the  nianta  of  Puehhi  wei_u;lied  seven  pounds; 
its  texture  resenihlec'  lattice-work;  in  IM7D  it  weighed 


ni< 


re,  and  tlio  toxtur 


e  was  exci 


llent, 


41) 


Tlie  figures  in  the  note  show  the  approximate  state 
.if  cotton  maimfactures  in  1S7!>.  The  wt-ll-known 
mills  scattered  throughout  tlii'  repuhlic  were  from  (IB 
to   72   in    number,  [)rodncin 


fuUv 


vearlv 


,500,000   piec( 


All  the  factories  also  made  cotton  thr»  ad 
to  the  amount  of  \'2  to  lo  million  ])ouuds  annually. 
There  wei'e  many  other  mills  whose  names  weie   not 


aiown. 


'I'l 


lere  Were 


tl 


Wi'V 


fact 


ones  m 


M 


ex  let). 


tl 


iree 


ill  l*uel)la,  two  in    I)uranj4t),  and  one  more  elsewheic. 
niakiuijf  together  400,000  })ieces  annually  of  prints  and 


M 


exican  calicoes. 


The  manufacture  of  woollen  goods  during  the  Spau- 

*^ Dhvin  Dc\,ii,:t,  oih  Coiifi.,  ii.  sr.a-.i 

•"'M.iiita  :H..");ii »,(»()(»  iii.'ivs,  value  S|0,(M»0,nOO,  capital  iuvcsti'd  f^lt.S.OOOJtO't; 
liriiits  .5,M),0(K)  liiii'u.s,  value  .•?•_', .')t)0,(tl)(>,  caiiital  invcstcil  .Si.OllO.OlU):  wlnn; 
gddils  -JODjOOO  piei't'S,  vahu-  Si. •_'.">(). (»(»(»,  capital  iiivcstcd  ,S2,(»l)a,0  iO;  tulal 
jiiciv-i  4-_',(>iM),00l/.  total  value  S  I. S,  7, '.(),( 10,),  total  cijiital  .s4:i,(MM»,(t(HI.  'riir.a'l 
.S.I.IO.OIK)  Hm.,  value  .•?•-',.")().  ),().)(>,  eal.;taU.S,t)l)i),(M)l)  ;  wick  l,(»(>i»,()(l()  His.,  valui; 
!  :::).),0,K),  capital  S,')O0,(HX);  total  value  .v;L',7.')0.(nM),  total  caiutal  .- S,.'it),),((,  0. 
relio/os  L'.OtW.OO.),  value  .vJ.OlHMKM),  capital  .S'_'. .")()(), (KM).  Total  v.ilar  of  M(  x- 
icau  nuiiiufacture-i  ia  market  .si8,.")0().U.»i),  N'ahu^  of  property  a.nl  capital  in- 
vested !:,"4,0()l),();>,).  D!,iii'>  Ik'hiitiK,  '.ItliCouu;.,  ii.  S,")l  (i.  Statistical  a  i.l  oil  cr 
information  o  I  tlu  cotton  business  for  the  years  l!s4l.''tJ,  KS.")l,  ISo.),  liS(."), 
iSTO,  au.l  1S7>)  uiay  be  found  in  Mr.r.,  Jmilci  Mtii.  Fom.,  717  18;  /</.,  Mi.n. 
t\)iii.,  18(5.1,  4liS-40;  18li8,  annex  no.  '2'2;  tii-(iii.<  Si'</<  r  /'<}>.,  ().'{-");  (lanii 
I  iilia.M,  I,',p.  Mc.i.,  2  >-:$;);  Miiiici-'h  Mir.  .izlir,  ii.  1  l-J-4;  /./.,  Mix.  lui.'  U'.u,  </r., 
:il2-ti;  Mr.r.,  Jhiirh  ({lir.,  jiine  18,  1871;  /Jil.-'t  i.  JMni/.  !'']>.  Mi.r.,  ISSO,  taM.! 
U(i. 'Jctal.;  Mir.,  Mix.  Fiiiiinacr,  ,hin^  '21,  18S4-,  18'2-3;  ZurcmUi'is  .\li:irli., 
;W-14>),  \y\M.;  Conkiiiij'naukk,  l(jo-l),  224,  201-.'*,  2(31). 


1 


*  :    '2 


I* 


i'.ii 


.  1 J  I. 


624 


MINING,  MANUFACTURES,  AND  FISHERIES. 


i.ili  ri.lc  iiuiiiily  contributed  to  tlio  prosperity  of  sev- 
eral i)la('es,  such  as  Queretaro,  Acilmbaro,  Sa,u  Miguc  1, 
Zinapecuaro,  and  others,  wliere  tlie  mills  made  kir^e 
(quantities  of  connnon  cloths,  blankets,  frieze,  baize, 
and  niangas,  or  cloaks.  The  industry  fell  into  de- 
cadence from  the  same  cause  tliat  so  injuriously 
atfected  the  cotton  business,  though  not  to  the  same 
extent,  as  the  government  continued  to  clothe  the 
troops  with  Mexican  woollens.''"^  The  number  of  wool- 
len factories  had  greatly  increased  in  1845-G,  the 
texture  was  imjiroving,  and  the  demand  becoming 
larger.  I^arly  in  the  next  decade  the  production  had 
increased  so  much  that  tlie  price  of  raw  material  rose 
considcrablv,  and  that  of  foreiu'u  woollen  Gfoods  went 
down.  In  18G0  there  were  eiuht  factories  of  cloths, 
kerseymen  s,  and  carpetings,  making  tlu^  previous 
year  ;54,()00  pieces,  valued  at  .^:'2,7-i0,000/'' 

Silk  manufacturing  in  Mexico  owes  its  life  to  the 
Manila  trade  during  the  colonial  period.  Tl le  industry 
progressed  but  slowly.  In  1844  the  works  of  ^lorelia: 
Were  started;  the  i)roducts  were  excellent,  and  haj)|>y 
results  were  expected.  The  business  became  profit- 
able durinsj,  several  years.  There  were  in  18j7  -I 
factories  and  sliops  engaged  in  pre|)aring  the  material, 
producing  about  100,000  p-ounds,  and  em[)loying  about 
4,000  p(  rsons  in  spinning.  dy(.!ing,  etc.,  and  4,000  more 
made  silk,  and  silk  and  linen  rebozos,  many  of  them 
of    surpassing    excelh.'iice.      The    ijusiiiess    continued 


^^  Alarniui,  Mem.  Ai/rir.  c  I  nil.,  2S. 

'^'-Tho  tuliiics  wure  of  ^(kmI  (lUiility,  l)ut  cm\V  not  compete  in  European 
Diiirkets.  //( rinnii/i'Z,  EKt<iili-4.  Mi  ,  K!".  Aceonlinj,' to  an  iieeouiit  of  ISlis, 
tlu'wool  iiiimially  u.sid  by  tln^  large  mills  rein:lie(l  nearly  three  luillioii  poiiiiu', 
wliile  the  ."iiiialler  ones  ainl  luuul-looms  iiiereaseii  tiie  'iemauil  perhap.s  aiiothi  r 
iiiiUioii.  There  were  ill  1S7!)  a))out  ten  faetories  making  viarly:  Cassiiiiiir 
1,.")0( ),().)()  vara«,  value  .*.•,()()(), 0(10,  eapital  invested  .s;{,;")0(),iMM);  harra-iii 
^»,Oll(»,(K)0  varas,  value  .?.S0(),();)().  eapital  Sl,(K);»,();iO:  earpeting  r)(Mt,()lM)  vans 
value  .-^.-lOit.OOO,  eapital  .sS(»0,(UM>;  serapes  '_',()(»<>,(«)()  varas,  value  .si,<Ktl),(HiO, 
cajiital  J;-I,.Hi)().()(>.);  thread  .y.'OO.ODK,  eapital  .S;{(K),0(M);  total  value  in  maris-i. 
*4,."){)0,0il(),  total  eapital  invested  .';:0,S()l),Ol);».  It  was  stateil  by  Deputy  I'oiril  ■■ 
in  eongrt'ss,  May  2li,  !S7i*,  that  tiie  woolU"  p-ogrcss  was  aetually  deelinln  :. 
am!  would  soon  eouie  to  an  end.  '  V  se  ])ue«;  asegurar  rpie  esta  industiM 
estii  toeiindo  a  su  liii.'  /  inrii'  7>'V«(^.t,  'Jth  Coi",'.,  ii.  S'JS).  See  also  Bi(^'  , 
Estadid.  Jh'p.  J/cc,   1880,  table  no.  '2. 


■)f  SCV- 

ligud, 
)  larnc 
baize, 
ito  do- 
riously 
c  same 
ibc  the 

)f  W(H»1- 

-G,  the 
iconiiiiL;' 
iou  had 
•ial  r<.)!io 
ds  ^vc'llt 
■  cloths, 
)revioiis 

>   to  the 

hidustry 

Moreha 


hai>l)y 
proHt- 

laterial, 

>'  ;,l)(Hlt 
0  1U()1'<' 
t'  thelil 
ithiued 


I'.uropeaii 
It  of  18I)S, 
on  ^iDiintis, 

)S  iiiiotluT 

t.'iissiiiii'i'' 
l)iin'a<;;iu 
.01)0  var.i^ 
.sl,(K»lt,00(l, 

in  iiiiii'k'i- 

puty  ronil'" 

•  il(\'liiiin-'. 

11  iiichistiKi. 

also  Btiii", 


qr. 


PAPER   AND  (llOCKERV. 


o'Jo 


to  progress.''^  In  later  years  tliu  factories  of  ^[exico, 
I'uebla,  (Guanajuato,  Queretaro,  Jalisco,  etc.,  wiic 
making  the  best  quality  of  goods,  such  as  are  used 
for  ladies'  dresses,  kercliiefs,  and  scarfs,  preferred  to 
the  foreign  becau!-e  of  the;  superiority  of  the  material 
they  were  made  of '^ 

A  T)a]>er  factory  was  succc  -sfullr  established  in  San 
Angel,  near  Mexico,  in  iH'Jo,  and  the  next  year  tlie 
U'lvernnient  exempted  for  seven  years  from  excise  duty 
all  paper  made  in  the  coantry.''^  Later  two  otlier 
I'actories  start'xl.  The  novernment  then,  and  au'ain  in 
I  Sj;},  decreed  tliat  only  home-made  })aper  should  be 
used  in  the  ]»ublic  offices,  and  for  stamping.''"  1  n  I  845 
there  weie  in  tlie  repul)lic  six  factoiics  of  unglazed 
paper,  ])roducing  a  great  deal  more  than  there  was  a 
demand  for  by  tlie  newspapers.  They  then  began  to 
make  writing-paper,  tlic  quality  of  which  was  gradu- 
ally improved,  and  the  j)riee  reduced  veiy  conside)-a- 
hly.  In  18GU,  eight  establishmt.'nts  made  l,()-n,.")S() 
reams,  valued  !ii!(v3GG,:>20.'''^  The  industry  has  all  altdig 
had  the  fostering  care  of  tlie  ijovernment. 

Crockery^,  porcelain,  crystal,  and  glass  manufactur- 
ing, v\'ith  government  protection,  gradually  develo[»ed,"^ 
attaining  a  connneiidable  degree  of  perfection.  In 
I  857  the  nund)er  of  crockei'V  and  <;lass  factt)ries  in  the 
ccuntry  were  five,  employing  32('  })ersons  at  the 
Meekly  wages  of  .$i)10.''^     Jn  18G0  there  were  five  fac- 


d  th 


.f 


ireu  ot  common  crocKerv.  ])i'(niucn.f 


tones  of  line  anc 

to  the  aggregate  value  of  nearly  one  and  a  half  million 

•'^  In  1S()0,  ISli.'.MJT  iloz.  rchozos  wuif  iikuIc  iit  an  aviMnirc  of  i^lO  ajiioce, 


H)warils  of  4."),0(X)  llm.  of  twist  at  S7  ficli.   Ilirium 

s. 

^(liur'in  CuliilH   Jfqi.  of  M\.r.  in  IS7lJ,  '-'S  ;{(). 
'Jlr 


h  -..    /•;  t'fhst.    Mr 


V.  107-8. 


Mini.  Mill.  KkIi'i:,  liS'J.");  A  rrill'ii/a,  liWnp.,  IS.'tS,  (i'J;  '■/'/('"  'A  J/ar. 


Mi'.r..,  Mem.  Ai/rir.  i  IniL, 


:f.*;   .1/., 


■KIT  8;  M,.i:,  Mi 


fill.   HolllT 


Mrj.     (lS.-).'{,   Allu'.-l»i'C.), 


Mr 


Mr 


A'lrir.,  vU\,  |.S4."),  ;iii|i.  17   !'.>,  anil  anni  xus  I -;i,  0. 


Aiirir.  (i  liid.    184(),  >")7  ti'J;   lirnidw 


(,-.,   t:<tHl.  Mr 


:i7 


.Miliot  CinieroMof  (iuailalnpu  u.stul)li.-jli('(l  tlio  first  factory  aliout   ISll 


C'llirrlili/ii,  I'uilia  X.  Kx}!.,  ;VJ 


Mr 


Mr 


Ih'I.,   ISi:?,  ?,\  .-);    Mr 


Mr 


ex  4;   Arritloijit,  AVmp.,   Is.'i,;,    •JSO;   Sitir 


\\  :J.llaUj:  M 


.Mr 


/• 


I.    < 'dill 
'O'lll'llfll 


y 

z.  <<  I  ml.,  1S.")1, 
annex  Iv.,  no. 


•Ml 


IV. 


\\:n  ,y 


'  iiaiiinrio 


IwL  Me.i 


ISO  MTNIN;;,  MANUFACTURES,  AND   FISHERIES. 

dollars,  and  four  crystal  and  ^'lass  CHtablisliuients 
pT'odiiciiiL;'  to  the  vulno  of  $147,()1)().*''  Eartlieu-v,are 
of  tJio  tiiu'st  (juality  has  been  made  in  Xew  Spain  from 
very  oaily  times. 

There  are  no  means  of  arriving'  at  a  correct  estimate 
of  tlie  (juantity  of  tobacco  produced,  nor  of  that  actu- 
ally manufactured  in  the  country.  Since  1705  tlie 
cultivation  of  the  weed  had  been  subject  to  the  strict- 
est supervision,  the  manufacture  and  sale  being  a  gov- 
('rmncnt  monopoly.  But  persons  who  had  suitable 
land  I'ar  awav  !"rom  that  tyrannical  inspection,  more 
es[)ecially  after  the  administration  became  unbalanced 
by  the  wars  of  independence,  planted  tobacco  on  a 
large  scale  in  1814  and  1815,  and  carried  on  their 
illicit  business  so  boldly  that  the  viceroy  in  18  Hi 
ordered  them  to  be  viu'orouslv  i)rosecute(.l.'"  After 
inde[)endence,  the  mono[)oly  practically  ceased  for  a 
while,  but  it  was  restored  by  the  new  government.''^ 
In  18'2;)  the  factoria  at  Orizaba  gathered  al)out  20,- 
450  bales,  for  which  the  planters  rec(;ive(l  $1, 1  5  l,G8-t. 
In  18oo  the  estanco  was  again  done  away  with,  and 
the  sta]»le  was  exempted  from  primicias  and  tithes. 
This  arrangemerit  gave  great  impulse  to  the  tobacco 
industry.  i>ut  in  18l!7  tlie  old  system  was  restored, 
and  the  whoU>  busim-ss  of  manufactvire  and  sale  was 
i'armed  out  to  a  company;  all  the  staple  grown  in  tlie 
di'partments  of  Mexico,  J'uel)la,  ( )aja,ca,  and  Veni  ( 'ru/ 
was  brought  uiukr  it.  Yucatan  was  exenn)ted,  but 
could  send  no  cobac-ct)  to  any  t)ther  p:irt  of  Mexico, 
exce[)t  to  deliver  to  the  contractors.*''*  W'rti  ('ru/ 
emancipated  herself  frcnu  that  thraldom  in  1848  and 
1841),  but  was  subjected  to   it  again  by  Santa  Anna 

*"  J/ininndi'Z,  E.slail.  M'J.,  I'M. 

*^ /'/ri'rii,  IliH.  ■J(ili>}n,  li.  407;  La  Ahi.fp'i  i/f  C/iUpniiri^iin,  18v21,  15. 

"■■'  Mij:,  Cnl.  Lri/.,  Vnl.  n  Ihc,  ii.  8S;  diz.  Imy.  Jfr.r.,  I'i.  7.V_'  .'{. 

•'•■  /l'(iit'-<  Ml  irfidii/.s'  Mil  I.,  ii.  1S2;  Jliirrn,  /li.^t.  Juliijin,  4U8,  41G.  A  com- 
ptitat  1(111  ill  ISIi()  li;ul  KL't  till'  average  yearly  fdii.siimiitiim  at  alidut  S.l.llNS 
Imle.s  (pf  I.Tri.*?  ll)a.  eaeli,  \\liii'li  in  tlie  form  of  i'ij;ui>i  and  ciuarcttcH  win; 
Vftliieil  at  a  littler  over  141  imili'in  iloUars,  wliicii  .-ilioiiM  yicM  to  tlu'  goverii- 
mciit  .some  .six  millions  of  reveiuiii.  /'riifo,  Vic.  Muni/.,  10-11.  Hut  it  seem  ; 
that  iu  IS'io,  under  the  estauco  oyBtciii,  it  did  uot  ^jrovc  i^uitu  butisiuctory. 


FISH  CULTURK. 


ill  1854.  After  his  downfall,  a  decroo  of  January  -1, 
IBaG,  supi)rossod  the  cstanco,  which  has  not  l>oen  re- 
vived sinct .  The  in)]>ortation  of  foreiu^n  manufacturod 
tohaoco,  l)ut  not  in  the  raw  state,  subject  to  duty  was 
permitted.  Under  the  free  system  the  business  re- 
vived, and  it  is  found  that  in  loGO  twenty  factories 
produced  the  equivalent  to  a  weight  c^f  41,238,700 
pounds  valued  at  !?IG,503,480.  lu  18(;'J  a  lar«^e  ex- 
tent of  country  on  the  coast  north  and  south  of  Vera 
( 'ruz  was  ])lanted  in  tobacco,  that  of  Tlapjieoyam  being 
of  fine  quality.*'' 

The  fishing  industry,  though  of  sufiicicnit  importance 
t;)  enu'aue  the  statistician's  attention,  lias  been  hitiiei'to 
much  neiilected.  The  value  of  food-fishes  caught  on 
Ixith  the  north  and  south  coasts  was,  according  to  a.;i 
(^flicial  report  of  1810,  set  d(;wn  at  .^> 1 .10,000.  \n 
I'll  t!:e  c:itch  ou  the  Yucatan  coa^.t  f;;r  exportation, 
cliielly  to  A'cra  Crw/,,  M'as  of  about  100,000  pounds, 
v.'hich  declijKMl,  lunvevcr,  ])ri(»r  to   18  1").      At  various 

°'Tw(i  Ciiliaiis  hail  cliavgi;  of  tlio  cultivjitimi;  SOO,()Oi>  yoiiii,.,'  jil.iiits  liail 
1i  (ii  jilaci'd  ia  uiog.oiiiul  at  TliH^iai'iiyaiii.  Ji'ivi  ni,  Jii-  /.  Jciqm,  ii.  •;_!).  Si\- 
v::A  (uIkt  l)i"iiu  hi.si  r  iiiaiu;rai'tiin';<  dcscivo  notice.  T!io  f,)lli)\viiig  listKlioM.s 
l!iu  jirixliR'diiii  and  valuu  of  eath  in  Ifi.);).  l:i  latc'i'  years  their  iMiiioiLaiicu 
Must  havo  bei'ii j,'iva;Iy  aui'iiu'iiteil.  Inni-Wdi'hs  JO,  iiial/iig  l'_ii,4.S',l,(i;i;)  Ihi., 
■V7,"iS'.),;:7;');  iiKiahos  7,  'J'i,'.'"""),-!  l-}.i;i()S4h()\t!.s,  .Vl,;;i().'J71;  jiiaiici.s  'J,  ]  Hi  in- 
s^.i-aiiKiits,  .?::!,!;C0;  soap  .'{•_',  ];;i.t..i;)  hiads,  ^/J.C'.JL'.O,,;);  liMu  liat.1  ti,  •J.Ci.'i.S,. 
4!;niat:!,  !;"),:'!(■>, {'8(5;  g<  1,1  ii:i(l  .silver  hue;  7,  4,()1'2  iiieee.i,  J,  !'.:2,4.S;);  cantioa 
fimuih-i(>3  '^,  78i::cces,  !:.i;:!,-!''0;  caps  L',  l'J,f'„,;),(,  ;0  caps,  !■;!-,.' 00;  gunpowder 
:t,  '.'.."^a.COD  I'^s.,  t%'!4.7."  );  chocolate  ]:!,  J. !:-}«,(;;);)  Ih.-i.,  .V7;"l,(;;;0.     Nundicr  of 

I  .^I'.h'r  l:Rtori::j  of  all  kinds  in  tlio  couiit-y  '..V/7,  j  roi'.uciag  .V'SjOOOjOO;).  ]a 
t'lis  a:af)u::t  collon  an  ImooHcu  gooi's  made  ia  rc'idir  fai  tmi-s  count  for  only 
fMO.IC:).  V.'o  h.'.vi)  alrea.ly  Hccu  that  ill  VIM  their  vr.luo  vas  ^-i, '•■■<',  •'■"'. 
fliiipi  (if  nil  l:hul(,  at  vhiili  goods  wc  lo  inad.c,  including  heni]i,  llax,  and 
Til  :j,'!icy  f:d)ric:i,  .'!'>,71">,  among  thcni  .S.')  prin'. in"-<ii'.lccs,  8(i::n!  of  them  doing 
liiu  ■\vo:!i.  lurniairc,  carria[V-'s,  gild,  aisd  silver  jewel  y  of  the  line  t  kind, 
Meroalo  laadc.  The  co-.ajmU'd  v:d,U!of  goo.'n  pi  ;c(  il  ia  tlio  li  t  of  inanu- 
f^rliircs  p"opcr,  C";i,<'0J,O0();  of  inocl-.anical  aiul  lihun  1  ar^i,  tl.".lt,(:!;;>,(HW; 
f   ind  toL.l,  .V.I,!0,{!C0,()..6.     Nnndier  of  pi  rsons  ciiiploy<  I,  !..,(,!).;.")  men,  'JJ,- 

II  t  Wo'.acn,  7,l".i  cl'.iluren,  mal.ing  a  to'.al  of  'Jiil.r.'t.  J/mitniif'-.,  JJ./nt. 
J/'/.,  Ili7-iii0.  T!io  fcUowing  authorities  id  ^o  give  itiforniation  on  thu  Kuhjeefc 
of  iaan;:fac'airc.;:  J!:.i:t:)i,  Jlif.  MU,  i.  4:;!;  Cmi-i-n,  }!<  r.  A'-',  /,';>.,  ii.  541; 
Mni<l}::i,  7.V.s,:...«'uy/;.s/.,  l,-;!;  OU-d'^,  V:.l.  />.<•.,  ii.  .M-'J;  Xvlir.Ciii.,  .May  20, 
l-i-'O;  J/o-.,  Col.  J>,r.  vOnl.,  l'.;;!-4;  ArrUli'/'i,  L'rroj,.,   ISIIO,  {VX\;  ]S::<.\  l.'.S- 

it;  JAu-.,  (,,,.'.  Lr>i<'A,  ];■■_<)-;;),  ]■:] -,  mr., ( ;>L  i.ni.  v  J'''--,  JM-mj,  :»>-«,  4'jo-i ; 

Mr,:,  J.,:,x  J-,;.,  ],"-!,  IC.-.-C.;  I'W,,  ].-•_>-;?;  J>,.,'.,  ('.,1.  L,,j.i')nl.,  r."0-l,  i. 
'-'m-O;  ];;,-;!,  f' "..t.-ltee.,  v. -i-u,  1"1;  ICOD,  Juu.-Aug.,  vili.  IfS-'J,  .""';/.'.''«• 
W"-,  ^Icm,  M-j'ivy,  1-132. 


\Hi 


•l 


'm  ^ 


in.         ,   ii'l 


•:1 1 


Si* 


328 


MIXIXfl,  MANUFACTURES,  AND  FISHERIES. 


times  laws  liave  been  enacted  to  encourage  the  IjusI- 
ness.  In  18G1  the  cuUurc  of  fish  was  declared  five 
throughout  the  repuhlie,  and  in  1872  a  regulation  was 
issued,  making  it  free  for  all  citizens  of  the  rci)ul>lic 
to  engage  in  fishing,  and  also  in  diving  for  pearls,  and 
generally  to  take  part  in  all  marine  business  in  Mcmi- 
cau  waters.  ^Mexican  vessels  occupied  in  the  business 
were  exempted  from  all  taxation.  Foreign  bottoms, 
u[)on  payment  of  tonnage  dues,  were  to  be  granted 
temporary  licenses  of  six  months  to  fish  in  ^lexicau 
waters,  and  to  establish  drying  and  salting  houses  on 
shr>re.  The  crew  of  any  one  vessel  never  to  exceed 
twenty-fivi'.  Other  clauses  in  the  law  were  for  the 
preservation  of  order  and  the  prevention  of  smuggling."'' 
The  dllieri'nt  speci<^s  of  fish  in  ^lexican  waters, 
both  fresh  and  salt,  are  very  numerous.  The  industr\' 
was,  on  the  sea,  })ursued  mostly  by  men  enrolled  in 
tlie  marine  list;  in  the  rivers,  lakes,  and  lagoons,  by 
Indians.  It  Mas  estimated  about  18(50  that  the  busi- 
ness produced  yearly  two  and  three  quarters  million 
dollars,  more  or  less,  only  for  food-fishes.  The  shrimps 
taken  in  Aeaponeta,  Escuinapa,  El  Rosarlo,  and 
( 'amaronera  of  Vera  Cruz  in  (.)ctol)er,  Xovember,  and 
])ecemb(^r,  some  8,000  loads,  are  worth  in  the  interior 

6-!=ro,ooo. 

The  pearl  fisheries  have  been  from  the  earliest 
times  of  the  S})anish  occupation  a  source  of  profit  to 
tlic  government  and  the  people  dwelling  on  the  .l^>- 
cific  coa;;ts  of  !^[exico.  In  1811  the  Spanish  goveni- 
ment  permitted  the  e(donists  to  engage  in  diving  for 
j-earls.  In  the  first  (juarter  of  this  century'  an  I^n;.;'- 
1;  li  lieutenant  named  Hardy  made  an  unsuccessful 
attempt  to  fish  pearl-oysters  with  divhig-bells. 

Pearls  as  well  as  tortoise  shells  are  obtained  ;!t 
sovcrjil  places  near  a'.Ianzanillo;  the  coast  of  Petatl.iii, 
ill  Cuerrero,  is  famous  for  its  many  banks  of  peail- 

«'*^V'j(!Wo.n  Gen.  (1817,  Xov.  19);  Cjirfrs,  Col.  Dec,  i.  128;  Mcj-.,  Col.  /-'.v  -', 

IS'JO-;!;),   TM-7i    JA.'-.,  fol.  Ln/ Onl.,  Jan.-Aug.   ISoo,  viii.   7:i;  . I /•'/„>.) 

Jlri:,  Cfil.  Lri/.,  V.  ;-tOH-!);  Dublaiiiuni.  Lozaiio,  Lejis,  Mtx.,  ix.  8J;  Sin.,  BoUtin 
(;■(•.,  Juuo  li,  1^72,  285-C. 


SHELL  FISH  AND  WHAI.ES. 


5'2'J 


oysters,  and  its  abuuclaucu  i)t'  tortoisc-sliuU  turtle. 
Every  year  numbers  of  the  inhabitants  engag-e  in 
(Kvino-  for  them,  at  some  risk  of  life,  as  everywhere 
(lU  this  coast,  and  in  the  i^ulf  of  California,  from 
sliarks;  but  they  aro  skilful  at  killing  them.  Pearl- 
oysters  have  been  plentiful  also  near  the  Piedra  dc 
Zi|)egua,  a  reef  of  rocks  north  of  Tehuante})ec.*'''  The 
richest  held,  however,  seems  to  bo  near  La  Paz,  in 
l^ower  California,  for  details  on  which  I  will  refer  to 
tlie  volume  of  this  work  that  specially  treats  of  that 
t' rritory.  It  is  understood  tiiat  down  to  1800  the 
pearl  fisheries  in  Lower  California  and  elsewhere, 
tnL;ether  with  coral,  oysters,  clams,  sponges,  shells  of 
all  kinds,  prodaced  annually  about  $150,000.  In  1874 
tile  ]\Iexican  government  permitted  foreigners  to  par- 
titipate  in  the  trade,  but  under  such  onerous  condi- 
tluiis  that  the  native  divers^  could  have  but  little  to 
i'car  I'rom  foreign  com[)etition. 

The  western  eoast,  especially  tliat  pv)rtion  lying 
liL'tween  the  gulf,  the  Three  ^[ari'as  Islands,  and 
Cape  San  Lucas,  teamed  with  cachalots  or  spermaceti 
\\liales,  which  became,  as  early  as  the  past  century,  a 
l)r(ifitable  business  for  English  and  American  whalers, 
tlie  Mexicans  never  taking  any  part  in  it.  A  decree 
was  issued  by  the  Spanish  cortes,  April  IG,  1811. 
uranting  to  the  colonists  permission  t<»  engage  in  all 
kinds  of  fishery  on  the  cf)ast.''' 

Among  the  means  employed  by  the  general  and 
local  governments  for  the  encouragement  of  national 
industry  has  been  that  of  public  exhibitions,  ol*  wliirli 
>^c\cral  were  held  at  different  dates  and  localities. 
Some  of  those  fairs  were  of  a  genei'al  national  charac- 
ter, comprising  works  of  art,  natural  and  agricultuial 
pioducts,  including  domestic  animals,  and  manufac- 
tures; others  were  hmited  to  the  industri(^s  of  a  single 
state. 

'■  WanrnMcx.,  ii.  503-4;  llcrn,nmh%,  EMml.  Mc.r.,  115-71;  Snr.  ,}frx.  Ovoij., 
1>'^'1'''>ii,\.'M;\  ix.  181-2;  BrockMnrst's  M<x.,  42;  Findluy's  l)i,-fc(urij,  i.  2C1; 
I'h'ijf,  r's  Second  Journeii,  3'J'.). 

■  M'.c.,  Col.  J)rc.  yOi-d.,  7-8;  Mix.,  M<m.  ,<<:<:.  Est,  48-'J. 
lIis^T.  Mex.,  Vol.  VI.    ni 


m 


Mm 


"'  I'i'- 


■-■\ 


im 


^f 


y  4  't" 


it 


I'lm  I 


580 


MINING,  MANUFACTURES,  AND  FISHERIES. 


A  number  of  the  national  fairs  took  place  in  the 
eity  of  Mexico,  and  one  in  Aguascalientes.  Of  tlie 
former,  special  mention  is  made  of  those  of  1841), 
1850,  1853,  1854,  185G,  and  1857.  The  one  of  tlic 
same  class  in  A,L;uasca]ientes  was  on  the  2Gth  of 
April,  185;3,  the  first  jj,eneral  exhibition  in  the  coun- 
try, after  those  held  in  the  nation's  capital."""  TJio 
fair  of  1850  was  quite  a  satisfactory  one  in  its  results. 
That  of  1853,  called  for  since  September  1852,  did 
not  meet  the  aspirations  of  the  board  having  charge 
(jf  it.  Nevertheless,  a  large  number  of  objects  were 
exhibited."^ 

The  exhibition  of  1854  was  the  best  thus  far,  due  no 
doubt  to  the  efficacious  efforts  of  the  state  governor.s 
and  au'ents  of  the  ueneral  fjovernmcnt.  From  one  calK  d 
for  185G  nmcli  had  been  expected;  but  the  political 
troubles  made  the  transportation  of  objects  difficult, 
and  the  exhibition  was  pretty  much  limited  to  products 
of  the  federal  district  and  state  of  Mexico.'"  Anotlur 
invitation  was  issued  for  1857,  and  the  fair  proved  a 
very  poor  one,  owing,  doubtless,  to  the  disturbed  con- 
dition of  the  country.  Still  an(>ther  was  to  take  [ilacc 
in  Xovember  1859,  but  I  can  find  no  evidence  that  it 
took  place.  Indeed,  Mexico  was  then  in  the  throes  ot 
civil  war."'  It  is  doul)tful  if  any  attejn})t  was  madf 
in  tliat  direction  during  thv  succeeding  years  of  war. 
In  June  18(15  the  imperial  government  then  flourisli- 
ing  at  the  capital  decreed  the  establishment  of  a  })ei- 
manent  boartl  of  exliibitions,  ])rotective  of  hidustries,'" 

'*y>oc  L'tl.  Ill  Efims.,  ill  Juicio  dt  l(ui  L\ipo!<.,  no.  4,  l-3i);  no.  5,  1-12;  El 
Esjmfiol  (1S5,S,  Mar.  'JO);  AY  I'tiirn-sal  (ISiVJ,  Out.  11);  Oouzuhz,  IIM.  Eft. 
Ai/iKixcal.,  lUS;  J>i  Krpir-i..  in  /(/..  no.  it,  3—10;  Di.irurso,  Oct.  7,  IS.VJ,  in 
/'/.,  no.  <Jh,  1-8. 

''■'Archiro,  J\h:>:  Arlrn,  i,  ;{!)2.  Tlio  only  tirst-class  pi'cmiuin  awarilcil  "■(< 
tor  a  pair  of  ruvolvurs  iiuule  in  Aiij^aiigui'o.  Silicon,  Mini.  Fomin/o,  1 1'-',  anil 
aiiiu.x  Ivi.  70;  Ex])os.  (lin.  linl.  Arid  ii  Dock.,  in  Jidcio  dc.  ln.s  I'J.qios.,  iin.  *>, 
.'(-.••)0. 

'"(told  medals  wcrcj  awanlod  to  iron  from  .Santa  Fo,  and  i.o  crocktr.v  ir.iri 
till'  Nifio  I'erdido  factor}-.  Silver  nuHlal.s  loan  iron  chest,  morocco,  and  .Mex- 
ican siliv.  Cotton  and  Woollen  falirics  and  carria;.;c.s  merely  ii'ceived  lioiH''  I'li-' 
mention.  Id.,  1  K<,  and  annex  Ivi.  I,")l.  M(  /■.,  .'.(■;//.•-■.  M<J.  (I!S,")(l,  .Ian.  to  ,!uiil), 
.■)t7-S;   L't  uXiirlni).  {\-i.  '21,  1S.")(1;   El  Ii.</.ii>d,ni,'  Xiir.,''Ki>v.  Hi,  IS.'iC). 

'^  El  E^hiinhn-ti:  Xiii\  (1S.")7,  Mar.  17);  Din rio  dv  Arises,  Aug,  H,  lSo'.>. 

'■'  E!  Di'irio  d<.i  liiqi.,  -Inly  4,  ISdi");  Cul.  Iaij.  Imjh,  ''),"j-7;  El  Eco  Xm..  <'tt. 


FAIRS  AND  EXHIBITIONS. 


531 


;e  in  tlie 

Of  the 

of  184',), 
lO  of  tlie 
2Gth  of 
blic  c'ouu- 
l."'*  Tho 
;s  results. 
1852,  did 

0  ^ 
CCtS  WLTO 

ar,  clue  no 

goveriK  )i',s 
one  calKd 
D  polltieal 
3  difficult, 
o  products 
Auotlur 
;•  proved  a 
irbcd  coii- 
takc  place 
nee  that  it 

1  tliroL'S  ot 
was  made 

irs  of  ^val. 

u  flourisli- 

t  of  a  pci- 

dustvies,'- 

no.  r),  1-12;  a 

,1,-.    IIM-   /■-'• 
jt.  7,    1!^"'-.  i" 

u  iiwai'tU'il  "■»'' 

,lr„fo,    11-.   !H"l 

Kqins.,  11".  "*. 

cniclury  tr.':'i 
DC'i'd,  ami  V'':^- 

hai.  to  .'"i"-'. 
ISfiO. 

r     S,    1  S.V.I. 

/:ro  .V''C..t't't- 


wliich  probably  became  a  dead  letter  at  the  fall  of  the 
imperial  i'eL;'imo. 

Among  the  state  fairs  of  a  limited  character,  I  find 
iiieiition  of  those  held  in  Toluca,  1851-2,  1870  1  ; 
A^uascalientes,  1851,  1852,  185G,  1857,  and  1S71; 
Zacatecas,  185:3;  Yucatan,  18G5,  at  which  Carlota, 
Maximilian's  wife,  was  present.  Puebla  in  1857  de- 
creed that  an  annual  exliibitit)n  of  the  natural  and  in- 
(kistrial  products  of  the  state  should  be  held  at  her 
caj)ital.'^ 

Busto  in  1880  gives  an  account  in  detail  of  the  ex- 
luhitions  held  at  ilexico  in  1875,  at  !Merida,  Yucatan, 
in  1  879,  and  at  Puebla  in  1880.  Mexico  lias  been  in- 
vited to  take  part  in  the  several  world's  exhibitions, 
hut  she  did  so  only  at  those  held  in  Paris  in  1855,  and 
in  Philadelphia  in  1870,'^  at  both  of  which  she  was 
i|nite  respectably  represented  by  her  natural  and  in- 
dustrial products,  etc.  At  the  Paris  fair  she  had  107 
exhibitors,  among  whom  were  awarded  four  nietlals 
of  Hrst  class,  eight  of  the  second,  and  seven  lionoi'- 
al)le  mentions.  There  were,  besides,  awarded  one  gold, 
tour  silver,  and  three  bronze  medals  to  the  members 
of  the  Mexican  commission."'^  At  Philadelpliia  the 
result  could  hardly  have  been  more  satisfactory,  for 
there  were  73  di])lomasand  47  medals  awarded  to  the 
^[exican  exhibitors,  besides  an  extraordinary  diploma 
tu  the  Mexican  government.  Among  the  awards 
were  15  for  objects  coming  within  the  nomeiudature 
lit'  manufactures.'*'  The  republic  has  likewise  i»een 
I  roditably  re})resented  at  the  t'xhibitions  held  at  Saint 
iiouis  and  Cliicagf),  in  the  United  States,  in  l87*J-80. 

"•'A'l'po.'*.,  in  Jnicio  (If  ln''  E.ypo.^.,  no.  7,  '_'(!,  14  .">;  h'l  ('}iirir-<,  Nov.  ."i,  |S.")(); 
Oi't.  ]."),  IS")'.';  Mr.r.,  Dhirh  Ojir.  Aug.  ."),  Ih70;  Feb.  S,  May  IS,  1S7I;  <ioir."- 
(■-.,  //(V.  Est.  A(jU('sriil.,  Iil4;  'El  h'.sjim'iol,  Vv\>.  'Jl,  IS.VJ;  El  l\,i<iniiii-iif<\  M,iy 
7,  1S.")();  Dinno'ilr  .Ic/Vk,  I k'f.  II,  IS')!);  El  AVo  AVc'.,  .May  I'J,  1S,")7;  El  ly.u- 
r!')'l<'l/iiip.,  Jan.  "JO,  ISCil);   El  Eslnwl'irtf  Xar.,  Sept.   14,  I.S.")7. 

''.SliL' was  prevented  t'rnni  shariii;,'  in  the  Liiiiilun  exhihition  of  IS,")1  hy  tin 
'  iinlera  epidemic;  anil  in  the  second  of  tlie  same  cily  and  others,  by  war. 
.l/'-.)\,  Mnn.  roloiih..,  etc.,  '2S-'M;  Arrhh-o  Mrx.,  Cal.  Lq/,i,  vi.  'MO  11. 

''  E-<r>nii/oii,  La  Imhi.-itrhi.  etc.,  'iUO-'J;  A'*;).  Mix.  Cctttl.  <li.<  Pni'liiifi -s,  in 
■l"i'-in  ,lv  liM  Ej^)o--<.,  no.  10,  1-54;  Silirno,  Mvni.  Foniento,  etc.,  1  Ki,  and  annex 
ivi.  s|  -110. 

'"Uii-i  I\di!r!n,  Mini.  Fiiivcnto.  |S77,  ")31,  a.'^n-O;  .\  links  Mht.  Fonalito, 
^77.  Feb..  i.  '2,)7-S:  /;;«/'),  E.'l:.,;:  t,  rrji.  .Urr.,  i.  :!d  pt  11. 


\\i  m 


:}A 


532 


MININO,  MANUFACTURES,  AND  FISJIEIUES. 


A  project  to  hold  an  iuteriiatioiial  fair  at  tlio  city  of 
Mexico  in  1880  met  with  much  favor  from  both  the 
fetler..!  and  state  !j;overnments,  as  well  as  from  coni^rcss; 
hut  after  Some  consideration  it  was  abandoned.  Since 
that  time  the  Mexican  rejuiblic  took  a  i>rominent  part 
at  the  international  exliibition  of  New  Ork'ans  in 
l.s.S-l  5,  lier  ani'icultural  and  industrial  ))roducts,  as 
well  as  her  specimens  of  the  tine  arts,  lu-inj^'  awarded 
due  meed  of  praise,  and  numerous  medals,  and  other 
marks  of  reeoii,'nition.'' 

' ■  FurtliiT  information  on  Mexican  inanufacturcH  may  be  found  in  Matianu 
liil'-n„i\  1  14.");  Mi'.,:,  Dhino  O/i.:,  Vvh.  'JC,  .luiic  :«>,  \h\:  I'.t,  187*);  Jim.  •_'», 
Nov.  I'.i.  IS7S;  .Ian.  IS,  ^'4,  'J.j. 'Ai)r.  S,  M.iy  14,  111,  .luni'l'.  .hilyJ-J,  Auji.  Hi, 
Nov.  17,  l'.».  IS7!»;  Jan.  0,  ISSO;  An;  lo",  S-pt.  -J."?,  KSS-J;  .Iw/cM.y/.s  J/,.,. 
.SV.  /'.,  ,S7  !•();  I'oz  i/r  M'.i:,  Fil).  I,  li,  1.S7-.';  F.ili.  'Jl,  Nov.  -JO.  IS7S;  Jan. 
'A  l.S7'.>:  .Ian.  S.  Marcli  S,  M,iy  5,  Oct.  'M,  Nov.  Ki,  ISSi';  Mr.,:,  M,iii. 
Sir.  (,'iit'rrii  jl  Miiriiiit,  1X77  8,  -S  ;$,'{;  Mt.,:,  .Iwili"  /'(iiiicnfo,  KSSl,  iv.  !<  'J7.">; 
Viibuir-,  :\})iiiitr.'<  /■,'.</i II / !■■</.,  I  i;W;  litiriumi,  K.tliiilt.<  pri'!!.  li  lit  Sir.  i/r  Funtiuto, 
1-415;  Z'tc,  L\qH))i.  Xiu:,  l-lli;  I'abalkro,  Album  iJucixUtm,  3'2-7r). 


^f.* 


■■IS 


CHAPTER  XXII. 

COMMKUCK   AND    KAIIJKIADS. 
1800-1887. 

Sv.MrrOMSOKFREKTuADK,— AC'OM.MKKCIAI,  I  NI!()AI>  -  KXTOliTS  AN  D  iMroltTS  — 

Ci'sTDMs  AND  C'isroM-iiorsios -('AntiiAdK  -Ahui.isiimi'.nt  ok  iiik,  Ama- 

llALAS-  S.MItidLINd  TllK  MkUI'ANTM.K  MAKISr,  'I'll  I',  (  VvRli  VINC  TliAhK 
--COMMEIICIAI,  llWitThATlONH — FoUKKIN   SlKAMKKS      » '  ASK   oK    IIIK    'l>VS- 

I'iik' — FiKST  Mexican  STKAMsurrs  -Tiik  Mkxican  'I'KANs.vn.vs  tie  S.  S. 
t'o. — Unjust  Taxation — Taiukks  Mki  koioi.han  Hiciiwavs  -Mku- 
canth.e  Tuuii'NALH — BuoKKKs- Hanks  'I'iik  Mail  Skuvick  Nkkkl 
Coinao;'  -The    Decimai,    .System     Kaii.I!oai>s    The    Mexican    Uaii,- 

WAY      -  DeVEI.OI'MENT  --   I'UO.IKCTKD      hiNES         C'oNSIDEHA'l'IONS —  TeI.E- 

fiUAi'Jis,  Teletiiones,  ani>  Ki.ECTiuc  Lujiris. 

The  porinissioii  <;i'anted  in  I7l)'.>,  ctdisoqueiit  n\M)\\ 
the  t'xisting  war  witli  Great  Britain,  for  iit-utral  ves- 
sels to  come  direct  from  Spain  to  her  American 
possetssions,  gave  way  to  a  still  more  liberal  law,  which 
licld  jT^ood  from  I  ISOa  to  I80H,  hut  was  oidy  formjilly 
repealed  May  17  and  July  27,  1809.  After  this  spe- 
cial permits  were  at  times  issued  to  lU'ivate  [)arties 
rcsidin*;"  in  the  colonies  to  hi-in^'  cargoes  from  fortMgn 
ports.  Before  and  after  the  period  above  mentioned, 
other  measures  were  enacted  to  do  away  with  impedi- 
ments  to  trade.     The   latest  one,  in    1820,'  was  the 


'Aug.  10,  ISOl,  tln!  rufxportatioii  of  ^'oods  tootluT  oppii  ports  was  allowoil. 
•Ian.  U),  1S(M»,  vi'ssids  from  Spain  wure  ptTiiiitU'il  to  I'litcr  ami  (list'harg(,'  at 
iiitoniicdiato  ports.  IJuriiig  tlio  war  of  indoponiloia'r,  various  ports  wrro 
opiiud  to  traifi!  at  ditloroiit  dates:  Sisal  in  1810;  San  Bias  in  18111;  Tainpicn 
ir.  iSKi;  and  finally,  in  Nov.  18*J0,  tlii'  Spanisli  cdrtos  decreed  tlu^  openiiij;  of 
the  ports  of  Tlaeotalpan,  Matagorda,  Mataiiioros,  Soto  la  Marina,  and  I'licMo 
Viojo  do  Tanipieo  iu  the  gulf,  and  Aeapuloo,  San  Bias,  and  Ma/atlan  on  tliu 
I'acitic.  Corkn.  Diario,  1811,  v.  337;  18'-'0,  vi.  15-18;  xi.  'JS;  Curk'.i,  Acl.  PiiU., 

(033) 


b'M 


COMMERCE  AND  KiULKOADS. 


I- 


opening  of  several  ports  on  the  two  seas  to  ronnnerce, 
which,  it' carried  out,  woiikl  have  been  a  great  Mow  to 
the  monopoly  Vera  Cruz  iiad  enjoyed  during  three 
centuries.  But  notwithstanding  that  law,  licit  tradi 
was  continued  only  through  A'cra  Crux,  and  Acai)ul((). 
When,  however,  indcju'iidencc  hid  hcen  achieved,  the 
new  government,  l»y  decree  of  l)ecend)er  15,  1821,' 
ratified  the  decree  of  Novcmher  1820,  permitting  the 
free  entry  of  vessels  and  merchandise  from  all  parts  of 
the  world,  destroying  forever  the  system  of  monopoly 
enj(»yed  hy  the  Si)an.inr(ls  and  A'^era  Cruz.  Otlier 
ports  were  opened  at  different  times.''  Nevertheless, 
there  were  not  wanting  many  who  advocated  a  return 
t(»  the  old  system,  on  the  ground  that  the  great  ini- 
])ortations  of  foreign  goods  ruined  the  home  manufac- 
turing industries,  and  deprived  the  poor  of  even  their 
wretched  means  of  livelihood  hy  the  introduction  of 
the  commonest  articles  previously  made  by  theni.^ 
whili^  the  influx  of  foreigners  soon  wrested  the  trade 
of  the  country  Irom  the  Sj)anish  capitalists,  numbers 
of  whom  retired  from  business  in  disgust.  Flooding' 
the  market  with  foreign  merchandise  caused  a  de- 
pression in  trade,  and  British  and  European  manufac- 
tures were  trecpiently  sold  at  })rime  cost.  In  1821, 
tlu-  exports  and  imports  at  Vera  Cruz  amounted  to 
,^17,244,5(39,  in  182:3  only  to  $(;,259,209. 

The  opening  of  so  many  ports  was  soon  found  tn 
be  inconvenient  and  expensive,  and  on  February  17, 
1837,  a  law  was  passed  reducing  their  number  to  ten,'' 


1820,  ii.  1;  Gitz.,  (liil,.  Mc.r.,  ISKi,  vii,  USu-S;  Arr'ilUt<it,  /ii/oniic,  1-8;  Al>i^}'ii 
<lc  C/i!l}xiiiciii[io,  A'^l-'M;  XiU'i'  llnj-,  xix.  3!I0;  Alanuui,  JIM.  MiJ.,  iv.  47;M; 
Jjnlu  tic  Ti'jiuht,  Com.  Est.,  'Jl;  Mantro,  Xulir.  (.'oin,  2Ii'j.,  l'J--0. 

KUo:,  i'ol.  Da:,  y  <in/.,  14:{-51;  J/,.,.,  Meui.  Jlac,  1S38,  pt  1,  C;  Prhk'. 
Jhriv  Kit  III/.,  IT. 

^Huatiik'o  in  IS'24,  Manzaiiillo  iii  18'J."),  Tuxpan  and  Tanipico  in  1827,  In- 
ijiilos  (itliers  later.  J/cc,  Col.  I.fij.,  Onl  y  Deo.,  iii.  44;  Ouia  ilc  Jlac,  iv.  ."•*>  !'. 
'J.");{-1;  V.  4l)-7;  vi.   1819. 

■'  '  Xo  ha  pcrJonailn,'  foi'ei)j;u  trailo,  '  ni  d  las  iufeliccs  co.sturoras  (jue  vlvian 
dc  cosor  camisas  ni  a  los  niisiiios  k'purn.s  1,110.  .  .husoaban  sii  paiubazo  y  sii 
cliitigiiirito  en  el  portal,  Uevaudo  tronipetitas  do  caua  para  los  muchacluK'. 
Fisiolni/id  (r'ain.  Pah.,  H7. 

-'Namely,  in  the  gulf  of  .Moxien,  \ora  Cruz,  .Santa  Anna  do  Tamauliins 


EXl'OltT.S   AND  LMi'OKIS, 


630 


.  Tainaulivas 


largely  increased  in  succcudiiiuf  years.  The  iiumber 
mI"  |H)rts  (iLsioiuitetl  t'oi-  coasting'  trade  uiiderwetil  bimi- 
1  w  cliaii^i'S." 

Till'  stai;'iiati()ii  in  trade  did  not  last  lon^',  an  ii" 
pulse  l)(.'inn'  presently  given  to  it  l)y  tiie  reeognitiun  ol' 
^Fixico  as  an  in(le[)cnil('nt  nation,  and  in  1827  tlu' 
iiii[)orts  amounted  to  >^ I  l,y8'J, 04U,  and  the  exjjorts  to 
si  2,171,777.  From  tliis  time,  tliougii  connncree  was 
>iiliject  to  j)eriodieal  tleprLSsions,'^  the  (X ports  and 
imports  of  Mexieo  have  gradually  inercased."^  The 
Importations  of  Mexieo  have  been  and  still  are  ahntj^l 
entirely  confined  to  the  })reci()us  metals  and  raw  pro- 
ductions, the  value  of  the  former  far  surpassing  that 
of  the  latter,  the  princi[)al  of  which  are  coll'ee,  sugar, 
cnchineal,  heimequen,  ixtle,  hides  and  skins,  timber, 
and  dye-woods. 

I  )ui'ing  the  earlier  years  of  free  trade,  England  sup- 
plied Mexico  with  the  largest  [)ro[)ortion  of  manu- 
futured  goods,  and  as  late  as  lS7o  was  still  jiaramount 


(TiUiipieo),  Matainoros,  (.'ampcachy,  Sisal,  ami  San  Juan  liaiitista  do  Taliasco; 
ill  iIk'  I'acilio,  Acapulco  uu.l  S:ui  lilas;  in  tin'  gulf  ui  C'al.,  <  iii;iyiu:is;  in 
I'ppcr  I'al.,  Mniitcrcy,  Hacilar,  ( ida/acoiilco,  Alv.iiailo,  Matagfinla,  (iiilvos- 
tiiii,  iluatulco,  .Maiizanillu,  Xativiilail,  Mazathui,  La  I'lz,  Lori'ld,  S.in  I'ii'gn, 
;i:iil  Siu  KiMiii'isco,  hiivtotori;  <i;it;n  port.s,  wiTf  tn  1)0  I'lcisod  six  !i)iiiitiis  at'tcr 
tlu'  pulilioation  of  tiio  ilcoroo.  .\  nunihor  of  dtlicr.s  was  addoil  to  tliis  ii.-st  in 
siuoo(Mliii;f  yoar.s  down  to  IfST^?.  ArriU<'ijn,  //'iviji.,  Jan.  to  A[)r.,  IS4!I,  a[i|).  4, 
I'JH;  Ihiliiui  and  /.lonio,  Ltj.  JA.r.,  "vi.  hiS;  viii.  O.")!);  ix.  17-',  'JIT,  :n7, 
Tits;  X.  "JoS;  Arc/iira  Mr.,:,  Col.  f.n/.,  i.  .")17;  Sin.,  Jlol.  iiii,\.  May  M,  lb7'-', 
•Jl.i;  .l/<''.,  D-dv.  OJir.,  Dec.  2.5,  1S7(>:  Mcr.,  Man.  Ilw:,  1S7:5,  S;  J/<r., 
Ji'.  ,:  Drhittcx,  lOtli  Cong.,  iii.  '.tlC;  Tnr,n;  IIM.  P<ti-L,  iii.  :{-JI,  411,  804, 
Mt. 

■Arrillih/a,  A'(roj).,  I.s:!7,  !SC.-7:  Jan.  to  April,  i!>l'.l,  a[ii).  I'-'O;  May  1S4'.» 
to  April  ISJO,  :R)-J;  Mr.r.,  /.(,/!.<.  Mtj.,  1S,")I),  111,  ,lan.  to  .lune  IS.'h';,  ;{.V2; 
J>'i.lii/i  and  /.(Cdiio,  Ac;/.  Mcc,  x.  'JI7.  In  lS7fi,  tlio  followinj,'  wore  tlu: 
tnisting  trade  ptM'ts;  in  tho  gulf  of  Mexico,  Alvarado,  Hala  .can,  Nautla, 
fc.iiitoc'oiicipan,  Soto  la  Mariua,  and  Ti'oolutla.  ()u  the  I'acitic,  Agial)ainpo, 
Altita,  Uocoroluiis,  Cabo  do  Sail  Lucas,  Clianiala,  Jiihcrtid,  Navacliiste, 
I'liLTlo  Ivscoiidido,  San  .loso  del  ('alio,  Tccsaiia_)a,  and  Ziluiataiu'jo. 

•Tlio  years  KS4(),  IS4I.  and  18r)7  are  instaiu'os.  Xilf't'  Hi  ihlr,-,  Ivii,  S,").'}; 
< )i<  ,o  ( )h,w,  MS.,  i.  lll~'2ii,  -lA-l;  Dhino  An-^.,  .Iniie  I'-',  IS.">7.  "->■ 

"Tiie  iiMportations  for  the  year  1S81  amounted  to  •S44, ".lit 1, 4U1,  ami  the 
exports  to  ••<'_'t.S7'.l.-l  1 ;  for  tiie  uiue  inoiitlis  cniliiii,'  M:ireii  :U,  ISSH.  tlio  ex- 
ports rcaelied  S;{'_','_".l8,'Jit4,  of  M-Jiieh  ■Sl'4,().')L\7S7  were  sdver,  and  for  the  year 
m.hug  June  :<().  1SS4,  .S-W,7'jr>,4S)0,  of  wiueh  S.'W,47:{,-'S;{  represented  the 
lireeious  metals.  Mn-.,  Mr:,,.  //,(•.,  |SS4,  xliii.-.vlvii. ;  I)'<,i-h)  '  >/(.•.,  Jan.  27, 
iSJSo;  M<.i\,  I'iii'tui'iic,  .Ian.  ;>l,  18^5,  •JS,")-t>;  Zi:iriiil,ii,  Mox/hdiU,  4. 


!    r- 


;N      '^^ 


f\i'' 


i  ij 


886  COMMETUK   AN'T>   HAILROAItS*. 

ill  this  respect  overall  other  nations,"  owinnf  chiefly  t.> 
Mexico's  u^reat  (K'niand  for  (N)tto:i  «tufis.  But  during; 
late  years,  the  ll"nite(l  States  has  outstrippeil  her  rival. 
The  collection  of  revenue  from  customs  has  lu-cii, 
from  the  earliest  days  of  independent  Mexico,  in  chaii^v 
of  aduanas  man'timas,  frouterizas,  and  terrestrts.  Tin' 
first  nanit'd  wivc  divided  into  two  classes,  those  \\>v 
ijfeneral  connnerce,  and  those  for  cahotan'i'.  Both  tin 
mai'itimas  and  frouterizas  \n\\v  a])pen<lai;'es  under  tln' 
title  (»f  i"i'ce[)tori'as,  or  reci-ivins^"  oflices.  'i'he  terrestrcs 
have  r(>cei)torias  and  sul»-rece[)toiM'as.  .\t  each  [)oit 
o[K'n  to  forci^'u  trade,  the  ^-overnnu'iit  keeps  a  custom- 
house or  dependency  with  the  recjuisiti'  otlicials.  Eac  li 
custom-house  has  a  sj>i'<'ial  rei^'ulatitm  suited  to  its 
locality,  hesides  tlu"  rules  <»()vernin<:;'  all.  it  is  alsn 
provided  with  a  coma.idante  de  res<i;'uardo,  whose  chirt 
duty  is  to  L!,'uard  aiL»ainst  snuii>t;linji'."* 

•The  fdllowiiii,'  talilo  of  iininirtatious  iluring  tin-  lisoal  year  1874-5,  I'u  • 
rivoil  from  otlioial  (loi'uiufuts,  will  iiiuUl-  this  iippiirent: 

Franco — (~'ottoi)  j^'omls 5>'^44,7''VJ 

Misi'ollaiioous  uu'rchamliso 'J.T'i'J.'ioS 

S3,00(),'.i'.tO 

( ieriiiaiiy — Cotton  g(»nls 5!l!Kt,7r)0 

Miscellanoous  iiieivliaiulisi' SOd.OlU 

l,lX).">,7r''i 

Englaiul — Cotton  goods S."),  10i).Vi:U 

Misci'llanooiis  nu'ivlianilisi' .■5,i>47,!';i- 

8,007,  111'! 

United  States-  ('."tton  goods !?1. (574,184 

.Misrtllani'o\is  nii'i'i'luiiuUse .■i,;{.")4.4ril 

. r),0'_'S,(!;!o 

Spain — Cotton  goods *'J,S74 

Miseollaneous  nuTtliundiso iM:2,r>IU 

t)14,l'io 

South  America — Cotton  gooils 840, iKw 

Miseelianeoiis  niercliaiidise 140,l)'jt) 

l<,M).0:il 

Total f!8,7!}:{,4!N) 

liiinto.  lC-<laiL  /i'<;i.  Mc.i-,,  i.  4ta  pre,  1  !.">  17.  The  ahove  ligures  are  those  on  tlio 
face  of  the  invoices.  On  the  entry  ot  goods  into  Mexican  ports,  tlie  inxoiie 
tiguros  were  I'aised  to  the  valor  de  pkiza  upon  which  the  duties  «ere  calcu- 
lated. Tlie  vahir  ile  pla/a  corresponding  to  this  total  of  S18,7'.K!,4!K)  was 
8-7. "MM), 85").  Tiie  system  of  raising  tiic  invoice  i)ricos  of  mercliamlise  was 
employed  in  ordi'r  to  prevent  frandidi'ut  evasion  of  the  duties  l>y  exhil'itiu:,' 
tictitiou.s  invoices. 

'"  He  is  re(juired  to  keep  the  government  promptly  advised  of  vessels  ar- 
rived, togetlu'i-  witli  their  eari^oes  and  other  iiarticulars,  including  the  lists  et 
passengers,  and  their  nationalitv,  tiade,  and  occnuations. 


INTKKSTATK  Dl'TIK."' 


Ml 


Custoiii-liouscs  art',  tVoiii  tiiiu-  to  time,  inspected  l>y 
\  isitudi)ii's,  whuse  mission  is  t«)  cxaniiiio  the  hooks 
aiul  accounts,  invest iiiJiti'  the  acta  of  I'ach  olliee,  and 
tcport  as  to  the  conn)eteney  aiul  attention  to  duty  of 
tlie  ottieials." 

An  aihiana  do  cahota;jfe,  or  some  di-pcMidenc}'  of 
tuie,  is  at  each  of  the  ports  o[)en  t<)  coasting'  traih'. 
I"\>rei<jn  vessels  mav  also  come  to  thtMn  din-et  for 
li>a(hn]L;'  with  luniher  or  livt^-stoek.  Thi*  frontier  cus- 
tom-liouses  liave  underi;"one  many  changes,  sevi-ral  ot 
tliem  resultinii"  from  tlie  eliann'e  of  sox-ereitjfntv.'" 

Eai'ly  in  Au^'ust  ISSO,  the  i^overmntMit  [)liU'»'d 
iiistom-liouses  on  tlie  frontier  of  Sonoi'a  at  the  places 
named,  Quitovaijuita,  Siisahc,  NoiL;"ales,  and  l^do- 
ininas.''' 

The  aduanas  terrestres  were  to  he  found  in  everv 
place  oi'  any  importance  thn>u«;hout  the  country. 
This  system  was  a  spei-ialty  of  the  colonial  periotl, 
and  was  in  eveiy  way  hurdensome  and  injurious  t(» 
the  country's  industi'ies;  yet  it  has  been  ct)ntinued 
down  to  Decemher  1884,  though  every  minister  of 
the  treasury  had  condenmed  it  and  pro[)ositions  had 
lu'cn  made  in  congress  for  its  suppression.'* 

In  ^[ay  1882,  a  law  was  ])assed  aholishing  the 
alcahalas,  or  interstate  iluties,  to  take  effect  December 

''  Tliuy  iilsii  report  ui>()ii  tlio  jiorts  and  tin;  facilities  atVordiMl  for  siiiuggliiit,'. 
nitli  s\u!i  siiLi^i'stioiis  as  each  ease  may  (Icniaml.  ArnUmjir,  Niro}).,  May  lis4'.* 
to  Apr.  l.S,")i»;  ajip.  .SIO  :.'.•{. 

'-Tliire  Win:  the  followiiii^  in  ISTd:  mi  tlie  nortlieru  frontier.  Altar,  ( 'a- 
ruargo,  (iiierrero,  Jiinos,  Magdalcua,  Matauuiros,  Mier,  ^[onterey,  Laredo, 
I'aso  del  Xi>rte,  Tiedras  Nei^ras,  I're.sidio  del  Norte,  Keinosa,  anil  Tijuana; 
I'll  the  .>4outliern  frontier,  .Socoiiuseo  and  Zapaluta.  .1  i'}i''roz.  <  'ml.  ih'  K-itriiuij., 
4(5-7.  The  following  are  the  ellstolll-llou^ies  declared  open  to  foreign  trade 
l)y  decree  of  .Ian.  "J-i,  KsS."):  I'aeitie  coast —Soconusieo,  maritime  and  ,'roiitier, 
Tiiiuda,  .Saliiia  Crw/,  Puerto  An-il,  Acajmlco,  Manzaiiillo,  .San  Hl.is,  Ma/.a- 
tlan,  Altata,  (iuaynia.s,  l.a  I'az,  Calm  ile  San  Lucas.  Halua  dc  la  Maudalena, 
Toilos  Santos,  (iulf  of  Mexico— Matamoros,  maritime  ami  frontier,  Tamjiico, 
Tuxpam,  Vera  Cruz,  Coatzaeoalco,  Frontero,  Isla  del  ('armen,  ( 'ampcche, 
I'ro^^reso.  North  frontier-  -Tijuana,  (,>uiti)va(iuita,  NoLtales,  .Sasalie,  I'alominas, 
Ascencion,  I'aso  del  Norte,  Tiedras  Negras,  Loreilo,  (imrrero,  Mier,  anil 
Caniargo.  South  frontier — Zacatula.  In  1SS4  an  iiispi'ctor-generalship  of 
frontier  custom-houses  was  created.  M<:i\.  JIi'iii.  line,  1SS4,  Ooc.  '-2;  Mr./., 
niorio  ({til-.,  Feb.  11,  ISS.'). 

' '  Ai)proved  by  congress  in  ISSI,  an.d  .S17,S(H)  appropriated  for  siJaries. 
Dhirhi  Ihhofc.'i,  10th  I'ong.,  ii.  '.'To. 

"y'ocif/',  Jil  CoH'j.  Count.,  1'27:  Dinrio  Dilntte-i,  Sth  Cong.,  i.  ;Wit. 


nil 


II 


it:  fir 

t;  ■■''■■  r 


)  I  J,. 


Mf 


m 


538 


COMMERCI-:   AND   llAILROAI>a 


1,  1884;  yet  the  states,  most  of  which  oljtained  their 
|)riiK'i])al  revenue  Troiu  this  source,  were  stronij,]y 
op[)ose(l  to  the  uioasure,  aiul  in  ()ct(tl)er  1883,  at  tin 
iiistii;ati(.u  of  tlie  i)ri'si(leiit,  a  c-i>ii(Vreiice  ol'  coniiuis- 
siohcrs  from  the  clill'en'nt  states  was  held  at  the 
capital,  to  tliseuss  the  question.  A  comuilssiou  was 
a])])oiiitecl  to  draw  up  a  re])ort  on  tlio  matter,  whicli 
was  laid  before  the  eoufereiice  on  the  lath.  In  tin 
rt-']»ort,  it  was  stated  that  most  of  the  states  derived 
from  the  alcabalas  a  ])ortioii  of  their  revenue,  vnryiii'^' 
iVom  ;)0  j)er  centum  to  75  per  centum  of  the  total 
recei})ts;  and  that  many  of  the  states  had  attemi»*^i(l 
the  al)olishment  of  those  duties,  hut  had  failed,  from 
the  fai't  that  the  now  local  imposts  that  had  been 
decrei'd  instead  thereof  had  been  iiuule(|uate  to  mei.'t 
the  pecuniary  re(juireuients  for  ^'overnmeiital  i)urposes 
in  the  locality.'' 

With  the  view  of  ])reventiag  contraband  traffic,  the 
i;overiunent  of  Mexico,  in  August  1825,  decreed  tlu' 
estai)hslinTi_nt  at  convenient  places  o{'  I'cvenue  i^uards.'" 
Latt'r,  from  time  to  time,  further  laws  and  regulations 
were  issued  to  perfect  the  sei'vice  on  the  coast  of  botli 
seas,  and  on  the  frontiers.  On  ^November  24,  184',). 
a  law  was  ))assed  foi-  stationing  revenue-cutters  in  both 
the  gulf  o['  Mexico  and  i*acitic  s.a,  with  authority  tn 
overhaul  suspicious  ncsslIs.  liike  hiws  were  adopted 
between  1872  and  1878,'"  and  suitable  vessels  were 
procured. 

Karly  in  the  present  century  smuggling  w;  s  carried 
on,  mostly  at  the  ])orts  of  N'era  <C/ruz,  Tuxpam,  Tanrpico, 
and  Campiche,  in  small  vessels,  bringing  tl  >  [)i'<hib- 
ited  godds  from  Jamaica.      In  tii^iv    <f  war. 


was  rot 


".I/,., 

1(1,  IsS-J, 


Unii.  Uuh.,  JSSO-I.  11.  x.  niiil  (lur.  :{;  lini.  of,  (/„/,.  /,'.  Cai,  Jlilir 
2;  Mcx.,  Mem.  J/iic,  1.SS4,  pp.  xxxv.-xxxviii. 

"'.l/<.'.,  (t'nid  (Ic  line,  iv.  lilU-'J.  v.  ."{  -I.  lliuiiig  tlio  Spanish  riilr.  the 
govcriinieiit  kupt  arii\cil  vessels  <in  tlie  coasts  ot'  Aiiiorica.  Cortt.f,  IHnno  *>jii:, 
iii.  \'2± 

'M/r.y.,  Col.  L,,i.  ,,  />,,:,  KS:W,  l(;;i-4;  Arnlh.ia.  /,'rr<)j>..  I8:W,  117,  Hi'.l  70. 
»)•_'-:<;  1S47.  IS'J":{;  '.!/,.-•.,  A.;//x.  J/./.,  .Ian.  iKr.  ISmI,  HiS-74;  {.V,  1,  L'Tli  Hli; 
Jan.  .luue  1S.J(>,  4'JS;  Shi..  hoUH,i' Oji.:.  ''uy'j;!,  187'-',  '-'iil  .".;  Dnl.i'Ui  aii.l 
I.OZ'IIKI,  /.'•;/.  Mi\)\,  xi.  1(»S  'Jl;  .Mil.'  Dhnin  ''hl„ilr^,  7tll  Onig.,  J.  173,  '.fi(t, 
OL'J-S,  04S-'J;  iv.  WSoA);  8tii  Coug.,  iii.  •-'I)U. 


i'    ''5 


:)  '^      t 


SMUtiULIN*;. 


639 


uiiusuial  to  sfc  largo  ,sh![)s  laiHllii<j;  .smuggled  i;'o<»tls  on 
tlu:  i.>la.Ml  t)f  Sacriticios       (JovfnuiiL'iit    liad   to  ivlax 
its  proJiibitoiy  system  aid  wink  at  trade  witli  neutrals. 
SniU!i;<_d*iiii''  became  CHtmparativi'lv  easy,  as  the  custom- 
liouso  officers  wore  not  too  strict  in  their  ins[)ection  of 
papers.'^     In   ISO)',  the  government  made  use  of  the 
eonsidado  to  chock  the  evil,  liut  all  ell'orts  provi d  un- 
availing.     Fn  spite  of  watchi'ulness  and  severe  penal 
enactments,  illicit  tnule  continued   to  thri\e  through 
(■()imi\;iu(\!  of  poorly  paid  ofHcials.      The  same  state  of 
things  ])revailed  aftei'  the  iiuh'pendenee,  and  as  long 
as  the  Spaniards  held  possession  of  San  duan  th;  Ulua 
smuggling   operation;,  \voro  carried   on    through    the 
castle.      Very  strlugt;ut  laws  were  passed/^  hut  with- 
out ofiGct.      ()iricials  were  eager  t(*  he  hrihed;  and  if 
aiiv  such  attempted  to  do  his  duty  houorahly,  he  either 
lost  his])(.)sition  through  the  inlluenceof  the  snui<>'i'I'rs, 
or  was  driven  from  it  hy  maltreatment  a.nd  threats  et' 
tleath.      ^V  custom-house  or  revenue  oftiee'i'  had  tt)  he 
acconnuodating.      For  half  a  centtuy  law   alter    lav,' 
was  passed,  eacli  more  rigid  than  the  forna-r,  hut  oidy 
with  Very  hrief  success.''"     Th.e  last  a.nd  most  stringent 
<ine  was  enacted  hy  congress  in   1879,  which  hesides 
iiiilicting  nuilets,  or  impristuimcnt,  declared  that  any 
eonunercial  house  or  firm  estahlished  in  tin;  rejiuhlie, 
which  was  discovered   to   bo  engaged   in   smuggling, 
•should  have  its  signature!  nullifuxl  lor  all  ti-ansactions 
v.'lth  th«'  public  treasury,  by  not  being  accepted  i  i  any 

'"  l'r(.li;ilily  i.l  tiluc  nl"  [,>.a;i!  Uu;  Viiliio  df  ,sinng;4K(l  g("»l.s  \\;i:s  >  t  I'.-iir  tu 
llvi!  iiiiUidii  posD.s;  ill  tiuKj  <if  Mar,  of  kIk  to  si'vcii  iiiilUoii  pi'so.s, 

'■'  Wlicii  the  luiuimit  iloiVa.iiI<'(l  slumlil  txiLi'il  .S.')(K),  the  ii.iiiio  >>{  tlio  I'ur- 
.Mill  and  his  oili.uu  were  to  l>o  pulilis'ii'Ml  in  the  iiows[iaiioi'.s;  fur  a  k<;i'iiii4 
iiliViiici',  Mi.spoiisiuii  uf  liis  citi/.iiii  lights  lor  livo  ycar.s;  for  n.  third  iiU'ui.cu, 
l)ar,i.slu!iL'iit  from  Mcxiuau  terrilnry.  Thu  oxiuilsioii  from  tlio  ooi.nti'y 
iiiij^lit  lio  aiijilii'd  fur  ilio  li.-.nt  oliViuu  t'l  foroigiiurs.  Tho.si'  in'ualiirs  WiVti  ia 
a  Idiiina  to  thi'se  prt'scrilicl  iu  the  tarill'  rc,uulatio:i ;.  T!;o  law  lia\  iiig  falli  u 
iiitii  tlJ.iu.st',  the  govtriiioiit  nuti'ratcd  it  ^lari'h  '2'.),  \SM.  .i  rrl!!(ii/it,  J't<-',p.. 
ISIil,  '2-?:2-'.h  jr<j\,  Cnl.Vnf.  if  Pn:,  ii.  IliP-TI;  M<.,:,  M,  ,ii.  J'rorh.,  \S'2n, 
i::  1"). 

'-'  Airiliiii/ii,  I}cco]>.,  r>oS-ll;  K.tpoii,  Cit.m  I'cio  fliiniliii.,  -Id;  /i^/tirni.,  J'J<C. 
K.uyl.  S.  JSlit.i,  ]'2;  M,.r  ,  (  ,d.  I.,ii.  ,/  />,,-.,  hs:;<J-i(),  S_i-ll;,J/<'.r.,  Ly.is.  M  j., 
Jb.j|,  :{:?r)-,S;  Jau.  to  .Imi.;  l.S.")ii',  -il'J;  Mr..-.,  Cnl.  Ln/ ..  .<'>,</.,  J.iu.  to  .Nhiy 
]S.-it,  vi.  '2i-5;  Arcliiro,  Mi:,:,  Col.  Ja>/.,  i.  S02;  iii.  1002-^;  J/.-.,  A'.s2>o.s, 
Jli'c,  10-17. 


.!  :yiiia 


m 


'!.■■     'I 


ill 


540 


COMMKRCE   AND   liAILROADS. 


official  or  ineroantilo  act  at  govornDieiit  offices.  But 
the  evil  seems  eradicable.  It  is  estimated  tliat  at  tlu.' 
present  time  the  loss  to  the  government  amomits  t.. 
$3,000,000  annually.  This  illegal  traffic  is  extensively 
carried  on  along  the  northern  frontier. 

At  each  principal  port  is  stationed  a  capitan  ilc 
pucrto,  whose  duties  are  l»otli  of  a  civil  and  naviil 
character.  He  has  charge  of  the  police  force,  and  it 
is  incumbent  upon  him  to  support  and  aid  the  customs 
authorities.  In  case  of  shipwreck,  it  is  his  duty  tn 
save  and  take  care  of  stranded  property ;  and  if  it  is 
foreign,  he  has  to  call  for  the  cooperation  of  the  con- 
sular agent,  shoidd  there  he  one  at  his  port."^ 

The  national  mercantile  marine  received  a  fostering 
care  on  the  part  of  the  government  from  the  earliest 
days  of  the  republic,  especially  the  coasting  trade,  for- 
eign vessels  being  only  allowed  to  carry  goods  from 
one  ^lexican  port  to  another,  when  there  was  im 
Mexican  vessel  at  tlie  port  of  departure  bound  to  tlic 
same  destination.'-"  In  1830  Mexican  citizens  were 
permitted  to  purchase  foreign-built  vessels  and  jiLue 
them  under  the  national  flag,  but  it  was  require<l  tliat 
the  masters,  officers,  and  at  least  two  thirds  of  tlic 
crews  should  l)e  Mexican  citizens.  Xor  was  any  ves- 
sel under  the  Mexican  Hag  to  be  owned  by  a  foreigner. 
In  Januai'v  1850,  certain  allowances  were  decreed  t'l 
]\[exican  vessels  engaged  in  foreign  trade  ;"^  and  in 
Decend:)er    1.883  a  decree  was  passed  aiding  the  di  - 


tr 


^^Azpirtr,  CM.  (h:  K-<tr<n,'i.,  104;  M<\r.,  Lci/.  M>j.,  Auj^.  to  Doc.  18."^,  ll'J- 
10;  J/','.,  Col.  (/r,  L,;/.  .  .Itn/.,  St'lit.  to  IJoc.  ISoli,  'JU-o. 

'-"■'Tliey  could  also  at  all  times,  after  discharging  car;i;o  and  paying  duties, 
tran.siiort  jtrisseiigera  anil  their  haggane,  or  mails,  hnt  nothing  else.  A'.ji'rir., 
Co'l.  ill'  Exii-iiw,;.,  Ill;  JrriUiiijii,  I'lWqi.,  1S3(),  ;«)3-4,  44:$. 

'-''  Four  dollars  per  ton  to  vessels  of  over  eighty  tona  l)ringing  foreign  nui' 
chaudise  to  Mexico  frcnn  ports  of  the  Auieriean  continent  fir  Islan'ls,  and  ?f!J 
to  tl'.oso  of  over  100  tons  liringing  K\uh  merchandise  from  ports  iu  Kuiiipn, 
Asia,  Africa,  tir  Australia.  A  reeeipted  bill  for  the  amount  thus  awarded 
was  to  he  aeeepteil  at  the  cnstomdionse  in  part  ]iaymeiit  of  the  cargo's  duties. 
The  law  was  to  have  ell'eet  during  the  next  live  years.  An-hiron  Mex.,  Col. 
Li :!..  i.  4.S8-40.  A  law  of  Nov.  ■J4,  iStlS,  ordered  the  estahlisiiment  of  two 
nautical  schools,  one  in  Mazallan  and  one  in  Campeehe,  and  granted  huildors 
of  Mexican  vessel.s,  exceeding  100  tona  burden,  a  subvention  of  615  per  ten. 
ih.i\,  Men.  Ilur.,  KS70,  813. 


^■m-\ 


s.  But 
t  at  the 
)uuts  to 
eiisivtly 

pltan  ill' 
1(1  naval 
',  and  it 
customs 
duty  tti 
1  if  it  is 
tlic  fon- 

fostcrinu' 
3  earVu'st 
radt',  fci- 

L)ds     fVdlll 

was  iMi 
lid  to  till' 
iens  wiTc 
md  }ilaec 
[ln'<l  tluit 
s  of  the 
any  vcs- 
i'orclgnrr. 
:!creed  tn 
and  ill 
the  (li- 


lyiiig  ilntif's, 

lort'igii  iiii'i' 
[iiuls,  mid  .':S 
ill  Kuroiii". 
hiis  awunUil 
irgo'K  diitii'^. 

w  ^V(.)'.,  '"'• 

IllOllt  I'f  twii 

iitcil  IniililiT-i 
^15  per  ti'ii. 


SHIPPING.  .-.41 

M'lopnicnt  of  the  national   niorcantiln   niariin'  by  tlic 
icduction  of  iniportatJoii  dutios."' 

With  irgard  to  the  carrying'  trade,  the  United 
States  has  ahvu,ys  far  sur2)asscd  England  and  all  other 
nations.  In  I82G,  399  vessels  under  the  Unitrd 
States  ilag  entered  Mexican  ports,  against  55  Ihig- 
lish;  in  1851,  435  American,  I08  English,  and  290 
vi'ssels  of  other  nations  entered.  The  suhjoined  tahles 
.•-upply  .shipping  statistics  f>i'  later  years."''  During 
till'   li.scal    year    1883—1.   no    Irss   than    1,JU    vessels 

''Namiily,  -J,  per  cent  on  goods  liroiiglit  froi;>  a  ly  fori  ign  port;  4  per  cent. 
I'U    goods  from   Asiatic  ports  to  tlio    I'a^ilic   (.o.Ht  ot    .Mixico,    hy  irn'giilu 
v.iyagf.s,  ami  8  ])i:).'  cent  liyrimihir  sti.'anur  lines.  JIcx.,  Jltm.  7/".'.,  I'^^l, 
pp.  xvii.-xviii. ;  Jtinrii)  Ojir.,  J>ee.  l."(,  18S;5. 
-■'Tlie  entfies  mltu  ;h  fullowi: 

Vosscl".  Tiiiinriu'i', 

lN(iO-  -.VI.,-  ricaii 'Ml  ii'M,  I'.i. 

Iv.M.sli I.-O  87,77'.) 

Other  nations ;«7  l)7,0,J'J 

-Me.xicaii ii,47;J  110,07;t 

TotaU :h,:wi  S-Ji1,7()5 

'iiii'DO  vos.scl;)  conveyed  7,I4(>  passengers  lo  .Mexieo. 

Ve^-el.i.  Tlilill;l-'e. 

I  -i7(> — American :}'_'S  ;iSi>,  17'') 

I'jigli.sh ]  (;;>  7."',  4ii  I 

Mexican 'J,  1  .m  Ills,  (i  1 1 

Otlicr  nations 304  D^jNi 

Totals -^ACi)  C6il,ii(Jl 

I  iHse  vessels  coiiveyed  (i,7S0  passengers. 

Vessels.  Toiiiui'.'O 

1^71  -.\ineriean 'JIM*  a7l,<l4(l 

Huglisli i().-)  yi,'.t.'.l 

Mexican I,!I7S  1I8,4()S 

Other  nations .•ill  il'J,:ii:t 

Tot.ils •J.7.^:i  C."):i.74L' 

Tlif',1^  vessels  eouvcyeri  ii,'J'.l4  ]i:issengers. 
Ii'[i.ii-tnres: 

Vi'»-('ls.  ToiMlMl'e 

i  'ilil—Forulgu s:iU  ()li4,UI7 

Mexican •.•.48'.t  104, 7--"_' 

I  >7(i— Foreign sOI  rCill, .M:! 

Mexican 'J.  140  100, (lots 

I    ;i      Foi-eieu 7.V-'  44().;i!i« 

Mexican l.'.IOti  10."),()I7 

Total  lor  the  ;!  years .S.itl.S  I.SISJ.'JO:, 

.'A,j'.,  Mini.  FiiiiiiuIii,  Ks73,  aiiiiexcs  }i,  ('.  it  1>.  Coinparing  the  iiiunln  r  oi 
M 'xicaii  vessels  nil  I  their  corresponding  tonnago  with  that  of  foreign  vessels 
■uid  thi'ir  tonnaLTe,  it  will  he  sei'ii  tliat  the  lonncr  were  of  smaUer  iFiu'drn. 
ling  to  the  fa't  that  the  Mexican  men-aiitile  luariae  eonsista  principally  ol 
•-mall  coasting  craft,  with  hut  few  ocean-traversing  hottoin.-i. 


ii 


villi! 


542 


COMMERCE  AND  RAILROADS. 


ih 


freighted  with  nierciiandise  entered  tlie  ports  of  tlio 
rejiublic,  l>esi(les  442  iu  ballast."'' 

The  regulations  to  govern  merchant  vessels  visit- 
ing the  ports  of  Mexico  have  l)cen  subjected  to 
changes  from  time  to  time,  since  the  establishment  of 
tho  rc'public.  The  following  were  for  the  most  })art 
in  force  in  1887.  A  merchant  vessel  is  considered  to 
have  arrived,  when  she  has  entered  the  territori.d 
waters  of  the  republic,  and  no  person  can  go  on  l)o;n(l 
except  the  pilot,  until  she  has  l>een  visited  l)y  the  otH- 
cer  of  the  board  of  health,  and  l)y  the  custom-house 
officials.  Invoices  and  manifests  nmst  be  autlieiiti- 
cated  by  the  ]\rexican  consular  representative  at  tlio 
[)()rt  of  dc})arture;  or  in  the  absence  of  such  agent,  ly 
two  responsible  merchants.  These  documents  nnist 
be  made  in  triplicate,"^ and  be  accompanied  Ijy  re(ei|)ts, 
on  se[)arate  paper,  for  the  payment  of  consular  fees 
for  authentication  of  Invoice  and  manifest,  which  nuist 
contain  an  exact  detail  of  quantity,  kind,  quality,  and 
value  of  each  class  of  goods  in  the  cargo.  The  goods, 
moreover,  must  be  put  up  in  se})arate  packages,  ac- 
cording to  the  classificatioji  of  the  tariff.  If  this  re- 
quii'ement  is  not  followed,  the  highest  duty  is  chargi d 
on  all  goods  in  the  same  packing-case.  Masters  of  ves- 
sels arc  rucpiired  to  produce  their  ships'  registers,  crew 
lists,  and  documents  establisliing  their  nationality.'"^ 
In  1884-  bonded  warehouses  were  for  the  first  time  I'S- 
tablished  in  ]\[exico,  a  decree  permitting  the  entry  of 
bonded  goods  Ixing  passed  March  •Jjth."^ 

'''Jli.i:,  Mini.  H(ii\,  1SS4,  jip.  xi.\.-xx.  Thuao  munhur.s  of  coursu  iId  iioi 
iucliiilo  tliu  c(i;istiiig  vossels. 

'-''  Must  li.'ivo  lu)  iiit(,'rlinc;itions,  crii.suruH,  or  corrrotion.-i,  sneh  nlteiviti.nis 
suhjuctiiiu;  tliu  .shiinjer  to  liiivs  ciffroTii  ,^.")0  to  .ir'iflO.  C'urgo  thrown  ovurbciiuil 
iluriii:^  sci'L'ss  of  WL'athtT  must  ho  reported  on  ai'rival.  Azjiiroz,  (.'oiJ,  Extra ii'j., 
11'2-14.      If  tlio  consular  receipts  iiro  wanting,  iloulilo  duties  arc  charged. 

■'''  As  .'I  rule,  a  sailing  vessel  pays  for  pilotago  and  aiichorago  fees,  in  tliu 
regular  ])orts  ^'2T\,  and  in  tliose  of  cabotage  Sl2.  Steam  vessels  for  pil(it:ige 
and  anchorage  in  the  regular  ports  .*.'!(),  and  in  the  minor  ones  S'JO  liarlmr- 
inastci-s'  fee  and  .^IJ^ — not  collected  from  lishiug  vessels  or  otlie"  small  erait 
[•lying  vithin  the  port.  Other  dues  paiil  arothiwo  of  tonnage  and  light-house, 
from  which  several  exemptions  are  allowed  in  favor  of  passenger-steamer-^, 
wltah'rs,  and  other  vessels  entering  ])orts  for  suji])lies  or  repairs.  Mexican 
ve-isols  are  cxompted  from  jiaying  tonnage  dues.  /</.,  108-10;  Jlaiiero,  Xo/i''. 
Com.  Mr.,:,  21. 

■'»  JAy.,  Moil.  Iffic,  18S4,  doc  l.";  Dl.n-w  Ot!r.,  March 2,".,  Aj.ril  24,  ISS). 


STEAMERS. 


543 


<.f  the 

Is  visit- 
L'tcd    to 
tncnt  of 
)st  part 
.ered  to 
rritori.il 
11  l)()ai(l 
the  olli- 
m-houso 
utlienti- 
0  at  tlio 
<ji;eTit,  liy 
ts  iniist 
receipts, 
liar  fees 
ich  must 
lity,  aii<l 
10  g'o'xls, 
ao'cs,  ae- 
tliis  re- 
el larn't-i  I 

S  of  Vi'S- 

ers,  crow 

Duality."^ 

jiiiic  I's- 

•ntrv  of 


altcvatiiiiH 
u  ovcrbiuinl 
„/.  Esii-iiii'j., 
;luirgt;il. 

toL'rt,  in  tlio 
for  piltitiigf 
S'20  liai'lior- 

Kinall  i'i-;iit 
li^jht-lumso, 

Ml'XH"ll' 


Peculiar  privileges  were  conceded  to  foreign  steam- 
ers before  they  became  connnercial  eai'rviiiu'  ^■t'ss(•ls. 
Tlie  first  vessels  of  this  kind  belonged  to  tlie  Royal 
^Fail  Steam.siiip  Company,  and  the  same  exemptions 
were  uranted  tliem  as  to  men-of-war,  being  free  IVoiii 
toimage  and  port  dues,  and  from  visits  by  custom- 
house ofKcers.  They  were  allowed  to  import  quick- 
silver and  goods  on  the  free  list,  and  export  cochineal 
and  the  precious  metals.  The  courier  of  tlie  British  le- 
gation conveyed,  free  of  charge,  tlie  government  mail, 
l>etween  the  capital  and  Vera  Cruz,  in  return  for  the 
privilege  granted  the  comi)any  of  recei\  iiig  correspoiid- 
tiice  i)f  merchants  iree  of  postage  charges.'"'  Tlie 
privileges  granted  the  com[)any  were  freiuiently  abused 
I  ly  contraband  proceedings,  a  llagrant  case  occarring 
iu  March  1808,  when  the  captain  of  the  Danube  sailed 
out  of  port  in  defiance  of  the  authorities,  with  a  ((uan- 
tity  of  gold  that  had  l)een  smuggled  on  board.'" 

The  first  steamers  possessed  by  the'  ^lexican  go\- 
ornment  appear  to  be  two,  which  arrived  in  \'tra 
Cruz  in  August  1842,  and  which  had  been  built  in 
London.  In  1845  a  small  one  also  plied  betwoen 
Sisal  and  Vera  Cruz.  Dur-ing  the  last  half  of  this 
reiitur}-,  many  liberal  concessions  have  been  granted 
steamship  companies,  among  which  may  be  mentionod 
that  to  the  Pananni  and  California  sti'amshi[»  com- 
[uuiy  hi  184'J,  allowing  vessels  to  land  and  receixe 
]i,issengers  and  coin  at  the  ports  of  Acapuleo.  San 
nias,  and  ]\Lazatlan.  In  l8Jo  o  line  was  establislud 
lietwccn  San  Francisco,  California,  and  tlu'  poits  nf 
the  Pacific.      For  a   number  of  years  England,  .iwing 

^" By  (Uhtuo  of  .luly  -S,  IS-tJ.  liriti.^li  Ntfaniurs  were;  t,'r.iuti'il  ;iu  c\u!iii>tii'ii 
i:<im  inipdft  and  export  du.  ^  for  ten  yturs.  at  Vi  ra  (.'rii/  and  Tainjiioo,  o:t 
iin\  for  tlic'ir  surviee.  *«i  Njpt.  \S\'.i,  Franco  cliinied  tlic  .saiiu;  ^)^ivill■gl■^ 
:")•  Frtiiuh  steamoM  iis  irliofe  gritntcd  to  tli'J  Ei.j;li.sh  e'inii)any.  'I  lie  claim 
was  acceded  to  in  IJue.  tif  the  s;knie  year.   A-.jiiroz,  Vod.  h'-^frmij.,  281  ."i. 

''The  president,  »m.  Cf)Use»ineJK'. ,  issued  new  re^ndations  witli  re^ai'd  to 
Kfiulish  steani-sbipH.  Infwtwre,  M  they  hrouglit  nierchaM<lise,  thcj'  wnuld  Im: 
'  iiiisidered  as  nierclmntlJU.-H,  tliowgh  ^^till  exemiit  from  diii's  in  coiisidci'Mtinn 
"I  their  mail  and  i)a!<Beni5'er  service.  Steamers  not  lir'ni,'ing  inereliandise 
iiiiiailied  in  fnll  eiijoytiHiit  of  <  xist'iii.'  Jirivilej^es.  The  hmiu'ii-  would  only 
'ic  idlowed  to  hi'p'i  p-issengers  ktiiI  mails,  until  the  eajitain  i^ave  sati.sfactioii 
'  1' his  eomluet.    IhiKI  .,  and />«  i;io,  /.',/.  J/i.'.,  x.  ""•0  I. 


ril  '21.  l"''^'- 


■ '    y> 


544 


COMMERCE  AND  RAILROADS. 


to  the  diiatoriiiess  of  the  United  States  u'overnineiit 
ni  oneouragiuLf  bteaiuship  service,  enjoyed  an  mirivalltd 
monopoly  of  it  on  the  Atlantic  side,  giving  her  a  cor- 
i'e.s[)on(ling  j»reponderance  in  trade  with  Mexico;  liut 
in  laCO  and  18GI  congress  was  at  last  aroused,  and 
with  such  satisfactory  results  that  at  tlie  })resent  datt 
the  steamships  plying  between  Mexican  and  United 
States  ports  arc  owned  and  controlled  by  Aniericiyi 
(•(•niptnru's.  The  etli'ct  on  the  trade  l)etween  tlie  two 
countries  is  evidenced  by  t]\e  fact  that  the  United 
States  receives  by  far  the  greater  })ortion  of  the 
ex]>orts  from  Mexico.^'" 

Durinu'  the  first  administration  of  l-*orfirio  Diaz, 
great  impulse  was  given  to  tJic  establishment  of 
steamer  lines.  When  lie  assumed  office  there  were 
but  three  lines  subsidized;  at  the  end  of  his  term 
there  were  eiu'lit.'"  In  1883  the  first  national  entiT- 
l»rise  for  transatlantic  navigation  was  undeitakeii, 
and  a  conqtany  was  organized  under  tlu;  title  of  tlie 
Mexican  Transatlantic  Steamship  Com[)any.  Three 
iron  steamers,  each  ab/djt  1,000  tons  l)urden,  weie 
l)ul]t,  and  run  montliiy  between  Vera  Cruz,  England, 
and  Italy.  Tlie  coin[)any  obtained  a  large  concession 
I'roni  the  govennnc.'nt  under  contract  to  convey  imnii- 
ii'rants  t«t  ^lexico  at  low  rates.'* 


m 


"-  IhixtmiKniti ,  H'l.-'t.  Std  A  unit,  G'J;  JlnjUtm  Ynoifrro,  i.  119-20;  J/i-'.r., 
Ln/l-^l.  Mrj.,  lS4'.t,  11-13:  /'nMiiiiicnt.i,  A'ur.,  Fob.  17,  l.S:)G.  Diiriii'.;  the  Il- 
eal year  lS8;{-4,  tlio  uximrtatioiis  to  tliu  U.  S.  uiuoiiiiti.il  to  .*21,S'2-1,40U, 
whilo  tliosu  to  Kuglaud  ainouiituHl  to  S19,.'130,  Ifi'J.  But  tlu'  jirojiortioii  i 
gooils  i-LC'civc'il  ])y  higlaiul  is  small,  tlio  priiicii)al  cxijort  tn  tiuit  country 
liiiiiif,'  tlio  precious  metals.  Mcj:.,  Mem.  Hue,  1SS4,  p.  xliv.;  Mi.i.  Fhinnair, 
Feb.  U,  ISSf),  :n'j. 

^^J/cc,  Diaz  Iiifonnc,  YA.  Tlie  three  pri)ici[ial  oiu's  are  the  Alexamlcr 
lines,  plying  between  X'era  t'ruz  and  New  York,  anil  between  \'era  Cruz  .uni 
■N.  t)rleans,  and  the  Morgan  line,  plying  between  the  two  last-named  ports, 
and  tiiuching  at  Galveston,  Texas. 

'^*J)hu'h  Ojh:,  Oct.  I--',  ISS;?;  Moult.  licpnh.,  Aug.  20,  ISSr..  The  tirst 
vessel,  the  Titiiiaii!i]>'is,  was  launched  at  (Jla.sgow,  Oct.  18,  1883;  /'an.  Stur 
mid  Jlrrnil,  Nov.  !.'>,  188:1;  M<.,:  Fimwi,;;  Nov.  3  and  Dec.  2'J,  1883.  The 
names  trf  the  other  two  vessels  are  the  (hijuni  and  Mexico.  The  two  first  are 
named  after  the  states  in  coniplinient  to  gi  nei'.ils  (ioiizalez  and  Oiaz,  respeit- 
ively.  During  the  period  1882  7,  many  eo'itracts  and  concessions  were  niadi', 
of  which  the  priiieip.il  are  that  with  Andr  id. .  to  establish  a  line  in  the  ^uif 
of  <'al.;  the  concession  to  tin;  Cil.  Steau.  Navijiatioti  Co.  to  ply  between 
S,  F.  and  Mazatlaii;  that  to  Larraza  et  al.  for  a  Trauopacitic  lino;  the  con- 


SPAIN'S  rOLICY. 


545 


nmciit 
ivallcd 
a  cor- 
u;  liut 
■d,  and 
it  (late 
LTnitod 
iL'i'ieaji 
ho  two 
Uintc<l 
of   tlu; 

)    Dh/., 

K'llt     ot 
•0    Wcl'i' 

is  ti-'i'iii 
I  cntcr- 
jiiaki'ii, 
i  of  the 
Three 
In,  were 
hiL;land, 
ice'ssioii 
imnii- 


-20;  Mex., 
.  the  ti«- 
.S'24.40U, 

lortion  of 

It   country 

riiiniicki; 

AltiXii'"!''' 

•a  Cruz  ■M>\ 

iiu'tl  [Mirts, 

Tlu-  lir-t. 

rait,  son- 
1883.  The 
wo  tirst  arc 
a/.,  resi)uct- 
worc  uuiilo, 

ill  thi'  ;4"if 
ly  betwcou 
,c;  thu  con- 


Tn  colonial  tinn^s,  tlio  imposts  levied  on  Spanish 
[iimlueo  or  manufiurturcs,  and  especially  on  foiTi^ii 
t;(M)(ls,  whirli  had  to  conio  via  Spain,  upon  tlieir  Itclii^- 
exported  thence  to  America,  were  very  heavy  ik^ 
l.ss  tliaii  i\i'}}j  per  centum  on  the  latter/'"  Tlie  npub- 
lic,  in  her  admission  of  i'oreign  produce  and  manufac- 
tines,  pursued  the  })olicy  of  protectini^homo  industi-ies, 
i\ru  to  tlie  extent  of  prohibitinn"  eve'iy  article  of  rom- 
iiKive  tliat  mi^ht  hv,  detrimental  to  them.  Thus  ly 
the  ]iro\i>ional  tarilf  of  J^eceuiber  \5,  JS2I,  to1>;ieco, 
raw  cotton,  sonic  ])readstuH's,  manufacturc^d  wax,  spun 
iiitton  ofeei'tain  numhiTS,  .and  sevi'i'al  other  numufae 
tured  articles  wvrc  not  allowed  to  enter.  Sewral 
modiliratioiis  wciv.  mad(>  betwetJii  that  year  and  I  S.'IO. 
The  tariff  hiw  of  JS27  establi.shed  excessively  hi^li 
latcs,  JorbiddiuL;;  the  imj)ortation  of  raw  cotton  juid 
cMiiKiion  yarn.  Still  I'urtlier  chaiii^cs  wwo  made  be- 
tween L'-'e?  and  1845.''*'     The  illiberality  noticeable  in 

tni't  witli  tliu  Souora  R.  R..  Co.  for  a  lino  ln'twocn  Guayinasi  ami  Manziiiillii; 
tiiat  witl(  IJiiliU's  lU'tin.  for  otu"  ln'twiicii  ]5agilail  anil  I'nif^rcso,  touchihL'  at 
Mi!\  jiortrt;  that  witli  Joacjuiii  lledo  for  a  liiiu  lietwuuii  (iuayniaa  ;uiil  Man- 
/:iiii!h>,  and  way-ports;  ami  tho  concession  toOarnia  ct  al.  i'""  an  ocean  line 
hitvicn  Vora  Cruz  ami  15ncno;i  Ayrcs.  Kitdd.  da  Sin.,  Vch.  17,  24,  1882; 
A',',;.  0//V.,  Oct.  Hi),  Nov.  liJ,  Dec.  "]S,  1S8:{;  March  \A,  Out.  I."),  1S84;  Jan. 
I'l,  .Marcii  'A,  oi),  1S8.");  J/i,c.,  /t'lfup.  A'-.'/'v,  xxxv.  88;{-(i;  xxxvi.  1")()  5;  AV 
(nmr<i<i,  S.  F.,  Aiir.  2(),  Dec.  Ki,  ISSl;  A^.r.  2.".,  iSSo;  El  Sijlo  XIX.,  Jan.  20, 
bN'i;   .Mi.r.  Fiii'iiir!'!;  Apr.  4,  IS.  ISS."). 

■  Xainely,  iiiti-oiluctiiin  into  .Spain,  1.")  pi;r  1(H);  internacion,  5;  coiisolida- 
tiiiii  of  royal  warrants,  f);  ;itniii'antazL;o,  :_;  ahiiojarifazgo,  7;  cousillado,  I; 
w:ir  .suhvcntion,  1\;  reemplazos,  1-  ( iiiadahpiivir  canal,  A.  Total,  IltiA  pet 
c'lit,  which  constitutcil  tlie  revenue  of  Spain,  drawn  indirectly  from  tiie  colo- 
i!ie.-<;  and  adding  it  to  the  inijioi  t  and  con.siiniption  duties  eoUcctdl  in  Mexico, 
We  li  ive  art  agirregato  of  aliout  ()•">  per  ei  iit;  hence  tlu;  wealthy  oidy  could 
Jiureiiasu  iniporto  I  gooils.  Cochineal  ha/i  to  pay  the  euormcuis  export  duty 
<!  ."-^  1.1)0  for  every  2.')  pounds. 

The  tariti' of  March  J  I.  1SH7,  peiinitti'd  the  importation  of  many  ;irti- 
i'l'<  I'lrhidden  in  that  of  ls)f0,  Imt  was  iUil)eral  iii  otiu  r  re-pect.'J.  Tliat  of 
I^IJ  aiigmentcil  the.  prohihitious,  and  t'ae  tarill'  of  April  ivj.3  increased  20 
I'T  r.  lit  tlie  duties!  u.stahlished  ia  the  pn^vioiis  yt'ar.  A  law  oi  I'ch.  2S,  1S4;{, 
1  -t.ilili>hed  a  lionded  warehouse  in  Ac apulco,  with  a  reduction  of  the  duties  on 
LMn.i.  iiiijiorted  throuj^  't.  (/uiti.  do  J  Inc.,  iii.  ."iU-,")!;  iv.  2."i2-;);  vi.  140  2lt), 
-^7  '.I'l;  .!/,■./•.,  CV)/.  Li  I/.,  <Jrd.  y  J)i'\,  iii.  47-ot),  i:>'.);  Ar^dLi'/n,  /i<,;,]).,  ISIIT, 
^■|  IJi,  144-92;  rulli'j'o,  Col.  Dnc.  Mr.i:,  i.  no.  01;  M,.i:,(\,l.  L>,j.  ;/  />,-.•.,  ls:W, 
-i!)  •":  Miiinro,  ^Xnf.  ('mii.  J/iv.'.,  2(5-7,  IS  1-2.  Theproduct.s  of  the  m.iritiiiK.'  and 
ir.»!iti.r  cu.-itomdiouscs  in  11  years  (ending  Juno  '.M\  181.57,  were  S72,.Sl'.t, '.ISO, 
<ir  ail  average  of  .S(!,(il'.),'.)'.IS.  The  expense.^!  of  collecting,  including  s  darie's, 
ilM  net  exceed  :>',  per  cent.  M'.i:,  .Mini,  //'(c/rm/,/ ny_>2.  V.  li.  2S;  lS2:i,  .luiui 
•-'.  S  I't.  a.  Nov.  12;  1824,  none;  182.'),  Jan.  I,  4;  1 -^2ii,  .Ian.  K!,  HI;  1827,  Jan. 
);  Ivjs,  Jan.  211;  182'.),  Jan.  2;  18;iJ,  Apr.  1;  1831,  Jan.  22;  1832,  Jan.  2; 
lli-r.  Mi;.\..  Vol..  VI.    ;i.J 


( A^ii^  ^    il 


''5i?a!:Jr-! 


646 


COM.MKRCK  AND   RAILROADS. 


iK 


tlio  carlv  tariffs  is  cxliihited  by  the  i;u't  that  tlio  rates 
wvro  fixed  so  as  to  tall  liolitly  on  tlic  rich  and  luavily 
(i!i  tlic  poor.  Nearly  two  mouths'  ^fa!JJ(^s  e\i'iy  year 
had  t<i  «4'()  to  pny  for  the  cotton  cloth  woi'ii  \>y  the 
Indian  lahoi'er  and  his  family,  if  indeed  they  wore 
cloth;  while  a  half-day's  income  covered  all  that  the 
L;'>vrrnment  received  IVom  (Uities  on  articles  eonsunioil 
hy  the  rich  man,  or  hy  ;i  conxent  of  fi'iars. 

lietweeii  1H45  and  1  S a 0  several  chann'cs  occurrnl, 
amoni;-  them  tlu' liln-i-al  one  of  IH-lS,  and  the  fanmns 
ordt;r  of  Santa  Anna,  in  I  Sat,  under  which  ho  estah- 
lished  a  jirohihitive  discrimination  a^'ainst  nations  lia\  - 
iiiL;'  ni»  commercial  ti'eaty  with  Mexico  on  tin'  Itasis  u| 
reci|ir()eity  ;  it  was  repealed  hy  the  lihei'al  L^overnmint 
thati  (K'posed  him,  on  the  Dth  of  Januaiy,  is.wi.'''  On 
the  nist  a  uvw  tariif  was  issued,  IdWerin*;'  the  (hities 
from  the  standard  of  tiiat  (-f  ISa;).  The  im|)ort  (hirs 
were  classified  inij)ort  and  adchtional,  the  latter  hrini;- 
e(juivalcnt  to  ahout  7;')  ]>er  centum  on  tlu^  amoimt  nt 
tlu^  form(>r."^'^  In  INFay  Ls.nS  the  iiej'inission  was  ^i\'ii 
to  impoit  cotton  throu'di  \^'ra  Cm/  hv  i)avin"'  eiif 
dollar  and  a  half  per  hundred  pounds.  On  the  I  7lli 
of  ]\[arch  o{'  the  same  year  the  ii'overnor  of  'J'ainau- 
lijias  had  decreed  the  zona  libre  hy  which,  in  the  towns 


IIP'* 


IS.-^n,  May  1.";  18114,  none  print-.l;  l^:?."),  ^fay  Ci':  1R:W,  July  27  an.l  '-N,  for 
til'-  lisf.ii  years  Ks;(r>  I),  and  is;{ii  7).  IViii/i;  .\iif/i-i,i,  //,r,:  J'uh.,  taMis  l' 
a:i(l  1>.  The'  iliV'ct  of  tlif  tarifl'dt  1S."{7  wa.s  felt  iii  (liiiiiiiislu'd  rcviiiur.  TIk' 
tollowiiii;  ti^iivcs  ri'iiresoiit  not  jircn'i'cils:  >Iiil\'  1,  l>s;)7,  tn  I  loc.  .'il.  l\"i"<, 
.':'4.'_'.")S,4II,  V(|nivaleMt  Inr  a  Vf;u-  to  S-,^;=S,i)4 1 :  ISM'.I.  .S").  I74.SSS;  IMO. 
.•:;,■.  I  i:>,«sr.i:  IS4I,  .>."),. ■)44,()u:);  1S4-J,  >'4.'.i(K).(l(i7;  IS4.X  .S7.'J4'.t.7L':'.  M,:,:,  M-m. 
H'ti-hiiilit  (is:;'.),  .lulv  ■_'.");  ISIO,  July  14;  liill,  July  i:8;  1^44,  Jan.,  tur  tlio 
lisiMl  years  1S41,  1S4-J,  1S4;{). 

^'  Tlio  yii'ld  of  the  inaiitinii'  and  frontior  custonidimisos  for  import  an  1  <  \- 
jiort  dutio.-i,  iiK'luding  also  vissols'  port  chargi's,  in  those  yoars  v  as  as  foUiiUs: 
Total  ooU  itod,  at  rates  of  40,  oO,  *J"),  and  1-^  per  cuiituin,  from  .Jan.  I  to 
Doc.  :n,  I.St4,  Sli. '.»:>:!, It'.tl.  Dnrinji  \var  with  tlu'  U.  S.,  no  reports  w.ro  iiiaile 
in  ISK")  ami  1847:  the  ooUoction  from  Jan.  1,  IS4S,  to  Juno  MO,  184",'.  gin.-^, 
.*."), 44:2,1 1:{,  net,  S4,',t4',t,t>'.t'_'.  Tlio  tot;d  reooveroil  in  tho  live  >vars  fnuu  h47 
to  Juno  ao,  IS.VJ,  ,S-4,r)oL',til(l;  in  tin'  next  throo  years,  >-'_'r),'o:)i»,.">l)J:  i;i  tlh' 
lir-it  six  months  of  lS."i(>,  gross,  .S^!, 04 1, 74."),  whieh  wovild  make  for  a  u^ir 
aliout  S7,'JS.'i.4'.U).  (~)\viug  to  eivil  war,  there  wero  no  furtiier  reports  to •luilo 
'M).  ISC.O.  Mr,:,  .Mem.  H  ic,  1845,  ,lulv  S.  |S4'.t;  IS.'.O,  Feh.  l-J;  1^51,  Ju!>  IS; 
l.S.V.',  Feh.  'I'M   1857,  Fell.  10,  annexes  17<),  177;   1870,  Sept.   li). 

'^  Tliis  additional  duty  wa.j  suspended  for  10  sears  liy  ileoroo  oi  Aiuil  S 
ISGl. 


MKTALS  ANL    MHllCHANDISK. 


■-47 


tlio  vatis 
1.1  luavily 
:vvy  \<'ar 
11  l>y  llu' 
icy  wow 
lliat  the 
rolisuiui  (I 

(iccUriTil. 
If!  tillimUS 

lu;  estali- 
tioiis  lia\- 
le  V)asis  ul 
)VCT'iiiii<'at 


saCi. 


;iV 


Oil 


tin-  (hiti.'s 
iiport  (lu'> 

aiiiouiit  tit 

was  ^i\■  11 

lay  in, u'  <"'*' 

tlu'  17tli 

Taiiuiu- 

tllC  t('\Vli> 


•vcinu'.     "I'lii^' 

I  >.■.■.  :u.  1<^. 

KShS;    l^l'-l, 
Mci-..  M'lii' 

,1.111.,  tnl-  tllO 

impiii't  .'Ui'l  '  >;• 
as  as  t'oll""-^: 
tr.iiu  .).iu.  I  til 
ii'tsw.  !•<■  lilil'll-' 
•0,  USUI.  L'l"-^. 
rars  fivm  l""'' 
i;',|,l,."()J:  111  tlu' 
alu'  f<ir:i  y^;'!" 
vjiorts  to.luiK 

ISc'il,  .lulyl^; 

ri;0  oi  April  S, 


Oil  tlic  !Rlo  Oniiulo,  witliin  tliat  statu  foivi^j,!!  jj;oo(ls 
wiMT  cxcinptcd  iVniii  duty  and  otlicr  cliai-ji^cs"'''' 

riidci'  tlir  ditVcrcnt  tai'ills  ciiat'tiMl,  tlic  [)r()<In('<>  and 
nnnufactun's  of  tlic  country  luivo  Ijccii  i^fiicrally  I'X- 
tMiipt  tVoiii  expoi't  duty.  'I'lio  jirccioiis  metals,  how- 
ever, fnMii  tlu'  earliest  |i(>i'iods  n\'  tlie  re|)ul>lie,  have 
IxM'ii  svihject  to  an  exitortation  tax,  vai'vin<j:;  on  "old 
(Vniii  tluve  to  one  half  per  ('(aituin,  and  on  silver  from 
ti'ii  to  tlve  per  centum,  the  lowest  rates  havinjj,'  heen 
fixed  hy  ("oiiL^'rcss  in  ISSi!.  Tlic  exjiortation  of  i«-old 
;iiid  sih'ci'  l)uHioii  has  liccii  often  I'orhidden,  and  at 
tiiii'-s  allowed,  the  latter  hciiin-  the  rase  under  the  last- 
mentioned  decree  of  con^'ress.  ( )crasionally,  a  small 
duty  was  levied  on  national  jiroduce,  as  in  ISa."!,  when 
ii.;hteen  articli's  were  taxed,  such  as  live-stock,  raw 
Wool,  hi(Ks,  salt  lieef,  lard,  etc,'"^ 

|)uring  Maximilian's  reien,  various  decrees  were 
parsed  concerninu'  imjiort  dues,  all  of  which  wert; 
iun'irod  hy  the  repuhlican  e'overnnieiit  after  his  fall. 
On  January  1,  IST'J,  a  new  tariff  was  estahlished, 
^vllleh  in  ]\lari'h  1S77  was  declared  to  he  still  in  force, 
together  with  the  or<lers  issued  duriiij^  the  interval. 
This  law  rtMuoved  all  prohihitions,  and  foreign  goods 
nf  evei'V  kind  were  allowed  to  enter  on   i>avnient  of 

''Till'  fi'doral  i:ovprmni'iit  siancti'iiicil  the  ilrcroc  Sept.  SOtli  follo^viiiL'.  nnil 
eiil;it'm:il  tlio  lii'lt  latur,  iKit  witlimit  great  oiiimsitioii.  In  .luiii'  17.  I.STS,  a 
ri-ulati(iii  wa.s  issuvil,  ivitilying  all  tliat  hail  lucn  ili'orfcil  ln't'oro  nlativr  t(i 
till'  /una  lihru,  ami  linally  liy  iIcitcc  of  .Jan.  ■_'4,  ISS.'i,  L'stalilisliiug  new  tarili 
ri._:ul:itiniis,  llio  Zona  lilm;  was  oxti'inlcil  all  aloiii,'  the  fnuitici'  fniin  .Mata- 
iiiin.s  to 'I'jjuana  in  Jvowit  t'al.  Mhihto,  .Xnf.  Com.,  Mi.r.,  'Ml,  47-!S;  .l/cc., 
.!/•».  Ihir.,  18(iS,  app.  last  ilcic,  !-!);  J>itn<t  / >,'l„tfrs,  tith  ("oiig.,  i\ .  U- I."); 
i'.S.  II.  MLic,  Cong.  40,  .Soss.  ;i,  doc.  Iti;  I,'.  S.  S,ii.  .!//■,■(•.,  Cong.  41.  Sii.sd.  2, 
ili'f.  lit;  ('.  S.  ('i)iii.  It(]it,  7l)l,  [)p.  xix.-x.xi.,  aiiil  app.  vol.  iii.,  Cmig.  4.'>. 
Scss.  •_';   J/(.,r.,  J)i,frionii,\,  .Jan.  :\\,  ISS"). 

'"  Information  oil  the  alxivi;  .snhjtct  will  tie  found  in  Oitz.  liii]>.,  i.  l.")7-S; 
'■'/ih  tic  II, If.,  iii.  l-'J;  <l.ic.  (!,>',.  Mi.r.,  April  IS,  1S'_'7:  Dul'l'in  and  f.icitiio, 
/.■/.  M'X.,  ii.  ;}0,  7'j;  v,  .S'J;  vi.  4l(i;  ix.  17.")  (>;  A  rrMro  Mcj:,  Co/.  J.i;f..  i. 
•i:'!  •-';  Arrillmi/'i,  liWop.,  May  US4<.)  to  Apr.  IS.")(),  li'.»;  ,1/c./-.,  Col.  lo/.,  h,")."?, 
•\i'r.  Aug.  IJS,-).-},  0()-7,  'J:i  4; '.l/,.,-.,  LiyU.  J/r/.,  Aj-v.  .Inly  l.S.-):i.  t!:!!):  Ang.- 
Ii'i'.  ls.-);{,  ;!-j;{  4;  .Jan.-.May  lS.-)4,  10!)-I1;  AY  Conro  X,n:,  Nov.  II,  l!S47; 
i:i  l!-.yi>:iiloi;  Nov.  'JO,  1.S47";  DiumihAvhm.  .Iiilv  II,  IS.-.il;  M,j\,C'>l.  Lfij., 
/'■■■.  '/  Onl.,  St'pt.-I)e<\  IS,");?.  1'.),")  (•);  Arco  /,v,v,  Oct.  IS47;  Sin.,  ll«L  Oil,-., 
•Miy  II).  lS7-_',  '217;  Toi;u;  Hi^t.  Pari.,  iii.  lOlM-0;  iv.  38,  'Jyo,  -'7:i,  70-5; 
LHorio  IMiU<s,  10th  Cong.,  ill.  bSU. 


'\     \ 


n 


\r    r 


048 


CO.MMKUl'H   ANI>   i;AIl.K(»AI»S. 


the   duties  a.^si<>iu'(l   t<»  tlitu 


A-^ 


nil.  Ill 


X 


ovt'iiiiicr 


IS-HO,  tlu'  tiil'itr  WJis  Mltcicd,  Jilid    Id'^i'^'  iiKnlllird    liv  ;i 
])r('si(lLMitijd  decree  of  June  -;■),  Issi,  went  inlo   fen 


Nin'tuiiliiT  I  st  tullowiii 
A'  J 


tlecree  oi   Jaiiuniy  "J  I,   ISS.O,  prdeiMiined  a  new  one,  Im 


LastK',  President  J )ia/,  l>v 
1 


o-()  into  operation  .hily  1st  lollowin 


This  tariil' 


sin- 


])asses  all   ]»re\ions  ones  in  slinplieity,  is  inueh  slioiLer 

lied    it,  and    has   hi'en   most 


lan 


tl 


le  one  Wine  1 1 


V 


aeceptahle  to  (lie  inercMiitile  eoininunitv,  tVoin  the  t.nt 
that  it  has  aholished  all  the  \c\atious  special  jieici'iit- 
ages  wliich  had  hci'ii  exacted  Itel'inc,  especially  tliij 
]»ulto  or  }>ackaL'(!  dut\'.  In  many  cases  there  is  an  in- 
crease in  duties,  hut  not  as  a  N\hole,  the  sj>ecial  dutit  s 
that  us.'d  to  he  exacted  in  addition  to  those  maikt  d 
down  in  the  schedule  ha\inn"  heeii  done  away  witii. 
The  free  list  is  curtailed,  hut  man\'  articles  erased  tVoia 
it  onlv  ]ia\'  a  nominal  dutv.'" 


While  ^Kxico  \v 


IS    ( 


xtelidiuLi'   lier  coniiecti 


on  una 


foreign  lands  hy  sea,  attention  was  heing-  given  tn 
means  of  internal  communication  for  the  l)eneHt  el' 
trade  at  lujiiie.  The  physical  i'ormatioii  of  the  country 
offers  few  facilities  lor  tlicj  construction  of  highwjiys 
leading"  from  the  coast  to  the  great  central  plateau; 
and  thus  it  was  that  the  ca]>ital,  heing  c(»nnt>cted  wiili 
the  priiici])al  port  hy  the  tinestroad  in  ^lexico,  hei' 


mil 


Ji 


iiicr^- 


A  hiw  of  .liily  I,  isTii,  ili'ilai'cil  v'lial  wire  tlii!  iinjicists  on  loruigii  oniii- 


liuTCU  for  tUu  a'-M  liseal  yoiir;  iiaiiuly,  iiiipoi't  ilutirs,  iis  iiur  tiiritl'  of 


trai!.sit  tliity,  accoi'iUiig  to  that  taritl',  ami  tlio  law  of  1>l' 


1, 
'2-,,  ]'>--2; 


187 

toiinaijo  aail  light  iliU'.-i;  export  iliity  on  gold  ami  silvur,  orciiilla  from  L 


(,'alifoi'iiia,    liunlirr,  ami  rahiiu't  wooil.s.     'J"l 


Utll'.S 


illuoti'il  ill  the  v< 


1st) 


]G,  1S70,  714, 


itli    iiuliisivo,  iimouiitfil   to  S'.t;),r)!U,'J2'J.   Jli.r.,   Jinn.  J/<ir.,  Sopt, 


SI  I),  i),s;i  !>. 


'Ai 


loiiL'  the  artiules  i 


wire 


1,1,  ••.igl 


IS  am 


1  tl 


till'  fi'i'i'  list  may  hu  iiu'iitiouod  ti'L'Liniiih 


KMr  sliai'L's    ears  ami 


tnii 


fop  railroads,  stei  I  and 


rails,  steaiii-oiii;im's  ai 


d  1. 


:oiiiotives,  I'lililier 


jltiiii.'. 


il. 


lion,    lii'e-elay,  eoiiiph  te  h 


oases  ol  Wood  or  iron,  aiieliors  am 


ilieksiiVer, 
I  tl 


;ll- 


liiasts  aiii 


■ds 


d 


set  preoioiis  .stones,  im 


liidi 


pe; 


lis. 


leir   eli:iili> 
Au'rieuhni^il 


miiiiiii.',  and   imlnstrial  inqilenn'ots  and   machinery  are  taxed   at   },  cent  per 

mniililied  that  there  are  several  Immlred  distiiict 


kil 

rl 


ourain. 


Tlie  taritl'  i.H 


flassilieations 


h 


1h 


tl 


le  one  wlileh  preeeik'i 


d  it.     <'opy  of  it  in   !/■ 


Diitrhi  Oiir.,  Feh.  S  to  1(1,  ISS.").     The  eiistonidiousc  reeei]its  Unriiiif  tl 
fiscal  years  from.lidv  I,  ISSi),  to  .Time  .'Id.  ISS4,  wore  respectively  .S|4.4('.' 
5ilS,(Xi0.43(J,  !<ll.t,liy,7-0,  and,':  17,4:13,0120.  JA.r.,  Jhm.  JJac,  l'SS4,  i<. -x 


f  1; 


I  i  ■ 


fu'tl    l)y  ii 

J)i:i/„  I'V 
AV  out',  ti" 
ttirHl'  sur- 
•h  slioitir 
ii'di   most 
11  the  fact 
lI  ])cl'i-riit- 
■cially  tiitj 
c  is  nil  iii- 
cial  «luti<  > 
so  iiiaiki  (I 
I  way  Nvltii. 
ruscil  iVoiii 


'ctioii  wit  a 

.•   o'ivcii    til 

beiu'tit  til 

\u  eeuiitry 

liiu'liways 

|ilatt';ni; 

■ctcd  ^v'^!^ 

CO,  iR'caiiif 


Mil  i'iinnj.'ii  t'oiii- 
ariir  ol   .laii.  i. 

lU'c.  •:.'),  )^'-: 

ilhi  from  i."\vc'i' 

,1  iu  tlio  y-iv^ 

„;.  Jlor.,  Srlit, 

tionoil  ti'li'unqili 

sU'il  ;iii'l  '""^ 
uicksiiTLT,  I'lil- 
,1  tlu'ir  clriiiiS 
Agricultiival. 
I  ;it  .'.  cent  P'r 
iiiii.lml  tlistiiict. 
,y  „f  it  in  -U"-. 
ilurinn'  til''  '"'"' 


uicirwAvs. 


wo 


flic  qroat  nontrc  df  r.'idiatioii.''^  (^ii  ilic  taldc-lainl, 
linwi'vt'f,  cxci'llciit  facilitits  aic  oH'crt'd,  and  tlif  iii- 
ti  lior  is  intcrscftcd  liy  iiiimincraldii  iviads  and  niulf- 
tiails.  Din'iii^'  till'  WAV  (if  inil<|it'ndfin't>.  tlifv  iMl 
iiilM  (lisi'tpaii'.  ainl  fura  Ifiin'tiicnrd  pi'iitid  wtTf  cluoii- 
jraJly  bad,  and  the  tra\tllfi'.  In  sidf-;  lifiiii;'  ('N}n)Sf(l  ti> 
the  daii'^Tr  of  7-ol»ltiiy  ami  assassination,  infiii'fcd  no 
111  tic  risk  of  a  bi'okon  neck." 

I  nsatisfactory  as  was  tlio  condition  of  tlic  .^b•xican 
liluliways  Ibr  a  lont;'  )>criod,  tlic  tolls  mci'c  cxcc|itioiially 
lii'^li,  and  Ijotli  niei'cliandisc  and  passe nj^crs  wcic  suli- 
jrct  to  extortionate  eharixes  made  liy  conti'actoi'>  for 
the  Jieajc  dues. 

'\\h'  ()|)eninL;"  of  free  ti'adc  to  foi'ei'^ii  ('ouidric>  en- 
tailed eliane'es  in  tlic  system  tin  wiiich  internal  com- 
iiieifc  had  been  prevituisly  conducteil.  The  foreign 
traders  av]h)  invaijcd  the  country,  bein^' all  commission 
iiicrcliants,  aholished  the  custom  of  em|iloyine'  intermc- 
dlale  agents  between  themselves  and  their  custonii'rs, 

"'I'hi'  hi-huiiy  friiiii  Wr.i  < 'ni/  t<>  Mc\irn  cost  S.''.,l)nO,t)()().  rn.in  tli:it 
imit  it  runs  iiortiiwaril  till  it  in:irly  rt.u'lii'-f  ( Vrro  (lonlii,  tlioii  it  turii.-i  iiil.-iinl 
tliiiiiigli  tlio  g<iri;o  (if  .liil.qiM,  fliVMtinn  4.'Jti4  f((!t;  tluni'c  it  i>i  ixtoinlucl  dvcr 
thr  iiioiuitiiiii  <if  I'crnto,  lO.ODl)  f.vt  hi,t;li,  t<i  tilt;  tul.li'l;i:iil  <if  McxiiMi.  Ki^ht 
jiiMiicipiil  lines  traversed  the  eoiintry  in  tliu  iiiiiMle  of  tlie  century  as  tlu'  ^rrt'at 
luiiiiiiereial  liiirliways:  1,  that  from  Mexieo  t<v  Vera  Crnz;  'J,  finin  Mrxic-o  to 
Tiixpiini;  'A,  from  Mexico  to  Cnernavaea;  I,  from  Mexico  to  Monte  Alio;  5, 
frein  Mexico  to  San  P>las,  via  •.'iK'ri'taro  anil  ( Jnadalajar  i;  (i,  from  I'lielila  to 
'I'l  liuantepec,  tliron;.'li  Oajaea;  7,  from  (^Mieretaio  to  Taniiiieo;  ami  '^,  from 
t.iiieri'faro  to  (  hiluiahna.   S/li'-m,  Mini.  Fomrnt.  Cnl.  /m/.,  \j.  ii.  4')  Ii4. 

"In  ]vS27  a  'loanl  of  jmlilic  hij^liways  was  cstalilished  for  the  jmiiiose  of 
iiiil  roving  roadn.  (i'!n<t  ilr  llic.  Up.  Mi.r.,  vi.  77  M.  In  ISill  an  order  was 
i-i-iUiil  liy  the  government  ailtliori/ini;  the  dillerent  states  to  ]iroviile  for  the 
sifr!y  of  travellers  liy  eniiiloying  t'.ie  national  guards  for  tiu'ir  iiroteetion. 
J/  ■/,;/■<  1  ,!/(.(■.,  (\iL  hij.,  v.  lUli  IS.  In  ISli,'),  Maximilian,  hy  decree  of  Aui^iht 
I'.itli.  estahlislied  a  sii[)erior  council  on  roads  and  hridges.  ('al.  /,ri/r.-<  luqirr'ut, 
v.  T'.'M.  Stage  lines  were  cstalilislied  lietwoeii  all  the  most  ini[iortant 
ti'wns.  The  tir  ajuiears  to  have  coiiimeneed  running;  i:i  t.S'J7  tietweeii  \'eri 
Cni/ and  the  ca[iital,  the  fare  luing  .'^7(>.  These  coaches  Were  frci|nently  as- 
.".'liled  and  stoned  hy  the  lower  classes,  from  whom  the  cstahli.^hiiient  of  tlie^e 
lilies  took  away  the  Imsiness  of  the  transportation  of  pa-isenL'crs.  In  Isiit) 
^ta•4l■s  ran  daily  from  the  capital  to  the  port  \ia  I'uelila  and  Ori/alii,  and  al-o 
til  TiiliiiM.  ^Vline  ran  tliree  times  a  wcelv  to  Trpic,  tli rough  tjineretaro,  ( iuaiia- 
juitii,  and  (Juadalajara,  fare  si' ti).  Tiiese  lines  transported  annnally  ."lO.lMlO 
la-  (iigcrs,  at  ail  avorago  fif  .y_'0  each,  //rriiiiin/i ;,  J-.'Indisf,  .1/c/.,  IJ'.l  4(1.  In 
Iv^.i  lines  wei-e  running  from  the  capital  to  .Morelia,  ( !uadala  jar.i,  .\mi  i- a, 
aiil  S.iii  L.  I'otosi,  licsides  others  lietweiMi  dit!'erent  towns.  Cur.  /''■/.  Mir., 
■''.Mir..  J.'S'JS,  4;  /lirmt,  lliM.  Jalniin,  iii.  1:57;  U'i']i]i<hi-i,  .Mi.r.  mi'l  <'.  .I//.;-., 
'•'-  :!;  hi  yurioii,  Aug.  I'O,  IS.-.H.  1;  AY  AVua/((/7c  A'"'.,  S  .liinio.  |s.'i7.  4;  .'j'nl. 
'>j<-.  i:.-<f(i>/.  S:ii.,  '27  lie  Aliril,  KS7:!,  O'J. 


^M\  ' 


i  !■ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1^ 

1.8 


1-25      1.4    ||.6 

r           — 1111== 

« 6"     

► 

% 


«^:?^,  .o\ 


w 


7 


/S« 


Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WSST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


I 


^1 


r 

O 


y. 


% 


L« 


850 


COMMERCE  AND  RAILROADS. 


and  forwarded  their  goods  directly  to  the  i)urcliaser.s. 
W  Jiolesale  business  at  the  great  commercial  fairs  l)f- 
tween  importers  and  the  merchants  of  the  interior 
gradually  ceased,  and  was  supplanted  by  retail  system 
of  trade,  carried  on  by  country  store-keepers  and  tloal- 
ers/'  Foreigners,  however,  were  excluded  from  en- 
gaging in  this  trade. ^^  An  approximate  result  only  ot 
the  annual  amount  of  internal  commerce  about  tlie 
middle  of  this  century  can  be  arrived  at;  but  Lerdo 
de  Tejada,  in  his  work  entitled  Cnadro  Siuoptico,  pub- 
lished in  185G,  taking  as  his  basis  the  produce  of 
agriculture,  industries,  mines,  and  cattle,  and  the  vji]m> 
in  the  interior  of  foreiijn  merchandise,  calculated  that 
it  exceeded  $400,000,000  annually  at  the  time  lie 
wrote. 

In  1824  the  tribunal  del  consulado,  or  commercial, 
was  abolished,'*^  the  supreme  government  assuuiiiiL;' 
certain  powers.  In  1841,  mercantile  tribunals  were 
cstaljlished  by  decree  In  all  capitals  of  dei)artmeuts, 
and  in  those  })orts  which  were  open  to  foreign  trade. 
These  courts  were  composed  of  a  pi  at  and  two 

colleagues,*"  and  before  them  were  ti  all  suits  ai  l.s- 
ing  out  of  commercial  transactions,  their  jurisdiction 
cxtcuvling  to  cases  of  bankruptcy.*'  When  fraud  ^\as 
detected,  the  case  was  to  be  handed  over  to  the  criiii- 

*■'  UndtT  this  system,  liowuvcr,  fairs  liecanio  more  numerous,  and  tin'  juiv  • 
ik'ge  (if  holiUng  tlieiii  was  gniuteil  to  tlill'urent  towiu  all  over  the  couiiii  v. 
Ill  the  single  year  of  l!Sr>o,  live  were  establislieil  liy  ileeree,  namely,  tlinsf  di' 
Cholula  in  I'uebla,  of  Santiago  and  Natividad  in  T.ilia.seo,  Mix.,  LcjiM.  M'j-, 
lt>.").">,  07-8,  212-13;  and  of  Tiilancingo  and  IxtlahuaiM  in  tlio  federal  ilistrnt 
of  Mexico.  J/c.c,  Co/,  i/e  Lii/.  Onf.,  Kuer.-Agost.  IS.'i.'i,  viii.  17-18.  TIjc  re- 
tail business  transacted  at  some  of  these  fairs  was  enormous,  hut  es]ieci;il  men- 
tion nuist  l)e  made  of  that  held  at  .Sau  .Jiia!i  do  los  Liiifos  during  tlie  IIimI  I.') 
ilays  of  I  >ec.,  all  goods  being  made  free  of  state  duties  ilui-ing  tlie  lirst  i'J  i!ays. 
The  retail  trade  carried  on  iluriug  this  fair  exceeded  that  at  the  caiiital.  >"■•. 
Mt'.i:  ^'<(.;/.,  ii.  8'J-!K>. 

*'^ /{u^lfUitaiU);  I'oz  de  Ui  PiUr'ia,  ii.  no.  7,  7;  Cuhn,  Aw  Ainm  <u  .]/■., 
89-«l. 

*•  Me:i:,  Mini.  Sec.  Kitml.,  51  2;  li'iirnt,  IfiH.  J<il,ip<i,  ii.  Xu.  It  in  1 
incurred  a  debt  of  ^2,l'2-i,'2o'2,  in  constructing  the  roail  from  Vera  C'l'ii'  t'p 
I'erote.  This  sum  was  paid  by  the  dues  derived  from  uveria  and  peaje.  J'ii}>. 
I'or.,  18(»,  no.  3,  17-20,  '.Hi  H. 

'"The  ortices  of  the  )irosident  and  the  older  colleague  were  aniiu:d.  Six 
substitute  judges  were  also  annually  elected.   DuliLia  and  Lozuno,  Jaj.  M'j^, 

iv.  .-.:<  4. 

*"  Copy  of  the  bankruptcy  law  of  1853  is  supplied  iu  Id.,  vi.  338-53. 


BOARD  OF  BROKERS. 


Ml 


inal  court.  In  urgent  cases,  these  tribunals  liatl  the 
|)ovver  to  secure  tlie  persons  of  suspected  individuals 
when  their  escape  from  justice  was  apprehended.*'" 

A  corporation  of  brokers,  Colegio  de  Corredores, 
was  established  in  1842,  with  a  governing  council  of 
a  president  and  four  associates,"  whose  duty  it  was 
to  arrange  differences  arising  between  brokers  and 
merchants,  examine  the  books  of  members  suspected 
nf  irregularities,  and  pass  candidates  for  entrance  into 
tlie  profcs.sion.  In  1854,aconnnercial  school  or  busi- 
ness college  was  inaugurated. 

l*revi()us  to  the  independence,  no  banking  establish- 
ment, properly  so  called,  existed,  and  the  first  bank 
founded  in  Mexico  was  the  banco  de  avi'o,  before 
mentioned,  in  1830.  It  was  short-lived,  however, 
and  in  1837  a  national  bank  was  established.^-  More 
lately  several  banks  have  been  establishetl  to  meet 
tlie  requirements  of  the  increasing  foreign  trade,"^  and 
banking  houses  have  been  opened,  and  saving  baidis 
iounded,  in  most  of  the  important  cities.  Several  life 
and  general  insurance  companies  have  also  o})ened 
(ttiices  in  the  capital. 

The  postal  service  for  many  years  after  the  inde- 
iK'ndence  was  conducted  in  a  most  unsatislactorv  man- 
ner,  the   mails    being   irregular   and    corres[)()ndence 

■''"  Momhcra  nf  the  iiitTCiintile  tribunals  were  not  allowed  to  practise  law. 
Mi'.r..  Col.  Lc;/. .  .Or,/.,  Mayo  Die,  KS.'.4,  vii.  27-8. 

•'' IJrokei'H  received  tlieir  lieeiises  originally  from  tlio  tribunal  drl  con.su- 
lado.  (;,n.,  0,A  M,.,:,  1S1(>,  vii.  SS4.  In  184'J  the  junta  d  ■  fonu'nto  (kl 
( iinioreio  e.xteiulcil  the  lieensen,  and  in  1S.")4  the  ministerio  de  fouiento.  Mr.r. 
J!<  I.  I'orreilon-i,  u;  J/tv:.  CoiTeUorvn,  Jteij  <i  Aran.,  3;  P((v.  I'm-.,  50,  nos.  10 
au.l  II. 

"-Tlie  charter  was  annulled  in  Dec.  1S41.  In  IS,"  another  was  fouude  1, 
vitli  a  franchise  for  10  ^ea--*,  extended  to  IJgi  r  ilc  Libes.sart  iS:  (  o.,  cajiiial 
.N., I !()().()()().  iind  a  third  in  I.S,SL»,  with  a  eai)ital  of  .SS,(HK».(KH>.  Mi:,:,  Mi-,,,. 
//"-.,  1S70,  1(17  S;  Mr.i:,  Col.  I.,:/.  ]>,<\,  1841,  I4S  .VJ;  SlUnn,  M,  „.  Fo,,.eiif. 
(y.  IikI.,  10;)-1,  L.  vi.,  41-8;  ihi'.tiin  and  J.>y.i<iin,  l.ij.  Mix.,  viii.  .■)0'J-1I. 
'I  he  same  year  tlie  Mercantile  Han U  was  inenriiorati' 1,  and  in  1NS4  the  two 
liMiks  were  mer,','cd  in  one,  with  a  capital  of  5;'J(>,(MH »,(»;»(».  Mu:.  Fiir'iirh r,  A\>r. 
"•,    .May  ;n,  1,SS4;  ZnrnnliU  M< rr/i"iif>i,  27. 

*'The  bank  of  Lonilon,  ^lexico,  and  South  America,  incorporated  i;i  I8.J4, 
eipital  i'2, 01 10,000;  tlio  Franco-Kgyptiau  in  bSSl,  capit.d  .>-S.O.KI.0,tO;  th.) 
lianco  Hipote<ario,  or  niortga{;c  bank,  in  IS82,  capital  ;  r).iKKl.Oii(i;  and  the 
iiilernational  Loan  r.ud  Trust  Company  the  name  year.  Mir.,  lUnvio  >>ju\, 
N>iv.  ;M),  Dee.  .".,  18S1;  .luno  11  and  ]'.»,  1 SSS;  Jlmm  Mac.  J/t.-.,  Z,f-y  </« 
L'oiicea,,  1881,  p.  a3;  Bmivo  Hipot.  Mkjc.,  1882,  p.  04. 


S52 


COMMERCE  AND  RAILROADS. 


boiiiuf  frequently  lost  or  niisciirriecl."'*  Foreiixn  mails 
to  Europe  ami  the  United  States  w^re  itriM(ij)ally 
carried  l»y  the  English  steamers,  and  it  was  not  until 
^[av  18()'2,  wlien  a  mail  lino  of  steamers  was  cstal)lisli('(l 
between  ^[exieo  and  the  United  States,  that  tht' 
])ostal  convention  agreed  upon  canu;  into  opeiation." 
Since  that  time,  the  system  has  gradually  improved 
and  the  service  increased.  Within  the  last  few  years 
the  system  of  post-office  orders  has  been  adopted,  and 
has  gained  popularity.  At  the  beginning  of  I8S4  a 
new  }>ostal  code  went  into  effect,  by  which  the  ratis  of 
])ostage  were  reduced;""  the  sale  of  stamps,  hitherto 
jjTeatlv  restricted,  was  made  free;  and  an  urban  ser- 
vice  was  organized  upon  the  basis  of  the  best  systems 
known.'"  The  new  urban  system  has  met  w ith  much 
favor  in  the  metropolis,  and  under  the  able  manage- 
nient  of  Postmaster  Lino  Nava,  the  carriir  service  is 
excellent,  and  the  delivery  [)rompt  and  accurate. 

Congress  having  decrecil  the  coinage  of  .*-?4,000.0()0 
of  nieki>l  }>ieces  of  one  cent,  two  cents,  and  five  ci-iits, 
tliese  coins  were  distributed  i)ro[)ortionat(.'ly  throu^'h- 
out  the  reimblic,  as  they  were  issued  from  the  mint. 
In  order  to  promote  a  favorable  acceptance  of  them. 
they  were  made  receivable  at  the  custom-houses  iu 
any  (quantity.  The  result  was,  that  large  sums  of  the 
new  coinage  were  withdrawn  from  circulation  bv  s]ie(  - 
ulators,  w'ho,  discovermg  that  an  opportunity  of  imtfit 

^*Tho  charges  wore  verj'  hij^li;  1  real  for  a  letter  uiidrr  ';  (uiiioo  f(ir  a  ilis- 
tanoo  of  from  oiio  to  tivc  lu.igiii's,  atnl  4  ri'alcs  fur  ;i  K'tt.r  wcinliiiii;  oiio  ouinc. 
I:ii  IS.'ni  tliosi!  rates  were  rotliioctl  to  one  liall'.  I>iililiia  ami  J.iizniio,  Ac/.  J/i.'., 
iv.  -JllT  :$l)l,  viii.  l-T). 

•'■'Tlio  coiivi'iitioii  was  ratitiuil  F<1>.  17,  IS(i2.  Seven  eeiits  was  cliar;:i'l 
on  letters  not  exeeciling  half  an  ounee,  anil  an  aiMitioi.al  7  eeiils  on  every 
adilitiiinal  \  »mneo  or  fractitni  of  it.  Newspapers  weru  chargei I  1  eent.  /'/., 
ix.  4i;j  ■"). 

•"'Ten  eents  i.s  charged  on  letters  weighing;  1.")  grains,  or  a  fra(^tion  of  tli.it. 
weight,  lor  del. very  M'itiiin  the  reiiulilie.  I'ostaleards  !')  eeiit.-i,  and  '_'  -i  iit.i 
witliin  city  limits.  Newspapers  and  periodicals,  I  eents  for  eaih  4,S0  graiii~.-. 
M<.i:,  Cixllin  I'oslnl,  1SS4,  (»l. 

■"The  following  are  the  annual  amounts  yieldeil  to  the  revenue  from  {\:U 
Bcrvice  for  tlte  10  years  ending  .lune  IJ;),  1S.S4:  .'•.")40.S'J(».  S-4o.").47."{.  S441.:i-'.t, 

*!.">'.«>. :i:!4.  .sc.7'.>, :«>•-',  .^Ttci.oso,  !jit)ii,7i'.»,  .'?7'-'o,4JO,  !<su'a,s87,  ??4i)0,.v.t:;.  j/..r, 

JJcu.  Jhic,  1884,  p.  xlviii.-xlix. 


XICKEL  COINAGE. 


KS 


was  offered,  coUcrted  tlioni  in  orrcat  f|uaiititi(\s  and 
lloodod  tlio  ujovcrinncnt  offices  with  tlieni."''  (\)nsc- 
(|iii'ntly,  tlio  o;()verinncnt  felt  compelled  to  limit  the 
admission  of  them  in  payment  of  dnes,  whicji  had  the 
t  tiect  of  depreciating  their  value  to  the  extent  of  from 
I  per  centum  to  50  per  centum.  This  caused  a  griev- 
ous loss  to  tlie  poor,  and  m  ])ecember  ISH'i  a  serious 
riot  occurred  in  the  ca[»ital.  Finally,  on  April  7,  I HH4, 
the  president  hy  decree  declared  the  coin  no  longer 
nci'ivahlo  in  payment  of  duties,  and  prohibited  the 
i;(»vornment  offices  from  making  any  payment  in  nickel. 
Steps  have  been  taken  to  introduce  the  decinuil 
system  of  weights  and  measures.  In  188;!  a  law  w.is 
passed  to  that  effect,  assigning  January  I,  I  SSC),  as  the 
(late  wluMi  the  new  system  should  be  put  in  operation, 
lly  a  congressional  act,  however,  passed  in  1885,  the 
time  was  postitoned  to  January  1,  1888."'^ 

The  necessity  of  extensive  systems  of  railroads  in 
^fcxico  has  in  late  j'ears  become  obvious,  not  oiilv  to 
the  ^[exican  government,  but  to  a  large  portioi\  ot  the 
inhabitants,  and  perhaps  no  other  country  will  be 
t'oimd  to  reap  more  marke<l  benefits  by  tlie  establish- 
iiuiit  ()f  tliese  means  of  commiuiication.  Tn  a  land 
whosi!  rivers  alford  but  few  facilities  ft»r  navigation, 
;;iii|  wliose  physical  conformation  is  such  as  to  pre- 
rhitle  the  construction  of  canals  or  even  good  roads, 
tlio  drawbacks  to  connnercial  ent(>rprise  were  one  of 
thi'  chief  causes  of  such  slow  progress  in  ^Texico. 

The  first  railway  proj(H't  in  Mexico  was  that  for  the 
'•'instruction  of  one  from  A'era  (^ruz  to  the  capital, 
and    it   began  to   be  advocated   soon  after  tht;   year 


"Tlic  1-coiit  coin  woifjhod  2  grams,  tlio  2-cont  ono  3  grams,  and  tlio 
•'ri'iit  <)iio<  .">  (grains  tNU'li;  conseciuoritly  livo  I -cunt  jiii'cus  woij^lieil  as 
iinirli  as  two  ."i-ci'iit  pifCL's,  ami  two  'J-ceiit  pifous  witll  two  l-ci;iit  jiiiTfS 
«ii;;ln,"l  tlio  same.  A.s  it  was  imiiossililc  to  count  tlio  largo  sums  paiil  into 
t!i''  tustoiii-liousos,  tins  coin  was  rocoivoil  liy  weight,  and  consiilfiMMo  loss  was 
inciinvd,  iiiasmiioU  as  .">  cents  in  ono  form  and  (»  oont.s  in  anotlior  wi.'i;^lieil  the 
s.iiii.  ;u  It)  c.  Ills  ii:  .")-ooiit  pit^oes.  Mp.i-.,  Mim.  /for.,  1884.  p.  Kxvii. 

'Mr.,:,  Arcm.  F'>iiiinfn,  IHS2,  i.  W.i~*i;  Mcx.,  Diario  Ojic,  Uec.  lo,  1883j 
.'/■ '-.  t'innncii  i;  .rune  j:{,  188."),  105. 


054  COMMERCE  AND  RAILROADS. 

I 

ISoO.*"  Strong  objections,  however,  were  raised  Xn 
tlie  e;itab]Islinient  of  such  lines,  on  tlie  ground  tli;it 
tliey  would  throw  out  of  einpU)ynient  so  nuvny  thou- 
sands cf  muleteers,  and  others  who  {ijaincd  their  livili- 
hood  by  the  transportation  of  j^oods.  Xi'Vi>rtlHK's>. 
by  decree  of  August  22,  18o7,  President  l^ustaniante 
granted  to  Francisco  Arrillaga  the  exclusive  privilege 
of  building  a  railroad  from  Vera  Cruz  to  the  city  of 
Mexico ;'''  but  the  concession  was  afterward  decland 
forfeited,  as  the  projector  failed  to  begin  the  road. 
On  the  01;  t  of  May,  1842,  Santa  Anna  reestablislu  il 
the  abolished  tax,  called  the  avcria,  and  ap])ropriate(l 
the  proceeds  to  the  construction  of  the  railway.  A 
contract  was  entered  into  with  Antonio  (Jaray,  ;i 
Mexican  by  birth,  and  the  work  was  at  last  (H)Ui- 
nienced;^"  but  progress  was  slow,  and  by  no  means 
corresponded  with  the  outlay;"^  nor  was  it  until  An- 
tonio Lscand on  obtained  in  1857  a  franchise  to  e:  in- 
struct a  line  from  Vera  Cruz  to  a  port  on  the  l^ieilii . 
that  any  energetic  interest  in  the  undertaking  A\a> 
shown."'  Still,  active  operations  were  for  some  time 
prevented  by  tlie  troubles  of  the  nation;  and  revoUi- 
tions  and  the  French  intervention  rendered  it  imiK)^si- 
blc  to  resume  work  Ix^foro  18G5."'  After  that  tinie, 
thou'jh  vnrious  difliculties  periodically  atl'ected  tlie  en- 
terprise,*"*  the  work  was  pushed  vigorously  forward  un- 

^^fci:,  Oliscrv.  CiDiiiuoJi  de  JJierro,  New  York,  ISIiH  ;  J:'l  Indicitihtr,  ii. 
119-34. 

^'^  Proi/crto  di  I  Primer  C':niiiiio  (If  JlidTK,  Mi'X.,  IS'.Vi,  pp.  II'J,  i:i  Iliura  ;i.i. 

''''  /'iii/iio,  Cniii>ticioii  Mi.i\,  ."■1-4S;  JhiMainiiiiti',  lUiirio  Mij.,  MS.,  xlv.  7"; 
Piij>.   I  ■<)/•.,  'J4,  2. 

•■'^Ei^lit  iikK'S  cont  $'J,i:ii3,i::i.  I;i  M:iy  1852,  tlio  deiJartimMit  of  juiMli! 
Works  took  charge  of  tLo  roail,  aiul  to  tl.o  vwA  of  .Tune  lS."i7  oxpoinlcMl  .t^T;'',- 
Siiil more  oil  it.   Pa;inn,  Cnnr<:i,  A'.<;).,  .')7-i). 

*'Duriii:,'  the  poriod  l;;."i3  to  1S.")7  iiiclusivo,  no  less  tliau  twelve  r.iilrn.i'l 
eoiieossions  were  granted  !iy  tlio  goveriiiiiciit,  nil  of  wliieh,  exeept  four,  i  .1  to 
tliogrouiiil.  <!>'..'ro,  Mfin.  Foim'vti\  l'J-2r).  Kseaiuloii  paid  for  the  jiortioiiof  the 
lino  alreai'.y  L'.id,  lf7."J,()00  in  spceio  and  government  paper.  Usruiii/oii,  Brnr 
K.I'}'')--'.;  and//.,  iSc./KHi/d  A'.cjxi'i. 

'■•'In  KSi)4  K.ieaadon  transferred  h'la  concessinua  to  an  English  oonipaii; , 
atyloil  tlio  l:iiperial  Mexiean  Railway  Company,  and  tlio  tran.-^fer  w:is  a;-- 
proved  liv  Maximilian  on  the  2.")lll  of  .l.iu.  ISoo.  Mij:,  Mnn.  ]lu\  ii  I-'.uh'hI.. 
18.kS,  doe.  2.  j>]>.  lS-22,  240-C.;):  (;iu:,  ^'il•.,  March  isti."),  !H ;  8  April,  1-7. 

"•'On  tlie  downtrdl  of  Maximilian,  tlio   '•oi-.ee^  mn  Mas  ileel.in'il   forfiitr! 
Ill  Nov.  \S'.'7,  huwevcr,  the  company's  privilege  •  were restore<l,  and  the  work 


MEXICO  AND  VP:RA  CRUZ. 


655 


(It  r  the  direction  of  Enii-ineer  Buchanan,  and  1:54  miles 
liad  httn  completed  when  the  republic  was  restored 
hv  the  fidl  of  Maximilian.  At  the  end  of  IS7-,  this 
line,  which  is  called  the  Mexican  llailwuv.  was  so  far 
adNanced  that  it  was  opened  on  the  1st  of  January, 
J^7o,  hy  the  president  of  the  republic,  Jjordo  dc  Ttja- 
(la,  with  thie  solemnities  and  acconipanyiuiif  festivities."' 
Although  occasionally  eiforts  were  niadi-  to  cause 
its  al)andt)nment,  by  damaging  the  tracks  and  rolling 
stock,""*  i)p[)osition  gradually  yielded.  There  alicady 
t  xisted,  it  is  true,  a  number  of  short  disconnected  rail- 
way tracks,  scattered  throughout  the  country,  espe- 
( lally  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  city  of  Mexico;  but 
these  were  of  no  service  to  connnerce,  and  were  merely 
crude  native  etibrts  in  diHerent  localities,  many  of  them 
being  mere  tram-wa}  s,  on  which  mules  w*'re  thi-  motive 
l>o\ver.  The  ultimate  triumph  of  the  proji'ctors  of  the 
]\rexlcan  Kail  way  impressed  aliki'  j)residents,  ministers, 
and  the  enliglitened  portion  of  the  public.  Tlioy  {ler- 
( I  ived,  at  last,  that  extcnsi\e  railroail  systems  were  a 
nect^ssity  for  the  progress  of  tlu'  country;  that  through- 
I'uns,  placing  the  distant  regions  of  tlu-  interior  in  ea^y 
(onununication  with  the  capital,  extending  northward 
to  tlie  United  Stati-s,  and  conneeted  in  course  of  time 
A\ith  interoceanic;  rau-s,  would  devc>lop  tlu;  boundK;;s 
r-  sources  of  their  country,  and  procure  for  ^fexico  the 
i.nansof  reaching  all  tlie  gnat  connnercial  maikets  of 
t::e  World.  An  enlightened  policy  followrd  hand  in 
1  and  with  tliis  conviction.  ])uiiny;  tlu^  iiroi^ressivtjid- 
Ministrations  of  Lerdo  do  Tejada  and  l)ia,/,,  i  \(.ry  *  ii- 
(iiuragement  has  ]>eeu  givi'U  tf)  j»ronioters  of  railr«tad 
enterprise's.     ^Tany  concessions  were  granted,  v.ith  11b- 

l■l^UIllud.  C'liiisult  J/''j\,  (»(/(■;/(.  Itt/oniia,  .'i4r>-('iO;  M<.r.,M,ut.  J/:<:,  1  70, 
(>U'i;  Jinllnri's  Ai-ro^iS  Jlij;  in  JSii.'f,  I'.l-'JO;  Ftmn-orril,  Cniiris.,  .\li\\iii),  ]i>\',;->; 
J  rnnnril  i/c  Mc.i:  d  J'utfi.,  no.  i,  IS-IS;  0\ir.,  Aii'.,  -i  .l:i:i..  |S(!.S,  .";  /■'<  mi- 
o'rril,  Uii  rf  E.i-piii.,  Mi'xico,  liSi'.8;  a,nA  Kl  l>ir<i-ha,  v.  1N()-J>. 

'•'/.V-i  I'iii^cio,  J/ist.  Ailiii.  J.inio,  H)-2-',];  Colninhin,  ]),.i,:  O/i',-.,  7  Alifil, 
1^77,  -l.IOT-'.t;  OVc,  Mix.,  514.  Thocoiistniotioiu.f  this  lino  c..st  V4i>,(i(MI,o.h). 
1.  .  - '.  I  iiiiK's  ill  U'ligth,  ami  incliulcs  an  asi'i'iit  of  8,:!.'"l  t'oct  u'lovc  lliu  j^ulf 
'  ;  Mi'-cico.     ( Iri'at  c'li^'iuecriu)^  nkill  was  rf<iiiirfil  to  1  iiilil  it. 

''  I-iws  wtTO  fiiai'tt'd  inflictiii>{  ]«'iuiltif!i  ami  otlior  imnislimi  iit.n  iijiiui  muIi 
(''"•ikUts.  J/ij;.,  Vol.  Lt'y.  D.  C,  iii.  '^^l,  603-7;  JJitirhiicAnif,,  loJaii.,  1^7)8, 'J. 


IM 


886 


COMMERCE  AXD  RAIT.UOAPS. 


oral  subventions  by  the  Mexican  {jfovcrnniont.*'  It  is, 
however,  to  American  enterprise  tliat  Mexico  will  lie 
})rincij)ally  in(Iel)te(l  for  tlie  eventual  <)[)e.iinL'  of  lier 
railroad  systems.  With  the  exception  of  the  Mexican 
llailwav,  whicli  is  in  the  hands  of  an  En<dish  companv. 
all  the  cfreat  arteries  and  principal  blanch  lines  are 
controlli'd  by  Unit(>d  States  capitalists,  to  whom 
many  of  the  minor  concessions  have  been  sold.  That 
citi/.ens  of  the  United  States  should  have  acquired 
such  important  interi'st  in  the  nation's  future  well'arr 
has  naturally  created  some  alarm  ainonuf  th<^  Mexicnns. 
which  time  and  intercourse  will  doul)tless  oblitc  rate. 
The  ;j;reat  central  i)lateaus  of  ^[exico,  with  their 
extensive  levfl  plains  and  L;-ently  undulatin;^  elevations, 
afford  unusual  facilities  for  the  I'apld  construction  of 
lonijf  trunk  lines  coiuiectinj]f  the  soutli  of  Mexico  with 
all  important  points  on  the  United  States  frontier. 
Three  such  lines  have  been  planned;  namely,  tlie 
!Mexican  fA'utral,  the  ^[exican  Xational,  and  th«>  In- 
ternational. Of  these  the  main  line  is  the  ^[(^xicaii 
(  V-ntral,  travcrsinnf  tlu;  great  dorsal  ridge  of  the  liigli 
tabl(>-land.  This  ])roject  was  nominally  conunenced 
in  Juno  1880,  when  the  company  began  to  grade 
from  the  capital  northward  toward  Leon,  in  Guana- 
juato,'" but  it  was  not  until  late  in  the  year,  after  tin; 
company  had  obtained  their  charter  for  the  whole 
line,'^  that  determined  work  was  begun,  when  it  A\as 
pushed  vigorously  forward  at  both  ends  of  the  line." 
Its  northern  terminus  is  Paso  del  Xortc.     The  route 


"III  a  painplilct  entitled  Ln-'>  Fcrrornrrilen  Mcricfmas,  inibli.ilicil  in  ISSI, 
l>y  a  jiroiiiiiidiit  Aloxiciin,  a.  list  i;<  sujiplitul  of  42  coi.cessioua  granted  diiiiii:; 
tlio  period  fri>in  Aug.  14,  1877,  to  Feh.  W,  ISM 

'''A  concession  luid  been  granted  Dec.  T  1S"4,  to  Caniaclio,  !N[eii(liziilial, 
&  Co.,  to  build  a  lino  from  tlio  capital  to  Leon.  It  was  annidled  1)ih'.  l-'ii, 
lo7(5,  and  was  extended  Apr.  3,  18S(),  to  the  Mexican  Central  K.  It.  C"., 
or^'anizcd  in  Boston,  Mass.  Mor.,  Dhu-ioOJic,  Apr.  11$,  May  7,  1880. 

''Tlio  concession  was  granted  Sept.  8  1880,  and  the  government  subsi'Iy 
was  i?9,r)(M)  per  kilonjetro.  Mex.,  Jircop,  ..ryfn,  xxxiii.  472-r>0r). 

'■^Besides  the  snbvention,  the  Mexican  government  granted  tlio  company 
the  right  to  import  materials  for  constrnction,  repairs,  and  operation,  for  I'l 
years,  free  of  duty.  The  liuo  is  of  the  standard  gauge,  1.4:55  metres  in  wiiltli. 
Cajiital  stock,  ;'.7J, 003  jier  mile,  divided  i:ito  sliarca  at  tlio  pur  valiio  of  .-IW 
each. 


0\  EU  Till::  TAliLli  LAND. 


o57 


cxtoii'ls  throuj^h  tlio  states  of  Cliilmnliua,  Duraii^n), 
Zacatocas,  Aj^uascarkiitts,  (iluaiiajiiat(»,  and  Qikictaro, 
to  the  city  of  Mexico.  T\\e  c()ini>any,  iiioroovci',  pus- 
.«i.s>cs  the  riijjlit  t(»  luiilcl  an  intcioccanic  cross-liiu'  ex- 
ti  ii<lii\uf  from  San  lila.s,  on  the  I'aciHc  coast,  to  Tainpico. 
W  hen  tiiis  is  conji)leted,  with  all  the  lainiticatiitiis  ot 
l.iiuieh  lines  to  ini|)«ntant  towns,  it  will  embrace  in  its 
iiDii  mesh  twenty-one  i)rincii)al  cities,  the  [tojuilations 
(tf  which,  incliuling  Mexic«»,  anumnt  to  I , QUO, ()()()  in 
iiiiinlter.' '  In  the  constructitin  of  the  Mexican  CiMiti'al, 
Slime  (litHculty  was  encountered  in  obtaining:;  esjfress 
troiii  till!  valley  of  Mexico,  as  also  in  surnjountiniLj  the 
roiky  ridiL;es  in  the  states  of  Guanajuato  and  Zacatecas, 
hut  the  intervening  valleys  and  the  immensi'  })lains 
rxti'ndiiii;'  failher  north  ottered  little  oj)|)osition  to 
tiiLjiMeering  skill.  On  ^[arch  8,  1884,  the  line  was 
completed,  the  two  sections  unitiiiLj  ni'ar  Fresnillo.'* 

Tlie  narrow-gauoe  line,  known  as  the  Mexican  Na- 
tional, or  l^alnier-Sullivan,"'  has  its  northern  terminus 
in  Laredo,  on  the  Texan  frontier,  and  will  coimect 
with  the  capital,  by  j)assing  along  the  eascerii  slo[)e 
raiiyc.  Unfortunately,  the  com[)any,  aftor  expending 
laige  sums  of  money,  was  obliged  to  dose  its  opera- 
tions through  want  of  funds.  Up  to  1887,  the  line, 
ill  running  order,  had  only  reached  Saltillo,  but  a  con- 
f^i(K  lable  an)ount  of  preliminary  work  had  been  done 
southwanl.'" 

l)ctween  these  two  great  highland  thoroughfares 
tlicre  lies  a  stretch  of  level  table-land  which   has  not 


'■'Wiiimrio  d"  Mcx.,  1882;  Bmln,  E^tiul  licp.  Mix.,  ii.,  Sth  pt,  44'_'  (i.  'I'iio 
al"i\i'  stateinout  does  not  include  townn  containing  less  than  !S,(MH)  inlialii- 
t.iiit-. 

'.!/<,<■.,   Dhirm  Oj'ir.,   March  10,  •_«•,  KSS4;  Jul.,   /VWi«/.  O//.-.,   March   l(i, 
l^^^. 

III  IST'J  .Tanius  Sullivan,  the  agent  of  the  conii)any  in  Mexico,  lia<l  oh- 
tiirii'l  a  rliiirter  for  this  line,  witli  concessions,  lihrni,  M<j:  I'inl.  ( 'timlinx.,  i. 
'J'.i.'i  s.  Owini;  to  the  panic  of  tiic  following  year,  his  jiroject  temporarily 
tiilni.  On  tlie  lUtli  of  Sept.,  1880,  a  second  concession  was  granted  the 
Ci.iii]i,iiiy,  their  agents,  Palmer  ami  Snllivan.  having  deposited  .SliHI.IHM)  in 
th  ■  liiiik  of  tlie  Monte  <lo  I'iedad.  /iioito.  iJitnil.  h'lp.  Mr.r.,  ii.  4(10;  hiorio 
<{'!■•.  ii.,  Set.  1880;  /-/..  '_'•>  Oct.,  1880.  The  subsidy  granted  to  thisliuu  was 
J'l  l.'JTt>  iier  mile  completed. 

'See  report  of  govcrunieut  engineers,  in  Diario  Ojir.,  IG  Agost.,  1883. 


COMMERCE  AND  RAILROADS. 


oscapod  tho  eye  of  the  engineer,  and  a  tliinl  tniiik- 
liiie  lias  heen  planned,  known  as  the  Int»rnati()ii;il.'' 
This  hue  eonnnences  at  Piedras  Negras  <»n  th(>  Wm 
Grand**,  and  will  pass  through  the  state  of  Coahuila  to 
the  city  of  Zacatecas,  thence  to  Celaya  ajid  iMt'xicu. 
The  concession  grants  the  company  the  privilege  of  ('(in- 
structing a  cross-line  from  a  point  between  Tam[)i(() 
and  Matamoros,  on  the  gulf  coast  to  another  hetween 
^lazatlan  and  Zihnataneco  on  the  Pacific.  The  ••!)- 
ject  of  each  of  tlicse  three  companies,  it  will  i)o  oli- 
served,  is  to  have  an  interoceanic  line  in  coimcctinn 
with  the  main  trunk.  jVIention  must  be  made  of  tlic 
Sont)ra  line,"*  already  completed,  which  connects  Xo- 
gales  on  the  nortliern  frontier  with  Guaymas,  passini,^ 
throujLjrh  ^fandalena  and  Hermosillo. 

Among  the  projected  lines  in  1877  were  tlie  Pacitic 
Coast  liailroad,'^  which  covers  a  stretch  of  over  ;'.,<)()() 
miles,  the  object  of  the  projectors  being  to  connect  tlio 
whole  series  of  ports  lying  on  tlie  Pacific  c«)ast  be- 
tween Fort  Yuma  and  the  republic  of  Guatemala.  It 
is  even  assertetl  that  the  design  is  entertained  of  ( x- 
tending  this  railroad  down  tlie  whole  extent  of  tin' 
l^acific  coast  to  Valparaiso.  Another  important  pro- 
ject was  tlie  Topolobampo  route,*"'  from  Piedras  Negras 
on  the  Texan  frontier  to  the  port  of  Topolobam[)o  «>ii 
the  gulf  of  California.  This  company  claims  tlint  its 
transcontinental  route  will  connect  Australia  and  A-iu 
with  the  United  States  and  the  great  European  ports 
of  exit  by  a  shorter  distance  than  any  other  design* ■: I 
line.  The  port  of  Topolobambo  exists  onh"  on  pupir, 
but  there  is  an  indenture  in  the  coast  at  the  ]»i)int 
which  has   been  selected    for  the  western    terminus, 

"Tlio  concession  was  granted  to  FrisUio  and  Huntington,  as  reprcsLiita- 
tivea  of  the  Inturnational  Construction  Co-.npany,  in  Juno  ItWSl,  but  no  .-iil>- 
vention  was  allowed, 

'"The  company,  represented  by  Camacho  and  Fergusson,  is  a.  Boston  h.k; 
and  obtainctl  their  charter  JSept.  14,  1880.  The  government  subsiily  "is 
Si7,0;);)  pjr  kilometre. 

''Concession  granted  to  .1.  B.  Frisbie  without  subvention.  It  is  t>  'n'  "f 
the  8tan<lard  gauge. 

•^Concession  granted  to  Do  Prida  and  Pombo  on  the  23d  of  May,  ISSl, 
with  a  aubvcutioa  of  §5,001)  per  kilometre. 


VARIOUS  SCHEMES. 


559 


wliicli  snufjjfc'sts  tlio  ojtfiiin*^  of  a  now  harlior  of  j^rcat 
(•■iiiacitv.  Ann  my:  tluj  failures,  wo  niav  mention  the 
Ml  xican  Southern,  or  Grant's  line,  einlHulie*!  with  Jay 
(Jituld's  Oriental  line.  The  eoncessioa  was  deelared 
v.. id  Mav  29,  ISSf).*' 

Other  ramifications  have  been  des«i<jfned,  eonnoetin<' 
(it','  with  eity,  and  all  important  districts  with  each 
(itlier.  Instance  the  ^forelos  railway,  intende<l  to  ex- 
tend from  the  capital,  through  that  city,  to  Acapulco; 
then  tlie  Tehuantepec  Interoe(»anie,  which  n>troceded 
tn  the  ^[exican  <Tovernment.'*"  The  importance  of  this 
silicme  can  hardly  he  overestimated,  as  it  will  save  a 
(listanc(»  of  over  1,400  miles  hutween  Xew  Y(»rk  and 
San  Francisco,  as  et)mpared  with  the  l\inam:i  loute. 

Tn  connection  with  this  important  isthmus,  Eatls' 
scheme  of  eonneetinj^  the  two  oceans  hy  a  shijt-railway 
must  he  mentioned,  but  which  may  be  regarded  as 
siiMiewhat  visionarv.""^ 

The  ownershij)  of  these  railroads  by  cai)italists  of 
the  Uniti'd  States  was  re«.^arded  by  some  danij^erous 
to  the  integrity  of  the  nation,  liut  there  was  indeed 
little  to  fear. 

Telegraphic  communieatlon  in  Mexico  was  ante- 
cedent to  that  of  railroads.  In  1841)  the  exclusive 
inivilego  of  establishing  telegraph  lines  was  conceded 
to  Juan  do  la  Granja,''^  and  in  the  month  of  JJecembcr 
■  •^jl,  the  first  telegram  was  transmitted — between 
^Fexico  and  Puebla,  the  line  being  eomplctiMJ  to  Vera 
Cruz  during  the  following  year.  From  this  time 
tlicso  nu'ans  of  connnunieation  have  increased  rapidly, 
and  the  federal  ufoverument  has  ereeted  wires  through- 


''^  IJl  Monitor  Hepiih.,  June  2,  ISS.");  Diiiz,  MUc,  no.  C8;  Mi:r.  Fiiinneier, 
Juno  t),  ISS,'). 

■"-  I'lir  further  iiifomiation  relative  to  this  project,  sec  J/w.,  Mvm.  Foment., 
1VS4,  iii.  -)Sl-(Ut». 

"'  \':m\a  pnijioacil  to  transport  vessela  of  4,000  tons  Ihu.Il.a  across  the  Te- 
Imiuti'iKC  iritliiims  on  I'i  linej  of  rails,  four  cns^incs  runnimr  at  the  Hanio  time. 
Ill  iinlir  to  avoiil  straininj.',  changes  of  ilircctiou  to  bj  ci.  ct^<\  l»y  means  of 
tiirii-tal>les  iustcail  of  Vty  curves. 

■'J/tu-.,  U<jisl.  MeJ.'iSP,  02-3;  Arrillaga,  liecop.,  Mai/ IS  p  a  Abi:  1350, 
5-0. 


UM 


COMMKKCK   ASK   It.MLUOAlH, 


«»ut  ill*!  (•(umlry.'"  These  lines  are  now  in  roimnuiil- 
<'ati<»ii  with  the  tcleji^raphic  .systems  uf  tiie  Unitrd 
States. 

In  IS70  1  the  j^ovcrnnient  exteiuKd  j,n"ants  ami 
]»r<>nii.se(l  ai<l  in  the  layinj,' of  snbniaiine  eal>K'S,^"  and 
in  this  niamur  Mexico  beeanie  I'onneeted  with  the 
Ignited  Stat»s,  Central  Anieiiea,  and  South  Anierici. 

Sti'ect  lalli'oatls,"''  tilephones,  and  electric  lipids  ;iir 
heiniLif  introduced  with  a  rapidity  jtroportionatc  toother 
j)ro;^re.s.'bive  movements  in  Mexico. 


'■'Ill  I.SSI  llio  govt  iiossfHscil  10,;}(;.'  kilomctrns  of  wiros;  in  ISSI.  ni.KH) 
kiliiim'tiT<.  N'aiiipii.i  1;iwh  witc  jiaMMtMl  iiii]H)siiig  jiuiialf irs  Miil  jiunisliiiiciiti 
U|ntii  tlmse  M'liM  ili'Ntriiveil  or  ili.sliirhoil  tliu  win-M.  Ihi'dan  iiinl  /.d-jihd,  /,<•./. 
Mu:,  X.  1(».  I'J  i:{;  Mr,.  Cnl.  I.,;i.  1>.  C,  (i;{  7,  iii.  -.'i;;  ,S;  Arrhiro,  Mv.v.  C.'.L 
h'!/.,  vi.  I>S   111;   />iMiiiniul   /,..:';/<),  A.,/.  J/,./.,  i.\.   |S,S  'I;   .!/,.,■.,  Dim:  nil,-., 

M.iivli  "JS,  li»7l,  X     I'Hr  the  earlier  liistmy  ni  tiie  li'legrapli  in  Mexico,  i - 

Kiilt  (iiirini  ( 'ii'ris,  KirrUiiM  I  IriT.-Mii,  il'.M  4(1.");  Onci'o y  Itvrru,  Mrni.  i  liol.  J/'./., 
I'L'-J  (■>:  KlCnimstn,  S.  F.,  May  17,  1SH4. 

'^"  I  hi' I  in  ami  /.'Cmio,  Lc/.  Mix.,  .\i.  4HI-.">I,  .'■kS7;  Mir.,  him;  O/ir.,  Nnv. 
1,  IS7I,  1;   /H.iiii}  />il>iiti.-<,  (iih  ('.in<.'.,i.  'J'. t-J,  ;{()•.'  7;  ii.  •_':!7,  --MU,  '-'.'.(i'. 

•■'Tlic!  streetfai'H  nre  iiiaiiagcil  al'tiT  a  luctlioil  <if  tlnir  own.  liiHteail  ot 
Htartini;  one  every  live  niinuteji,  tliey  run  lour  every  twenty  minutes,  more  it 
Ics,  ueeor.lin^  to  the  trallie,  thus  ilespateliinj.'  trai:is  instead  vi  »in^;le  iMr>. 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 

AGRICULTURAL  RESOURl-KS  OK  MEXICO. 

1887. 
Capacity  r»>n  Proditctios— Uvkqi-al  Dwtibctios  ok  Lani>— Nk<'K8httv  of 

lUKIIIATION  —  HrAINA«.i.    '>:      rilkj   VaI.I.K.V — TllE    NoCIII.i  TONdO    ClITlNO 

I'oiMAiifeKK's   Sii'iioNH— (Jaray's   I'l.ojKcr — A  Pkhtilknt   MkTROI'O- 
lis-Mai/k  a.  1    Otiikr  ("KRK.ALa— Chii,k  Peppkr — Plantains,  Cacao, 

AM>  COKFKE — TllE  A<iAVE  AMERICANA — PULyt'E,  MeSCAL,  ANkTw^IILA 
—  HeNNEQUEN  and  IxTLE— .SlOAR  AN1>  AorAKDIENTE— ToiUCI'O,  OlIVE- 

♦111.,  ANU  Wine — Cwiiineai.,  Indkjo,  Cotion— Silk  Cri.TiKE— Va- 
nilla AND  Jalav  —  iST«K;K-RAWiNo— Horned  Catile,  Horses,  ani. 
Hotis— AoRicuLTURAL  PRosrEfia  OK  Mexico. 

^Ikxico,  witli  regard  to  her  agricultural  resources, 
were  they  fully  developed,  would  be  found  to  be  uu- 
8uri)assed  by  any  laud,  possessing,  as  she  does,  capa- 
1)111  ties  for  the  growth  of  almost  every  production  of 
tropical  and  temperate  climes.  Her  physical  confor- 
mation bestows  upon  her  three  distinct  climatic  zones, 
dcsitfnated  as  the  tierra  caliente,  the  tierra  templada, 
and  the  tierra  fria,  meaning,  respectively,  the  hot,  tem- 
jKnite,  and  cold  regions.  And  in  them  evt-ry  want 
and  luxury  of  man  can  be  supplied.  Lu.scious  fruits 
and  odoriferous  tiowers,*  aromatic  herbs  and  medici- 
nal jtlants,  abound  in  profusion.  The  cultivation  of 
corrals  and  vegetables,  of  coftee  and  cacao,  the  olive, 
tilt"  vine,  and  the  sugar-cane,  of  tobacco  and  the  indigo 
jiiaiit,  can  be  developed  to  an  almost  unlimited  degree 
in  this  fair  conservatory  of  nature.     Extensive  forests 


'  Uusto  enumerates  87  different  kinds  of  fruit,  among  which  are  many 
nativt-s  of  the  temperate  zone,  such  as  the  peach,  apricot,  apple — of  wliich 
irujt  tliere  are  seven  classes — the  gooseberry  and  strawberry.  Eatad.  Rep. 
J/w.,  1.  la  pte,  4-5. 

Hist  Mez.,  Vol.  VI.    86  (661) 


nc.-j 


ACIilcULTUUAL  llESOURCES  OF  MEXICO. 


furnish  usoful  ami  ornainontal  timhcr,  dye-woods, 
gums,  and  resins.  Ijroad  jtlains  and  lieli  vallt^ys  utiuid 
I>asturage  for  innnense  lierds  of  cattlt;  and  horses,  and 
on  the  mountain  s1o|m's  Hoeks  of  shee[)  might  feed  hy 
the  hundred  thousand." 

Nevertheless,  agriculture  in  many  parts  of  Mrxidi 
is  still  in  its  infancy.  The  peasant,  content  with 
ol)t  lining  at  cost  of  little  labor  tlie  mere  necissitits 
of  his  simple  life,  has  in  some  phices  not  yet  east 
asitle  the  rude  implements  of  his  i'orefathers  ;  hut  t\>r 
time  is  not  far  distant  when  the  Mexican  farmer  will 
adopt  the  improved  agricultural  implements  of  foreij^ii 
countries.^ 

AltiiouLih  the  development  of  this  industrv  is  great Iv 
retarded  hy  the  absence  of  facilities  of  transj)ort,  the 
greatest  drawback  to  its  ])rogress  is  probably  the 
ownershii)  of  land  in  vast  tracts  by  individuals.  It  is 
a  monstrous  injustice  that  one  person  should  be  id- 
lowed  to  possess  a  dozen  haciendas  of  a  dozen  stpiaie 
leagues  each  in  extent;  that  one  man  should  withiicild 
from  his  fellow-men  enough  of  this  earth's  sui  face  te 
sup}iort  a  nation.*  ]^ut  this  is  not  all.  The  laboring' 
])eon  on  these  large  estates,  as  well  as  in  the  mines. 
as  I  have  elsewhere  shown,  is  little  bett"r  than  a 
slave.     As  long  as  this  system  i)revails,  whethiT  in 


'•'Tlif  principal  proihictions  of  the  three  regions  are  as  follows:  In  thi 
region,  eotton,  vanilla,  indigo,  dye-woods,  eaeao,  maize,  rieo,  lieiiip,  i 
ehoue,  sarsaparilla,  chile  pepjiers,  anise-seed,  cassia,  oranges,  pLiiitam.-.. 
nanas,  and  other  tropical  fruits.  In  tlic  temperate  ri'gion,  eoti'ci',  si 
tol)aceo,  maize,  cotton,  frijoles,  pease,  cereals,  v.egetiihles,  and  fruits  oi  in 
cm  latitudes  thrive,  the  forests  ahoundnig  in  cauii)hor-trees,  oaks, 
cypressiis.  The  cereals,  the  maguey,  and  the  liardicr  vegetal)les.  such  as  [ 
toes,  carrots,  lieans,  ami  turnips,  arc  cultivated  in  tiie  cold  region,  lleic, 
are  found  deciduous  trees,  and  conifers,  namely,  the  pine,  spruce,  lir, 
ced  ir;  also  all  the  dillercnt  species  of  cactus. 

^  American  iron  plouglis  are  already  in  general  use,  but  are  jirovided 
one  handle,  '  only  to  suit  tiie  long-timeilliabit  of  the  Mexican  tiller.'  f/ 
Mcj:  /'/ioL,  MS.,  4  5. 

*Tlie  uiieipial  distribution  of  huul,  and  the  grasping  and  oppressive 
ce<lure  of  estate-owners,  was  d(!preeated  early  in  the  century.  lluMa.j 
Mol.  IWijIr,  MS.,  U7-108.  A  writer  in  1821  thus  deserii)es  tliem:"  O 
error  lie  entendiniiento. ..  .0  por  nialiguidad  di'l  corazou.  son  unos  tigi' 
ilos  l>ies,  son  Unas  sanguijuelas  insaciabh-s  del  sudor  de  los  pobres,  pohll 
estado  pcor  ipte  los  usureros,  causa  ilo  li  miseria,  despoblacio:i  y  c.i- 
toilos  los  maloi  del  lioyuo.'  J'eimudor,  TuihUio,  1-2,  iu  I'ap.   1 '«/•.,  l-'i'J,  n 


lot 
lollt- 
la- 
L.'ir, 
■  ith- 
,'in.l 
piit.i- 

tiMI, 

with 


,1,1'. 

!""■ 
.c  I'll 


I  til 
O.3. 


LAND  MONOPOUi^TS. 


r.os 


^Nftxico  or  any  other  coiintr}',  the  liigliost  pro^rress 
;iimI  prosperity  can  never  l)o  attained.  To  pass  laws 
f'iirl»i(l(lini^  land  to  l>e  hold  exeept  in  snmll  parcels 
would  doubtless  ho  an  arhitraiv  measure,  which 
would  njeet  With  the  violent  opi»()sition  of  a  wealthy 
class,  and  prohahly  he  found  impractical )K\  Jtwor.ld 
ho  a  8t<'p  too  far  in  advance  of  the  other  hiufhly  ri  - 
spoctcd  civilizations,  such  as  England  and  the  United 
States,  to  meet  with  general  favor.  But  the  Mexi- 
<'an  government  can  and  ou'*'lit  to  discourage  future 
sah'S  or  grants  of  land  to  any  hut  fX'cupants,  and  such 
conveyances  should  be  liniited  to  thu  transferreiice  ef 
ground  in  small  lots. 

One  cannot  rightly  judge  of  ?.rexico  hy  S((>ing  ct  i-- 
tain  localities  only.  Nevir  was  a  country  so  widely 
diU'eient  in  different  parts,  not  only  in  its  construction 
hy  nature,  but  in  its  development  by  n)an.  With  so 
many  varieties  of  soil  and  climate,  local  specialties  arc 
i»i'oadly  marked.  In  one  district  the  cultivation  of 
coin  predominates,  in  an(»ther  that  of  puhpie,  and  in 
another  barley,  wliich  in  tlu'  citit'S  is  the  principal 
i'odder  for  horses  and  cattle.  The  crops  in  certain 
locaJitii's  are  more  dojxiiulent  ujton  irrigation  tlian  the 
rainfall,  the  wet  season  on  the  table-lands  north  of 
tlie  'JOth  parallel  being  of  short  «luration,  an<l  ])erio(!s 
of  drought  not  unfre(^u(M)tly  occurring.''  Want  <■( 
water,  indeed,  is  the  great  drawback  to  agriculture  on 
the  tal)lo-lands;  so  fertile  is  the  soil  that  production 
Would  be  almost  unlimited  if  systems  of  irrigation  were 
establisbed  by  means  of  artesian  wtlls,  and  by  dam- 
ming u})  the  barrancas  of  the  sierras  whi-re  suitably 
situated  for  the  storage  of  water- siip[)lies.''     Neverthe- 

■'Oii  tlu!  taldo -lands  the  rainy  season  lasts  about  four  nioiitlis,  wliilf  in  tlio 
Kiiuiluru  states  tlio  rains  fall  during  si\  and  cvi  n  scvt  ii  <  onstcutivc  inoulln. 
Ill  till'  tierra  califutc,  no  uieteorological  law  of  ri';4ularity  mhjuis  to  iiilr,  a.iil 
li'  i\  y  sliowtTS  will  fall  at  any  tiuio  duriiij.!  tlie  dry  soason  wliicli  in-cvails  tl  r- 

Two  oro]is  of  wliiMit  and  ;naize  are  grown  aninially  on  those  jiortinns  of 
t'l  •  (iiitral  })laU;au  mIilto  water  can  lie  olitaimd  lor  ill  ig.itinti  ]iuriioMcs. 
M"  !•  ihiu  hall  the  sTirt'aee  of  the  country  ri'cjiiins  irrigition  for  the  sueee^s 
el  :i','n('id'.  lire,  and  during  the  Azti  e  empire  irrigating  ilitiles  were  ext  n- 
un dy  used,     iktwuuu  Lerdu  uud  Cluliualiua  water  is  ruuehcd  at  a  depth  of 


hi  i 
id   -I 


i  IM 


imi 


'VM 


'uU 


n 


I'fei'iJ.il:'* 

:'4  i  ■'•!' 


5CA' 


A(UIICULTURAL  RESOURCES  OF  MEXICO. 


111! 


I'jss,  larjjfe  sums  of  iiioncy  have  been  expended  by  rn- 
toiiMisi::L!;'  ^lixicaiis  in  irrijjfating"  ex|ierinients/ 

Jii  connection  with  aqueducts  and  irrigation,  it  will 
i.ot  I.e  out  of  place  to  give  some  account  of  the  at- 
tempts that  have  been  made  to  drain  the  valhy  ot" 
!Mi>xico,  which  may  be  reganled  as  among  the  great- 
<st  livdrauhc  undertakings  in  tlie  world,  and  which 
has  been  before  spoken  of  in  this  history.  After  tiic 
destructive  inundation  of  Kl'Ji),'^  the  great  dikes  or 
dams  of  San  Cristobal  were  constructed  at  a  gnat 
sacrifice  of  Indian  life;"  but  with  all  these  efforts,  the 
capital  was  never  secure  against  flood.  The  tunnel  ct' 
Huehuetoca  was  found  to  be  a  failure,  as  it  was  iiii- 
j)ossible  to  keep  it  five  from  the  debris  which  continu- 
ally chohed  it  up.  It  was  therefore  decided  to  convert 
it  into  an  open  cutting,  but  owing  to  improvident  sus- 
l>ensi<ms  of  the  work  during  periods  when  no  danger 
of  inundation  was  feared,''  it  was  not  finished  until 
lo2  vears  after  its  commencement 

from  'J.">  ti)  l")!)  feet.  In  all  the  iiriticiiial  oitieH  the  supply  of  water  by  .i(|U( - 
(liwts  fiiriii.-ilies  the  moans  of  iirigatinj.',  anil  the  garden-*  and  orchards  displ  ly 
a  I'lirresponding  Inxnriiincc  and  Ici'midity.  A  list  of  the  jirincipal  aijuechK  u 
in  eai'h  state  will  be  found  in  Jfi  niniit/i-z,  E.-ituiliit.  M<J.,  'M-  Jn  1870,  tiR':i' 
were  •_'(■»()  artesian  w^'lls  in  tlie  federal  distriet.  Voz  (If  Slr.r.,  (5  Ah.,  J878.  In 
the  same  year,  the  rainfall  in  the  capital  was  HS'.iA  niillini. ;  in  the  previous 
year  'J14. 1.  /'/.,  23  <le  Ai,'.  The  lirnl  application  fer  the  exclnsive  right  tn 
sink  artesian  wi:lls  was  made  in  KSIUt.  JUnrn,  J/isf.  Julajxi,  iii.  SOS.  iMuiii,- 
tlu' next  twenty  years  a  great  nnniber  was  opened  in  N'era  Cruz,  Cuerrtr.., 
Mexico,  'I'laseala,  tj>neretaro,  ami  Colinui.  AY  Unirrnuil,  14  Sept.,  18."iO,  4,  l^ct. 
'2\,  .'{;  A7  E.^/<iii<i(trti',  May 'J  and  11,  18.17;  Ciiiniiinitii-;  Trnr.ls,  IVJ.'i;  Siln'"', 
M.'iii.  Foimiit.,  0.")-(>.  The  exclusive  right  system,  however,  was  found  to  h  • 
an  impediment  to  progress,  and  the  government  abolished  it,  extending  to  :ill 
persons  the  privilege  of  sinking  artesian  wells. 

'The  owner  of  a  hacienda  of  about  'JO  si|.  leagues— by  no  means  our  ■  i 
the  largest  estates  in  Mexico — assured  me  that  he  had  expended  over  5<.'{U0,(K)J 
during  ]88'i-.'{  for  water 

•'  For  particulars,  see  vol.  iii.  8.")-'.).  this  series. 

*()ne  tif  the  dikes  is  a  league  in  lengtii,  and  the  other  l.i'OO  varas.  Tin  v 
are  1(1  varas  iu  tliiekness,  ami  from  IVj  to  4  varas  high;  tiiey  are  hu-lt  of  stn:  ,• 
with  buttresses  of  masonry,  aiul  were  eoucludeil  in  11  months.  (('<(;•(/'.<  J/-. 
in  /.v.';,  ii.  287-8. 

'"' On  iiegligea  le  travail  dans  les  annees  do  secheresse.'  JlinnlioUU,  K-'i 
Polit.,  i.  211). 

"  The  total  expense  of  drainage,  including  all  works  uudertiikeii  from  liii'7 
to  178il,  is  estimated  at  a!"),"<47,G70,  uud  during  the  following  15  years  frnm 
NiO;),(KX)  to  S7tK),(HH)  more  were  spent  in  improvements,  hi.,  21!»-2(),  221  ."). 
The  dimensions  of  this  enormous  work  are  astonishing.  The  length  of  tlio 
cutting  is  24,.');<0  varas;  for  a  distance  of  2.(»24  feet  the  widtli  at  the  top  varus 
from  2/8  to  300  foot,  aud  the  perpendicular  depth  from  147  to  IKU  feet;  for  a 


IKRKIATION   AND  DRAINAGE. 


r>fi5 


DurlnL^  tho  Avar  of  iiidcpindrnco  this  work  callo<l 
lie  NiK'histoiiiro  (•uttinLi;'--£l  Tujo  do  NochistDiigo- 
V. ;:  >  greatly  m'^k-ctiMl,  and  tin;  |)a.ssii|L|;i'  of  the  water  wa.s 
(vhsti'iicU'd  hv  acciiinulatioiis  of  earth  and  detritus.  No 
attciitioii,  lio\\c'V<'r,  was  given  to  the  canal  until  the 
c.ipital  was  again  threatened  witii  inundation  in  IHUO, 
wlicn  woi'k  was  ri'sunied."  But  when  conij>h'ted,  the 
rinal  <hd  not  answer  tlie  purpose,  and  tho  city  ot' 
^.lexifo  was  prrio(heally  in  danger  of  hoing  Hooded, 
'i'lieconsi'jiueneo  was,  that  an  entiiilvdiHerent  system, 
(•iiu)prehending  tho  general  drainage  of  tlu;  valley,  was 
adopted,'^  and  in  l8o(I  a  hoard  for  the  drainage  and 
canalization  of  the  valloy  was  appointed,  an  award  of 
.sl-J,000  being  offered  for  tlie  hest  project."  Tlie 
jijans  sent   in   hy  engineers  were   numerous. 


hut  r 


or 


iioveltv  that  of  J,  A.   J*o 


)umareae   was   unsurpassed, 
lie  itroposed  to  drain  the  vallev  hv  a  system  of  huy-o 
The  prize  was  finally  awarde<l  to  Francisco 


siiiliuns 


pri 


i\v   (raray;   but   political    strife   and   the 
French   interyention   long  pr<.'yented   his 


war   o 


IS    1 


tians 


f   th 
fi 


OUL 


in  ing  acted  upon.      In  April  18(!8,  however,  work  was 
nionced.      Tho    plan    was    to    eonsti'uct    a    grand 


com 


canal,  which  from  a  terminus  at  the  garita  de  San 


Juiizaro   should   pass   throuirh    Ijake   Texe 


uco 


at   th 


tlistanco  of  11,483  fout,  llio  .l.-pth  is  from '.IS  to  l(i4  fetit.  Tlio  wiilU"  of  tli.! 
I'li.iiiiii'l  at  tliu  liottoMi  ia  lluiiilmldt's  time  varii'il  from  1)  to  i;S  foi.'t,  iiiui  tliu 
sliijn!  ipl  till!  silk's  fi'oiii  4.)°  to  4.")  ,  though  iu  a  larui?  jiortioii  ot  the  cuttinj^ 
till'  iin'li;ii;  was  less,  tho  ri'sulc  of  which  w.is  tliat  frei(iieiit  sliiles  oceurreil. 

'-  111  l.s;)'J,  ail  act  was  passed  setting  ajiirt  .s.'iO,()lK)  annually  for  the  «li'ain- 
a;  ■  of  t!ie  valley.   A  rriil'ii/ii,  Uinyji. ,  ]H',1'2  .'t,  [).  N(). 

'-'i'liis  jiroji'ct  of  general  drainage,  aliaii'loneil  wince  the  time  of  Knri<o 
M  .rtiiie/,  lia.l  been  revived  by  Oidor  .Mier  in  177."),  but  it  was  not  until  l.Si)4 
I. lit  it  was  dcliiiitely  adopted.  Itiirrijiaray  jiassed  a  deeree  tliat  year  for  tho 
<i':islruelioiiof  a  canal  from  L;ike  Tezeueo  to  the  euttiiij;  of  Noeliiston;:o,  thj 
I'Cji  !i  ;e  of  which  was  estimated  at  $l,(iOl),0.).).  Work  was  \igoroii>ly  <om- 
iM  ;ieed  at  .several  points,  but  ceiused  witli  the  fall  of  that  vie.roy.  (h-nzm  // 
/'',,;,  iu  ,•>,«;,  Mcr.  (''('i>i/.,  ix.  4(11;  l>i'iw  Mix.,  ii.  li>.). 

"Ti>  tlie  projector  of  the  second  best  plan,  a:i  award  of  .'-L'.tM))  was  to  1  „ 
(.  v.a.  Ml.,-.,  Leijii.  Mij.,  July-l>eL'.  1S.')(),  l!'J-.'U.  l)iiiiiig  this  yiar  an  e\- 
\i  ii.iionv  \  attempt  W.is  mwlc  to  effect  the  drainage  liy  subtenaiuan  absoi|i- 
tiiiii.  Wells  were  sunk  i:i  tho  liopuof  cutting  into  a  itorous  slratuiii  whieh 
wiiiild  carry  away  the  waters  of  tlio  l.ike.s.  Tlio  contract  was  giviii  to  Se- 
liis.iiu  Taiie.  /(/.,  Jan.  .lune  I85ii,  14-l.">,  ',.'(>!). 

'  ./.  .1.  /'oiii.inn-i/i'  —/^Lvii/ue  (le  ViiUeile  Mi.rii-i,  Xin  m  /<i<tr  ^ni  il  •  imjui/ir 
''<  iiuniluriiuien  ile  la  <  iwliul  i/  <hi  Vulle  <te  Mexir  >,  ;/  hu-i  r  ilemtpiin-rr  i:n  jhirte 
i  •■'  "i.i  IS  tie  iiuiatul)ruliul  ipieq/'recen  um  y  otro.  Mexico,  18G0.  12ino,  pp.  107, 
'.:  I'l ms. 


ii 


660 


ACRICULTURAL  IIKSOURCES  OF*  MKXICO. 


II 


n 

w 

V^ 

'i 

''§ 

*j 

.'1 

fl 

i'B 

■  f- 

p'f 

tj 

P'f 

V'l 

Kr 

lowest  |K)rtu)u  of  its  bed.  thence  through  Luke  S;m 
Crist6bal  to  Lake  Zunipau^o,  wlieiiee  it  was  to  t  \ft nd 
to  a  tunnel  to  be  o|)eiied  through  the  liills  that  clusi" 
the  vallrv  on  the  north,  givinj^^  exit  to  the  water  \uU* 
the  barranea  of  Tequisquiae.'"  For  nine  years  thi- 
work  proceeded  with  more  or  less  vigor,  when  (iaray, 
liavinij;  been  a|)|)ointed  director-in-chief  t)f  the  vall(  y 
drainage,  called  attention  to  the  fjict  tliat  his  oriLiinal 
]»lan  had  been  tkviated  from,  and  laid  ca  new  projict 
before  the  govennnent,  in  which  he  j)ro])ose(l  that  thi- 
tunnel  and  the  cutting  in  the  barranca  should  be  aban- 
doned, and  another  tunnel  o[»ened  into  the  ravine  of 
Anu'tlac.'' 

(iaray's  jirojeet  met  with  approval.  It  inrlud(d 
an  I'Xtensive  systt-m  of  navigable  canals  and  irriijatiii' 
ilitches,  all  diii'  barging  into  main  arteries  ccunuctrd 

The  length  of  the  (Jraiul  (.'aiial  was  48,.'K)0  metres,  or  nearly  3l>  tnilr 


that  (if  till'  tiiiiinl,  4,".i."i|  llletre^s,  that  is,  six  iiiiKs.  Ir 


yan 


At     111! 


(li'hducliiiro  of  the  tuiiiul,  at  tlie  Itarraiica  of  TiM[ui>i(uiaf,  was  a  cuttiirs; 
ii'-arly  one  ami  a  half  iiiile.s  long,  ami  O'i  tett  in  diiitii  at  its  iheiie.st  inil. 
.1/'./-..  .1/.,,/.  Foii,v:,(.,  IStiS-K,  'JSl  •_';  /./ ,  1S7:{,  \Y.\\.  Tlie  plan  ol  eon.  lint  ii,i; 
tlie  canal  to  the  eiittinj,'  of  NoehistonL;o,  as  hugiin  liy  Iturrigaray,  MM-i  ali;i:i- 
uoued,  and  the  constnietioii  was  can  icd  along  tiu'  ojiimsite  ^idr  of  liiKi'  Zii :.i- 
liiiigo.  l'ie[iaratory  work  had  heeii  comnienecd  hy  Alaximilian,  and  (i.iia\  s 
original  plan  changed  with  regard  to  direction.  Tliis  initial  error  w.i.s  nut 
corrected   during   tho   foUowiiig  decade,   and  much  lalior  and  money  wi  re 


thrown  away.    I'uln 


Mr 


III- III.,  ISTil 


:{7i). 


Tlie  lir-t  tunnel  oiicned  into  the  ravine  of  Acatlan,  Mhich  led  into  tlii 


larranca  o 


f  T. 


ipl|.([U 


ac.     The  Anictlae  tunnd  would  he  more  than 


—  I,(i44  metres — shorter  than  that  l>y  Aiatlan,  and  the  cutting  I, .")■_'•_'  yanU 
Hluu'ter.      Tlie   (iaray  project   was,    moreover,    superior   in   other   re>pects. 


III  directum   anil  in  the  termination  < 


,t  tl 


le  work  m  a 


fill 


-an  atlvaii- 


tige  which  prevented  olistructioii  to  tiie  outllow  hy  |Io(kIs  in  tlu;  ra.viiic,  to 
wiiieh  the  Acatlan  tiiiiii.  I  would  he  lialile.  Hut  tlic  Acatlan  cut  hail  ;ilrca'y 
iieeii  linisjied,  and  410  .\  ardsof  pri'paratory  tunnelling  done,  K'sides  the  open- 
ing of  "Ji  shafts,  4  of  wliich  luul  lieeii  !<iink  to  the  reipiired  deiith.  Tli- (jUes- 
tion  to  1)0  decided  was,  whether  the  Anietlac  project  would  cost  tlie  siiliic  er 
a  less  amount  than  the  completion  of  the  work  already  eoinnienci  d,  uiii!<T 
the   supposition  that   the  tunnel   should  he  of   the  same  dimensions  as  the 


Aeatla 


Ihit   (iaray   Went    further;    he   aruued    that    the    iliim  ii-ieii* 


adopted  hy  the  gdvernment  would  lie  insutticieiit  for  the  result  expi  etc! 
n  iniely,  the  total  drainage  of  the  valley.  The  section  of  the  Acatlan  tiiiiiifl 
WIS  only  ti. 44  sijuare  metres;  he  piojiosed  that  that  of  the  Ametlac  tiiiiin'l 
shoulil  lie  'Jl.lO  square  metiv.s,  capahle  of  discharging  Hd  cnliie  metres  ef 
water  per  second,  or  four  times  the  tpiaiitity  that  could  \w  discharge<i  I  y  lli' 
smaller  tunnel.     The  cost  of  the   Acatlan  tunnel  he  estimated  at   ?^44i'.  K>i'. 

that  of  tlie  one  he  propn^ed  liy  Ametlac  at  S>744.1?0(),  showing  a  ditl'ereii ' 

t^'JUS,  170;  hut  liy  the  expenditure  of  this  additional  sum  the  perfect  di  in!  i.i' 
of  the  valley,  he  maintained,  would  he  accomplished.  See  liia  report.-,  m 
J/ftr.,  Mem.' Foment.,  1S7G-7,  373-4,  37S-81. 


CEREALS. 


o07 


with  the  hist  colkrtor,  the  «^raml  canal,  wliioh  wa-  to 
have  its  tlehoueliure  at  the  Ainetlac  tuimil.  Tlie 
work  is  yet  unaccomplished,  altliou»^h  on  tlie  drainage 
of  the  valley  depends  the  health  of  the  inhabitants  of 
the  capital.  The  city  of  Mexico  is  cradled  on  a 
subterranean  lake/**  ever  emitting  poisonous  exhala- 
tions.    The  mortality  is  excessive,  and  seems  to  be 


nicreasmg, 


19 


^Faize,  or  Indian  corn,  constitutes  the  principal  ar- 
ticle of  food,  and  its  cultivation,  in  later  years,  has  be- 
come most  important  in  the  states  of  (iuanajuato, 
Jalisco,  Mexico,  Michoacan,  Oajaca,  Puel)la,  and  \'cra 
Cruz.  Al)out  the  middle  of  the  present  century, 
irreat  uncertainty  as  to  the  3'ield  of  the  cro[)s  in  dif- 
ferent localities  is  noticeable,  and  while  in  one  plac*^ 
corn  Would  be  si'lling  for  almost  its  weii(ht  in  gold,  at 
another  il  would  be  so  abundant  as  to  bu  used  as  food 
for  hofjs.  The  main  reason  of  this  y^ri-at  ditt'erence 
was  the  dithculty  of  transportation."'^  IJurin^.^  later 
years,  the  increase  in  the  production  of  maize  has  been 
prodigious,  its  value  in  1871)  amounting  to  81  1 1^,1(54, - 
424,  represinting  about  five  eighths  of  the  total  pro- 
duct of  the  country.-^ 

'"■'riie  1)011  < if  L;ik".' Tixcuco  is  {;railu;illy  rising,  owing  to  tlie  ilrpo.sics  of 
sediiiifut.iry  iiiattor.  In  lii'.nihoKUs  time  its  gri'iitest  (lii)tli  w.i.s  lii  it  S  in.: 
in  ISS'J  its  normal  in  the  rainy  si-asuii  was  only  0  It  8  inolied.     Hum- 

liolilts  statement  has  luell  eontosteil  on  tlie  j;rounil  that  it  was  ^ivia  witlinut 
jireeision,  Orozi'o  y  Ihrni,  in  .^^w".  Mij:  'i'»o;/.,  ix.  4li(l  7;  hut  (lar.iy,  after  a 
siries  of  ohservations  whieh  evtemled  over  a  jn  riml  of  14  years,  loiiiid  that 
the  mean  rise  of  the  heil  of  the  lake  was  l.(i  in.  annually,  «liiih  voriliiil 
lluiiihohlt's  statement.  Dminn'jf  <;/'  Viillnj  nf  Mi.r.,  14-l."i.  The  result  "f 
this  rising  of  the  hottom  of  the  lake  is  that  the  water  jiereolates  unili  ignmnil. 
Tlio  last-mentioned  author  says:  'It  is  true  that  the  wati  rs  di>  nut  covtr 
|Mrniaiieritly  our  valley,  hut  they  sjiread  stealthily  under  our  fiit  and  rise 
almost  to  the  surfaee  of  the  jrrouinl  to  iioison  the  air  wr  luiathe.'  /■/.,  17. 

'''At  this  time  the  annual  deatii-rate  ''Xeeeds  14,(MH>,  wlnrcas  l."i  or  "JO 
vrars  previously  it  was  only  half  that  iiumher.  Mts.  t'innudi  r.  May  '.(,  iSS.'i, 
[1.  Ml. 

'•'"Si.xty  years  ago,  maize  sold  in  the  capital  at  from  two  to  three  dollars 
tlie  fanega,  the  ]iriee  in  the  country  lieing  only  tiiree  fir  four  reahs.  At  the 
mines  of  (iuanajuato  alone,  14, (KK)  mules  wi're  daily  fed  on  tins  grain  ancl 
the  straw  produeed  from  the  dried  leaves  and  stalks.  In  othir  mining  dis- 
triets  the  consumption  was  in  proportion.  Failure  of  the  emp  was  a  dire 
1  ilamity,  and  alleeted  the  mining  interest  as  much  as  the  price  ol  ((uieksilver. 

■'Jalisco  and  ( iuanajuato  produced  iieaily  one  fourth.  Uiuto,  EsUui.  Jiep, 
-l/w.,  i.,t'iiad.  Agrie.,  no.  30. 


5G8 


ACJKICULTUIIAL  RESOURCES  OF  MEXICO. 


Of  otlicr  f^raius,  wlieat  ranks  next  in  quantity: 
grown  cliifily  in  Jalisco,  Chiliualiua,  Guanajuato. 
Querctaro,  and  Coaliuila.'"^'"  It  is  only  raised  tor 
lionie  ('onsunii>tion,  as  also  barley,  which  is  grown  in 
the  innnediate  nei<»'hborhood  of  towns,  liii;liwavs,  and 
mining  places,  and  is  principally  used  as  fodder.'' 
Owing  to  the  favorable  conditions  for  the  cultivation 
of  ri<'e  in  the  moist  and  swann)y  regions  of  the  coast, 
the  i)ro(iuction  of  this  cereal  has  gradually  exceeded 
the  home  dt-mand,  and  oi'  late  years  some  rice  has 
been  ex])orted.'"* 

Second  to  wheat  in  value,  and  maize  in  quantity,  is 
the  production  of  fiijoles,  or  beans,  which,  with  thf 
tortillas  of  maize,  and  the  chile  }>ej)per,  form  the  na- 
tional dishes  of  the  Mexicans  from  ancient  times. 
The  consumption  of  frijoles  has  greatly  decreased, 
liowever,  during  the  last  twenty  years,-'  The  pepper 
just  mentioned  is  of  great  importance  in  the  Mexican 
household,  and  its  consumption  is  almost  incretliblc."" 
This  condiment  is  of  inestimable  benefit  to  the  poor, 
sup[)lying  in  a  measure  the  absence  of  meat  and  bread  ; 
^vithout  it  their  tortilla  would  be  quite  insipid.  It  is 
a  powerful  stimulant,  and  its  pungency  so  great  that 
it  will  ])roduee  excoriation  of  the  tongue,  gums,  and 
l)alate  of  a  person  unaccustomeil  to  its  use. 

''  I'ruvious  to  till!  introtliiction  of  niilroadi  and  steamer  lines,  the  eon- 
suniiitioii  of  tlour  on  the  coasts  was  insigiiilit-aiit.  In  the  early  part  of  this 
irntury,  wlieat  sold  for  from  .S|;{  to  .SltJ  tiie  earya  of  'MM  Ihs.,  when  maize 
Sold  for  .*!.  The  total  value  of  tiie  yield  in  ISTD  WiW  $17,43G,.'{4.">,  Jalisco 
alone  prodnoiiig  one  fourth  of  the  (juantity. 

^^'Iho  dail.v  quantity  of  harley  hay  consumed  in  Ouanajuato  alone  was 
about  4,(K)0  (juiiitals.  Mi:i:,  Mini,  foiiiiiil.,  18(5(3,  57.  The  value  of  the  pro- 
duction in  187".*  was  .'?4,4(i3,74l'.   /f)/.vto,  ut  sup. 

'^'In  187'.*  the  value  of  the  production  was  ;?  1,248, '244.     iJuriiig  ten  years 
ending  .June  'M,   1880,  rice  to  the  value  of  ?il,;n(i,  1H2  was  cxporteil  to  tlic 
U.S.   In  ]8()."),  the  3'ield  was  only  sutfieient  for  homo  cunsumptioa.  //*.;  Broi-k 
hliurat,  Mi'.i:,  '.Hi;  Mi:i\,  Mem.  Fomi'ut.,  18l»(),  .V2. 

'^•'In  18()l  the  crop  wasestiniateil  at  2, 172,2(»8  cargas,  valuedat^l{),5.")0,4l'J. 
while  in  1S7!>  the  numl)er  of  earijas  was  a  lit.!  s  over  1,541, (100,  with  a  valii' 
of  .S8,4()(),211.  AV.  Mij:  ilcnii.,  Ki>.  8a,  i.  240;  AzcdnUe,  Not.  Ext.,  table  I: 
JIi'jc.,  Mem.  Fotiunit.,  18t)(),  ()(>-8;  liunto,  ut  sup. 

^''Tlaseala  produced  aliout  20,000  arrohas  in  1801,  which  wcro  not  sutii- 
cie!it  ft>r  the  consumption  in  that  state.  Mi:t.,  Mem.  Foment.,  18(i(»,  05.  The 
total  quantity  i)roduced  in  1S70  w.is  aliout  470,OiH)  cargas,  valued  at  JH.lSHi, 482. 
Tills  liery  t-pice  is  greatly  relisiied  hy  cattle.  1  have  .seen  a  plant  covered 
with  fruit,  ami  uf  tho  hottest  kind,  strippe.l  and  destroyed  in  a  few  minutes 
by  a  cow. 


ua 


CACAO  AND  COFFEE. 


uGO 


Of  farinaceou"  plants,  mciitioii  must  be  made  of  tlio 
])laMtuiu.  potato,  and  manioc,  tlio  first  nanuil  lu-inij^  to 
tho  {'oast-ilwt'llors  what  corn  is  to  tiu'  pcoplr  of  tlio 
uplands.""'  It  is  wotulorfully  prolific,  producini;  on  a 
nivin  area  more  nutrition  than  anv  other  known  i)lant."** 

Occasional  eft'orts  have  been  made  to  divelop  the 
cultivation  of  various  veu^etables,  in  the  dcsiic  to  ir.- 
crease  the  supply  of  aliments  for  the  j)oorcr  clasMS, 
l)ut  tlieso  attempts  have  bein  attended  with  little  result. 

Equally  unsucci'ssful  have  been  stops  taken  to  revivi; 
the  cultivation  of  cacao,  which  in  colonial  times  fell 
to  insionificant  proportions.-^  The  attempt,  however, 
lias  checked  to  some  extent  its  importation  froni  otlu  r 
countries,  which  in  former  vears  was  consideiahle."'" 

The  future  cultivation  of  the  cotreo  shiub  affords  a 
more  favorable  prospect.     This  plant  was  introduct'd 

■'  Fivt.-  kinds  aro  cultivated  in  Moxico;  naniuly,  tlif  jijatanti  LiraiidL',  pli- 
taiiii  ilominicd,  idiitano  giiineo,  idiituno  ntanilo,  and  i>latani)  nian/ano.  Jiii.ifo, 
Eftivl.  liiy.  Mt.i.,  i.  1st  \)t,  0. 

-"  Huiuluildt  calculati'd  that  half  a  liectaio  idantfd  with  tho  {il.'itano 
graiide  calk'd  liy  liini  the  jiliitano  aitnu  will  suiijiort  .-)0  nii-n  tor  a  year, 
wliiii;  tlu!  same  (juantity  of  firound  in  Kuniiio  would  not  yield  wlieat  eii(iiij.'li 
to  suiniort  two  men.  A.sw/  /'ulit.,  ;i(i(».  Its  lultivation  is  attended  witli  litth; 
tiouMo  and  trilling  expense.  The  plant  is  propagated  from  its  suekers. 
These  are  set  in  rows  at  a  distanee  of  aliout  ten  feet  apart.  Wln'ii  tiie  iriiit 
is  gatiierud  tlie  stem  on  whieh  it  has  heen  jiroilueed  is  eut  down  and  left  to 
ileeay  upon  tlio  ground,  eonstituting  a  fertilizer  ot  tiie  richest  kind.  New 
shoots  trom  the  root  contiuiially  supjily  the  places  of  their  preileeessors, 
whose  duty  and  exisleuct:  are  eoiiip'eted  wltii  the  maturity  of  the  fruit. 

'■'In  ]S2'A  !i  law  was  pa.ssed  exempting  new  jilantatioiis  from  taxation  for 
ID  years.  The  tree  is  chiefly  ctdtivateil  in  the  state  ot  Taha,seo,  where  it  h.'s 
liuiu  the  ohject  of  special  jiroteetive  laws,  whieh  have  liad  the  etlict  of  in- 
creasing its  culture  in  that  portion  of  Mexico.  Mir.,  diiht  llnr.,  iv.  '1\  (1;  M(  .r., 
Mfin.  Af/rii\,  1S4H,  ]•_';  lS4t>,  SlJ;  Sitio'O,  Mini.  Foni.,  ti.S;  Diildmi  and  l.if.iim, 
l.r;i.  Mu:,  vii.  474,  iVJI;   Mir.,  Col.  Li;/in,  .lan.-Aug.  Ih.V),  'J-Jl'. 

'"  l>uring  tlie  years  from  IS'J.")  to  I.S'iw,  X\(M)0  quinfcils  worth  .•;-4l>l,().'t:t  were 
annually  imported.  Mir.,  Mini.  Ai/rir.,  lS4t),  Xi.  In  )S.')(>  the  importatio:i 
still  reiiresented  .Sl'_'(»,;«tl  worth.  Sm:  Mu:  (lin',i.,  Hnl-,  Kp.  '-'a.  i.  :{<ih.  T:;e 
iModuetioii  of  cacao  in  187!l  amounted  to  the  value  of  .'^1,  I41>,<C>(I,  ot  wlii  h 
MMu  .^S8<),0(K^  represents  th<!  yield  in  Tabasco  for  tiiat  year.  liii.-<l>\  ut  sup. 
I'uriiig  the  decade  ending  .June  30,  1880,  §l,:{0(j, .'<•.".(  worth  of  this  l«aii  was 
imp(u-tc(l  into  the  U,  S.  lirofklihumt,  Mer.,  *.Hi.  The  tree,  like  the  cotton  a :i<l 
indigo  plants,  is  indigenous.  Tiie  finest  (piality  of  cacao  is  proiluced  iu  Soco- 
inisco,  the  reputation  of  which  was  so  great  that  in  colonial  times  a  lertain 
iiu'ulier  of  cargoi's  were  annually  sent  to  Sjiain  for  the  u.se  of  tho  royal  family 
m  conformity  M-ith  an  order  from  tlie  king.  /I'o ''/('■•<,  I'mr.  C/iiiijui,  XV  4.  Its 
I'liMiuetioii  in  that  district  is  now  small,  and  coutined  to  the  natives.  In 
I'liiapas,  the  jirice  varies  trom  'J,  4,  an<l  5  to  (>  reales  a  jio.mtl,  according  to  tho 
ahiuidanee  or  .scarcity  of  the  ero[)8,  of  which  there  are  two  a.  year,  oin'  in  May 
and  the  <ither  in  Sept.  Tho  price  in  the  Mexican  capital  variea  from  5  ruaius 
til  10  reales  per  lb.  Mcx.  Financ,  March  14,  1885,  3^3-4. 


11,-11-    ^ 


'  I, 


m 


\\ 


i     < 


f  fi  .1''  i 

!*      *'    1    , 


670 


AGRICULTURAL  RESOUlICL^i  OF  MEXICO. 


into  Mexico  at  the  coinmoncement  of  the  present 
century,  but  little  attention  was  })aid  to  it^  cultiiii' 
until  1818-19,  when  larj^e  ])lantations  were  laid  out  in 
the  neiglil)orhoocl  of  C<')rcloba  and  Orizaba  in  Vrra 
Cruz.  Shortly  afterward  this  industry  was  introducid 
into  the  valleys  of  Cuautla  and  Cuernavaca,  and  luis 
since  'gradually  extended  to  Tabasco,  Colinia,  Oajaca, 
Michoacan,  Chiapas,  and  elsewhere.''^  The  encourage - 
uient  j^iven  to  the  cultivation  of  this  plant  by  the 
government  has  been  persistent,"^"  but  for  many  years 
its  prou^n^ss  was  slow,  owiiiy;  to  the  limited  consump- 
tion, chocolate  bein<:f  the  favorite  beverage  of  the 
Mexican.  It  was  t)iily  when  the  advantages  offered 
by  the  exj)ortation  of  the  articlt3  became  more  evident 
that  the  cultivation  increased.''*  Of  the  future  devcl- 
lopment  of  this  agricultural  Industry,  there  can  be  no 
doubt.  Its  rapid  progress  is  perceptible  from  the 
exportations  of  coffee  by  way  of  Vera  Cruz  for  the 
years  1877  and  1883,  which  were  respectively  ()0,000 
and  141,41)3  quintals.^* 

The  maguey,  or  i)ulque  plant  —agave  Americana — 
is  one  of  the  most  important  productions  of  Mexico.' 
Considering  the  variety  of  uses  to  which  the  plant  sul)- 
serves,  the  little  care  and  trouble  required  in  its  culti- 

"Tho  cofl'i'c  of  Oajaca  is  secoinl  to  none  ]>ro(lucc(l  in  Mexico. 

^-TJR'  (.'Xt'iriptidii  of  cotfce  from  all  dutii's  ami  imposts  for  ton  yearn  \v,is 
decree. I  in  Oi't.  IS'J.S,  which  privilege  was  periodically  extendtitl  down  to  lt^."|^i, 
the  govt  biiug  advised  still  to  continue  the  exemption.  Silicvo,  Mem.  Foinini., 
08  y. 

^'In  18'2()  there  wcrj  1,2.')0  quintals  produced.  Hernandez,  Eslml.  M<j.. 
lO.S,  makes  the  total  production  in  ]S(*1  amount  to  .34,715  (juintals,  wm  tli 
asV_'0,7'25.  In  ISTK  it  was  worth  over  S;'2,0(K),(KtO.  For  further  details.  coii>ult 
Mii/ilnip/ordt,  M,'i.,  i.  l'Jl-2;  Soc.  M<j:  Geo,,.,  2d  Kp.,  iii.  :My-51;  .1/..  ., 
Mvm.  Ai/rir.,  184.3,  18,  and  1840,  37-8;  Mix.,  Mem.  Fom.,  18(i0,  00-1. 

^«  Vm  lie  M<j.,  Jan.  .3,  18TS;  Mex.  Finnii.,  March  8,  1884;  J/c.r,  Diul,:, 
Ojic,  June  .5,  188.3.  In  1870  the  cultivation  of  the  tea  plant  was  urgoil,  unl 
resolutions  for  its  introduction  adopted  l»y  the  Sociedail  «le  (leograHa  y  K.-t.i- 
distica  of  .Mexico.  Soe.  Mex.  O'eoij.,  '2d  Ep.,  ii.  52.')  9. 

'■'Tliere  are  more  than  30  Vtarieties  of  this  plant.  An  enumeration  of  tluiii 
is  given  by  Payno  in  Id.,  \.,  403-5.  A  notable  one  of  small  size,  now  call- nl 
the  Itrliiijinillu,  little  lettuce,  supplies  a  lil>re  as  fine  as  silk,  known  by  the 
name  of  ixfle.  Froiii  this  variety  a  substitute  used  by  corset-makers  for  wh.ik- 
bone  is  also  procured.  Its  culture  is,  however,  limited  as  compared  with  the 
maguey,  wliu'h  pro<hice8  pulipu'  an  1  henne<iucn,  a  fibrous  substance  oiitaiiuil 
from  the  central  white  part  of  liie  pliint,  and  used  for  the  manufacture  ot 
rope.     The  production  ot  ixtle  is  about  one  third  of  that  of  hemiequeu. 


A(;avk  amkuk  axa. 


S71 


vation.  Its  vijrorous  L»T'((\vt)i  on  soils  {iiid  in  localities 
where  no  othci'  |>lant  will  tliri\i\  and  llu'  ciioinious  rv- 
tui'ns  which  it  yields  lor  tlu'  outlay  of  small  capital,  a 
maniuy  plantation  as  a  |ti()fital)lc  source  of  income  is 
unsurpassed  by  any  (»tlH'r  ai^ricultural  industry.^*'  The 
history  of  the  discovery  of  produciiij^'  from  its  juico  the 
iiitoxicatinL;'  ltevera'L*'e  known  as  pulfpie  is  lost  in  the 
ohscurity  of  the  past,  but  traditions  are  not  wanting  on 
tlie  niatt(>r.''" 

The  consumption  of  ]>ul(}Ue  has  always  bnee  enor- 
mous, thouufh  during'  the  war  of  independence  its 
manufacture  greatly  decii'a>eil,'''  as  also  that  of  mescal, 
a  sj)irituous  liquor  obtained  by  distillin<^"  the  fermented 
juice,  and  produced  chieily  in  Jalisco.'*''  ('onsiderabli! 
(juantities  of  both  these  TKjUors  are  manufactund 
illicitly.  Altlumuh  the  maguey  throws  wild  through- 
out a  lai-n'e  area  of  th(>  country,  it  is  but  little  utilized 
excej)t  in  the  districts  of  which  the  cities  of  Mexico 
and  I'uebla  are  the  centres,  and  where  it  is  systenuiti- 
cally  cultivated.^"  In  addition  to  pulque  and  mescal, 
a  brandy  called  iiquUa  is  obtained  from  the  bulb  of 
the  ma<>uey.^'     With  reyard  to  the  yfreat  value  of  the 

•'''  P.iyiio  c'stiiiiutuil  that  tlii^so  iilantutioiis  yield  a  rctiiru  nf  80  \wr  cent 
aiiiiiiiilly.  III.,  418-l(i. 

'■C'iiiisult  III.,  H84  7,  and  ',\A  Ep.,  ii.  *JSl!;  vol.  iii.  (508,  tiiia  series,  and 
Xiilii'r  I!  II  1.1,  ii.  ;{!(,"),  tliis  .series. 

•""Tlu!  reventie  derived  tnmi  its  .sale  amoiiiited  in  1808  to  .S<i80,(i04;  in 
Isrj  to  s*_>.">(>,  118,  reiiiaiuiiig  at  ahout  tlie  saitie  H;,airo  (hiring  tiio  next  10 
years.     For  detailed  statenient.s,  see  /'ni/int.  Mini.  M'I'/hi  >/,  !I4  .">. 

^"Aiiil  to  a  less  extent  in  (iuanajiiato,  Moi-elia,  San  Luis  I'otosf,  and 
Niiivo  Leon. 

"The  Mexican  govt  otl'ers  every  cneotiraueiiient  for  tlio  jirodnction  of  tho 
lu'niie((ueii  and  ixtle  lihres  for  tlie  niaiiiiraetiire  of  eordage,  sac',<ing,  anil  tex- 
ide  fahries.  i'erniission  has  been  gianted  a  eoiiiiiaiiy  to  utilize  lor  ten  j'ears 
tile  niagueys  growing  on  puhlic  lands,  and  a  iireniimii  of  .S.S0.0>>i)  will  lie  jiaid 
Inr  each  mill  put  in  operation.  On  maguey  plantations  it  is  arrangi'd  that 
one  tenth  of  tiie  plants  reach  maturity  annually.  The  plant  dies  after  it 
ha.s  yielded  its  juice,  or,  when  unmolested,  has  liuisiied  (lowering.  It  is  propa- 
gati'd  liy  suckers  wiiieli  sjiring  from  the  parent  root,  whieii  are  not  disturhed 
till  they  are  two  or  tiiree  years  of  age,  when  tliey  are  dug  up  and  dried  in 
the  sun,  for  if  planted  green  tiie  shoots  decay  and  produce  a  destructive 
\vorm. 

"  Derived  from  the  district  of  Tequila,  in  Jalisco.  The  process  of  making 
tlie  li(pior  dates  hack  to  the  days  of  the  .\ztecs.  The  hulhs  are  roasti-il  in  a 
lurnace,  and  yield  a  sweetish  liquor  from  wiiich  terpiila  is  distilled.  The 
value  of  tiiis  I)randy  produced  in  187'.>  was  SI, 170,000;  of  mescal  .sr)70,t)4(J; 
and  of  ])ul(|ue  to  i!4,r)S<),.")'JS.  The  maguey  thus  yielded,  iu  liiiuors  aloue, 
i?tj,;i3(i,174.  liiisio,  ut  sup.,  ii.  4'J7. 


Ii 


.li: 


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i 


iwj 


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i>m?. 


r.72 


AdRICULTl'KAL  RESOrRCES  OF  MEXICO. 


maij;uoy  as  a  productT  of  hcuncqucn  and  ixtlo,  it  Ims 
been  fstiniatcd  that  a  machine  ca})al>li'  of  tuniin«,^  out 
200  pounds  a  day,  and  costing  about  ^500,  will  yi(  Id 
a  net  profit  of  fivi!  dolhirs  daily/' 

The  cultivation  <»f  sugar-cane,  at  Hm  opening  of  the 
present  cimtury,  in  spite  of  the  restrictiv*;  policy  of 
Spain,  had  advanced  so  as  to  admit  of  an  annual  ex- 
portation of  about  1125,000  quintals;  but  dtiring  tlif 
struggle  for  independence  most  of  the  finest  planta- 
tions in  the  districts  of  Oajaca,  Guadalajara,  am! 
Michoacan  were  destroyed,  and  the  industry  lan- 
guished for  many  years.  Xe>erthele.ss,  the  culture  ot 
the  cane  has  gradually  spread  over  a  large  j)orti()n 
of  the  country.*'^  The  consumption  of  li(piors,  also, 
made  from  the  sugar-cane  is  considerabli',  the  amuuil 
value  of  aguardiente  alone  exceeding  two  million  dol- 
lars." 

Tobacco,  in  its  dilferent  forms  of  cigars  and  ciga- 
rettes, is  another  article  of  general  consumption,  being 
usr<l  bv  both  si'xes.  In  colonial  times,  its  monoi)olv 
formed  one  of  tlio  principal  sources  of  wealth  to  tip- 
governnu'ut.  In  ^tay  18'J'.),  however,  the  cultivation 
and  ^ale  of  tol)acco  wt-re  declared  frei^,  and  have  pra<  - 
tically   remained  so,   notwithstanding    temporary   i\t- 

*'Tlio  j>r()iluctinu  <if  heunuqueu  is  cliiefly  confined  to  C'ampeclie  ;iuil  Yik.;- 
tan,  wlien  groat  qiiantilies  aro  annually  exiiorted.  It  is  cstiniateil  that  tin; 
increuso  in  tiiu  prothu'tiou  of  this  fibre,  (luring  the  10  years  ending  1SS4,  was 
wan  4(X)  jier  cent,  and  that  of  ixtlo  250  per  cent,  ^fcx.  Financier,  Oct.  2.", 
Nov.  'J'.t,  ISS4,  (12-3,  131. 

*^In  ]8()1,  ahdut  2,81(5  8(1.  leagues  were  nndcr  cultivation  for  tlio  growth 
of  sugar-cane.  Tlio  lluctuations  appear  from  the  foUowing  figures:  la  18,.;', 
the  export  of  sugar  from  Vera  Cniz  alone  aniouuted  to  about  $1,500,000;  i  i 
181 :}  to  oidy  ?ll»,412;  and  in  IS22,  to  §1.50,000.  While  the  exportation  luis 
never  been  of  great  importance,  the  home  consumption  is  immense.  Tl'.i! 
aggregate  e?;i)ort8  for  four  years,  1872  to  187U,  'Wcro  only  about  05,000  (jui ::- 
tals,  worth  t25(),000;  that  for  tho  fi.ical  year  1877  to  1878  being  §270,^71: 
Comparing  these  figures  with  the  value  of  the  total  producti(ju  estimated  i  i 
1801  at  45,200,000,  and  in  1879  to  ^,701,317,  an  idea  of  the  proportion.  ;' 
liomo  consumption  to  exportation  may  bo  formed.  Ward's  Mvx.,  i.  OG  et  seci- ; 
Soc.  J/cr.  Ocoij.,  3dEp.,  i.  249-50;  v.  508;  Mvx.,  Mem.  Fom.,  lS(i(),  55;  Ver.i 
Cruz,  Mem.,  1872,  annex  43;  Bmto,  ut  sup.,  i.,  C'uad.  Agric,  no.  30.  Thourli 
the  cane  is  grown  in  almost  every  state,  Morelos,  Michoacan,  and  Vera  Cruz 
produce  about  one  half  of  the  total  amount. 

**  /(/.,  ii.  420.  The  district  ff  Cucrnavaca  alono  i.i  said  to  have  produce! 
annually  50,<K)0  barrels  of  aguardiente  and  the  more  ordinary  chiwjtiiritu, 
Michoacan  following  with  12,000  barrels. 


ToiiAc'co,  oLni;  and  nine. 


57» 


ttin|»ts  t(»  iviistablisli  the  hi()iio|K>ly/'  Tho  result  was 
that  its  culturi!  spread  gruJuully  over  tluj  j^^reatc  r  j»art 
(if  tlie  country,  altliougli  the  districts  of  ()ri:',aha  and 
( 'ordoba  in  Vera  Cruz  still  retained  their  former  1  .ad, 
till  finally  rivall«;d  hy  Jaliseo.^"  Nevertheless,  the  pro- 
duction, tliou<jfh  ureatlv  increased,  is  little  more  than 
siiHicient  to  meet  tho  home  demand,  and  tlie  ixporta- 
tion  of  tohacco  is  insignificant  as  compared  with  that 
tVom  JIabana,  the  United  States,  and  ]3razil/' 

The  liberal  policy  introduced  after  the  independence 
lias  not  had  a  simihir  effect  on  other  products  of  tho 
M)il.  Olive  culture  was  relieved  in'  IHIO  of  the  re- 
strictions which  hampered  its  development;  yet  it  has 
made  little  progress,  though  exempted  from  imposts 
ill  1S"23;  and  it  was  only  in  Guanajuato  that  it  met 
with  any  attention,  about  7,000  arrobas  of  oil  being 
aimually  produced  in  that  stp^o.**^ 

It  was  little  Letter  with  viticulture,  though  c\- 
eiiipted  from  taxation  by  the  law  of  Octol)er  1823. 
Tliere  were  a  few  vineyards  in  Puebla  and  Oajaca, 
hut  it  was  only  where  the  expense  of  transportation 
precluded  competition  by  imported  wines  that  those 
of  native  manufacture  became  of  any  importance,  the 
(hstrict  of  Parras,  in  Coahuila,  being  the  most  famous 
locality.'*^     Vast  tracts  of  land  in  ^Mexico  are  suitable 

•■The  law  of  1829  will  1)0  fouii.l  i:i  Mcx.,  Cr,l.  Lryr:*,  18i;0-30,  'r,-?>±  De- 
tails of  the  lU.ieuHsiona  about  the  rc'i'.;taliliLihmout  (-f  tlio  iiioiioiidly  in  Jfcc., 
J  lit  i men,  Mexico,  181(1;  Jfrx.,  Lcii'iM,  JTcJ.,  Jan.-Juno  I808,  HI-.'!;  L':h'iii, 
Ajmii/.,  87-0;  JFce.,  Mem.  Fom.,  1800,  77. 

*''l:i  1879,  J:.li:;co  produced  tobacco  to  the  value  of  $710,000;  N'ora  Cruz, 
i'8S4,l>7(';  ami  Yucatan,  $229,500.  Tho  total  value  of  the  production  for  t'.ie 
.siiiic  year  was  $2,00(},lo3.  Busto,  ut  sup.,  i.,  Cuad.  Agric,  no.  30. 

*'  hi  the  fiscal  year  1873-4,  leaf  tobacco  to  the  value  of  ^0(;,8(5(5,  and  mauu- 
fai'tiiriMl  to  tho  value  of  §,1^,520,  was  exported.  The  corresponding  figures 
for  the  year  r.77-8  were  $58,882  and  $;!1,2G0.  Id.,  i.  4a  ptc,  97. 

'^15u.;to,  however,  gives  the  total  annual  production  in  the  republic  as 
•liily  2,210  arrobas,  worth  §27,629.  Id.,  ii.  420.  A  full  treatise  on  tho  culti- 
vaiinii  of  tho  tree  will  be  found  in  Oeo(f.,  Soc.  Mcr.,  2d  Ep.,  i.  90.">-17. 
Litoly  the  government  has  endeavored  to  give  an  iuipulso  to  tliia  industry, 
and  ill  1885  the  governor  of  Aguascalientes  was  notified  by  the  departiucr.t 
of  foniento  that  8.),0C)0  olive  plants  would  bo  sent  to  bo  planted  in  tliat  state 
hv  any  one  who  might  wish  to  set  thor.i  out.  Jfcx.  Financ,  Juno  13,  1885,  p. 
liV);  DkirioOjIc,  10  En.,  1883. 

^'The  parent  of  these  vineyards  was  that  plantcil  by  Hidalgo  at  Dolores, 
iu  'Guanajuato,  at  tho  beginning  of  the  century.  Mex.,  Mem.  Font.,  1800,  62; 
Jliit.  Mex.,  iv.  109,  this  scries. 


"! 


-    f1..  ■. 


874 


AfJUICULTURAL  ncsrtL'UCES  OK  MKXIC'O. 


! 


in  soil  an<l  cllnmto  for  tho  cultlvatiofi  of  tho  vine,  nurl 
its  ]»roi»TOKs  Jins  doubtloss  hocii  retarded  by  tlie  al»t. 
riL,niial  j>ul(iue  and  ineseid,  and  a«,''uanlieut(^  from  ili,. 
sumar-caue.  Its  development  will  ])rol)al)ly  a-;Kuiiic 
important  j)roportions  durin<(  tho  present  <ifeneratioi:. 
the  sueeesH  whicli  is  attendinjjf  viticulture  in  ralifor 
nia  aeting  as  a  stimulus.  The  state  of  Sonora  esp(  - 
eially,  from  its  similarity  to  California  in  the  necessary 
conditions,  ofiors  inducements  to  enterprise  in  this  in- 
dustry. Besi<les  Parras,  Paso  d<'l  Xorte,  in  Cliihua- 
liua,  has  <»ained  a  good  reputation  for  "wine-producin^- 
re(|uisltes.''' 

Difterent  iu  class  to  tlie  preceding"  productions  aic 
otlicrs  connet'ted  almost  exclusively  with  fore ii^n  com- 
merce. Prominent  among  them  is  cochineal.  The 
culture  »,f  tho  insect  which  yields  this  dye  was,  ainl 
stillis,  almost  confined  to  the  state  of  Oajaca,  wlinc 
a  great  pro[)ortion  of  the  Indian  population  used  t^ 
find  cmjiloymoiit  iu  the  nurture  of  tho  hug  and  it- 
preparation  for  market."''  This  production  i:i  colcMii.;! 
thnc^s  was  considerable  and  very  valuable,  as  al  n 
during  tlio  earli<^r  years  of  the  republic,  !^[oro  latt  ly 
the  culture  of  cochineal  has  jjreath'  dc(;lined,  owiii'' 
to  tho  discovery  and  extensive  uao  of  cheaper  minernl 
dyes  which  supply  its  i^l'ice."'"' 

Tho  indigo  plant  gr<  \'s  wild  in  many  p;.rts  of  ^[r\- 
ico,  especially  in  Yuca'   n  and  Tabasco,  tho  extraction 

'"The  tot:;l  valno  of  wines  proi  .'o.l  ia  1G79  was 82, 002, 071,  of  wliioh  sum 
$1,3.)7, 171  rc'iircseiit  tlioproduotio.  f  C'iiiluiahuii,  ami  .':rl,;i01,742  that  of  Cm- 
Ir.iila,  t!'  ;.so  two  states  thus  yioli  g  tho  totiil  aiuouiit,  with  tliu  exception 
of  ^'r):i,7."..'>  worth.  Busto,  ut  mi^).,  i     C'lia  1.  Iinlust.,  no.  3, 

'■'For  accounts  of  tlio  in-oji^ig;  .0:1  of  tho  insect,  its  liio  auil  hahits)  aft' r 
hciiij,' transferred  to  the  nopalt'S,  or  planfcitions  of  tl;0  c:utu  i  0:1  M-hich  it  is 
iionrishcd,  and  tho  drying  prowess  by  M-hiohibis  convortcil  into  Wx  dye,  tlic 
roadcr  may  consult  WanCs  M<:c.  in  ]S.'.'7,  i.  S3-0;  Mem.,  /iisirfo  Onmn,  iu 
JJcx.fCol.  }Jf:i).  In.itriic,  no.  9;  (S'oc.  Jfau  Oeo'j.,  iii.  82-G;  ami  Jfii)iik>li/t,  7>- 
mii  PoUt.,  451MJ5. 

^Mu  1810  tho  yield  was  545,000  pounds,  worth  about  f'2,000,00();  during 
tho  j)criod  from  1821  to  ISIU  tho  registered  production  of  (3ajac;i  wa.»  Ti,  n.'i.- 
OOJllw.,  representing  $10,200,000;  tlie  value  of  tlio  amount  cxporteil  in  tliu 
liocal  year  1S7:?^  was  S404,I"J4,  while  that  of  tho  year  1S77-8  Mas  <.i,lv 
^7S,ir)r).  In  1841  tho  crop  of  Oajaca  was  worth  .?1,000,000.  MiihU')iy/<  r!', 
MrJ..  i.  157-8;  Siliceo,  Mem.  Foiii.,  ptv.,  doc.  3;  Mex.,  Menu  A<jric.,  IS-i.i,  l^; 
Bilito,  ut  sup.,  i.  3a,  pto,  75,  4a  pte,  1)5. 


co'iToN  A\:»  s::Kim.TrHH. 


fi7S 


f>r  (•(»li»rih'^  matter  luiii'L,'  known  to  tli*-  Azttrs  I'l  t'oiv 

the  colinut'St.  Ill  tilllf,  the  sll|i('rio!'ity  ot"  tlir  illilil';o 
Itrodueca  in  (Juatciiiala  <  .uiscd  a  corrrsjioiidiii!^  driiiand 
lor  it  ill  Eur()|i«aii  market  and  a  d(M Tmc  nf  tlie  indiisl;  y 


111 


M 


ex  ICO,    W 


Iiit'li    iiitw   It ctiNts   l»ut  little  atteiitioM, 


tliou<4;li    extensive    ti'a«t.s    t»t'    land    )"•».    j)ironiinent!y 
Jidii|>tetl  to  the  |>rodiietion  of  this  dye.  ' 

('olton  holds  the  litth  pliiee  in  tin-  list  of  Mexico's 
ju'odiu'tions,  its  anntiid  \alne  exceediii;^-  s('i,,")()(),(m:o. 
The  cultivation,  ho\V(  ver,  of  lieiii|).  ramie,  and  ll;;x 
niiLrht  he  ]»roportioiiately  developed.  *  OwiiiLT  to  the 
impoi'tation  of  foreiufii  fahrics,  and  the  inahility  of 
Mexican  nianufactuicrs  to  comiiete  with  thost'  if 
i'liiro)!!'  and  the  I'liitod  States,  cultivation  of  «'otton 
lias  decliiuil,  until  at  the  present  <l;ite  the  supjily  i  i 
hardly  e(|ual  to  the  demand  for  home  eonsunijtion.  ' 
When  increased  facilities  for  transjtortation  otl'er  an 
inducement  to  CMpibalists  to  ennji'^e  in  the  production 
of  cotton  with  a  view  to  ex|»oi-tin!j^  it,""  the  cultivation 


Tlic  (k'ladi'iii'Odf  till'  native  fnttim  maiiiifacturux  had  a  ^'rcat  I'tlret  v.\i:i:i 


tills  iiiiiiistry. 


Tl 


w.  annual  avna;' 


\  .iliii'  (it  till'  r\i»irtatiii;i  ni  indij^n  tnr  ii 

Icnlatt'il  l>v   Muiiiliiililt  ti>  I 


V  ars  tliroiigli  the  port  nl'  Vrra  Ciii/  \va.v  i-:\ 
.'••_'.S(»,(tO0.  Ill  iNfJ,  ail  cxiviitioiial  yuar,  tin:  value  nf  this  .irtiilc  whifli  pass,  d 
tliriiii(,'li  thu  sainc  piirt  aiiinimtcil  to  .s;i,'_''_><»,7',)(i,  and  in  ISlllt,  thiimj,'!!  Ic-.r  ut 
war.  it  fell  to  .^'.'iiX.T'-'.l.  />>.  /  /'.././.,  44r.,  CiitT,  Tul,  7(  (i.  The  tut,  I  inodi..'- 
tiiiii  ill  Mrxicofdi-tho  year  ],S71»  aiiiuuMtod  to -122, 041  lln.,  valued  at  !<;{.')«, ICrJ. 
Jliii/it,  ui  sup.,  i.,  t'uad.  A;,'riL'.,  no.  IJO. 

'  'Sueces  fnl  I'vp'riiiieiits  \vi('>.  regard  to  the  rainiu  jilaut  are  already  lead- 
ing to  its  iiieri-ast'd  eultiv-.tion.      Flu  and  hemp  are  siu'eessfuUy  cultivated 


in 


.M 

triet.     .^ 
tanners. 


iL'lioaean, 


d  u; 


e.qieeially  thu  latter,  whirli  arrows  nmntaiu  inisly  i.i   tliat  d 


.1/ 


'1' 


irti-'d  ill   rs;;.'  fi- mi  tl.  •  r.  S.,  and  distnlniled  aiming 
•_-:!,  in  .1/..'..  Mr,,,.  /,',/.,  '2\.      [ii  1.S4.-. 


J/»v//.  /.v/.,  1 :.::'.', 


plintatioin  Men,'  estalilislie  1  i;i  Z  ii'.iora,  (i>ueretaro,  Toluea,  and  .S  m  M  irtim 


with   j^iioil  resul:.  M. 


Mr 


.i;iii<:,   ]H4t>,  '2S.     'i  he  t'aeihtir.s  hir  jimwiag 


a;id  inanufaeturiag  entioll  liavt- retanled  this  industry,  thepln'its  having  luiii 
iiiltivatcd  eliiellv  for  tlieirseed,  which  is  used  for  i::ediciiial  1  ilipu.se-!.  MiiliUn- 
];lhri/f,  M>j.,  i.  i-Ji);  J/r./'.,  M,:„.  .I;///.-.,  l>'-4:{,  \X 

''■'In  IMI  the  manufacturers  of  o<itlo  i  piesriited  a  incniorial  to  congress, 
calling  attention  to  the  <li'triiiniit:il  etleet  of  foreign  iniportation.s  on  tlie  in- 
dustrie.s  connected  with  its  produetioii  and  conversio:i  into  fahries.  ,!/<.<■.,  i:-}«'.-'. 
Ill  ('ninircM,  l!S41,  in  /'  ;i.  Vn,-.,  xi.x.  no.  'i.  The  (|uantity  piudueed  in  IM."), 
according  to  otUcial  talile.;,  wa  t  a  little  over  'Jt.O.i.l  (piiutal ;  ginned.  Mix., 
Mr, I.  Aijric,  in  /</.,  xi.  no.  4,  4;>  .'il,  and  talil.;  no.  (J.  I  hiring  that  year  the 
siiindy  was  not  equal  to  tlie  hunic  d.'inand.  In  l.S(i;{  a  law  was  passed  e\- 
I'lniiting  ootton-plantir.g  from  duties  tor  ten  years,  in  order  to  encourage  its 
cultivation.   3lr.r.,  Col.   I.rii.  I>.  ('.,  C.H-T,  i.  1  •.•'.'!  "JOO. 

'"'Ill  tlio  economical  year  of  KS77  to  1878,  the  amount  of  cotton  exported 
was  represented  by  tho  insiguificaut  sum  of  ^"218.  Jimto,  EkOhL  Ih2>.  Mcx., 
4a  ijte,  94. 


i 


1. 1      H 


iiM 


-"••'f'rTffl 


UiO 


A(;ricultural  resources  of  Mexico. 


of  tliG  jtlant  will  ))r()bal)ly  become  extensively  devil- 
oped.  Ill  the  United  States  frosts  necessitate  the 
annual  labor  and  expense  of  fonninj^  new  plantations. 
In  the  tierra  caliente  of  Mexico,  tlie  cotton  plant  is 
perennial,  and  only  requires  being  kept  clear  of  weeds 
anil  other  vegetation. 

Sericulture  has  made  little  progress  during  the 
present  century.  About  the  period  from  18;jO  to 
IHoO  some  attention  was  given  to  this  industry. 
Treatises  were  published  IVom  time  to  time,"  and  so- 
cieties formed  for  the  promotion  of  it,  and  estaldish- 
ments  were  erected  in  different  })arts  of  the  country,'"* 
and  by  the  year  1845  some  little  progress  was  percep- 
tible. At  the  present  time,  only  a  small  (juantity  of 
silk  fabrics  is  manufacturetl  out  of  the  native  article, 
the  l)ulk  of  them  being  imported  from  foreign  coun- 
tri(«s.'''' 

The  vanilla  ]»lant  is  a  parasitic  evergreen  creejx'r, 
indigenous  to  Vera  tVuz,  Tabasco,  and  Oajaca.  Its 
aromatic  flavor  and  i)erfume  were  known  to  tlie  Az- 

"'  Mex.,  Col.  Mem.  Iii.tlnirf.,  iios.  i.,  vi.,  and  vii. 

•''■  I'lirticuhirly  in  .Miclioacau  autl  (luauajiiato.  J'(i]i.  Var.,  xi.  nos.  'A  ami  l; 
Uit'<l<iiii(iiili,  J^inrio  JIix.,  MS.,  xliv.  ',i;  llirirn,  Hist.  J.iliipn,  iii.  i>IS-l',>;  Sur. 
M(.i-.  d'cfiij.,  iii.  2S5. 

""  ?\Ioxic()  ill  i-'crtaiii  parts  sccins  to  be  exceptionally  adapted  for  the  j)rocliio- 
tiou  ot  .silk.  'Jill!  inullKTry-tree  thrives  in  the  eonntry  to  lurt'eetioii,  and 
tluTe  are  indigenoU!i  tree.s,  the  ii!liinlH-'<  and  jinliiia  c/iri.t/i,  whiih  have  lieeii 
fiinsidcreil  supLrior  to  it  as  nurtnrer.s  of  the  worm.  Jiii.cnr',  in  A/.,  iia  lip.,  ii. 
it.  I  !t.  Ramon  Martinez,  in  a  letter  to  Rustamante  dated  Alvarado,  .Vugnst 
i'4,  \S'M\  called  attention  to  an  extremely  prolilic  .silk-worm  wliich  matnrr.s 
and  iiropaj^ates  upon  {\\i:ciif!/ii)jiri(/<>,  rejcetiiif,'  the  midherry-tree  in  pn-ferenoi' 
to  it.  IlustiDiiniitr,  l'(;  </i' It  i'litriii,  jut.  '2i,  '2  '■>.  |)uring  the  last  lew  years, 
liiueh  attention  has  heen  attracted  to  this  industry  throughout  Mixii  o,  and 
the  j;overnnient  has  done  nnich  to  encourage  it.  Rctwec  n  KsTO  and  1S7.", 
.sericulture  was  introduced  with  success  into  the  state  of  I'uolila,  and  in  ]■  S'2 
a  concession  Wius  granted  to  .lose  Kulchcri  to  enalile  him  to  orL,'ani/e  a  com- 
pany  for  the  purpose  of  growing  the  mulherry-tree  and  electing  twenty  e-i- 
t.ihlishmeuts  m  ditrcreiit  par!  t  of  the  coniitiy,  the  govt^rnment  engaging  to 
grant  a  subsidy  of  .*1'_',()00  annually  for  the  term  of  ten  years  to  eacli  e;,t.ib- 
li  ;hment  that  should  be  founded.  In  the  following  year  a  favorable  conces- 
sion was  also  gviuited  to.luan  Fenelon  for  the  production  of  silk  in  Oajaca, 
i.iid  a  society  was  established  in  Monterey,  for  the  same  purpose,  in  Nucvo 
Leon.  In  18S.")  the  governcr  of  (Juerrero  secured  100,000  mulberry  plants 
from  Italy,  in  order  to  introduce  silk  culture  into  that  state.  Consult  I'mhli, 
Viii:  Ln/'.,  no.  7.">;  Dimio,  Ojic,  r».Iun.,  lS7i5;  5  Feb.  1878;  28  Mayo,  'Jl  Ag., 
1S8:{;  'J.S,  -Jil.  .-id  E:i.,  1  Feb.,  et  sc.p,  l,SS4;  hUnd.  ,ie  Sin.,  'J8  Ab.,  188:»,  p.  I  •-'; 
A  Kili'rson,  Mix.  S/iniljK)iHt,  1)2-3;  Jilix.  FiiKiiic,  May  '2  and  Juno  Kt,  188."), 
[ip.  70-1,  lOJ-0. 


^ ^^.^ 


VANILLA  AND  JALAl', 


677 


i.  luis.  II  !iii(l  4; 
ii.  iilS-1'.l;  Sn,: 


tecs,  %vho  used  it  in  tlu'ir  chocolate,  l^ittlo  care  is 
n(|uirc(l  in  its  cultivation,  it  <»nlv  hcini''  neccssiuv  to 
suj»|)rt'ss  hardier  eri'e[)eis  ai'ound  it.  The  pnds  which 
constitute  the  vanilla  of  commerce  are  first  dried  in 
the  i^nn,  then  sweated  in  woollen  cloths,  and  a^ain 
dried.""  Ifumholdt  estimated  the  annual  average  ex- 
])i)rt  of  the  article  throujjjli  A'era  Cruz  at  ,$('»(), 000,  sincc^ 


Avliich  time  its  production  lias  incri'ase<l  fivefold. 

I'^rom  another  })arasitii'al  plant  is  procured  the  drug 
jalap,  wiiich  derives  its  name  from  the  city  of  .ralai)a. 
The  medicinal  projjerties  ai'e  contained  in  the  I'oot, 
the  virtues  of  which  the  S[)aniards  ohtained  a  knowl- 
edge of  from  the  Aztecs.  Cultivation  of  the  plant 
\\as  not  commenced  hefore  IHGo,  when  exhaustion  of 
the  wild   species    growing   in    the   fort'sts   of  Jala[)a, 


loa,  am 


I  C<)rdol)a  douhtless  necessitated  its  cul- 


( )i'iz; 

tUI'( 

Among  the  numerous  contril)utions  of  the  Mi'xican 
luri^sts  to  the  pharmacopolist,"'  mention  can  only  he 
made  of  the  sarsajtarilla,  ipecacuaidia,  rhuharh,  gen- 
tian, sassafras,  vaK'i'ian,  and  verbena.     Hut  these  for- 


es 


ts,   which 


}■ 


K 


Id 


m   su( 


(lVc-woo(ls,  and   other  use 


th 


•h   I 
;rul 


ivi.^-li    aoundance   tmujer, 


u'oduc 


m  some 


part- 


Mini 


I  care  iims 


t  1. 


tak 


■II  111  U 


1" 


MS  a  sm; 


/;.. 


inii  ;i  wliolu  lio\  111  it.s  tiMiisiHirlatinii   trcini  Aiikiici  to   r-iini[ 


I' 


..1 


iiiii„i„,i'ii. 


:ill 


I'niii.,  4:{.s  41. 


"  111  tliij  t\V(i  li-cal  yciii'M  (if  1S7;{  I  aii'l  |n77  '•,  llio  cxiiiirtatinii.s  aiiiiniiiti  il 
I'spcctivily  til  ^•Jit.TIO  aii'l  .--'lUiJ.  Kl.'i.  'IIk'  aiii"unt  ]irii(liici'(|  in  |s7'.l  w.is 
"I'l.  IIN  kiloL;r,iiMs,  wortli  .■?(>.")), '.l.'iS.  HikIo,  lit  siiii.,  i.,  (ind.  Ayiii.'.,  iiii.  ;>(),  4,i 
pi  '.'7.  \\  lu'ii  cxiiDitaticiii.s  <il'  M  'Aiiaii  juimIiut  an-  .^pciki'ii  ut,  t!u'  icaMtr 
sliniiM  l>i.;ir  ill  iiiiiid  tliat  tlio  figures  (iimtoil  ilo  imt  ri'iu'rsciit  tin:  trm;  aiiuniiits, 
|luirl^'  to  coiitraliaiul  tiailu. 

'-At  tilt;  ln'g'Uiiiiij,'  of  till'  cciitiiry,  tlii'  ;iiinn:il  cxiiort.s  aiiioiuitcil  to  alioiit 
Mlil,0(!0,  while  now  tliey  ilo  not  cxo'ccl  !?7,tHM».  /./.,  i.  4a  (itc,  Im;:  llii,iil«.till,  iit 
Mi|'->  ••'»'".  M.  U.  (iallo  wa.s  tlie  lii'st  to  fii^aj^i'  ill  cultiv.itiiiL,'  tin-  pi  ml.  Sor. 
Ml  r.  I.'n,,,.,  '2.1  \-][K,  i.  7;  M'.i:,  .Ur„i.  J-'mn.'.  iMiti,  Ci'.l. 

'''  llusto  MijipUes  a  li.st  ot    1  111  liu'iliclii.il  trees  aii.l  plants.    /'I.,  i.   la  pte,  ."i. 

"Alll(lll^'  wiiieli  I  may  iiieiitioii  tlio  liniia  iiililier  or  luile  tree,  ami  tlie 
vi;;et.ilile  wax-plant,  liotli  of  whieli  have  snll'en'il  extensive  ilestriietioii  liy 


V:i4.  \V( 


eeissary  mutilation   in  the  extraction  ot   their  proiliiee. 


Tl 


st.ll 


districts  in  Chiaiias,  vliere  the  fornur 


'lows  in  a  1 11!  I 


iaii 


exist 
,  anil 


World  is  now  looking  to  that    imi ; 


if  Ml 


will,  h  i.s  getting  searee  in  its  oM  iprirters.   Consult/ 


xieo  tor  a  sup[ily  i 


if  nil. 


.1/ 


•Ja    lip.,  iv.  ."i(('J  ;t;  and   for  partieiil.us  aliout  the  vi 


■t.il.le 


I'liiit  ealled  liy  the  Mexiean   Imliaiis  mynlt-.ilmill  ;\\\>\  \<y  the  S|i,iniards  li 


•ill- 


/'/.,  'Ja  Kp.,  i.  ssy  '.tl,  and  ii.  Il.")-Iti;  Mij\,C,it.  Mi 


lu-^truit.,  no.  4. 


llisT.  Mk.\.,  Vol.  VI.    37 


ii"; 


:!!; 


578 


AGRICULTURAL  RESOURCES  OF  MEXICO. 


the    country    have    been    iniprovidentlv    tlestrov-] 
Early  in  tlie  present  eentury  attention  \v;is  called  t<i 
tlie  serious  inroa(]s  upon  forests,  and  steps  weiv  later 
taken  to  prevent  tlie  entire  denudation  of  tlie  country 
by  offering  inducements  to  plant  trees."' 

Stock-raising",  durinuf  the  present  eentury,  has  con- 
siderably proLjressed,  and  the  capabilities  of" Mexico  tnr 
the  future  increase  of  jiorned  cattl(>,  liorscs,  shee]),  and 
lu.l^s  an;  incalculable.''"  Thouu^h  catth;  and  sheep  can 
be  reared  with  advantage  in  most  states  of  tlie  repub- 
lic, the  plains  (tf  the  central  plateaus  are  peculiarly 
adapted  to  stoek-raisini^.  Even  Chihuahua  with  des- 
erts and  l)arren  mountain  regions  would  beeonie  won- 
derfully productive  of  pasturage  all  the  year  round  by 
the  use  of  artesian  wells.^' 

Horned  cattle  hccux  to  thrive  equally  W(  11  at  all 
altitudes,  but  the  horse  thrives  best  at  an  I'levatioii  of' 
from  5,000  to  8,000  feet,  while  slice})  are  reared  prin- 
cijially  in  the  mountains.  Special  nu'iition  must  be 
made  of  the  raising  of  hogs,  which  are  bred  in  gieiit 
numbers  all  over  the  country.  Indeed,  the  animal  is 
ubiquitous. 


6S 


Great  cncouragenuMit  has  been  given  to  the  diivel- 
opment  of  agriculture  by  th(>  governmiMit  during  tliis 
century.     Schools  and  societies  for  its  promotion,  have 

"■'IM.-.iitatioiis  coiitaiiiinfc  from  .'iO.CKK)  to  lOD.OKl  trees  were  to  Im  made  nf 
asli,  villow,  [loplar,  I'ucalyjitus,  acacias,  ami  otluir  varietii's.  Tliu  cost  ol  the 
govoriiiiK'iit  will  1)0  !?•-'( H),(H  10.    Dhirlo,  0_/;V.,  •_'«  Mayo,  1S8:{. 

^"In  l^tJO,  tlio  total  iiuiiiIkt  ot'  stock  coiiiiiri.sitii^  lionicil  fattlc,  Iinrscs. 
linih's,  a.^sis,  slit'cj),  ami  Imgs  vas  estimated  at  1."), IT'^,!-"),  liaviiiLT  a  value  et 
S;7o,(iIU,SK).  Ilcniiiiiiliz,  /■.'■tiiii/,  /I'lji.  M(j.,  Vl'l.  Tho  eorn'spomliii),'  lijiins 
in  1.S7'.)  were 'J.',(;i(),(H)0  ami  .S!'_"_'.()(;0,(K)(»,  iiielinling  4,(;()1),(M)()  jzoats,  at  ^^1  a 
head,  a  decrease  in  the  value  of  horses,  and  an  increase  of  !;«•_'  a  head  in  that 
of  hogs  heing  oliservalile.    Jiii^/n,  ut  sup.,  iii.  4'J'J. 

"''  Ju  (he  northei'ii  states,  cattle-stealing  on  the  frontiers  and  dej)reilatiiiiis 
hy  Indians  have  lu'en  a  great  drawliack  to  stock-raising.  These  evils  vmI! 
ju'eseiitly  disapj)ear.  Kuglish  comi>anies  have  already  iiurchased  large  ran.is 
in  Tainaulipas,  Nuevo  i..<.on,  and  Sonora. 

''"'In  value,  hogs  far  surjiass  tlie  other  classes  of  domesticated  aidnials.  I  hu 
figures  re])ri;si!nting  the  numhers  cf  cattle,  horses,  Hheeji,  and  hogs  for  thu 
year  1S7'.»  are  respectively  4,4t>0,()00.  '_',.")(«). 01 10,  {)..S()(t,00(»,  and  (•),L'(k;,i"HI. 
Tho  corresponding  values  are  .Sla.tlSO.lMH),  .^•_'r),0(K),()(X),  Sti.HOO.OOO,  hhI 
S>4;{, 400, (KM),  cattle  being  valued  at  an  average  of  ,S,s  ahead;  horses  at  'rU*; 
shuc-p  at  §1;  ami  hogs  at  Ijr7.  Biixto,  ut  sup.,  ii.  421'. 


SCHOOLS  AND  VALUES. 


579 


to  1)(>  maili'  "1 
u;  I'Dst  v\  da' 

■iittU',  liorsis, 
.-iii.L;  ;i  villi!''  "1 
Hilling  li'juns 
Li.iiits,  lit  ."^i  a 
a  huiul  ill  th;ii 

l  .li;pml;iti'iiis 
lies.'  i^vils  \ull 

il  llirjIO  IMM-l'S 


been  established;'"'  botanical  gardens  have  been  laid 
out,  and  exhibitions  held  of  the  floral,  horticnltural, 
and  agriculturai  productions  of  the  country.  Xever- 
thiless,  the  mode  of  cultivation  in  many  districts  re- 
I'iiiins  in  the  backward  condition  which  prevailed  a 
(•(Mitury  ago.  The  causes  of  this  tardy  progress  have 
been,  the  facilities  for  raising  on  a  small  patch  of  land 
all  the  \vants  of  a  household,  the  decadence  of  tlie 
manufacturing  industrii'S,  and  the  absence  of  means 
of  clieaj)  transportation.  This  last  is  the  ])rlncipal  one. 
■fhe  cultivator  would  not  <ixtend  his  lal)or  when  he 
knew  that  the  ri'sult  would  be  that  he  could  not  con- 
^^y  his  sur})lus  crop  to  a  market.  Im{)rovidence  and 
!>liiftlessness  followed,  and  the  inhabitants  in  manv 
parts  of  Mexico  have  fre(|uently  suffered  great  misery 
iVom  failure  of  the  crops  through  drought  or  fi(»ods, 
tlie  devastations  caused  by  liurricanes,  and  the  ravages 
committed  bv  locusts.      Another  cause    is  a  chronic 


(lis 
an 


uclination  to  chan 


ge.  Tlio  introduction  •)f  steam 
d  other  improved  machinery  is  regarded  by  the 
lo\vi;r  orders  as  an  innovation  fatal  to  tlie  means  of 
.'-upport.  But  Mexico's  prospective  rise  in  the  scale 
of  nations  will  elevate  her  working-classes,  and  vast 
tracts  of  land  will  be  put  under  cultivation,  ailbrding 
ell-paid  enn)loyment  to  a  rapidly  increasing  poj)ula- 


W( 


tion. 

The  value  of  agricultural  real  estate  and  lands,  ex- 
clusive of  forests  and  uncultivated  wilds,  as  supplied 
by  JJusto  in  1S80,  was  estimated  at  $r)y:5,0()().OO0.""' 
\\  hat  it  will  amount  to  at  the  end  of  the  next  genera- 
tion it  would  be  vain  to  conjecture. 

'^^Iii  lSi28  a  society  %v:is  funiiecl,  .itul  an  agriiiiltiiral  st'liiml  was  ostaMishtMl 
I'V  l,iw  ill  184;{.  Jii  IS'tC)  the  national  ayricultuial  suliool  was  orgaiiizui'. 
I'iniiig  later  years,  niinierous  institutions  of  tiie  kiiul  have  lieun  fouiideil 

'■'i'.dthl.  Ji'tiK  Mcj.,  ii.  ("la  jitc,  4'2'2.  (Jareia  Culias,  in  l.S7(>,  istiiiiat  s  the 
V  ilu(!  of  landed  property  at  ■s;t'J'2,(M)(),(MK»,  '  without  taking  into  account  that 
t'l  the  streams,  grazing  lands,  orchards,  and  otlier  rural  property  of  less 
iiiiportanee.'  Ii'rp.  J/f.c,  '24-5. 


M 


i!*-' 


CHAPTER   XXIV. 


II 


hv 


ii'Ji 


ECCLESI ASTK  AL   AFFAIRS. 


18()0  I8S7 


ICKi.ATrdNs  OF  C'lii-nrir  and  Statk,     Dumokalizatios  oftifr  Ci.KRfiY — Tirnii: 
IntmkncI';  Wamn(i-Mkasii!Ks  ki  Ciuiaii,  riiKiEt  I'owEH-lNTitTia  ix 

—The    l'l,ER(iY   ANIi   THE    ReACTKINISTS    ClKirEHATIMI  — SEglESI'llAI  liis 
OK    (.'III'WII     I'ltorKUTY       ]{ANlSirMENl'     OF     UlSUOl'S— (^'liEATION    OF    NlW 
KlOCF.SKS — C'ONIUTION   OF  TIIK   ('lit  kill    lilUINi;    THE   REtiENC'V— DlFH  I:- 
EM'F.S   liElWEEN  THE    I'oi'E  ANIi   M  AXIMII-IAN — PoLIlY   OF  THE   LaIII  I: 
Lll'.EKAL  ('HAN(!ES— FltKEHOM    OF   WoKSHII'   A    Fa(T — MoNASTK'  ()ltlii;ilS 

-TiiEiii  SriM>i!E.s.sioN-  REi.Kiior.s  Socikiiks— I'koI'EUTY  and  1{evem  :; 

OF  THE    ('|.E1U;V — C'lHrKClI     FeasTS — SlI'EK.STlTlDN.S— iNTEI.LECn  AE    Im- 
I'liOVE.MEN  I'. 


'^riiM  ^Icxicaii  oliurc'li,  after  tlio  country  beoanu' 
iii(l([)t'n(lc'iit,  was  for  a  iiuiul»ci"  of  years  in  an  abnor- 
mal state.  Archl)islioi>  Fonto  aliandonccl  liis  post. 
and  tlie  pope  refused  to  declare  Ids  s(^e  vacant.  S(\ 
oral  of  tlic  suftVagati  dioceses  liad  been  bereft  of  tlnir 
pastors  by  (K'atli,  and  otliers  liad  b(;en  forsaken.  Tin' 
ecclesiastical  government  devolved  on  tlie  eliapters. 
The  pope  eiuU^avored  to  induce  the  faithful^  to  ri 
new  allejj^iaiice  to  the  S})anish  crown,  in  whicli  In- 
failetl.  For  a  long  time  he  refused  to  contii'm  bish(i]i>. 
or  to  do  anything  toward  relieving  the  condition  nt' 
JMexico,  bi'causo  of  his  [(olitical  ri'lations  with  tin' 
Si>aiiish  court.  At  last,  alter  the  final  triumj>li  i<\' 
the  Mexican  arms  over  the  Spaiusli  expedition  at 
Tam[)ico,  the  pope  confirmed  the  bishops  noininat«  il 


'  Kncyclit'iil  li'ttor  of  Sept.  '24,  I8'J4,  cxtolliiit,'  Ft'rnaiiili)  VII.    <,'<iri>tit,  Mu:, 
ISLT),  i.  no.  :«>;    il'anl's  Mrx.  in  JS.':,  :{'J7-8;   A-(  (/•«:,  vi.  r)L'4  .'). 

(.180) 


SECULAR  (.LEIKIV. 


f.81 


l)vtlio  Mi'xu-an  infoviTiimont.'"  In  I  SO  I  iluTe  were  in 
the  republic,  ht'sidi-s  tin.'  pi'rhitos  of  the  seven  sees,  the 
al»i)ot  of  tile  Coleijiiita  de  ( iiuululuite,  i;}  piox  isoies, 
Si  canons,  40  racioneros,  and  IJ5  masters  of  cere- 
monies, nwikint^  toi^otlier  lo4  eccK'siasticjd  dignitaries; 
04  vicarios  fonineos,  1,40H  j)arish  priests,  7-  eapellanes 
de  coro,  113  eaj)ellanes  sencilli>s,  ai^iiresjfatin*;'  1,717, 
Mild  a  »j;ratid  tt^tal  of  I,S7I  priests,  outside  of  the 
lenuiar  orders."' 

Tlie  secuhir  cleroy  «)f  ^lexico  have  t'ver  lieen  tlic 
suhject  of  reniarlvs  detractiiijj^  from  their  resju'ctahihty. 
The  whole  organization,  and  tlio  manner  of  oi)tainiiii^ 
their  revenue,  as  wt-ll  as  of  [lerfoi-miiiL,''  their  minis- 
terial <luties,  have  tended  to  nullily  tlieii'  ]»restine, 
and  the  venei-ation  which  sliould  be,  and  is  in  many 
(•oiiiitries,  felt  toward  ministei-s  of  the  jj;()si)el.  The) 
revenue  has  been  ime(jually  and  unfairly  distributed; 
the  country  ])riests  beini>'  ])oorly  com|)ensated,  whih; 
the  bulk  of  tithes,  I'ees,  and  emoluments  in  the  wealthy 
dioceses  have  <Jfonc  to  the  hij^di  cU'rij^y,  namely,  bishops 
and  chapters,  and  to  keeping;'  up  splendoi- in  the  cathe- 
(hal  churches/  The  diocises,  as  they  were  divided 
till  the  sixth  decade  of  this  century,  were  so  extiMisixn 

-  I'alilo  F.  V'azi|m'/ w.is  rdiiliniicil  as  liislidii  of  I'luMa.  Mis  pifilcoisxpis 
in  tliici  century  \M:r(^  ^Maii.  lj;ii.  « iiui/.aliz  ('a]ii|iillu  ami  Ant.  J.  I'titz  Mar- 
tini/. His  siK'i'ussDis,  J.  J.,.  Hci'crra,  I'ciJri"  .\ii(.  ilo  J/il)a--tiila  y  l)a\aliis. 
< '.U'lds  M.  ( 'iiliiia,  ai)[M>inti'il  Mari'li  111,  \S\V.i.  |{isliii|is  fur  MiilmaiMU,  ( iiiaii.i- 
lijara,  Idiran^^o,  (  liiapasj,  ami  Nuivo  J^cuu  wi'tv  al.--i>  coiiliiMK'il  in  l.^.'!!. 
(HIkt  ilidcu.scs  wtio  i>io\i(li  il  fnr  latci':  lliat  nt  Vncalan  in  JMU;  ( 'aliim  ni.i.s 
aliiiiit  IS.'ili;  and  those  of  ( inailala  jara,  :i  scronil  nomination,  and  Sonoia  in 
I^;i7;  .so  tliat  at  the  l)eninninL;  of  iNiiS  Me.xieo  ;ind  Oajaea  were  the  only 
cliuri-lie.s  without    ]ii'i'lates,   o\\  in;^   to   tlnir   vohinlirv  aliseini'.    /lii.<l,ii/,iiii/i-, 

I  •ituiro  J/isf.,  iii.  IJlii)  ."»;  X'lrnl'i,  Itifnl,  Mix.,  i.  ."{TO  I;  iilc^ins  ;/  I'lmi:.  177; 
A  '  t;;iz.  V.  :»(;•_'-;{;  Altnmui,  llist.  MiJ.,  iv.  411  -4. 

■'  AeeordinL:  to  this  there  wa.s  a  dierease  sime  l.S'JIl,  when  tlnre  wiTe  l{.(>77 
I  I'l'Liyuieii.  'i"he  nnnilier  given  in  the  text  clues  not  inidtide  |iriests  eng.igid  in 
I' .niiing  or  hohling  IK)  Jiartienlar  olliee.    Itiriiit.  Mix.  in  /S',.\   I  "J.")  I  J. 

'  Insoniodioeeses,  where  the  jinlate  wa.s  >;ettMiji  from  .■^li)n.(MH)  to  .<l'_'(t,(l(M) 
a  ye.ir,   many  parish   priests  reeeived  thi)   pittanee  of  .'<l()l)  or  Sl'JO  y rally. 

II  •'/•i/',v  Mim:  hi  JS.'T,  i.  .'{S").  .Matters  were  not  hetter  in  ISo.S,  when  the 
I'uik  of  tlio  jiroperty  and  revenues  was  niono]iolizeil  liy  a  few  I'orjioration.i 
and  the  ujiper  eler|:y.  ]>uiilo  i/f  .Ir/'.-d,  .June  4,  1,S.">S.  It  is  Itnt  ju.st  to  .say 
tliit  liishojis  apiilied  a  ]iart  of  their  income  to  the  relief  of  the  indif^'cnt,  hos- 
Jiitals,  and  asylums.  Then  again,  .soiiu!  liishops  had  small  incomes,  ,tiid  the 
innri^  recently  created  liishoiiries  li.id  no  cathedrals.  Those  of  .Soiiora,  I.. 
Cihfornia,  New  l,eon,  ('hiapas,  and  ^'neatau  had  jLjovernment  pensions, 
aniuuutiug  together  to  ^I{l.',UOU.  Jiomi,  Jiikiu  liniiarcial,  4-ii,  '.'A. 


682 


ECCLESIASTICAL   A FFAIUS. 


tliat  only  Ji  few  l>isli(>j)S  were  known  to  visit  all  tluir 
towns,  and  then  |H'ilia]ts  only  onci-.  It  aj»j)cars  also 
that  a  niinihi'i'  of  the  bishops  wi  iv  not  conscientious 
pastois,  and  usually  neglected  their  duties.  In  the 
cathedi-al  chaj)ters  W(>re  many  incompetent  men,  who 
had  obtained  theii"  i)laces  hv  sim(»nv.      Not  a  i'ew  of 

1  (  fc 

the  pi'iests  wei'e  livinu;'  exanqdes  of  imniojality,  who 
disoiaced  their  cloth,  and  wi'ro  sores  in  the  hotly 
social,  ^Fany  of  them  lacki-d  the  proper  educatioiKil 
attainments.  On  the  other  hand,  there  were  those, 
unfortunati'ly  a  small  minority,  who  hy  their  virtiK  s. 
learninij^,  and  devotion  to  duty  did  honor  to  thcii 
callinu^.  and  yet  had  to  sull'er  for  tlu'  evil  courses  or 
failinos  of  the  others.  A  lai'u,'e  portion  of  tin;  moiv 
intelliijjent  ju^ople  came  to  feel  an  aversion  to  the 
ch'r^v  in  f'l'eneral,  who  consequently  lost  their  inllii- 
ence.  !t  was  m»t  that  they  had  hecome  irj-eliii'lous. 
as  the  ecclesiastics  and  their  partisans  would  have  tlir 
world  helieve.  There  were,  however,  a  rmnih  -r  ol' 
the  educati'd  class  who  I'eiected  all  reliLjion,  and  caljid 
themsclvivs  naturalistas. 

The  encyclical  hotter  of  Leo  XIT.,  to  which  I  ha\f 
alhuled,  cruelly  wounded  the  self-respect  of  the  .NTex- 
icans;  harsh  sentiments  wei'i'  feark'sslv  uttered,  at 
times  unjust,  and  at  others  founded  on  exa.ii,ij^erati  il 
reports,  hut  always  containinj^  st)me  grains  of  trutli. 
tendinjj:;  to  lower  the  priests  in  public  estimation.  Tin- 
patronato.  an  irritating-  mattc^r  made  so  by  the  jta|ial 
policy  was  warmly  discussed,  and  hH.l  to  the  adopt  inn 
of  princi[»les  ileeply  attectinii"  tlu'  mind  and  heart,  and 
which  never  lost  tludr  hold.  The  facilities  for  pro- 
curing books,  the  ti'eatment  freely  in  the  press,  at 
puldic  meetings,  and  private  conversations,  of  the  r\\U 
inipated  to  the  clergy,  anil  other  things,  account  fu- 
tile great  change  which  had  ah'cady  taken  ])lace  in 


tl 


le   eaily  years  or    tne   repuL)li( 


f  th 


ihli 


It 


must   not 


8U[)})osed,    nevertheless,   that    their    inllui'nce   wlmlly 


Mn 


A', 


.1/. 


II.");   IM,th\lni,  /.Vj).  M<.i:,  I'.tS  it.      'I'lif  <lii-v  tli.ii 


aiHilioil  Uiciiisflvca  to  luUiiii  tlitir  iulluuntc  aiimlig  the  iyiioraut  llidwu*. 


roWl'R   OK   TIIH   CLKUCY. 


r.83 


«lisuj)pcjirecl.  Intoli  rjiiicc  coiitiuucd  to  exist  do  jurr, 
;iii(l  [){)litiral  parties  liu'litiiiiL;-  tor  supfi'iiiacy  would  kv'i/.v 
tliat  liandle,  l»ut  only  to  drop  it  uji^aiu  as  soon  as  tlu'V 
had  i;; 


iliifd  tlu'ir  ()l)ji'ct 


Had  it  not  hccn  tor  j)arti( 
anxious  lor  tlio  support  of  tlio  clergy,  tlio  n^t'onnatioii 
ot'tluj  latter  would  have  heen  easily  accomplished,  and 
much  future  trouhlo  saved  to  all  concerned.  It  is  a 
tact  that  tlie  leadinu^  men  of  all  j)arties  desired  the 
reformation,  thoULfh  thev  ditl'ered  as  to  the  time  and 
manner  of  securinj:;'  it." 

In  order  to  torm  an  idea  of  the  [)o\ver  Avielded  l»y 
the  cK-ricals  to  counteract  that  of  the  republican  i^ov- 
ernment  at  thi^  time  of  its  organization,  and  in  later 
yi'ars,  it  should  ho  horno  in  mind  that  it  was  a  power 
coet:aneous  with  the  colonial  systcMu  and  dee[)ly  roott'd. 
Aside   from    all   the  privilege's  and   prerogatives   tin 


cu 


''J4y 


had 


P 


'd    from   the   earliest    davs,    thev 


)Ssossei 
directed  tlu;  consciences  of  men  and  women,  not  only 
on  religious  matters,  hut  also  on  social,  conjugal,  and 
gi;noral  donustio  affairs,  dress,  and  puhlic  amuseiui'iits. 
Superadtlod  to  which  was  the  fact  that  thousands  of 
men  and  their  families  derived  their  su[)i»ort  and  com- 
forts of  life  from  the  rovcMmes  of  the  clergy,  and  uj)- 
lield  them  as  a  matter  of  intt>rest  if  not  of  princi[)le. 
The  roi^uhlic  has  thorefon'  had  to  ccjutend  against  a 
power  older  than  itself,  <lirecti'd  hy  the  ministers  of 
thi'  almighty.'  Tho  liberal  j>a.rty  in  IH'M\  and  ls;;t 
labored  to  crush  tho  jiolitico-tlu'ocratic  powei',  and 
thus  save  democratic  principles  and  institutions  on  the 
basis  of  an  absolute  independence  between   the  civil 

"'Tlio  I'ltTgy  systemiitioally  opposoil  tho  ^ovt,  were  liostil'  tn  nllglmiH  tul- 
cnitidii,  til  trccilom  of  tlH>ii;,'lit  ami  to  frci'  cxiircssioii  in  tlir  |irii-.s;  tin  y  striMi- 
Uiiiisly  ohjt'ctoil  to  ((juality  lut'uro  tlic  law;  maile  war  against  I'ivil  niaiiiagcs 
ami  r(';j;isti'atiiins;  o|i[)osi.'il  foroi:;ii  I'oloni/alioii,  and  jinlilic  or  any  otln  r  ciln- 
latioii  unless  it  Mas  wholly  under  ocU'esiastical  control.  Many  of  tin' dilli- 
cidiics  Mexico  has  had  with  foreign  jmiwits  were  partly  oiiginated  and  en- 
couraged hy  the  clergy. 

'They  deniainled  every  aid  ancl  su[i]iort  from  the  laws  .ind  govt,  and  yet 
disallowed  all  snhjection  or  resjionsilidity  to  them,  stich  a<  tiiey  had  heiii 
forced  to  recogni/e  during  the  royal  ride.  Th<y  liarl  large  |pecuniaiy  re- 
sources, which  they  usimI  fi'eidy  to  acconi]ilisli  their  ends,  const.inlly  availing 
tliemselves  likewise  of  tliu  low  elemcats  »>•'  igiioraucu  and  su[i  •rslilioii. 


mi  mi 


584 


ECCLESIASTICAL  AFFAIRS. 


and  ccflcsiastioal  iuris<li('tions.  Several  salutarv  iiieas- 
ures  were  a(l()[>t('tl,  and  there  was  some  ])r(is|){ct  nl' 
tlieir  successful  execution,  when  Santa  Anna  resumed 
the  cxecutivi^  authorit}'  and  undid  what  had  heiii 
done  to  reform  Ixtth  tlu'  elerujy  and  the  armv.  How- 
ever, the  refc.rms  partially  remained  in  force,  hut  not, 
those  connected  with  the  patronato.  The  plan  of  iL^uala 
was  no  longer  a  shield  for  the  church's  temporalities/ 
In  1835  there  arrived  in  ^lexico  two  bishops  in  j)in- 
tihus  infidelium,  a]>pointed  l»y  tin;  jtope  de  niotu  pio- 
j)rio,  with  an  entire  disrejj^ard  of  ATexico's  ri;j,ht  of 
patronage.  This  (juestion  remained  in  statu  (|Ui). 
until,  u[)on  the  resin'uation  of  Arclihisho[)  Fonte  of 
the  mitre  of  Mexico  in  18."'uS,  the  choice  of  his  suc- 
cessor was  made  hy  the  Koman  pontiff  in  1840,  i'roiu 
a  list  ]>resented  hy  the  cha[>ter  oi'  the  dioc<'se  und' r 
an  act  of  the  Mexican  congress.  The  rigiit  of  the 
national  government  on  the  subject  of  nt)minati< ms  of 
bishops  was  further  sustained  in  an  act  of  congress  of 
April  IG,  1850.''' 

The  clergy  had  invariablv  disclaimed  all  intervcii- 
tion  as  a  body  in  the  political  disturbances  of  the 
country.  It  might  not  be  always  easy  to  disprove 
this  assertion,  but  their  struggle  for  power  beeaiiie 
clear  and  well  defim'd  in  the  act  proclaimed  at  (iuadi- 
lajaia  in  1852,  known  as  the  IMan  del  Hos[)icio,  wlTuh 
bore  the  signatures  of  high  ecclesiastical  diguitariis. 
Tlu^  ^'lorgy  supported  Santa  vVnna  in  p()wer,  believing 
thus  to  secure  tlieir  own;  btit  the  revolution  of  Avutia 
put  an  end  to  tlieir  golden  dreams  by  overthrowing 
the  dictator. 


•"riio  prnnorty  controlled  by  tlio  clergy  was  now  constantly  niena.  od,  aii'l 
was  nuu'h  (liniiniHlietl  l)y  tlio  govt  siMzing  iiortion-;  of  it  at  ditlerent  ixrioils. 

'••Tile  supreme  govt  was  to  noiiiiiiati^  liisli(H)H  to  vacant  sees  out  ot  tenwiry 
lists  laid  Itefore  it  l)y  tlie  respective  chapters,  tlirout;li  and  witli  the  approlia- 
tion  of  tlie  respective  governors.  The  govt  could  reject  tlie  first  list  aud  c:dl 
for  another.  Tlie  civil  authority  was  eiiipowered  to  bestow  ccchsiastical 
prcferuients.  Mi:,:,  Col.  Lnj.  if  Ih'C,  18.")0,  8S  '.tO;  J/c.r.,  Lci'ix.  Mu.,  IS.'iO,  S'-'- 
4;  Mt.v.,  Col.  Lr,/.,  larU).  i.  ril-S;  An-itl<ori,  llvmy.,  1S.")0, '2t)7-8;  Dnhln,  m\A 
LdZciiin,  Li'iji.-<.  Mix.,  V.  GOO-l.  Santa  AuTia.  in  his  anxiety  to  have  the  sup- 
port of  tlie  higii  clergy,  gave  the  arch!)ishop  and  bishops  the  honorary  title 
of  councillors  of  state.  liivtra,  Goberu.  J/cvj.,  ii.  445;  Jd.,  lliii.  Jakipci,  iv.  4-Li. 


CHURCH   VERSUS  STATE. 


585 


y  mcas- 

spcct  of 
I'C'suiiU'd 
id    l)('rll 

l)Ut  IK  it 

)f'T,LI,Uillil 

ralitit  s/ 
s  ill  jiai- 
(ttU  |irn- 
ri;j,'lit  nt' 

itU     ([llo, 

^\»nt('  of 
liis  suc- 
40,  iViiin 
se  uiul')- 
t  of  thr 
atioiis  of 
:igl'cs8  (if 

itt'i'vcn- 
(if  tlu' 
is[)r(i\c 
hccaiiii' 
(iiiada- 

nitaiits. 

i'lieviii,L( 

Ayutla 

lirc)\vliiL>' 


MM'  Oil,  .nii'l 

jii-riod-*. 

(il  tci-uary 
If  ;nil>i'iil>:i- 
ist  and  i.m11 

.-U-siastiiiil 
.,  1S.-.0,  S-'- 
Diildmi  ali'l 
■t!  tliu  siip- 
lorary  titl'.i 
ya,  iv.  -11^. 


Aiiioncj  tlio  reforms  initiated  l»v  the  leaders  of  the 
new  administration,  that  of  eheekiiin"  the  elei'ny  was 
I'nremost ;  and  as  a  matter  of  course,  the  patronato 
(jUestion  was  a  prominent  one.'"  A  law  of  Xo\emlier 
•Ji,  lyjj,  (K'piived  the  elei'yy  of  si'Veral  of  their  did 
privilei^Ts,  against  which  the  archhishop  protested  on 
the  'lli\\,  without  effect." 

The  ni'W  federal  constitution  created  nuicli  commo- 


tion amoni^'  the  ecclesiastics.  1  hey  would  not  .i;i\e 
up  the  contest,  Ijut  kept  constantly  aoitatiiiii;'  from  the 
]iulpit,  in  the  press,  and,  of  course,  tlu'  confessional. 
('ons})iracies  were  in  order  ainono'  tlu'  reactionists,  the 
women  beinn'  also  made  the  docile  instruments  of  their 
spiritual  advisers.'"'  All  efforts  of  tin;  n'overninent  t(» 
allay  the  trouhle,  oven  through  an  ami )assador  accred- 
ited to  the  po[)e,  proved  unavailing'.  The  clerjj^y  for- 
liado  theii-  supporters  from  takiiiL^'  the  oatli  to  support 
the  constitution,   alleo-inu'    that   it   contained   articl 


es 


liostile  to  I'cli^ion  or  the  church.'''  'I'fie  pope  issued 
a  declaration  to  the  ellect  that  the  church  was  perse- 
cuted, and   would   have  to  sutler  still   moii'  under  the 


new  constitution 


It 


Tl 


lis    was    all    untrin. 


XeitI 


ler 


religion  nor  its  priests  wei-e  assailetl.  It  is  a  fact, 
liowever,  that  a  very  large  nuniher  of  faithful  catho- 
lics desired  niortnuiin  on  church   })roperty  removi'd, 


'"At  tlio  time  of  Saiifa  Anna's  (ivcrtliiow,  nryotiatidns  in  Ri>mu;  for  a  ciiu- 
ccirilat  wcrt'  in  an  advain.'od  state.  Under  tliat  ai  ranL;enient.  tlu'  eliuieli  waa 
to  liavi'  I'c.stnred  to  it  all  its  former  |irerr!.;ati\is. 

"  Mix.,  /.'',//.i.  M(j.,vi.  .Vi'.t-Cid,  "Um,  ,W.i  '.II;  (iarrji,  I'ti.-i/nrcl,  no.  .">;  Apiiiilnui. 
i"ihi-i-  i/i'fi'c/ii)  jiiili.  i:rU'.-<.,  iS;  /</.,  \iive.iK  i  'diili ."t  ,  7. 

'-In  tin;  niid.-<t  of  all  this,  tliu  ar<'hliislu)|)  and  the  hislioii  of  San  Uni.s 
i'ntosi,  a  sec  civated  in  IS."i4,  assured  tlie  jji>vt  tli.it  their  elergy  were  takijig 
II"  |iiirt  ill  illegal  at'ts.  Viii'il,  Ei^-^m/n  //'>/. ,  7-10;  /,'(  linnthni  <li-  Ai/it/la,  Feb. 
III.   IMfi;  Arr/,!m  Mr.,:,  r'„l.  f.,,/.,'ui.  '2Mi-:i. 

"'i'lio  dioc'osan  of  <  iuadalajar.i  onuniei'atcd  then.:  the  ;M  estaMishing 
freedom  of  jinhlic  instriietion:  the  Htli  |pro(dainiin^f  man's  inalieiialile  right  of 
lieudoin,  whieli  was  not  to  lie  eiirtailod  liy  reasnii  of  lalxn-,  eilueation,  or 
Monastic  vows;  the  (ith  and  7tli  on  free  siieuch  and  fri'C  jn-ess;  tiiu  '_'7th  de'- 
ilii'ing  eivil  aiiil  eeeli'siastieal  corporations  incoiiH)ete'nt  to  liold  or  administer 
I'l  d  estate;  the  ]"_'t'{d  conferring  on  tliu  general  govt  exclusively  siieii  iiiter- 
\ '  iition  ill  ecclesiastical  affairs  as  tlu;  laws  might  designate.  This  was  merely 
iiitinded  to  secure  jiuhlic  peace.  Tin;  hishop  also  protested  against  the  omis- 
sion iu  the  constitution  of  the  Roman  catholic  faitli  as  that  of  tlie  state. 

"  This  eiialilcd  the  reactionists  to  po.sc  before  the  country  as  the  defendcra 

iie  true  faith.   UuLiitv-dru,  Hist,  tieij.  L'uiij.  CoimlUuc.,  i.  50-'J. 


r  I 


t)i  tl 


586 


ECCLESIASilCAL  AFFAIRS. 


and  crclosiastical  reforms  for  tlio  liotior  and  prostljj;*' 
of  catliolicisiii.  TIk!  ufovtriiiiu'iit,  in  adoi)ting  tlie  ir- 
fornis,  liad  sulmiitUd  to  an  unavoidal)le  necessity  f<ii' 
tiie  <:;(Hxl  of  hotli  tlie  duircli  and  the  national  sover- 
eii;nty.  And  indeed,  after  years  of  disasters,''  tlu  s.' 
reforms  liave  Inicome  accomplislicd  facts,  and  tlic 
cluircli  at  tliis  late  day  exercisi-s  its  legitimate  inllu- 
ence  unrestrained,  and  the  morals  of  the  deryy  have 
undergone  a  eliange  for  the  better. 

TIk!  trinmpji  of  the  liberal  ])arty  over  the  reaction- 
ists in  18GI  is  a  matter  of  historv,  and  Iu-j  been  fnllv 
detailed  elsewhere.  Durinij  the  three  years'  strULTulc. 
several  important  decrees  wore  issued  by  President 
Juarez  further  to  curtail  the  power  of  the  clergy.'" 
These  diH'rees  did  not,  however,  stop  the  clergy.  As 
a  last  resort,  they  despoiled  the  churches  of  valuiihlr 
jewels  and  plate  which  the  confiscation  law  had  sjtared. 

Amon<j  President  Juarez'  fiist  acts  on  his  reachin'i 
the  capital  w^as  to  expel  Monsignor  Luigi  Clement i, 
archbisho])  of  Damascus,  pnjtal  delegate;  also  the  arch- 
bishop of  Mexico,  and  bi.shops  Madrid,  ^Eungufa,  J^aia- 
jas,  and  Es[)inosa.  Bishop  Loza  had  bien  banishi d 
from  Sinaloa  by  the  governor.*"  On  theii-  arrival  at 
Vera  Cruz,  their  carriages  were  stoned,  and  the  popu- 
lace demanded  that  the  Mexican  bishops  should  1h' 
confined  in  jail.     Ht)wever,  they  were  protected   l>y 

'''Libertad  on  one  .^idf,  Religion  y  Fiieros  on  tlio  otlior,  wero  fmiu'it 
for;  and  the  wliilo  tlie  liglit  lasted  tlie  peaceful  citizen  got  for  his  share  In  >, 
bloodshed,  death,    /'nyiio,  Mem.  llcrol.  />/('.,  77  8. 

'"Nov.  .S,  KS58,  to  stop  their  procuring  money  on  tiie  secniity  of  tln'r 
real  estate;  June  2.">,  ISf)!),  a  severe  decree;  l)ut  tliat  of  .Inly  1"_',  ISoi),  couli^- 
cated  au»t  nationalized  all  tlieir  j)roperty.  /'iwrt,  Col.  //«•.  Mi.r.,  no.  11(17; 
J)ii>ilini  and  f.DZiiio,  /^/'(/ix.  Mix.,  viii.  ()7.")  88,  (iiM),  70-  <>,  7">t)  K;  linz,  A"/., 
14,  ;W  ()4;  M)'.v.,  I'o'l.  hifoniiii,  14.")  tiO,  Itil)  71;  .»/'■•'•.,  Cul.  /.,;/.,  ISdl,  ii.  t.l 
72,  70-94,  y7-ir-';  Archivo  Mc.c,  i'ul.  Ley.,  iv.  1(J4  7-';  (ntrz<t,  l'a«torii !(■■<,  ii"s. 
0,  10,  13-14. 

''  Clenienti  had  been  in  the  country  exorcising  his  functions  under  :im 
exequatur  of  Pres.  Loinbardini  to  the  [iai)al  brief  of  Aug.  '2i>,  18.")l.     Tin' 

above  orders  of  expulsion  were  dated  I'Jth  an  1  17th  .Ian.  IStil,  and  the  bl 1 

spilled  in  the  war  is  attributed  to  the  clergy,  '  por  el  escandaloso  jiartiri|iii 
que  hatomadoel  elero  en  la  guerra  civil.'  Dii'tliui  and  Luziiin,  Liijis.  Mli .,  vi. 
33.")-r)0,  ix.  12;  (liii-zi  ji  BnUi.tteros,  (fpiinc,  ',i',i',\;  Vhiw/ikIci  Jiiri<}i.,  \i. 
.W.)-;}8;  Archivo  JA'.<-.,  roi  Li-in-i,  v.  5-7,  42-3,  72-4;  limra,  Gvb.  M<.<.,  li. 
004;  lUchtho/cn,  Uqi.  Mex.,  rj'j. 


ANliLK  OF  THE  rKOPLE. 


SST 


i]\r  civil  authorities,  and  in  February  i mbarked  for 
l]ur()[)e.  During"  their  exile,  they  were  suiiuiioiied  to 
Jvoino  for  eonsultatioii  on  the  needs  <»f  the  M(  xicaii 
ehurelj;  the  rt'suit  of  which  was  that  the  hishojiiics  of 
.Michoacan  antl  (jJuadaiajara  wi-rc.'  made  archhislioprics, 
and  several  new  ilioce.ses  were  created,  to  all  of  which 
iippointnients  were  nmde  by  Pius  IX.,  on  the  l(!th  of 
.March,  18(1;!.'^  The  newly  cn-ated  prelati's  were 
Pelajjjio  A.  do  Labastida  y  Diivalos,  archbishop  of 
^[exico;'"  Francit:co  Suarcz  Peredt),  Juan  H.  Orniae- 
chca  y  Ernaiz,  and  Anibrosio  Serrano,  bishops  resi)ect- 
ively  of  Vera  Cruz,  Tulancingo,  and  Chilapa;  Cle- 
iiicnte  do  J.  Munfjfui'a,  archbishop  of  Michoacaii ;  .fosii 
A.  de  la  IVna,  J.  M.  Diez  do  Sollano,  bishop  of  Troade 
in  partibus  infideliuni;  Jiernardo  (iarate,  and  Pedro 
J]arajas,  bisliops  respectively  of  Zaniora,  Ijoon,  Qu(.'re- 
taro,  and  San  Luis  Potosi;  l*edro  de  Espinosa,  arch- 
bisliop  of  Guadalii  jara ;  Ignaeio  Guerra,  bisho[»  of 
Zacattx-as."" 

Juarez'  o-ovi^-nnient  adopted  other  severe  measures 
to  cTip|»le  the  ecclesiastical  foe."'  Priests  were  jtlaced 
under  strict  surveillance,  and  subjected  to  many  an- 
noyances. On  the  other  hand,  after  the  im[)erialists 
had  the  ca}»ital,  an  attempt  was  made  to  restore  them 
tlieir  pi'operty,  as  they  had  rendered  very  etHcient 
.lid  in  crectin<4  the  monarchy;  and  yet,  in  1804,  the; 
cliureh,  under  the  so-calK'd  reo-tnicy  of  the  empii'e, 
^\as  in  a  worsL   plight  than  under  Juan-z'  sway.      So 


'""To  tlic  arcliliislKPiU'lc  of  Mexico  were  j,'ivoii,  as  sufrragiiiis,  tlio  ilinocsu.s  of 
I'li'hlii,  Oajiioa,  Vi-ra  Cruz,  ('liia|ias,  Yucatan,  ( 'liil.ijia,  ami  'I'lil  iiiciiiL'o;  to 
that  of  Miclioacan,  Sail  Luis  l'oto«i,  l^uoretaro,  l-coii,  aii'l  Zaniora;  and  to 
that  of  (iiiadalajara,  l)uraiigo,  N'-.vLcon,  Soiiora,  Zacatccas,  ami  tiii;  Aiios- 
tnlic  riciirias  of  Lowir  ( 'al.  in  cliaiL:(^  of  .luan  F.  l-'.scalantc,  liislin[)  of  Ana.sta- 
^lopolis  in  partilms  intiilcliuni,  and  'rainanliiias  in  ciiargc  of  I'laiicisco  ilc  l.i 
' '.  Ramirez,  liislio])  of  Caradro,  also  in  jiarlilnis. 

''■'His  )iicdeces>ors  in  tlic  jirescnt  century  liad  liicn  lVan<isco  >1.  dc 
l.izaiia  y  Beaiunoiit,  ISO'J-ll;  Antonio  Kcreosa  y  .lordaii,  IM'2  I.");  I'edro.). 
'h'  i'"oiitc,  l.SUi-oS;  Manuel  I'osada.s  y  (Jarduno,  l.SM)  (i;  Liizaro  ilo  la  ( iarza 
y  liallusteros,  l>s,"(l-(12. 

-■"  .l/.V.,  <'(,[.  I.I  I/,  ji  Die,  .182;  lijlpnim  y  C'oiir.,  ;".,  I.'>1,  li'.'.t,  -^-^C,  :!47,  jiassiin; 
Arrniiijiilz,  M'j  ,  ii.  a]>ii.  'J'J,  aiitl  many  otliers. 

'-' Among  tlieiii  the  s(  izuru  of  two  thirds  of  the  tithos,  and  the  su^nircssiou 
of  the  ecclesiastical  chapters,  excepting  that  ot  Guadalajara. 


■i: 


i'lii^-  ■'■■  'ii*; 


688 


Et'CLKSl ASTILAL  A FFAIIIH. 


said   Arclibislio])    Liihastidu    to   the   FnMuli   j^'encral 
Ncigrc,  wlio  IukI  treated  liiin  disrespectfully.''" 

AloiisiniKU'u  Me<4lia,  papal  imneio,  was  piiljlieiy  and 
coi'dially  received,  with  tlitf  hi|i;lu'st  honors  accorded 
at  royal  courts  to  aiiihassadoi's,  i)y  Maximilian,  wlumi 
]\v  assureil  of  the  h<»ly  father's  cor.lidence  in  the  inen- 
arch  to  protect  religion.  Maximilian  cx^iressed  him- 
self as  hi.L'hly  satisfied  with  the  fulfilment  of  jtromises 

lese  friendly  expressions  caiiu 


ma( 


lei 


iim  m  Ivonu 


lie 


Th 


to  litth'  (>!•  nauinht  I'ventually.      Maximilian  was  puw- 
ei'less  to  effect  any  ciian^'e.     It  is  ti'ue  that  he  sur- 


n  th 


reiideivd  the  cemeteries  to  the  church,  hut  o 
other  hand,  he  enfoiced  the  law  suppressing'  the  rccje- 
siastical  fuei'o,  which  of  course  hrou^ht  out  a  strong;' 
protest  from  the  hishops.  In  fact,  Maximilian,  in  liis 
efforts  to  win  the  j^ood-will  of  the  lihi'i'als,  acted  im- 
prudently, and  alienated  the  chui'chmen. "'  At  several 
conferences  with  the  nuncio,  nothinijf  di^tinite  Mas  ai- 
rivetl  at  to  please;  iJome.  'I'he  latter  would  accede  ( 
no  reforms,  and    her  nuncio  finally  (luitted 


() 


M 


exico. 


^laximilian's  I'nxoy  near  the  pope  succt'i'(led  no  hetd  r, 
for  all  the  fair  promises  which  had  heen  made  him. 
JSLaximilian  went  so  far,  in  I.S(I(»,  as  to  appoint  a  cmn- 


nnssioner   to  confer  with   the 


U 


ex  ICO  a 


hout 


11  concore 


lat. 


pr 


•late 


s   assem 


hied 


III 


''-  'La  Iglt'si.i  sutVc  lioy  los  iiiisnins  ritMii(u.:s  (|i 
(Ic  .lii.iri'/.  rii  1,1  jiKiiitiiil  (!(■  siis  iiiiiiiuiiii.'iiii' '    \ 
viii  ]icrsi'j;uiila  con   taiito  riuNiiiii/aiiiiciiti). 


acjii' 


•1  ti 


"1" 


.1 


rriiii'ii) 


Mr 


KVJ 


1   el  tii'iniKi  (1(1  ^(il)iiTiio 

II..  .I'ii'ccIkis .  .  .  .  jaiiiiiH  w! 

Kps  fiK'iiiitraiiiD.s  [ifor  i|ui;  en 


■-'•'/'./•;(»/  Of.  Iiiqi.    .!/<.;■.,    Dcr.    i:{.   l,S(i4.      lie  said   (([KMily  that    the  1iip|m 


was  ill  a(lvis(t(l,  and  that  lie  I'arcd  Imt  litth'  if  hi.s  luilini'ss  was  dis]ihas( 
his  aits  in  Mcxicn,  his  rt'.s|i(insihUit  y  liciiii;  mdy  toOod  and  hi 


wilii 


s  (iw  n  (■(inscinii'u 


as  a  siivcri'iun;  that  thu  Mexican  [u'clatcs  did  not  nndcMstand  the  s|iii'it  <il  the 
times,  nor  (if  true  eatholicisin;  that  many  of  them  lacked  a  Christian  heart. 
If  the  jidiie  exciimmiinieated  him,  he  ^^l)uld  lie  the  fourth  Austrian  archduke 
that  had  been  so  tie.ited.  Cailota,  his  w  ifi',  had  u.sed  even  stiduncr  lani;u,ige, 
and  had  shown  much  antijiatiiy  to  the  hi^li  clergy.  Arnimji.iz,  M'J.,  iii.  ;UI  -. 
'"  llo  Av anted  conlirmed  idl  tiie  me.isni'es  of  the  lihin'al  administration,  and 
was  desirous  of  adoiiting  others,  to  wit:  jiayment  of  the  eleruy  hy  the  stati', 
religious  toleration,  revision  of  jiaidchial  fees  liy  the  j^ovt,  and  excmi)tioM  of 
the'  jieojile  from  some  ecclesi.istical  imjiosts.  llo  instructed  his  ministei'  i" 
act  on  the  iirinciplu  of  an  ample  and  fiee  religious  toleration,  though  riceii- 
iii/ing  the  lioman  catholic  as  the  religion  of  the  state.    I'uzi/f  Mi 


!."),  ISim;  Hi  mm,  <lol>cru.  Mi: 


Ml 


t'41)  .V.t;   Domvnirh,  J/ls/.  ,hi  Mi 


31 1>;  Miiiiiiicz,  Hid.  licvoL  Jler..,  i.  ::35-7;  Diario  del  Inq).,  i'cb.  'I't,  ibOJ. 


Ui:iJ(}IOrs   KHKKDO.M   SW  UUKI*. 


r.89 


cimsi'inii'i.' 


Tlio  011(1  of  tlu^  omitiro,  and  of  iMclc.si.istli'ul  cHort^ 
ti>  li(>l<l  HWiiy  in  Mcxiro,  Im^t  Ikcm  t'lilly  tic.'itfd  ol'  in 
other  clmptcrs.  Krcrdoiii  ol"  rcli^imi  Ims  hccii  striirtMl 
ill  a  manner  tliat  renders  all  t»{)|>ositioii  to  it  mit  of 
tlie  ([uestioii.  The  law  of  Dee-niher  I,  iSdO,  nuide  it 
so,  and  sul»se(|uent  derrees  in  followiiii^'  years  t'lirther 
streiii^theiied  it.  'i'he  n'oveniineiit  made  its  measures 
|»raetieal,  ceiliin;;  to  protestjint  conure^^jitiMns  Kiiild- 
iiii^s  in  Mexi('(»,  l*iiel»lii,  and  «'lse\vhere.  I^'rom  this 
time  several  protestant  sects  estahlished  missions  in 
tli(>  eonntry,  and  thoinj^h  Iteset  with  diflieiilties  from 
the  oj)|iosition  of  the  (•.itholie  clerMy,  and  fr(.iii  old- 
staiidinjjj  heliefs  and  prejudices  not  easily  eradicati'd- 
iiiade  consideralile  progress.''  l^iVeii  tin.'  Mormons 
cstahlisluMl  colonies  in  Mexican  territory,  and  an  as- 
snciati(»n  of  free-thinkers  was  formed  in  Mexicf)  in 
IS70.  TiiO  n'ONernment  maintains  friendly  relations 
with  th(>  ecch'siastical  authorities,  there  hi'lii^;'  now  an 
uiiderstandiiii;"  that  church  and  state  are  separate,  in- 
dependent of  each  other,  and  free  to  exercise  their 
functions  within  their  le;j,itimate  orbit."" 

The  popular  dislike;  of  monastic  institutions  hoL^aii 
ill  the  rei_nn  of  (Mrlos  III.,  and  increased  with  the 
(l(;velopment  of  tlioujji'ht  ainoiii;'  the  masses.  The 
hishops  seem  to  have  cnrourai;-ed  this  dislike,  and 
audieiicias  and  ma<'istr.ates  exercised   unstintedly  the 

O  At 

pati'oiiato,  carrying-  out  the  I'oyal  instructions  tf)  crush 
tlie  power  of  the  clergy,  more  particularly  that  of  the 

-' \'iolciii'(',  ami  cvi'ii  iiiunlfi',  lias  liccii  rosditcil  to  in  st'vcr.il  jilaccs,  luit 
in  later  ycais  tlii"  tlisstiiitiiij,'  .suets  liavc  not  liciii  intcrlVn^il  \silli.  In  AiM'il 
l^s:i  was  (i|iL'n(;(l  in  .leiTZ  a  [n-otestant  cliMicli,  and  andlliir  tlic  fuiliiwint,' 
iiiiiMtli  in 'roliiea.  Al'imnn,  Cii/ul.  Ilisl.,  Issl,  Hi'J  ;{.  'I'jn;  tdilowin^  aiitlmr- 
itius  also  treat  of  tiio  sijlijeet:  Am.  mcl  Fur.  ('Iiri-tf.  Ciiinii,  xvi.  '-^T  f^;  xvii. 
IT'.I  SO,  L'T-i,  ;{!  I  lit;  xviii.L'S.  181  :',,  •2sr,  (i:  'n>r.,r,  Ills!.  I'.iri,  iii.  ."..").•{,  :",-  S; 
.M1.1:  Dim:  Ojir.,  May  4,  1«70;  .lime  -J'.t,  Oet,  7,  IS7I;  Ihiqin-'.^  M'l'j.,  xlix. 
177  iS;  Dinrii)  />(■/«//<'.<,  7tli  C'onj,'.,  iv.  .">  (i;  /'iin.  Slur  mnl  Ihntlil,  .Ian.  "JO, 
I'l  I'.  11,  .Mareh  10,  Apr.  \'i,  18'.');  Jiinu  IS),  1870;  Sub:,  l>U<rii>  Djh:,  Apr.  1"J, 
KS7(),  741. 

■-''In  1871  till!  clergy  wero  ileiiriveil  of  the  right  of  suffrage.  Under  tlio 
amended  eonstitntioii  of  1873,  1st,  ehureh  and  state  are  made  iiide[»eiident  of 
each  other;  ild,  marriage  is  a  eivil  eontraet;  IM,  no  religions  eorixiiatioii  may 
]iiis.;ess  real  ('state,  noi'  capital  seeiireil  lliereon,  with  the  sole  exeeptioii  ex- 
IMcssed  ill  art.  127.  l>nlilnn  and  /.o-'nio,  Lrf/.  Mc.r.,  viii.  .'11(7;  l)inr'M  iJcUUe-f, 
TthCoiig.,  18'J,  193,  l'JtJG-7;  .l/tu.,  Diaiio  Ujir.,  Murcli  i-'U,  1871. 


■''■Ml 


190 


ECCLESIASTICAL  AFFAIRS, 


regular  branch.  At  the  time  of  the  grito  de  Dolores 
in  1810,  the  old  prestige  of  the  friars  had  almost 
entirely  disappeared.  Many  of  their  number  joined 
the  revolution,  throwing  ofi*  the  monk's  habit,  and 
donning  the  soldier's  uniform.  The  most  crushing 
blow  the  clergy  received  at  the  hands  of  the  Spanish 
crown  was  in  depriving  their  revolutionary  members 
of  their  priebtly  fuero,^'  and  heaven  did  not  come  t(j 
their  relief.  From  that  time  the  decadence  of  the 
religious  orders  rapidly  progressed.  Members  of  fam- 
ilies in  good  social  standing  had  ceased  to  join,  and 
the  few  recruits  they  obtained  were  generally  from 
the  lower  classes.  Civil  laws,  authorizing  co-action 
to  enforce  the  fulfilment  of  monastic  vows,  were 
repealed  in  November  1833.  The  religious  of  both 
sexes  were  permitted  to  leave  the  cloister  if  they  so 
desired.^**  Organizations  of  friats  were  suppressed 
by  the  law  of  July  12,  1859;  the  priests  were  to 
secularize  themselves,  and  be  pensioned.  The  same 
law  extinguished  all  ecclesiastical  congregations,  and 
prohibited  novitiates  for  nuns;  the  existing  nuns  being 
allowed  to  remain  as  such  with  the  dowers  tliey 
brought  with  them  at  the  time  of  takinj;  the  veil ;  but 
such  as  wished  to  leave  the  cloister  were  to  be  reini 
bursed  the  full  amount  of  their  dowers.  In  18G!  it 
was  ordered  that  all  nuns  slioul  ■  be  concentrated,  in 
one  convent. '^^ 

Santa  Anna  permitted  the  Jesuits  in  1843  and 
1853  to  settle  in  some  parts  of  the  republic,  and 
organize  missions  in  order  to  civilize  savage  Indians. 
It  seems  that  the  order  established  some  houses,  and 

"  It  will  1)0  remembered  tliat  many  were  tried  by  court-martial,  and  sen- 
tenced to  death  and  otlier  penalties.  Viceroy's  decree  in  GarHo,  Jiuif  lid, 
1812;  Alarmni,  Hixt.  Mej.,  iii.  395;  Mewlivil,  Resintien  Hist.,  137-40,  2(i8. 

■""Tlii-s  decree  wa.s  annulled  by  Sauta  Anna  in  1854  and  1855,  but  yivt'ii 
renewed  validity  by  Pros.  Comotifort  in  April  1850.  Archivo  Mm.,  Col.  A;//., 
ii.  33-();  iii.  98  9;  Diililan  and  L<Knno,  Leijin.  Mvjc.,  vii.  206-7,  482-4;  viii, 
154;  La  Handera  ile  Ai/ulla,  May  24,  1850. 

'■'•It  was  carried  out  Feb.  12th,  and  though  some  care  was  had,  the  sistirs 
are  said  to  have  suffered  much.  It  is  related  that  the  nuns  of  Puebla  in  IS."i7, 
being  without  resources  and  starving,  refused  the  proffered  aid  of  the  j;o\  t, 
preferring  'death  to  dishouor! '  Diario  de  Aviaoa,  Aug.  24,  1857;  La  Vria,  v. 
407. 


ABOLITION  AND  REDUCTION. 


691 


tln'V 

il ;  but 
reiin- 
8G1  it 
ite<l  in 

13    and 
,  and 
ndians. 

'S,  and 

anil  scii- 

.June  :!0, 

2GS. 
but  given 

'ol.  Li'ij., 
■,'1-i;  viii. 

he  sistiTS 
a  in  1^'">7, 
the  ;;<'vt, 
t  Cnr~,  V. 


that  some  of  its  former  property  was  restored;  but 
there  is  no  account  of  their  opening  missions.  Santa 
Anna's  decree  of  September  19,  1853,  was  repealed 
on  June  7,  1856,  congress  ordering  the  expulsion  of 
the  Jesuits  from  the  country. 

The  society  of  Saint  Vincent  de  Paul  had  been  al- 
lowed in  1845  to  found  estabhshments  in  the  republic. 
The  orders  of  San  Juan  de  Dios,  Bethlehemites,  and 
other  iiospitallers  had  been  suppressed  since  1820. 
The  Franciscans  proper,  barefooted  Franciscans  of 
San  Diego,  Augustinians,  Donnnicans,  the  order  of 
!Mercy,  and  others  continued  till  the  final  general  sup- 
pression took  place.^" 

The  advent  of  the  sisters  of  charity  was  in  1844, 
and  with  the  special  favors  shown  them  soon  spread 
throughout  the  country.  In  1861,  when  stringent 
measures  were  adopted  toward  the  religious  orders, 
the  sisters  of  charity  were  allowed  to  continue  their 
work  under  government  inspection,  made  amenable  to 
the  civil  laws,  forbidden  to  act  as  a  religious  order, 
and  warned  to  attend  strictly  to  their  legitimate  du- 
ties. In  February  1863  nunneries  and  communities 
of  female  devotees  were  suppressed,  and  the  next  year 
regulations  were  decreed  for  repaying  them  their 
dowers.  In  1877  all  communities  of  nuns  were  dis- 
persed.^^ 

The  mission  system,  formerly  so  extensive,  in  the 
course  of  time  became  reduced  tc  small  proportions. 
In  1834  the  government  decreed  their  secularization; 

'"The  Franciscans  then  had  six  colleges  de  propaganda  fide;  namolj',  San 
Fernando  of  Mexico,  Guadalupe  of  Zaeatecas,  Santa  Cruz  of  yucTctaro,  Nuca- 
tra  Seflora  de  Zapop"-:  .  San  Francisco  of  Pachuca.  In  lS(il  the  force  of  the 
religious  orders  was  ,llo\V8:  Provincials '28;  Priors  ! !''_';  Procurators,  Mas- 
ters and  Lecturers  375;  other  niend)er8  947.  Total  1,47'i.  Convents,  (!ua- 
daUipans  G;  Franciscans  31;  Dotniuicana  14;  August'.ninns  I.*?;  Dicguinos  It; 
Curniclitea  Ki;  Mercenarios  19;  Jciuits  14;  PaulistsC;  Fclipenscs  8;  Kenui'.- 
dinos  3;  and  Camilos  2.  Nuns:  there  were  nionastertes  of  Carniclitea,  Ca- 
puchins, Teiesas,  Claras,  Isabclinaa,  Catarinas,  etc.,  numbering  G4,  Tlio 
personnel  consisted  of  ()3  abbesses  and  prioresses,  and  l,4(i3nuns.  DiereM  re 
also  42  sisters  of  charity,  7!t2  girls,  and  858  niaid-aervants,  making  a  total  <  f 
3,V>28.  Henumdez,  EMcuiUt.  Mej.,  248-9. 

■"i)-':i.'t  and  Lozano,  Leiibt.  Mex.,  iv.  G25;  ix.  Lj4-5,  598-()01;  Tovar, 
Hut.  Panxiiu,  iii.  248,  254;  Zainacoia,  Hiet.  Mej.,  xvi.  300-10,  3(Jl-6. 


,ih 


I '3 


592 


ECCLESIASTICAL  AFFAIRS. 


but  the  order  was  not  carried  out  at  once.  Many 
of  the  missions  had  ceased  to  exist  for  the  want  of 
means  and  missionaries.  At  last  the  government  sold 
the  mission  property,  and  disposed  of  all  funds  which 
had  been  provided  in  early  times  for  their  support. 

Among  the  several  religious  fraternities  worthy  of 
mention  that  existed  in  18G1  were  the  followinir: 
Siervos  de  Marfa,  Archicofradia  do  la  Purfsima  Con- 
cepcion,  San  Juan  do  Dios,  excloistered;  Archicofradia 
de  San  Miguel,  Muy  Ilustre  Congregacion  do  Esclavos, 
Esclavos  Cocheros  del  Santisiuio  Sacramento;  Archi- 
cofradia del  Santisimo  Sacramento,  and  another  of 
the  Inmaculado  Corazon  de  ^laria — all  of  which  had 
their  constitutions  and  by-law3.  and  had  had  a  recog- 
nition and  the  protection  of  the  civil  and  ecclesiastical 
authorities.  Their  names  indicate  the  chief  object 
for  which  they  were  respectively  instituted.  Most  of 
them  were  also  mutual  aid  associations. 

Of  the  immense  wealth  possessed  by  the  clergy  in 
the  first  decade  of  this  century,  the  Spanish  govern- 
ment seized  a  portion  in  1805  and  180G;  other  largo 
sums  in  money  and  plate)  were  taken  from  time  to  tiinci 
for  the  requirements  of  the  war  in  supporting  troops 
ill  the  field  to  uphold  the  royal  sway;*^^  and  still  an- 
other slice  was  swallowed  up  by  the  directores  de  obras 
pias  during  the  ensuing  confusion.  The  values  set  hy 
many  writers  on  ecclesiastical  estates  were  much  ex- 
aggerated even  for  the  period  preceding  1833.  They 
probably  were  so  in  several  cases  from  that  time  to 
the  year  of  the  final  sequestration.^^  From  1832  to 
18G0,  the  clergy  sold  many  estates,  both  urban  aiul 
rural,  whose  former  value  was  estimated  at  $85,O00_O00, 


^^Cdrtc.%  Dinrio,  ISll,  v.  0,  10,  2.3-5;  xxii.  212;  Cdrtes,  Col.  Dec,  i.  155-9; 
Alamnn,  JIM.  M>j.,  v.  51D-20,  525-G. 

"•".Some  of  tlic  jnoiierty  hail  beou  scizeil  in  1829  for  public  defence.  Dk]v>'<. 
Vin:,  ii.  72;  Mv.r.,  Doc.  Impor*.,  1-63.  Tlio  estates  deproeiatoil  after  !?>■'>-, 
particularly  in  18113,  owing  to  the  large  mortality  from  cholera  of  tenants  win 
Iiail  lironglit  Imildings  and  lantls  to  a  ruined  condition,  and  owed  largely  fur 
runts.  The  law  of  Oct.  27,  1H33,  doing  away  with  civil  co-action  in  the  culli'c- 
tion  of  titlies,  togetlicr  with  a  scarcity  of  laborers,  disenabled  the  clergy  to 
repair  the  buildings  or  improve  the  lauda. 


LOSS  or  IMMENSE  WEALTH. 


693 


for  less  than  .$42,000,000.''  The  clergy  had  volunta- 
rily donated  large  sums,  and  also  paid  their  share  of 
forced  loans  levied,  nearly  the  whole  of  which  was 
never  reimbursed.  On  the  25th  of  June,  1856,  the 
government  decreed  tliat  real  estate  of  the  church,  or 
])roperty  administered  hy  ecclesiastical  corporations, 
should  be  conveved  to  the  tenants  at  a  value  corre- 
fsponding  with  the  rent  they  were  paying,  estimated  at 
s'x  ])cr  centum  per  year."^' 

1;  '  r-ovolution  of  Puebla,  San  Luis  Potosi,  and 
'i.'ueuij;.va,  cost  the  clergy  in  three  years  nearly  nine 
iiiillion  dollars;  and  the  constitutional  party  took  from 
them  about  I  0^  millions  more,  making  a  total  loss  of 
nearly  twenty  millions.  It  was  therefore  computed 
tliat  the  property  on  the  date  of  the  decree  for  its 
sequestration  was  worth  about  184|  million  dollars,™ 
exclusive  of  churches  and  temples.  Allowing  for 
possibly  unknown  sales,  and  other  confiscations  to  the 
aggregate  amount  of  40  millions,  we  may  say  that 
the  whole  had  ])ecome  reduced  to  1 24  millions.  Taking 
oif  one  third  to  facilitate  sales,  we  have  8.'?  millions. 
The  fact  is  thac  tilio  sales  yielded  mucli  less.''"  Most 
of  the  property  ii-ni  been  ah'oady  sold  in  1809. 

The  c?iie^  .-oaixo  of  revenue  the  church  had  was  the 
tithes.  Ii  \\  ao  subject  to  vicissitudes  for  several  years,'^'' 
and  it  is  sup[»»^se;    th'  l,  in  the  last  s'ears  of  the  clergy's 

^*Iii  1847  the  clei'gy  were  no  longer  able,  thei.^  friends  said,  to  support 
tlii'inselves  genteelly.  In  1850  matters  Iwul  grown  worse.  Cathedrals  were 
ill  ;i  decayed  condition,  the  revenues  greatly  reduced.  Tlie  members  of  chaj)- 
tt;r.s  suffered  for  want  of  means.  'Iho  cry  tliat  the  clergy  owned  from  (>(( 
to  80  millions  was  unfounded.  The  property  had  fallen  to  an  insigniticant 
airiount.  Jiofd,  Jiiirio  Imp.,  4-5;  La  Cruz,  iii.  ',VM>.  Uichthofen,  Jtcp.  Mi.r., 
4  ■),  esftimated  the  income  from  gifis,  tithes,  fees,  sales  of  images,  etc.,  from 
nine  to  ten  millions,  and  perhaps  twice  as  much  witii  tiie  income  from  lauded 
jiropiTty. 

"The  priiH'  ;■ . '  remaining  as  a  lien  on  the  property  might  bo  redeemed  at 
I'linveuienco.  \  '  .;  yuvt  derived  a,n  excise  iluty  of  5  per  cent  on  such  eonvey- 
aiice.s.  Apuidani,  .  ilcra'ho  piili.  erkft.,  10;  Mex.,  Col.  Ley.,  18()l,  ii.  1st  pt, 
1  18,  r25-(),  178-^' ■  34.'»-,'-;^.  app.  37"  ^5,  p.-issim;  Diililun  niul  Louiiio,  Li-ijin. 
Mix.,  viii.  197-201;  Znrrn,  Jfixt.  Comj,  i.  117-20,   i8.'}-205,  and  many  others, 

^"Detiiils  in  Ifenuimle:,  ExhulM.  Slej.,  250-4. 

^'Maximilian  revised  the  operations  of  Juaroz'  govt  till  April  18W),  and 
*li'!  value  of  nationalized  property  oa  appearing  on  the  books  was  #<t2,.S(55, 
?ll).   Met.,  Mem.  Ifnr.,  ISfo,  SGC),  M'2. 

'"From  1801)  to  1810,  between  10  and  11  million  dollars;  from  1829  to 
ISiiil,  only  from  5|  to  5i  millions.  Mex.,  Me  in.  Aijric.  i  J  nil.,  1843,  annex  2. 
Hist.  Mex.,  Vol.  VI.    38 


■  '',■-  i 

H  I' 


Ii 


14' 


[  11 


594 


ECCLESIASTICAL  AFFAIRS. 


privileged  existence,  the  tithes  were  only  about  :3| 
million  dollars.  Other  sources  were  the  fees  and 
emoluments,  and  other  devices,  all  exorbitant  and 
demoralizing  to  the  Indians.  The  laws  on  parochial 
fees  and  emoluments  were  reformed  by  a  decree  of 
President  Comonfort,  in  April  1857,  which  greatly 
displeased  the  bish  ^r  .  The  archbishop  of  Mexico 
passed  a  circular  to  h  ^  ,^y  not  to  demand  in  future 

any  fees,  but  to  simpl)  ept  whatever  the  faithful 
chose  to  give  as  alms  for  the  support  of  their  pastors. 
In  1874  a  law  was  enacted  annulling  all  donations  to 
ecclesiastical  corporations. 


Outside  of  the  official  feasts  proper,  such  as  the 
celebration  of  the  nation's  patron  saints  and  royal  days, 
coronations,  etc.,  in  colonia^  times,  and  of  national 
anniversaries  after  the  independence,  all  of  which 
went  under  the  name  of  fiestas  de  tabla,  but  also  had 
a  religious  character,  the  clergy  taking  a  very  promi- 
nent part  in  the  ceremonials,  there  were  numerous 
other  festivals,  exclusively  of  the  church.  The  number 
of  feast-days  at  one  time  was  so  great  that  the  indus- 
tries of  the  countrv  and  the  laboring  class  suffered 
severely;  one  half  the  year  or  more  being  made  n\)  ol 
Sundays  and  holidays.  In  view  of  tliis,  the  liomati 
pontiff  in  1835  authorized  the  diocesans  of  Mexico  to 
reduce  tlie  number.  Doubts  occurred,  and  discussions 
ensued  with  considerable  disagreement  among  the 
bishops,  until,  on  the  25th  of  May,  1839,  the  i)o|ic 
issued  his  brief  ordering  the  decrease,  to  which  the 
Mexican  government  affixed  its  execpiatur  on  the  1 4th 
of  September  of  the  same  year.''" 

According  to  the  testimony  of  many  intelligent  ;is 
well  as  impartial  writers  who  have  visited  Mcxin'. 
the  masses  of  the  })opulation  lu^ver  had  a  rational  idri 
of  the  Christian  religion,  or  a  just  conceptif)n  oi"  its 
founder;  hence  their  ]»roneness  to  regard  the  cxtfin  i! 
svmbols  and  (■eremonl(\s  prjictised  bv  their  cliurch  ;i- 

"'.V/y/v  Poiitili:  iiii/nriz.,  1-!);  Arrilhrfi,  li.,  Si<lhfar.,  ) -'JO;  .I/,.;.,  (r./.  -/« 
Li'ij,:^  II  Ihr.,   1840,  -J.")!)-:.';    Hriir  I'niiti/.' {\K\\\). 


UNSEEMLY  SUPERSTITION. 


695 


SO  luul 
proiui- 
iierous 
uuiIht 
iiulus- 
ffored 
up  <>1 
loiuan 
ico  to 
ssioiis 
til.' 

popr 
•h    til.' 

le  I  Itli 

[VUt  .'.> 
[oxi.'.K 

111  id.'.i 

oi"  il> 

Ltt'l'iri! 

Il'i'li  .''-^ 


religion  *  itself.  In  their  ignorance,  they  never  could 
])ossess  themselves  of  its  true  spirit,  and  the  result  has 
been  the  adoration  of  images,  and  blind  fanaticism  and 
superstition.  The  fact  is,  that  the  benighted  Indians, 
iorming  the  great  bulk  of  tlie  population,  have  been 
taught  to  worship  images;  the  well-informed  bowed 
tbe  knee,  perhaps,  but  in  private  derided  the  super- 
stition they  were  obliged  outv.'^rdly  to  conform  to.  It 
nmst  be  acknowledged,  however,  that  in  late  years,with 
the  spread  of  education,  the  people  have  been  arriving 
at  a  better  conception  of  Christianity,  and  throwing  off 
many  of  their  former  stupid  beliefs. 

General  kneeling  in  the  streets,  when  the  parish 
l)riests  were  ca'T^ing  the  host  to  the  moribund,^"  and 
ordering  of  masses  for  the  dead,  to  save  their  souls 
from  torture,  or  to  hasten  their  exit  from  purgatory, 
were  common  practices,  and  from  the  latter  the  church 
derived  immense  revenues.*'  Ridiculous  exhibitions 
were  often  made  bv  the  devout,  such,  for  instance,  as 
l>arading  a  figure  of  Christ  in  a  green  silk  robe,  with 
a  large  white  handkerchief  fastened  across  the  shoul- 
ders to  protect  his  back  from  the  sun;  and  the  virgin 
.Mary  following  with  a  fashionable  French  hat,  worn 
jauntily.  The  feasts  of  the  crucifixion  at  Pueblo 
\  icyo  de  Tampico,  and  of  Santiago  de  Compostela, 
Were  evidences  of  a  mixture  of  barbarism  with  civili- 
zation.*" Still  other  proofs  might  be  given  had  I  the 
space.  I  nmst  therefore  refer  the  reader  to  the  au- 
thorities.'''' I  cannot  omit,  however,  two  instances  of 
the  worst  species  of  ignorance  and  superstition  occur- 
I'iuij^  hi  late  times.      In  1809.  in  a  town  of  the  district 

*"  Persons  failing  to  doit,  even  from  igiioraiici',  wire  iiinirisoiiod.  JV'(7(w' 
A'm/.,  xlviii.  .314. 

"  After  the  enactment  of  the  reform  laws,  all  religions  manifestations  or 
irii'inonies  ontsiile  of  the  churches  were  forbiilden  niider  severe  penalties. 
.'/'.'■.,  Cod.  R>/.,  'J'J!);  El  Ih'ircho,  iii.  4'JO;  Dinrio  Dihit/r.^.  Otli  Cong.,  iv.  'Mi, 

;u>.i-.w. 

'■'Tlie  latter  was  a  regnliir  Indian  masquerade,  witii  dancing  after  the  han- 
il'ii't,  in  and  ont  of  the  church,  at  the  sound  of  a  drum  and  some  other  instr\i- 
iiiriit.  Bdtntml,  Lv  Mf.ii'im;  \.  .'U -40,  rvlli-A;  CurtM,  fhirr.  I'lxl.  I'cii.,  1822,  iii. 
•"'•'!;    Wiinrit  Mi'.i:,  i.  «)()I. 

■' 'J'/iompsnii's  Ji'-rntl.,  101;  I'lrnj'.t  Tnir.,  .SO-ti;  //illii;  /'eisoi,  '27';  MUh- 
I' "]'/nr<l/.,  Mrjirn,  ;V2()-:{."):  h'uvt-A  inn  Mc.i.,  20:<;  Stcjihviis  Ync,  ii.  .'W1--3; 
iiiid  numberless  others. 


596 


ECCLESIASTK  'AL  A FFAIRS. 


of  Jonacatepcc,  state  of  Mexico,  not  fur  from  the  cap- 
ital, a  woman  accused  of  witchcraft  was  burnt  to 
death,  after  suifering  much  torture,  by  means  of  wliicli 
the  acknowledijment  was  wrunjf  out  of  her  that  she 
was  really  a  witch."  On  the  7tli  of  April,  1874,  two 
men  were  burnt  at  the  stake,  under  a  regular  sentence 
of  court,  in  San  Juan  do  Jacobo,  district  of  Concordia, 
in  Sinaloa,  for  having,  during  the  period  of  six  months, 
bewitched  another  man.  The  authors  of  the  outrage 
were  arrested  and  aubjected  to  a  trial  for  murder. 

Among  the  festivals  which  upon  their  yearly  re- 
currence obtain  a  str'ct  observance  with  a  most 
marked  devotion  are  the  following:  Xevv- Year's  day, 
epi])Iiany,  septuagesima,  sexagesima,  and  quinquagesi- 
ma  Sundays,  Shrovetide,  Ash-Wednesday,  lent,  feast  o{ 
the  seven  Dolours  of  the  blessed  virgin  Mary,  passion 
Sunday,  palm  Sunday,  the  holy  week,  and  caster. 
During  the  holy  week,  the  tragedy  enacted  in  Syria 
nearly  nineteen  centuries  ago  has  been  reproduced 
almost  to  the  life,  even  to  the  inflicting  of  lashes  on  the 
man  personating  the  saviour.  Christ's  act  of  washing 
his  apostles'  feet  was  one  of  the  ceremonies,  and  was 
geiu'rally  performed  by  a  person  in  high  position,  official 
or  social,  on  twelve  i)oor  men  who  were  afterward  given 
generous  alms.  Maximilian  did  it  in  1800.  It  has 
buen  for  centuries  a  seascm  of  display  of  wealth  as  well 
as  of  piety.  The  lower  classes,  however,  have  ever  de- 
voted their  special  worship  to  the  virgin  Mary  undoi- 
tiie  many  names  faith  has  given  her.  To  the  saviour, 
her  son,  they  show  a  respectful  pity,  an  humble  and 
more  distant  adoration ;  but  to  Mary  they  give  their 
whole  confidence,  looking  up  to  her  as  their  ])owerful 
intercessor  in  heaven.  Hence  her  shrines  are  always 
well  tended  and  filled  with  men  and  women  on  their 
knees,  addressing  themselves  to  her  images  with  faces 
expressive  of  the  most  intense  love  and  devotion.^' 

**  El  Dnrecho,  ii.  59.  This  is  a  journal  of  jurisprudence,  published  in 
Mexico. 

*^Arroniz,  Manual,  144-5,  151;  Tmlor'a  Tour,  ii.  352-3;  Cakleron's  Life  in 
Mex.,  i.  197-214;  ii.  42-5,  133-6,  143-52;  La  Cruz,  i.  27;  ii.  21-2;  vii.  252-3; 
Infwme  Stcitto,  1-8;  Diario  del  Imp.,  March  31,  1806,  333. 


FESTIVALS  AND  SAINTS  DAYS. 


597 


lias 
s  well 
er  de- 
undor 
/lour, 
2  and 
their 
/crf'ul 
wavs 
their 
faces 
ion.^' 

heil  in 

Lift  in 
252-3; 


Then  there  were  ascension  day,  Whitsunday  or  pen- 
tecost,  and  corpus  christi.  The  virgin  de  los  Reme- 
dios  and  the  virgin  de  Guadalupe  have  always  been 
objects  of  the  highest  regard,  and  gorgeous  ceremonies 
have  been  dedicated  to  them  by  all  classes.  Unfortu- 
nately, these  feasts  were  made  occasions  for  speculation 
l)y  both  the  clergy  and  laymen  in  the  sale  of  images, 
and  for  excesses,  drinking,  and  gambling  especially.^^ 
The  fact  is,  that  so  nmch  devoutness,  so  nmch  time 
devoted  to  religious  festivals  and  ceremonies,  did  not 
appear  to  have  a  beneficial  effect  on  the  masses,  not 
over-virtuous  at  best,  and  still  less  so  when  the  occa- 
sions for  the  public  indulging  of  vice  came  round. 
Christmas  eve  has  been  every  year  made  much  of  by 
all  classes:  by  the  educated  with  attendance  in  church, 
and  suppers  at  their  homes;  by  the  lower  classes  with 
debauchery,  winked  at  by  the  authorities  at  times,  and 
not  infrequent  crime.  The  government  has  in  late 
years  made  great  efforts  to  check  all  such  excesses.''' 
Christmas  is  in  Mexico,  as  it  is'  in  almost  every 
Christian  country,  a  day  of  universal  rejoicing,  giving 
and  receiving  of  presents,  and  family  reunions.  In 
<'onnection  with  it,  the  people  have  a  custom  of  com- 
memorating at  their  homes  during  nine  consecutive 
nights,  under  the  name  of  las  posadas,  Mary's  eight 
days' journey  from  Nazareth  to  Bethlehem.  The  feast 
of  all  saints  and  the  commemoration  of  all  souls  are 
also  observed  with  appropriate  devotion  as  \\'ell  as 
lionors. 

To  the  festivals  above  named,  we  must  add  the  pa- 
tron saints  of  the  nation,  states,  and  towns,  of  high 
officials  or  public  benefactors,  and  of  members  of  fami- 
lies. It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  Mexicans  have 
never  lacked  for  op})ortunities  to  devote  their  time  and 
earnings  to  the  church. 

*"  T/ioiiiptioii'ii  Recoil.,  lOH;  Mayer's  Mfx.  <w  It  Was,  He,  05,  G8-9,  143-5, 
148;  JiiisltiiiKOitc,  ilaliincU'  Mi'j'.,  i.  G'2  3;  A/.,  ilrnn.  Did.,  1-11;  JJiario  de 
Afinos  (185G,  Nov.  22,  1858,  Feb.  17,  18);  Mii/iknp/ordt,  Mejico,  i.  334-5;  La 
Ojx>mion  (1834,  Nov.  15);  La  Nacioii  (1856,  Nov.  19,  Dec.  28). 

"Mex.,  Leijis.  Mej.,  1848,  539-40. 


CHAPTER  XXV. 

SOCIETY. 

1887. 

EvOLtlTION    OF    A    NeW    R.\CE— INDIANS    AND   MeZTIZOS — ClIMATE  AND    Ell- 

DEMic'H — Benevolent  Institi  tion.s — The  Mexican  of  the  Pkesem' 
Time — Slavehv  and  Peonage— Ne(!Koes  and  LAi'ERos— Orders  and 
Titles  of  Noiulitv— Social  Manners  and  Customs — Artisans  and 
Ran<'ii EROS— Condition  of  Mexican  Women — Marital  Relations- 
Innovations  ON   THE  N.VIIONAL  COSTUME — HOLIDAYS  AND    FESTIVALS 

Observance  of  Holy  Week  —  Gamkling — Theatres  and  Co'.xtky 
Amusements  —  Horse-kacinci  —  Popular  Drives  and  Walks  —  HiiiH- 

WAVMEN — TrAVELLINC!    IN    THE    INTERIOR — iMMKiRATION    UnSUCCESSH  I. 

— Relative  Positions  of  Foreigners  in  Mexico. 

The  ])caccful,  sciiii-doriuant  times  of  colonial  rule 
were  uiidoubtedly  favorable  to  the  evolution  of  a  race 
which  is  rapidly  absorbing-  the  Indian  and  Spanish 
parent  stock  and  advancing  toward  a  fixed  type.  What 
this  will  be  is  wholly  a  matter  of  si)eculation.  If  left 
to  themselves  the  mestizos  must  in  time  become  thr 
national  race,  as  already  represented  by  a  large  body 
among  them/  but  our  age  is  not  one  of  exclusivenc-.s, 
and  growing  intercourse  is  opposed  to  strict  con- 
servatism. Mexico  is  exposed  in  an  exceptional  man- 
ner to  the  encroachments  of  universal  progress,  lying 
as  sjie  does  on  the  borders  of  a  nation  impelled  above 
any  otiier  by  the  spirit  of  the  age.  The  territory 
ceded  by  the  treaty  of  1848  is  rapidly  transforming 


'  Many  writers  regard  the  type  as  already  stamped  in  the  majority  of  the 
mcsti/d-i.  wliilc  .I(nu-ila:iet  and  otlicrs  still  look  for  inoditicatioiis,  either 
toward  Indian  oi'  uhiti',  althongli  tliey  fail  to  present  any  well-dclineil  ariiii- 
inent.  IMmcntel,  Kmnom..  KS(i-8,  joins  Alainan  in  a  despairing  wail  at  tlie 
prospective  disap[n'aranee  of  the  present  races  like  tlie  builders  of  the  present 
ruins  in  Central  Aineriea. 

(598) 


THE  RACE  PROBLEM. 


599 


itself,  and  now  railroads  are  opening  wide  paths  into 
Andhuac  for  an  irresistible  advance,  pronijited  by 
material  interests,  and  to  be  welcomed  from  similar 
motives,  despite  the  warning  cry  of  patriotic  mentors. 
Here  lies,  then,  a  modifying  intluence  toward  u  white 
race,  even  if  a  counteracting  eleiaent  for  political 
preservation  is  introduced  in  the  form  of  European 
colonists.  Even  this,  however,  does  not  point  to  a 
fixed  type,  which  depends  upon  geograpliic  environ- 
ment. I  will  here  merely  allude  to  the  national  type 
unfolding  in  the  United  States,  witli  its  several 
marked  Indian  features,  for  the  purpose  of  assuring 
the  champions  of  the  aborigines,  that  although  their 
proteges  are  disappearing,  they  may  yet  be  avenged 
upon  their  conquerors  by  nature  herself.  Yet  must 
they  not  overlook  the  powerful  factor  j)resented  by 
universal  intercourse,  which  is  affecting,  in  a  greater 
or  less  degree,  all  the  n^^tions  of  the  earth. 

Statistics  regarding  the  changes  in  a  population  so 
remarkable  and  prominent  in  its  progress  nmst  be  of 
particular  interest.  Unfortunately,  those  that  exist 
are  not  very  reliable,  for  no  complete  census  has  ever 
been  taken, '^  owing  above  all  to  the  continual  political 
disturbances,  the  fear  of  levies  for  taxes  and  military 
service,  and  the  periodic  movements  of  populations 
Itetween  towns  and  country  for  employment  and 
gathering  of  fruit.^     Hence   the   figures   are   widely 

*  Although  several  have  heon  onleretl  and  many  taken  with  great  exact- 
ness in  certain  districts.  ArriUogn,  liecop.,  1829,  l'JO-2;  1831,  21(5-17;  Mej:, 
<'ol.  Leyes,  1854,  vii.  3S-44;  1855,  viii.  80-7;  Archivo  Mh-.,  Col.  Ley.,  v. 
41)1-8;  Bih.  Mcx.,  Amen.,  i.  280,  and  other  authorities.  Registration,  like 
otlier  official  duties,  sutFered  from  the  prevailing  negligence  and  political  dis- 
firders.  Among  the  regulations  issued  in  this  respect  may  bo  consulted  those 
in  Arcldvo  Mix.,  Col.  Ley.,  v.  528-0;  CdiUijo  lieformn,  171-8;  Diario  de  De- 
I'iitvs,  Cong.  9,  i.  708-10. 

•*  It  has  been  estimated  that  two  thirds  of  the  people  can  be  clasoed  as 
more  or  less  shifting,  and  Garcia  Cubas,  Excritos  Div.,  6,  assumes  that  half 
the  iidiabitants  escape  the  census-takers,  so  tliat  their  figures  are  widely  esti- 
mated. Among  the  teiulcncies  shown  by  the  state  authorities  is  one  to  swell 
tlie  figures  in  order  to  increase  the  representation  in  congress,  and  the  coun- 
teracting one  of  seeking  to  escape  tax  and  army  levies.  It  must  be  consid- 
•-■re'd,  however,  that  the  changes  in  the  constitution  and  government  policy 
have  at  different  times  so  modified  one  objection  or  another  as  to  lay  bare 
iiKPst  dece[it"'oM'. 


m 

li 


5 


fiOO 


SOCIETY 


based  oil  estinmtos,  accordiiijj;  to  which  tho  numhcr 
of  inhabitants  may  now  bo  nlacod  at  over  10,000,000. 
Tlio  pi'iiod  of  the  independence  war  is  generally  re- 
jii^arded  as  Ktationary,  but  after  this  the  increase  is  reck- 
<ined  at  about  eijj^lit  per  mille,  a  figure  far  below  those 
givi'it  by  J  Iund)oldt  an<l  Navarro,  and  lower  still  wlini 
we  consider  the  greater  lease  of  life  attained  to  sonic! 
extent  in  JNTexico  with  the  aid  of  modern  conveniences 
and  medical  knowledge.  Yet  their  ratio  does  not 
jipptar  extravagant  for  the  ])eaceful  colonial  era,'  as 
(•om])ared  with  republican  times,  with  its  constant 
revolutions,  and  conscKjuently  unfavorable  condition 
for  rearing  famiTK^s.  To  this  must  be  added  the 
withdrawal  from  Indians  of  the  j)rotective  measures 
of  a  paternal  government,  leaving  them  ex{)osed  to  a 
competitive  struggle  with  races  possessing  superior 
advantajjfes  and  exor  ready  to  abuse  them. 

The  contact  with  the  Europeans  is  undoubtedly 
})rejudicial  to  tJie  aborigines,  though  less  rapid  in  its 
effect  than  in  the  United  States.  During  coloni.il 
times,  new  and  intensified  epidemics  appear  as  promi 
nent  annihilators,  by  which  a  large  po})ulation  was 
reduced  to  about  three  millions  and  a  lialf  at  the 
opening  of  this  century.  Since  then,  other  less  din.rt 
causes  must  be  regarded  as  mainly  contributing  to 
the  decrease  of  their  number,  a  decrease  which  l)e- 
comes  very  marked  on  conn)aring  it  with  tho  growth 
of  the  other  occupants  of  the  soil.  With  a  fairly 
strong  constitution,  and  fecund  women  so  generally 
attributed  to  them,  they  should  have  participated  to 
some  extent  in  the  increase  of  over  fifty  per  cent, 
exhibited  b}'  the  total  population.  Instead  of  tliis 
they  declined,  thus  swelling  the  proportionate  rat(>  of 
growth  for  the  other  races  to  double  or  even  treble. 

An  official  report  ascribes  this  to  some  hidden  evil,' 
which,  howe.'or,  revoals  itself  distinctly  on  one  side 

*  Both  Cortina  and  Garcia  Cubas  so  accept  it.  Jounlauct  aHsiinuMl  nut 
long  ii^o  an  average  increase  of  tea  per  mille,  with  a  possible  addition  of  two 
per  niille  under  a  peaceful  goveruniont. 

•'. !/(.'■.,  Moil.  J/iiiUl-  I'oiiitiito,  I8."7. 


POPULATION. 


601 


in  a  criminal  lack  of  caro  <Iiirin<:;  tho  periods  of  nuitor- 
iiity  and  cliildhood.  Tliis  is  proved  hy  the  enornious 
<leath  rate  among  eluldren  below  the  age  of  ten, 
which  ill  some  districts  reaches  fifty  per  cent  or  more 
of  the  total."  In  bringing  forward  their  array  of 
retarding  causes,  as  given  in  the  foot-note,  most  writ- 
ers overlook  that  most  of  the  injurious  features  com- 
plained of  have  nearly  always  existed,  and  are  shared 
l)y  the  fast-growing  mestizos,  who,  nioniover,  expose 
themselves  more  to  the  vicissitudes  of  war  tluin  any 
other  class.  It  nmst  be  admitted  that  the  contact  of 
races  with  its  active  and  j)assivo  influence  is  entitled 
to  greater  consideration,  although  not  to  the  same 
extent  as  in  the  United  States,  where  the  relative 
conditions  of  life  are  so  widely  diHercnt.^ 

In  this  connection  must  be  weighed  tlu;  eflPect  of 
absorption  by  the  mixed  race,  generally  embraced 
under  the  term  nuistizo,**  which  has  grown  at  a  com- 
paratively enormous  rate,  at  tho  expejise  of  both 
Indians  and  whites.  Its  former  proportion  of  twenty- 
two  per  cent  to  the  total  population  has  now  expanded 
to  about  forty-three,  while  the  whites  have  increased 
only  to  twenty  per  cent,  and  the  aborigines  declined 
from  sixty  to  thirty-seven.  The  negro  mixtures  are 
practically  merged  in  them,  and  the  greater  part  of 

"Conaiilt  Rcyca,  in  Soc.  Mc.r.  (icnij.,  lioletiii,  op.  2a,  i.  180  ot  seq.  Anion;,' 
tl(i)  cauHL'ti  oiiuiiioratcul  are,  t\w  iiit'tatu  grinding  ami  otlicr  liarrl  work 
iniposud  on  women,  early  niarriagti.s,  the  liquors  ami  niedieiiu's  takcHi  liy  pro- 
■i[)cetive  mothers,  abortion,  the  lack,  in  the  provinces  at  least,  of  lying-in 
liospitjiis  and  foundling  asylums,  neglcet  of  vaccine  and  other  pnicautions, 
iiijudicioua  feeding  of  chihh'eu  on  hoiled  maize  and  other  vegetaldes  and 
■iiigar-cani!,  combined  with  insuHicient  exercise  and  ignorant  treatment,  an<l 
llio  uso  of  lime  in  preparing  the  universal  tortilla.  As  a  result,  the  ehihlrcn 
;iro  said  to  liecomo  pot-bellied  and  scrofulous;  and  growing  up  weak,  tiiey 
iierpetuate  thoir  disefises,  and  fall  reatly  victims  t(»  t^pidemics  and  famine, 
liiith  aided  by  intemperance,  improvidence,  and  liltli.  It  may  be  observed 
that  pulmonary  diseases  make  terrible  inroada,  partly  owing  to  the  high  ele- 
vation of  tho  plateau.  Reyea  shows  that  they  exceed  one  eighth  of  the  total 
ileath  riivage.  Iil.,  17*2;  Hurtorhm,  Mex.,  10;  Jti'niaiiUcz,  Mex.,  71;  Garcia 
CuIhi.i,  EKCiitos  Div.,  54;  lioxa,  Mem.,  15;  Ti/lor's  Amthwu;  30G. 

'  In  some  of  tho  northern  atJites  along  the  United  States  border,  the  dis- 
ippearanee  of  the  Indian  is  very  marked. 

"  I'^or  names  of  castes  and  Indian  tribes,  see  Garcia  CuImis,  Mcr.,  01  et  seq. ; 
my  Nittii'c  l!aci'j<,  i.,  i>assim;  Orozco  >/  lierra,  Geoij.,  passim;  MiMtip/nnlf,  Mcj., 
I'.t'.»,  '208;  Tuchittli,  Peru,  15;  Mayers  Me.r.  Azt-r,  li.  37. 


I,' 


%  i 


!  3\ 


'i  A 
fit 


608 


SOC'IKTY. 


the  H()-(ull('<l  ^vllit(^s  ui<!  rually  nicHti/.os  of  a  lii^litt  r 
liuo."     T\\c  vii^rvnu'HH  to  1)0  flaHMcil  aiiioii<if  tlio   fiiir 
(•oiiij»loxion«'<l  lat'u  in  tjpurly  as  Htroii}^  as  in  coloniiil 

v\n  iiilcroHtiu^  ntiuly  is  tin;  rllcct  of  cliinuttj  on  ,i 
po]>ulaii(ui  licro  Hcattoi-od  tlirouglioiit  tliico  diircitiit, 
zones.  'Vh^i  Ix'liof  is  »^i'iu>ral,  es|M!t'ially  ahroad,  ili.it 
the  iicrra  caliciiti",  or  ('(/ast  ri-i^ioii,  is  less  a«lji,[)t«Ml  to 
ritlior  natives  or  fortiij^ners  than  tlio  ti(!rra  fria  of  tlie 
plateau.  This  icsts  mainly  on  tlu!  prevalence  in  tin- 
marshy  shon;  districts  of  ftivcrs  whicli  attack  new- 
comers, and  on  tho  jire|>onderatin<^  ratio  of  inhuhi 
tants  on  tho  uplands.  Uut  it  luis  been  found  tli.it 
wluTo  malaria  is  ahsent  tho  coast  region,  and  ahovr 
all  tho  intermediate  tierra  templada,  permits  a  mon" 
perfect  development  of  nund  and  l>ody,  t!ven  native  s 
finding  relief  hero  from  the  languor  that  grows  ujxm 
them  in  the  rarefied  atmosphere  of  tho  tahle-laiid.'" 
Statistics  show  a  greatia*  proportion  of  births  in  tin 
low  and  intermediate  zones  than  above,  and  if  tlu!  in- 
crease of  population  does  not  exactly  correspond,  it 
must  be  ascribed  to  movements  in  favor  of  the  np- 
lands." 

With  tin;  sjtroad  of  vaccination  and  other  roinediiil 
agencies,  the  ravages  of  dist^ases  have  been  restrictcfl, 
here  as  elsewhere,  with  the  result  of  ])r()longing  some- 
what the  average^  lease  of  life.  Unfortunately,  lil<»; 
all  i)ubli(^  measures  in  this  country,  efforts  in  this  direc- 
tion have  been  too  spasmodic  to  })roduce  much  good, 
in  face  of  the  prevalent  indifference  and  conservatism. 

'  '  lliiy  jior  lo  iiiunos  medio  iiiilloii  quo  rehiijar  en  l'avor<l(!  l;i  raza  ino/<'l.i(l  i,' 
says  a  writer  in  Soc.  Mcr.  Umij.,  Jiolcfin,  xi.  'J44;  and  others,  liko  (Jci^rr, 
Mt:i\,  .115,  belicvo  that  of  tho  nuinher  elassod  as  wliites  less  than  h;dl'  a 
iiiillioii  arc  of  puro  Mood— perhaps  iiiueli  less! 

'"  Jourdaiict  has  dwelt  eonsiderably  ou  this  subject. 

"  III  Soc.  Mex.  di'tiij.,  Boktiii,  xi.  2*2S,  are  given  figures  whi<^h  indieatt^  ,i  i 
annual  ineroaso  in  tlio  eohler  zone  of  3.0<5  per  nulle  for  the  47  years  emliiig 
ni  18.")7,  whilo  tho  low  and  internicdiato  regions  kIiow  (i.r>0  per  niille.  'JIh'^ 
pcreentaao  stands  at  8.57  and  !1.84,  resjiectively,  for  tlit^  last  tM'cnty  years  of 
that  j)eru)d,  showing  the  efleet  during  tiie  jirocoding  'J7  yt^ars  ol  the  ^v,ll• 
strife  whieh  i)revaiUMl,  especially  on  tlic  table-lanil.  t'ortina,  in  /(/.,  i-  ' ', 
plae»!3  tiie  exeess  i)f  births  in  hot  regions  at  1.5  per  eent,  but  his  statist'i-s 
are  not  extensive  enough  to  be  satisfactory. 


iU'diiil 
:'ict('(|, 
solur- 

,  Ilk.. 

Urcc- 

uti^in. 

li/,cl.l(l:i,' 
.1    liii'll'  a 


•8  cud  ill.!,' 

le.  Tlio, 
Vfiirs  lit" 
tho  u:ir 
-/.,  i.  II, 
statistM-H 


YKI.LOW   FKVKK  AND  .SMAUi-TOX.  003 

Tlius  Kuiall-|)(>x,  for  inHtaiicr,  Iihh  inllicttMl  j^ricivous 
liuvoc  at  diflriciit  times;  uiid  im|K!l]<'«l  l>y  (.Ih-jkI,  Ixitli 
tli<'  f^'ovcriiiiiciit  Jind  till"  [tultlic  have  tlicii  taken  latlier 
tanly  i>re<'auti(»iiH.'-  Tlie  inatlazajiuati  lias  lu'eii  iner- 
ciful,  Imt  a  new  seoui'i^i;  eaine  iiist«'a<l  in  tlu'  form  ot 
vVsiatie  c'liolera,  wliicli,  durinu;  its  first  attack  in  !8.'{:{, 
carried  off,  at  Mcixico,  1,200  or  l.fOO  daily,  and  at 
other  places  in  pioportion."  J)urin!4  lat«'r  more  or 
less  severe  visitations,'^  encr;^eti«'  measures  were  taken 
as  reuards  cIcanlinusH  and  saic!  of  certain  articles  of 
food;  and  scientific  investigations  were  nuule  into  tho 
nature  of  tlm  cpideini<'.'" 

Ycillow  fcv(!r,  at  first  confined  to  tiie  gulf  of  Mexico, 
has  extended  to  the  Pa(!i(ic  shore,  as  shown  l>y  tlie 
sev(!re  visitatioti  of  this  dis(;aso  in  1885.'"  Otlusr  ma- 
lignant fevers  liave  at  differtiut  times  left  a  sad  me- 
mento, notably  one  which,  in  181.'!,  carried  off  ahout 
20,000  persons  at  the  capital  alone.''  Of  leprosy, 
there  is  one  modified  type  known  as  tina  or  phifo, 
wliich  has  shown  alarnnng  symptoms  of  increase,  al- 
th()U<»;h  confined  to  a  lu'lt  which  extends  from  Tahasco 
and  Chia[)as  northwestward  by  the  Pacific,  and  is  es- 
jiccially  prevalent  in  (Juerrero  and  Oajaca,  so  much  so 
that  people  from  this  region  are  ofti-n  known  as  l*in- 
tos."*     The  symj)toms  are  a  cough,  lustrous  skin,  with 

'■^liiHtanoo  thoHO  in  \H',U),  an  (Icscriluid  in  AllHa,  l'2r>-7,  \'M. 

'■' AKiii.Klalajiira,  ovtir 'J(K)  tliud  daily  duiing  tlit;  lieight  of  tli«!  ravago. 
Sot:  M<:i.  f.Vor/.,  Bnl.,  vi.  '-'!».'{. 

"Notably  ill  184'J  50,  hS,"):t  4,  IH.-)7,  IHtKi. 

'■  J/<.r.,CW.  /.'■(/.,  lsr.O,  |,S4:{  <t,  \-l\\  7;  A/.,  A'v/(k,  \X\-:i\  ArrilhKia,  l}<'C(yp., 
183*2  ;«,  •2(i-7,  47r>  HO;  \K\\\,  7,  17;  I.S40,  (Hi.  Tlii'  investigations  h.'suU.mI  in 
a  nundH.'!'  of  speculative!  (laniplili'ts  with  reeoninieneiations  or  prodainicd 
vonii'dios,  aH  Culirn,  /'nrtjifus,  1  S;  Milxultt  Ciir.,  T  15;  I'mhin  I .iijirv^,,  ii.  pt 
ii.;  Clutlwi-t,  Avuiilcx,  I  '20;  Ihiriln,  IttJ'nt.,  I  \{\\  Mtir/iinz,  H.fni.,  I  Id;  I'liy. 
I'kc.,  cxliii.,  elxxi.,  cciii.,  i;xiii.,  passim. 

"Mn  tliu  comparatively  liigli-lyiiig  district  of  .lala[ia,  there  \v(!re,  in  185U, 
l,:tOO  deaths  from  yellow  fever  and  small-pox.    /tin  ni,  //i-4.  Jul'ijifi,  iv.  4'27. 

"  '  Quedando  deade  eubinccs  desierto  el  liarrio  de  Santiago,'  .says  Alannn, 
a.sorihing  the  source  to  the  siege  of  < 'uautla.  J/int.  M<j-,  iii.  414.  A  wrili  r 
in  ib'oc.  Mcu:.  (leotj..  Hot.,  ii.  7(),  gives  the  deaths  at  'J(),.'W5,  and  in  NUvn'  /,'rj., 
vi.  H'JO,  wo  find  '27,000  mentioned. 

'"  '  Poniuo  tin  muy  raro  el  individuo  (pie  no  lleva  en  el  cuer[io  algi.ui 
iiianeha.'  Lenii,  iu  .S'oc.  Mc.r.  (knij.,  Jiol.,  viii.  .507.  This  author  speaks  ot  .in 
entry  into  Tahasco,  in  1858,  of  a  hand  of  .500  Chiapauec  soldiers,  of  wiioin 
'-".K»  were  marked.  Shortly  hefore  this,  (Jen.  Alvarez  had  entered  Mexico 
with  au  army  from  the  Guerrero  region,  whoso  aspect  created  no  little  com- 


hi- 


1     !■ 


■■    i: 


m 


■>*:"4 


604 


SOCIETY. 


^'«l.l 


m 


irregular  spots  of  reddish,  white,  and  notably  blue 
colors,  sometimes  advancing  into  scab  and  ulceration, 
with  ijad  odor,  but  confined  to  the  skin  alone.  It  is 
most  common  among  mestizos  and  nuilattoes.  next 
Indians,  and  least  among  whites  and  negroes.'" 

Tlie  medical  board  of  colonial  days,  which  exercised 
beneficial  control  over  the  profession,  was  quickly  cui- 
tailed  in  its  jurisdiction  under  tlie  federal  system.  Tlic 
government  of  eacli  state  formed  its  board  of  healtlir'^ 
and  regulated  the  recognition  and  practice  of  medical 
men,  and  each  nmnicij)al  conununity  liad  its  committee 
to  watch  s])asmodica]ly  oxov  sanitary  measures.'^'  In- 
ferior colleges  b(.'gun  to  issue  certificates,  and  abuses 
crept  in  by  different  ways.  On  the  otlier  hand,  a 
good  tone  has  been  imparted  by  the  infiux  of  practi- 
tioners, such  as  French  doctors  and  German  apothe- 
caries, and  l)y  ihe  resort  of  students  to  Paris  and 
other  continental  schools,  so  that  the  foremost  practi- 
tioners are  not  far  behind  tlie  Europeans  in  medical 
knowledge.  The  numerical  increase  of  the  profession 
has  not  had  the  effect  of  reaching  a  j)roportionately 
larger  number  of  sufferers,  for  it  nmst  be  borne  in 
mind  Jiat  friars  and  curates  used  to  practise  the  heal- 
ing art  in  a  limiced  decree;  and  with  the  decline  ^f 
their  mfiuence  were  lost  many  of  the  benefits  nowmg 
from  their  hands. 

Another  blow  at  this  source  of  charity  was  tin' 
secularization  of  all   benevolent   institutions,  notably 

iiient  there.  The  causes  are  variously  aseri'oeil  to  iin.;loanliness,  sexual  con- 
tagion, witii  hereditary  syniptoius,  ir.sect  hites,  especially  from  th.;  ;/(';/'//, 
eating  certain  unclean  lisii,  and  'iijceso  del  honihre  ci  n  la  lagarta,"  as  a  cu- 
rate declared.  /(/. ,  iii.  7.'>.  Tlic  water  is  also  looked  >.[ion  as  a  cause,  and  thi- 
sndlax  sar.sa[iarill:i  plant;  but  Leon  is  rather  inclined  to  attribute  the  orium 
to  a  disease  of  the  maize,  the  hoiiijo,  particularly  common  in  the  atUicted  belt, 
where  less  care  is  used  in  preparing  this  grain  tor  food. 

''•'It  may  appear  at  any  age,  but  ciiildrcn  between  four  and  six  years  an' 
most  liable  to  it.  (ioitre  also  prevails  in  Tabasco,  and  certain  other  district-^ 
of  the  belt  referred  to,  and  J^cou  is  inclined  to  attribute  it  to  decaying  vegeta- 
ble and  other  matter  ilisseminated  chieliy  througli  the  water  used  for  foml. 
/'/.,  X.  .'145- "iH.     See  also  Ittiiixfro  Trinii'.ifn',  li.  S"-'jr>. 

-''As  inaugurated  already  by  ..  decree  ii  oin  Spain  of  June  23,  181.%  and 
'•onti-ined  in  ISL'O.   (i,iz.  Mrr.,  xii.  (i'.t-T'J. 

-'  ;\»  legulated  by  state  governments,  Arrilliujn,  Rerop.,  183(i,  437-40,  aiul 
subseiii.ent  laws.  In  Tamaulipas,  extensive  drainage  canals  were  plauued. 
Eco  de  E,tp.,  Oct.  8,  KS.")3,  4. 


hospttals  and  asylums. 


t;o.") 


Ik »8[)itals,  by  decree  of  February  2,  18(W,  in  uccurd- 
jiiiee  with  the  anti-clerical  constitution  of  lSa7,  the 
government  takint^  charge  of  tlieii"  management,  as 
wH'll  as  estates,  b}'  a  board  of  otHcers  subject  tt)  the 
>e'i'etary  of  tlie  interior."  A  ijollticallv  cre;itetl  body 
rould  liai'dly  enter  into  tlie  spirit  of  benevolence,  like 
those  who  nave  their  li\(s  to  it,  ;uid  conse(|Uently  the 
;tiins  of  an  institutioi;  wcie  i)ften  misdirected,  and  the 
wishes  of  donors  ne^lt ctcd;  yot  a  ccrtnin  :L;ain  accrued 
from  a  united  administration,  guided  iiy  advice  iVoui 
tlie  mauau'ers  of  the  establishments  concerned.  Of 
still  greater  importance  was  the  government  [)rotec- 
tioii  which  now  intta'posed  against  the  loss  and  neglect 
occasioned  by  political  and  other  disorders.  l*revious 
to  this  new  regime,  we  finti  laments  fi'oni  all  directions 
about  the  decline  or  abandonment  of  charities.  Few 
of  the  min(»r  asylums,  which  churchmen  had  ever 
made  it  a  duty  to  sustain,  remained.  Now  and  then, 
an  apj)eal  obtained  aid  from  private  or  [)ul)lic  soui'ce, 
toward  reestablishing  some  institution,  pi;rhaps  only 
temporarily."-'' 

The  caj)ital  has  suffered  less  than  many  other  towns, 
owinu'  to  the  concentration  there  of  wealth  and  prodiual- 
ity  ;  and  yet  of  hospitals  alone  seven  have  disappeared 
with  their  vast  estates,  a  few  being  merged  in  the  seven 
iiioi'e  poorly  endowed  houses  that  now  exist. "^     One  of 

-Sri;  Mi.,.,  Cud.  Rfjhnmi,  'M)  4:  An-h.  M(.,<.,  Vul.  Lr,/..  v.  'J-_'(i  S,  (i4S  :.:!; 
l/.r.,  <'„l.  Lcij.,  lS()l,"ii.  KS7  !t.'),  •_'()4  !t.  By  (Ifcree  «.t  .'lanuary  'SA,  IbTT,  a 
•liiiita  Directiva  do  Heiieficfiicia  was  oreatLMl  in  its  plaue,  imt  tliis  was  sot 
asiilo  ill  18S1  for  a  (Iciiartiiiout  uihIlt  rlic  Socutan,!  do  ( iolioniuoioii.  Soo 
•vir.  M,:r.  <!co(/.,  JioL,  v[).  Sa,  v.  71'.'  '-'1;  J)i,irio  l>r/„iir.~:.  ('ciiiu.  <»,  i.  liOl.and 
passim;  iii.  2o!). 

-'■  Witli  such  rcKjxmsos  as  two  pir  enit  oi  coiiKscatioii  t'uiid.  Mi.i .,  ( 'u/.  I.' ;!., 
\s\V  0,  84  .-),  114   lo;  Mh:,  Mini.  Cmp.  Miniirip..  •_':!;  .V,»,  'JTl   l',  and  no.  .'H'tT. 

-'For  iui  account  of  jnvsont  and  cxtiiiguislio(l  liosjiitals,  soo  tliJ  loiijilliy 
t!i>iu<;li  inconniloto  review  of  I'c/a,  in  .Sm'.  Mi.r.  lini;/..  lii.K,  o[).  .Sa,  v.  .-)'J4  - 
7'JI.  C'omparativo  accounts  may  l>o  found  in  tiio  ayiuitamionto  ;i'p:.iis,  I'lip. 
I';-.,  Ixx.wi.  pt  xix.  17;  Si,i:  Aunli.i,  llu,i,U,l,lC  14S  .V.t,  l!i;i  I'tM),  'J.V)  lil, 
4."d  S;  Smi  Miijuil,  Ni'p.  Mi.r.,  ii.  08(18;  Triijinri)--',  Mini.  Ilmii.  Miiiiiriy.,  47- 
•Vi;  Dice.  L'liii'.,  ix.  .")(il -'2;  Mi:V.,  Ciil.  L<ij.,  1848,  i.  ti47  ->1;  Alliiim  Mix.,  i. 
14,  A  few  loading  provincial  hospitals  arc  noted  in  Unllio/iii,  AV.  (Jiin:,  '.)2 - 
■i,  187;  y>i(V.  Univ.,  i.-x.,  passim,  under  towns  and  states;  Momiiri)  Mrx.,  v. 
oO.'i-T;  Soi:  Mir.  (•'eoi/.,  Hoi.,  i.  loG;  xi.  ,"1'J;  Jut.,  Sot.  Otoii.,  I8-lit;  A/., 
.Mi'iii.  Ailinin.,  4iI-4;  J'njh  Vnr.,  cxli.  pt  vii.  Also  fe.ttinioiiio  a  la  Litrn,  1- 
'.;•.';  Ilo-tjtUiil  Dw.  Siilr.,  1-lG;  Arch,  Me.r.,  Col.  Liij.,  v.  ()42-5;  I'oj).  I'tir., 
xlvii,  pt  ii.,  Ix.xxviii.,  ptx.;  (finiii.,  Mvin.  Vol,,  1871,  7-8,  •11. 


i-  3:t  ;: 


•1^.11 


iil  '  \  iii'l'i:  if"-! 


IKK) 


SOCIETY. 


I''  ' 


II : 


these  is  a  lying-in  hospital,  and  two  are  for  insanu 
persons.  The  asylum,  with  its  schools  for  the  blind 
an«.l  tleaf-niutes,  is  of  recent  creation,  and  there  is  an 
ophthahnic  institute."-'^  The  foundling  hospital  has  an 
invested  capital  of  nearly  $300,000,  besides  ricli  gilts, 
and  supports  about  300  children,  which  are  rajtidly 
adopted  even  at  an  early  age.  The  considerati>»n  for 
bereaved  children  is  further  manifested  in  other  ori)]iaii 
asylums  riot  under  government  control.'"  Then-  is 
also  an  industrial  school  at  Santiago  for  training  cliil- 
dren  in  useful  arts,  and  another  of  a  penal  characti  r 
at  jVComoluco.  The  asylum  for  the  poor  remains,  and 
there  has  recently  been  founded  one  for  beggars,  witli 
a  view  to  abate  this  pest  in  the  city.'"'  In  addition  to 
all  this,  there  arc  benevolent  bodies,  as  they  always 
have,  to  seek  out  the  suffering,  aided  by  pi'ivate  and 
even  government  funds.  Mutual  associations  have 
been  formed,  including  two  founded  by  Spanisli  and 
French  residents.""*  In  this  connection  mav  be  nun- 
tioncMl  the  continuous  good  service  rendered  by  tlie 
Monte  de  Piedad,  or  ])ublic  ]>awn-sho]),  now  extended 
to  several  l)ranches,  with  discountiniLj  and  comnier- 
cial  loan  department,  safety  deposit,  and  savings 
bank.""' 

The  restrictions  inn)osed  by  the  colonial  govern- 
ment against  interring  bodies  within  the  precincts  ot 
towns  had  to  be  renewed  in  rej)ublican  times  on  nior«.' 


''■' /'rzii,  in  Sor.  ^fl^.)^.  Oaoij.,  Jiiil.,  i'\>.  lia,  v.  (110  "Jl,  (iTO  SI!;  Triijniiv<, 
Mini.  Itaiii.  .Uliiiirip.,  (i'.t  70. 

-"Ami  ill  a  lioiiio  wtnTO  parents  may  loavc  tliuir  (iffspring  tumporuiily. 
/'izd,  lit  siqi.  At  one  tiiiiu  a  lixtul  tax  wa.s  m't  aside  for  foumlliiigs.  M'.i.. 
Col.  J.c;/.,  iS')'.\,  iii.  00  1.  For  rt'j^iilatioii  of  their  lio.s]iital,  hcc  Air/i.  M' r., 
('ill.  I'l;/.,  V.  ;V)0  I.  In  Culilcroii'''  f-i/r  in  Mr.r.,  ii.  "JTT  SO,  is  aii  attraotive 
ai'coiiiit  of  a  visit  to  it. 

■-'  l''or  I'lilos,  SL'i!  Soc.  Jlr.r.  (t'lOij.,  BoL,  v\).  .Sa,  v.  ")S"i,  a'.M,  v\  simj.  ;  "/'/(■ 
iniiizii,  //i>s])!rii)  Polii-is,  !-](>;  ArriUnijn,  Ji'iniji..  IS.SO,  410   II. 

'"'  Ualiiig  fi'om  1841.',  tlio  latter  I'liiltrafiiii,'  Swissaml  Hol^iaiis.  For  ilitailfi, 
.see  .Vdc.  .\!i.i:  (Ikii/.,  Hoi,  v\>.  '.in,  v.  (KKs,  710. 

-"■''i'lii  lattir  allows  tliiet'  per  eeiit  on  (lcpo>its.  The  Charlies  are  very  In", 
(lili'eriiij;  somewhat  aeeonliiii,'  to  the  nature  of  the  seeiirity  and  otlier  eoiidi- 
tiolis.  For  rules,  ete.,  see  A/.,  (i'.KS  et  se(|. ;  A/.,  ep.  'Ja,  i.  444  5;  .Mi'.i.,  Col. 
/.I'll..  1S'_".>  ;<0,  10  'JO;  /Iriirlcli lii/rx/'--  .Mi.i.,  4'2.  'i'rii;iieros  eoimiieiits  on  tlm 
almses  praetised  liy  jiiivate  pawn-sliops,  iiarticiilarlv  lieforc  the  impro»eii\'  at 
of  the  pulilie  estal>Iisliineiit.   Mvin.,  Ixuni.  Mioiiri)'.,  S3-0. 


CHARALTEll  OF  THK   ME.sTIZO. 


007 


than  one  ()f('ci«i()ii,  with  a  few  exceptions  in  favor  of 
certuin  distinguislied  officials.^" 

Tlve  mestizo  is  the  most  Hourishino-  brancli  of  the 
j)()I)ulation.  The  mixture  from  which  he  sprinj^s,  with 
Its  ]mii(>|i(.':;.i  1»1iki(1  and  (hislies  of  Africaii  fire, 
favors  ra})id  df'Ntlopment.  It  is  perhaps  too  rapid, 
too  foi'ccd,  to  allow  of  a  sound  maturity.  Hence  a 
l;iik  of  depth  and  carnt^stnoss  which  is  revealed  to  the 
world  in  the  inconsistencies  of  the  i>;-overnment,  with 
its  additional  traits  of  conceit,  l)ond»ast,  and  irresolu- 
tion— all  tendinis  toward  those  weak  and  half-way 
measures  that  have  promoted  anaichy.  The  Mexican 
— the  mestizo  being  now  dominant  and  representative 
— has  remained  in  a  state  of  adoh^scenco,  as  indicated 
l)y  h'is  capricious,  thoughtless,  and  even  puerile  traits. 
\Vhile  tenderly  susceptible,  he  can  be  ferociously  cruel; 
treachery  and  fidelity  .il»()  hantl  in  hand;  his  generosity 
<Icgenerates  into  prodigality;  lofty  desires  sink  for 
want  of  patience  and  determination  ;  in  short,  hv,  lacks 
ri'Hecting  prudence  and  sustained  pinpose,  and  yields 
more  than  the  Indian  to  passions  and  prejudices. 

The  assumption  that  the  half-breed  of  ]V[exico  in- 
herits the  wt)rst  traits  of  their  piogenitors  is  hardly 
coi'rect.  If  tliese  characteristics  appear  conspicuous, 
with  a  stronger  stamp  of  the  inferior  race,  it  is  duo 
rather  to  his  e(|uivocal  position  which  places  obstacles, 


dl 


especially  or   a   socmi  n, 


i<"'ire,  aL'ainst  his  efibi-ts  for 


ligher  models.      I^ike  the  medioci-e  ])ai  venu  he  lacks 


(••rtain  essential  elements,  abo\T  al 


SO'.UK 


)i-mcii)ies 


.h 


and  failing  to  reach  the  highci'  level,  a  brnul  j'ace  pride 
nges  him  to  grasj)  tenaciously  for  tlie  lower,  with  its 


many  objectionable  featui^ 


sens(>  o 


f  inf 


eriol'l 


ty, 


M.'iiih 


it   iiHiuaHtio  (irdc 


i!cl  also  lio  \> 


witliiu  tlicir  ciiiivciit 


.•K- 


tl.   Arr/i.  Mi'.i.,  Col.    f.ri/.,    ii 


?1\ 


M, 


il  intcrferont'o  \v,is  all( 


liol.  I. 


I., 


!'>/■ 


1S()4,  i:iO;  ArriW 


LSr.t,  'J(»  1;  Mr.,:,  <■ 


•<1. 
';/", 


Cnl.  Liii.,    IM()1,   ii 


;!(»  '.). 


cl  lilt  (listiiictidii  (HI  at 


it  .it   taiUi 


/,'. 


ul. 


";• 


is;w,  :as  iri;  ks.'m,  i 


.)/. 


Shi  I'liiiit,    IK).     Scjiarati'  .si'ctioiis  were 


iissiijiied  tor  cliililri'ii,  clcri^N  nitii,  ainl  otlicr  I'lasscs,  ami  AiiR'ricaiis  liail  one 
/■.  S.  II.  !■:•:  J>iu:  S4,  vi.  1, Cong.  ■'{•_',  Soss.  I;  /</.,  .Iniini'il,  4(U,  titiC.  7;  /'.  S. 
Sir.  U'lir  flip/,  i.  7  S,  Cong.  4'J,  Sus.s.  'J.  Tlu'  forincr  ixorhitant  liiirial-tcea 
'i.ivu  lucn  rogulati'il  and  ruducod.  Iin.-<tiiiiiitnlv,  Mn/UI.  /'nr.,  M.S.,  ii.  3y-41; 


I'f.,  Hist.  .Santa  A 


niHi,  70-7;  ArcL  Me.c,  Col.  Lii/.,  v.  H.Jl-'2. 


li 


"5 


008 


SOCIETY. 


.n 


i 

mi 

mi 


as  among  the  Indians,  might  originally  have  savrd 
liim  from  this  mistake,  and  })romoted  a  healthful 
earnestness.  The  t3^pe  is  now  aiH)roacliing  a  national 
uniformity,  subject  to  modification  by  semi-dormant 
tiaits  inherited  from  either  side. 

The  best  attributes  transmitted  from  the  white  j>ro- 
gcnitor  are  sprightliness,  energy,  unsustained  though 
it  be.  Thus  is  the  mestizo  raised  consi)ieu()Usly  above 
the  Indian,  comjiensating  for  many  (»f  the  drawbacks 
that  hamper  his  competition  with  the  j>ure  wlilterarc. 
It  tends  to  make  of  him  the  inflammable,  turbulent  ele- 
ment to  which  is  mainly  due  the  protracted  civil  wars; 
but  it  also  makes  of  him  that  amiable,  jo\  ial  Ijcing. 
ever  ready  ibr  convivial  anmsements  and  i>allantrv. 
He  is  a  brave  iii>hter,  but  ii'iven  to  lawlessness,  V't 
less  to  stealthy  acts  and  cunning  thefts,  which  belong 
rather  to  the  Indians.  ITntbrtunately,  his  energy  i.s 
spasmodic,  and  insufKcient  to  rescue  him  from  the  all- 
itervadinu;  indolence.  This  renders  him  too  easih 
<'ontent,  and  indiflbrent  to  the  need  for  bettering  liis 
condition.  The  general  improvidence,  which  so  many 
ascribe  wholly  to  a  generous  climate,  is  fostered  by  the 
indulgence  of  })assions,  and  by  the  political  and  social 
disorders  theri'by  engendered.  The  impidsive,  fitful 
temperament  re(iuires  above  all  early  restraining  dis- 
(npline  by  prudent  parents;  but  these  have  yet  to  \)v 
formed,  l^rinhtness  and  ffood-nature  are  two  strong 
elements,  however,  ever  ready  to  aid  improvement 
when  the  im})ulse  shall  have  been  given."' 

The  characteristics  indicated  serve  in  themselves  ti> 
explain  the  antipathy  which  still  exists  between  tlu 
races.      Republican  laws  have  abolished  caste  distinc- 

^'Tlio  mestizo,  saj's  Pimcutel,  caii  be  readily  cured  of  his  vices  by  disc; 
lilinc.  l{az(i  Indig.,  230.  Mora  blames  a  despotic  gov.  for  national  dck't't'- 
wliich  he  acknowledges  but  does  not  niiiiie.  Rev.  Mi'x.,  i.  81.  A  .lativi' 
writer  uuder  Mix.  K<mon  Indep.,  12-13,  22-4,  severely  scathes  the  charaitcr 
of  the  mestizo.  See  also  Pap.  Var.,  cxliii.  pt  iii.  Thompson,  Hccol.  Mc.v., 
172,  comments  on  the  feebleness  of  the  race,  and  Jourdanct  lias  .xtroiig 
objections  to  the  plateau  climate.  Soc.  Mex.  Oeog.,  liolethi,  xi.  231),  etc. 
(reiger  considers  that  inherited  Spanisli  arrogance  and  Indian  iiiilnlcnce  and 
callousness  have  spoiled  the  mestizo.  Mix.,  316.  Valois  calls  him  Quixotic. 
J/&r.,  84-7. 


RACK   TEELIXO. 


C09 


tloiis,  l)ut  what  avail  codes  nijfaiiist  naturt'and  ciistoms. 
'\l\c  white  iiR'ii  still  iH-taiii  the  lead  bv  virtue  of  wtviltli, 


diicatioii,   and    intelli!>en 


ee 


aiK 


1   tl 


10  mestizos,  w 


hilt 


seekiiiQ,"  to  h;vel  the  wall  hetween  the  two,  widen  for 
tlie  same  I'eason  tlu^  ^ulf  sejiaratini;'  them  tVom  the 
(i])|»n'ss("d  Jndians.  The  latter  retaliate  lor  the  eon- 
t('m[)t  hrstowt'd  u[)on  them  iiy  nicknames,  the  mestizo 
iu'inv;'  generally  alluded  to  as  a  jackal."'"  They  submit 
patieiitlv  to  indiiiiiities,  and  taeitlv  acknowled-'C  their 
iiiferioritv,  yet  this  admissi(jn  tends  to  hold  them 
aloof,  and  to  confirm  tlu  in  in  tenacious  adherence  to 
liniiud  customs,  evin  to  partial  idolatrv.  'i'hev 
re  litllc  for  the  sti'ife  of  [)olitical    parties,  ami   lii^'ht 


,'U  lo 


ca 


n!i  an\'  side 


Th 


-•ht 


th 


tin 


le  slaughter  aiiicno-  otner  raci'S  aitortls 
lliem  .1  secret  satisfaction,  pi'rhaps  the  lin^'erin^"  ho|)e 
that  it  may  hriiii:"  them  nearer  to  a  restoration  of  tlieir 
ancient  lii^hts  as  owners  of  the  soil.  The  [)rolon<jfeil 
war  of  extermination  in  Yucatan  has  cruelly  reminded 
the  whites  that  the  sentiment  is  not  passive.  Thut- 
race  fedinn',  as  wxdl  as  political  and  other  diilereiice, 
Stives  to  s[)lit  this  unhappy  nation.  Yet  a  brighter 
prospect  is  o[)eninij^  with  the  rise  into  prominence  of 
such  nun  as  Juari'Z,  whose  ability  and  efforts  t-ast  a 
icdeemiiin'  lustre  on  their  race,  and  serve  to  lessen 
the  social  obstacles.'"'"' 

Any  relief  lo;  the  Indian  woukl  tend  to  raise  alst) 

L 

the  <>Tades  above  him.  Spanish  [)olicy  had  partly 
tlirouL;li  misdirected  kindness  reduced  him  to  a  state 
'il  tutclan'e,  or  even  worse,  that  of  an  irresjionsible 
l>rini;'.  This  was  his  condition  wiieii  a  republican  ^ov- 
crmneiit  siuhri'iily  took  from  him  the  substantial  pro- 
ti  ition  and  priviK'ges  on  which  he  had  rdird,  ^'axe  in 
ixchaiiL;'!'  c(>rtain  ri^'hts,  which  to  him  were  empty 
ti'iins,  and  sent  him  forth   to  compete  with   men  who 

-Coydl.  Siirr.orios,  ^f^.l■.,  .11.  Tlio  ooutomiit  of  tlie  wliitt's  is  iiiiiiliiMl  liy 
the  loimium  ii'pniol'.  'This  is  iiiiwortliy  of  a  iiiiiii  witli  a  wiiito  f.icu.' 
l''iiii  iilcl,  /viTji  liiilhi.,  'H)',\.  nistiiictioiis  l)i!foro  tiic  law  wore  long  maiii- 
t  i"u(l,  tlio  oliaij^t!  for  iiii|iiisoiKMl  wliituis,  for  iiistauoe,  in  Oajiica,  Ijciiig  two 
!<-.  ' rs,  or  iloiililo  tins  Indian  rato. 

Tlio  inli'rniarria^;!'  of  .Inarcz,  Imli-iu  army  otficLTS,  ami  others  with  whito 
"n  II,.  t  Iki.s  ti"i(lt'il  i;rt'afly  to  nar^'ow  one  gap. 

iii~T.  Mi-..\..  Vol,.  VI.   ;ia 


iiiJ 


■  '\ 


610 


SOCIETY. 


III 


held  every  advantage.  On  one  side  he  fell  a  victim 
to  political  intriguers,  on  the  other  to  masters  who, 
with  the  aid  of  a  debtor's  law,  managed  to  hold  liim  in 
the  slavery  known  as  peonage,  sometimes  so  oppress- 
ive that  his  wife  had  to  toil  in  the  field  with  him. 
and  his  children  serve  like  beasts  from  their  early 
years.^*  And  yet  the  tax  collector  ovedookcd  him 
not,  as  he  often  does  the  richer  man.  In  this  his  own 
land,  where  the  law  grants  him  the  title  of  citi/x'ii,  he 
is  regarded  by  the  few  as  a  useful  machine  only,  and 
by  the  mass  either  as  an  undesirable  intruder,  an  in- 
cubus, a  dead  weight,  or  as  an  outcast. ^^ 

No  wonder,  then,  that  he  draws  back  in  sullen  stub- 
bornness, and  clinijfs  to  old  memories  and  customs.  A 
striking  illustration  of  this  lies  in  the  fact  that  more 
than  a  hundred  aboriginal  idioms  are  still  spoken 
after  three  centuries  and  more  of  national  mingling. '" 
nJuring  the  w'ar  of  independence,  the  Spanish  authori- 
ties were  induced  to  court  Indians  as  well  as  otlurs 
with  exemptions  from  forced  service  and  tribute,  and 
other  privileges^'  which  promised  to  Uft  them  in  t\\v 
social  scale ;  but  republican  laws  have  not  yet  effectu- 
ally promoted  this  desirable  aim,  leaving  them  un- 
protected against  the  political  schemers  and  selfish 
employers,  who  swindle,  flog,  and  otherwise  maltreat 
them  with  connivance  of  abject  or  interested  local, 
officials.  The  same  spirit  })revails  as  in  colonial  times, 
when  the  aborigines  were  considered  a  fair  priy. 
Their  only  true  friend,  the  benevolent  friar,  has  ilis- 

"*  Consult  Onrria  ChIhim,  Mex.,  03.  rimentcl,  Haza  Indig.,  20(!,  prints  a 
letter  from  <■*  native,  depicting  in  grapliic  terms  the  thraldom  of  his  |)cc>iil, . 
Cruel  serfdom,  however,  iloes  not  extend  very  far,  and  tiie  material  lot  of  tin' 
nuiss  is  not  so  hard  ;is  that  of  the  lal)oriiig  elass  in  many  parts  of  Euro[i,'. 
Their  mode  of  life  as  described  in  a  preceding  volume,  iii.  740  et  seq.,  answirs 
for  republican  times. 

^■'Zavala,  licr.,  introd.,  Prieto,  Rt'iifiK  Oi'n.,  4,  Pimeutel,  Econ.,  ISO  I. 
Jinzii  Indiq.,  2'M,  etc.,  and  others,  speak  of  him  as  dead,  useless,  incapahlo  >if 
regeneration. 

'^''  Id.,  201.     See  also  Onrcin  Ch/hik,  Mex.,  G.>-6,  and  note  8  of  this  chapler. 

"'  Flogging  was  prohibited  under  strict  pen;ilties,liy  Spain,  dh-fci,  /'imh, 
1813,  xxii.  410,  and  by  the  republic,  .U'.r.,  Cnl  Lci/r.^',  Unl.  i/  Dcr.,  ii.  J')'.!  (10. 
Com]mlsory  lalK)r  was  stopped  in  ISV2.  Curteii,  Diario,  iii.  lOl-'J;  xv.  4."il; 
CoiUs,  Col.  Doc,  i.  45-6. 


TlIK  COMlXi;  MAK. 


611 


appearccl.  Still,  thoro  are  a  i'cw  men  wlio  oanu'stly 
advocato  tiieir  re{lonn)tlon,  ruuj'arditijyf  tliein  as  t'apal)]<! 
of  improvement,  and  as  citizens  ontitle<l  to  every  lon- 
sidcration.  The  uieasuros  pn)i)OHed  affect  all  tiut 
liuinl)lcr  cla-ises,  embracinLir  as  tlicv  do  the  oxtensiou 
of  public;  .schools,  tlie  aholisliing  of  any  enslavement 
for  dol)t,  tlie  discourau^tment  of  isolated  communities, 
and  the  distribution  of  land  in  small  pro[»rietary  hold- 
ings, the  gov<'rnment  purchasinij;'  large  tracts  and  stdl- 
\i\<X  them  in  i)arcels  hv  instalment."''  This  vcoidd  m\r. 
iini)ulse  to  dormant  ambition  and  political  ])ride,  and 
diri'ct  the  plodding  patience  which  prevails  to  some 
extent  among  the  Indians.^* 

Although  only  an  insignificant  percentage  among 
lliem  attain  any  prominence,  a  considerabli^  jn-oportion 
ai'cumulate  money;  not  for  adding  to  their  comfort, 
however,  but  to  invest  in  herds,  or  in  some  stately 
though  useless  dwelling;  or  to  secrete  it,  even  I'rom 
their  descendants.  They  ])refL'r  the  gai'b  of  povt-rty 
and  the  humble  life  of  their  own  peopl<>,  })erhaj)S  witli 
the  esteemixl  position  of  leaders,  to  an  eijuivocal  stand- 
ing among  others,  subject  to  the  contemi)tuous  slurs  of 
the  lowest  half-breed.  Even  Indian  womt  n  show  lit- 
tle of  the  common  feminine  desire  for  fincrv.""  As  f  r 
the  mass  of  villaoers  and  laborers,  thev  live  from  hand 
to  mouth,  content  with  a  mere  shed,  or  even  th(!  free 
skv  for  a  roof,  with  a  scantv  coverinijf  for  the  bodv, 
and  for  food,  maize,  frijoles,  and  chilc>.  The  least  ])os- 
sible  labor  provides  for  these  wants,  and  careless  I'lr 

'"  Meajiurci  liko  thesu  have  l>i:cn  ruuomiiieuilril  (.'Vi'r  siiicu  ci)li>iiial  tiiacs, 
mill  later  most  earnestly  )iy  IJustamante.  .\fi''/!i/ii.i  /'dr.,  MS.,  i.  ():)-7.'f,  ii.  siiii. 
<»-l(). 

^'••It  is  atiirincil  that  their  indolence  i.-i  iluo  eliielly  to  o|)]ire.i.siou,  which  h:ia 
maile  it  muk'siralilo  toaceunmlatu  the  in'oilucls  ol  Vihor.  M.,/ilrii)i/'i>r'/f,  M'j., 
i.  2;!9.     (reig(!r  believe  j  them  to  he  willaiLT  Wo:''    •     ii!  eucoiini^;  '  l.    J/'./'.,  iUS. 

*■•  Ca.itelIauos  relatus  as  an  inst;ineo  of  tlieir  extreme  coa^ervatism:  Jii 
1S,")1  a  friend  of  hia  rewarded  some  of  liij  laborers  with  a  more  comjilete  snit 
of  clothing  than  they  possessed,  'i  he  following  day  they  rotnrned  the  gi.i, 
.stating  that  t]u.'r  people  had  threjitcncd  tostoao  thcni  f>)r  d, 'parting  from  tlio 
iuh.'rited  custom.  This  occurred  i  i  t';icr:iav:iea  district,  no'i,  fir  f.'om  tl.o 
capital.  L'astellanos  himself  was  retpu'stcd  l>y  a  villai'o  mnnicij»ality  to  de- 
lua  1 1  fron  t'lc  lanj  ot  Spain  ])roti!ct.v  ■  lu  lav.iriM  i  i  t'i'ir  h  ■'vil'".  Such  was 
thc'r  Imov.-ledgo  of  i)olitieal  aii'dirs  i.i  IS'l.  D/:t.<i,  'Z)-\ ;  J^'oi  I.  Mr-t.i.,  pt 
vii. 


1 

11! 


U 


M  ^isT 


1 

01: 


SOClKii'. 


tliC  morrow,  tlioy  squander  any  sur))lus  in  drinkinnf, 
usiiiilly  in  tlio  lUiiglihorinn'  t(»\vn.  On  tlioa{)})r»>acli  ot 
1  jr.;5t  (lays,  there  is  a  ocnenil  etl'uit  to  accnniulate  a 
!  luill  sum  witli  wliieli  tt»  join  worthily  in  tlu;  relinj^ious 
j)ri)ce!3si(»ns  and  other  eustomaiy  celehrations,"  to  say 
riothing  of  the;  thunken  or^^ie  whicli  lojlows. 

Slavcrv,  in  the  leual  sense,  nev«'r  lU'evaiK d  to  air.' 
(  \tent  in  Mexico/"  and  it  may  ho  said  to  liaM-  ceased 
in  1  810,  witli  the  outbreak  ot'tlie  war  for  independeiuM  . 
both  ]»arties  oiierin^"  freedom  to  i^ain  tlie  adhesion  nt 
their  bondsmen,'^  Xevi'i'theless,  a  few  n'mained,  r.iid 
it  was  not  till  182!)  that  tlu'  ie|iublic  formally  tl(M'lai'ed 
slaverv  abolislu'd.  A  more  powi'rful  bondan'e  existed, 
liowevor,  in  the  debtor's  law,  wlierel)y  ])ei-sons  witliout 
propi'rty  were  i'e(|uired  to  render  service  in  j)ayment 
t)f  debt.  It  was  applied  only  to  Indians,  whose  care- 
less, stupid,  and  feast-loving'  disposition  readily  induced 
them  to  accept  the  yoke  for  a  small  adxanee,  espo- 
cially  on  the  occasion  of  marriage.  The  creditor, 
usually  owner  of  a  jilantation,  takes  care  that  the 
:  uiall  waives  agreed  upon  shall  be  paid  in  food  and  otiun' 
articles  tVom  his  own  supplies,  and  in  such  a  niaiiner 
that  th(>  bonds  increase  till  the  children  are  within  the 
coils.  The  debt  may  be  transferred,  and  with  it  the 
enslaved.^'  ]^ove  for  the  home  region  and  stubborn 
conservatism  stand  in  the  way  of  liberation,  and  so 
they  toil  away  till  death  relieves  them.^'  Jiepeatetl 
j)r<<tests  Were  made  against  this  abuse,  but  it  diil  not 
suit  the  interest  of  those  in  power  to  yield,  and  it  was 
only  in  Novend)er  187:5  that  a  constitutional  amciKl- 
ment  abolish(;d  peonage.      This  lias  not  had  full  eifect. 

♦'Mayur,  M<.r.  A-/,,-,  ii,  •><.),  Ratzd,  Aii.i  Mr.r.,  'M'A,  ami  other  ti"ivulkr>, 
coiiHrm  those  <loscri[iti(iiis  as  given  in  tiiu  early  Alil-^jiii  'Ic  ( '/lili'.,  '2M-i\S. 

*- X'dluint^  iii.  7">1,  tliis  series. 

^' llitlalito's  priielaniatioii  was  the  lirst.  See  hiiliini  i/  /.icjiiio,  Liij.  Mix., 
i.  .'UD.  Morelos  issueil  one  in  I.SKJ.  Sor,  Mtx.  (lri„i.,  liiiUliii,  iii.  V.K  witli 
fai'-simile.  A  r<>y;il  e('cliila  a[ipeareil  in  ISIT.  See  liustaniante's  comments, 
<  mill.  IIU..  iv.  <,il!(  -l-l. 

"  I'inientel,  llinn  lin/ii/.,  '2{)'2  '.i,  relates  that  the  liakers  of  Mexico  woul  I 
not  trnst  their  nu'ii  aliroail  without  a  guard. 

*■' M  lycr.  Mi'.i.  n.i  //  H'n^,  'JOI-'J,  deserihes  like  other  travellers  how  they 
are  lasheil,  and  maintains  that  this  slavery  is  in  niauy  cases  worse  than  tniit 
which  formerly  prevailed  iu  the  U.  S.  See  also  Leoit,  iu  Soc.  Mix.  Gcoj., 
Boktiii,  viii.  l^a-U. 


INDIANS   AND  NKOllOKS. 


cn 


a-^  iiiuy  Well  !)»' understood  ;  partlv  Ixtuusc  tlic  Indians 
cia  Ik!  controlled  l)_v  honor,  Ihniily  ties,  iind  other 
means;  hut  the  conditions  are  ni»\v  les.".  oji|iressi\('. 

Tlu-  export  trafVie  in  Indians  is  another  e\  il,  which 
has  attlictiMl  esiH-ciallv  Yucatan.  Ilert^itwas  l»e<'\iii 
l)yt]ie  state  L;overnineiit  with  Indians  cajitund  <hi?ii;.;' 
the  wai'  of  races  some  t'oi'ty  yeais  a^o,  as  a  me-ans  to 
ohtain  war  material,  and  the  feeble  jn-otest  of  t],e 
general  sj^overnnient  only  encouraged  this  iidamor.s 
slave  trade,  till  at  last  more  strinj^ent  laws  had  t<»  l>o 
issued  for  its  sujti)ression.'" 

Ne<4i-oes  can  hardly  he  said  to  have  iiK.-reiised,  al- 
thou'jli  thev  continue  to  add  their  infusion  of  hloo  1 
into  the  other  races.  Whih;  their  social  jiositioii  hen; 
is  relatively  lii^her  than  in  the  United  States,  y(  t 
they  must  be  asslu^ned  to  the  lowest  stratum,''  uidess 
indeed  it  is  insisted  upon  that  the  lei)i'ros^^  shall  he  so 
(•lassed.  The  latter  are  the  same  lazy,  haU'-naked 
vaij^abonds  as  of  old,''\'^ave  that  their  number  has  been 
increased  by  itinerant  hawkers  and  nuisicians,  vicious 
idhu's  and  thieves,  fostered  by  ]>()litical  disorder,  drink, 
and  naniblini;,  and  many  of  them  with  fair  educ^ation 
and  ability.'"*  A  mild  climate  with  few  jircssinL;" 
wants  li'aves  them  rather  eood-natured,  and  a  firm 
attitude  or  severe'  sentence  intimidates  them.  Ni\  cr- 
theless,  thieving  vagabonds  are  not  desii'able,  and 
moi'e  than  one  strinmnt  measure  has  Ijeen  takiii  to 
su|)jiress  them,  by  foi-ced  eidistment,  imprisonment, 
and  chain-gang  lal)or;'''  but  of  coursi;  with  little  effect. 
Mexico  district,  and  similar  large;  centres,  swarm  as 
usual  with  th.-m,  while  (juieter  agricultural  regions  likt.- 

'■Ill  1S.")1  aiiil  ISC.l.  J/,>.,  Cnl.  Lvi/.,  lsr)0-l,  i.  •.\K\-A;  Dnldnn.  ix.  l;.::'; 
li  ir'iiir/iiiiio,  Mi:, II.  Cuiiip.,  •{[>.  lO'J  S. 

''  '  Much  itiore  sii  Ui.iii  in  Soutli  ( 'arnliiia,'  writes  Tliiiiiipsun,  h'rrid.  Mu:, 
(i,  witli  i)rTJiiiliL'til  vi'liLim.'iicu. 

^'"Zaiii.icoii  [iiiints  out  that  the  dcfinitifni  of  the  ai-'ademy,  'tliu  lowi'st  of 
tho  iioiiulacu, '  ami  tlic  term  lazzarolii,  are  now  hvs.s  ajiidiealjlu  ttiau  '  \  iuMni-j 
\agahon<l.'  Sfi-.f.,  xi.  '2)>~. 

^''Suu  iii.  7">l,  this  scries. 

•'"'Ami  including  even  foreigners,    liirrrn,  MC.r.,  liS4'2,  2.^0  et  seij. 

•''Considt  Ml.,:,  Cnl.  Lii/r.i,  JS.').'},  iv.  4-_'0  IJ;  An-nbujn,  Iliroj).,  ls:$4,  206- 
;il!),  -l.iO;    \V,ud\i  Mu:.,  ii.  27.5. 


■n- 

til 
til' 


i  I 


:f! 


^il'lh 


Kf  Jj:  fit* 


614 


socip:tv. 


^iichoar.'in  and  Coliinu  are  comparatively  free  from 
the  pest.''" 

The  persi.stency  of  raee  distinction  or  color  rank  has 
naturally  tended  to  intensify  the  class  lines,  so  widely 
fostered  by  inherited  Spanish  pride  and  aborigijial 
conservatism;  and  this  so  far  as  to  create  no  little  dis- 
tress ani()n<>'  a  shabby -«(enteel  set,  wlK)8e  fair  com- 
plexion makes  them  still  regard  as  degrading  any 
labor  which  is  sup[>osed  to  belong  to  colored  peopU-. 
])uring  the  war  for  imh^pendence,  royalty  made  uu 
appeal  to  the  besetting  weakness  by  granting  titles  to 
men  worth  winning,  and  by  creating  the  special 
American  order  of  Isabel  la  (Jat6lica.^'  Iturbide  did 
the  same  by  creating  the  imperial  order  of  Guadalupe 
for  civil  and  militarv  services.''*  It  fell  with  the  em- 
]>ire,  but  was  revived  for  a  time  by  Santa  Anna,  and 
finally  by  Maximilian/^ 

Titles  of  nobility  which  had  received  a  new  lease 
under  Aijustin  I.  were  abolished  bv  decree  of  j\[av 
IS'iO,'"^  3'et  the  republic  maintained  the  taste  for  dis- 
tinctions by  granting  high-sounding  appellations  to 
officials  and  corporations,  Santa  Anna  during  his  last 
dictatorship  assuming  that  of  Most  Serene  Highness. 
Crosses,  coats  of  arms,  and  titles  like  heiiemcrito  dc  la 
jHitria  were  also  V)estowed  both  b\'  general  and  stutti 
governments,  and  permission  could  readily  be  obtained 
for  receiving  them  from  foreign  governments. 

Maximilian  showed  himself  most  'jjenerous  in  tlie 
distribution  of  honors,  in  the  shape  of  medals,  orders, 
and  patents  of  nobility.  He  moreover  created  the 
imperial  order  of  the  eagle,  making  it  superior  to  tliat 
of  the  revived  Guadalu[)e, '"  and  the  order  of  San  Cur- 

''' Canceladu,  nuinn,  C3;  Soc.  Mex.  Geog.,  Bnktin,  i.  .SI  5. 

"By  decree  of  March  24,  1815.  For  rej^ulatioiis,  see  hahel  li  Cdlt'lii-'i, 
InHit.,  1-19;  Comtit.  dt  ImM  la  Cat,  1-92. 

"Sec  Oitz.  Imp.,  ii.  424-G;  .I/<i/«<ih,  JUej.,x.  452,  G'25,  639-41. 

"KMex.,  Bol.  Ley.,  18(i4,  43-5,  121. 

''^ Kainirvz,  Col.  Doc,  340;  Guc.  Gob.,  May  11,  1826;  Moiitiet,  EMml. 
Oarnnt,  97. 

'■'It  was  given  to  comparatively  few,  including  some  European  nionardis, 
while  the  Guadalupe  circulated  freely  under  moditied  statutes.  Duirio  liny  , 
Jan.  1  and  April  iU,  1865,  contain  the  statutes  of  the  eagle  order. 


THE  M1<L\ICAN   HOME. 


615 


I) 


los  for  women,'''*  in  addition  to  which  a  nunibor  of 
i'oiuii^n  insii^nia  were  bestowod.'^''  With  tlie  full  of 
the  empire,  tliese  novelties  were  swept  away.  The 
new  government  has  shown  a  disposition  rather  for 
s\ibstantial  pensions  and  grants  than  empty  honors."*' 
Entail  was  abolished  already  in  1820,  but  several  sub- 
st'<|uent  decrees  have  been  required  to  enfcjree  the 
rdor.«^ 

Intercourse  with  foreimiers  has  since  colonial  times 
changed  materially  the  life  of  the  upi)er  classes,  who 
manifest  a  decided  preference  for  I'arisian  manners, 
dress,  ajid  ideas.  The  desire  for  show  remains  rooted, 
and  it  is  not  uncommon  for  a  bride  to  stipulate  for  a 
carriage  and  a  box  at  the  theatre,  however  much  the 
home  may  suffer  by  the  condition.  Others  will  ex- 
]iend  their  all  upon  dress;  and  while  impressing  the 
stranger  with  their  rich  ap[»earance,  they  would  not 
dare  to  ex[»ose  its  reality  by  inviting  him  to  their 
dwelling. 

The  housewife  has  few  of  the  English  ideas  con- 
corning  neatness,  conveniences,  and  domestic  amenities 
generally.  Slovenliness  prevails  everywhere,  and  the 
mistress  mingles  freely  among  her  dirty  .servants,  tak- 
in<>^  her  food  with  them  and  the  children  in  the  niost 
unceremonious  form.  The  home,  as  we  understand  it, 
does  not  exist,  and  the  absence  of  tire-places  indicates 
one  great  obstacle  to  those  family  reunions  which 
have  so  important  an  influence  on  »)ur  society.  Dinner- 
l)artics  are  rarely  given,  and  home  entertainments  are 
restricted  mainly  to  the  socalled  tertulias,  with  their 
medley  of  sin<»in»>-  and  dancin<jf,  forfeit  uames  atid 
gambling,  but  otherwise  with  little  of  our  free  and 


^v: 


li  monai'i'lis, 


'"Regulations  in  Diario  Imp.,  Apr.  10,  Juno  22,  180.'). 

"(Jen.  (JoiiiL'Z  wearinj^  seven.  The  French  legion  (if  hoitnr  in  also  men- 
tioned.  M,.i:  Bol.  Ley.,  Dec.  18()4,  8.S,  18(^-7. 

""To  judge  also  from  the  discussion  in  Diario  Delmtcx,  Cong.  (5,  iii.  G."), 
128,  2:i5-(i. 

«'  Mix.,  C6(l.  liiformn,  189-95;  Mi^x.,  Col  Lp\i.  Only  Die,  ii.  l.")4-7;  Arrli. 
Mex.,  Col.  Ley.,  iv.  17(V-82.  The  laws  governing  iniieritancc  are  to  he  found 
in  Mex.,  Cf'xl.  lieJoriKa,  120-42;  M&x.,  Col.  Ley.,  Jan.  1853,  iii.  74—5;  Mejc., 
Leijis.,  Aug.  1853,  32-4. 


.■ni'l 
;    •  »■■!'< 


I 


GKi 


.S()(,'ii;ty. 


aiiiiiijitcii  iiitcrcoursc  hctwrcn  the  sexes.  '^I'lie  i»I;i/Z!f, 
or  tli(!  tliit  I'oof  (if  tlie  towii-lioiHe,  is  often  selceti'd  us 
the  s(  eiie  of  these  iiiei'i'V  reiiiii(»iiH.  N'isltiii'"'  is  c^\tU'te(| 
with  tVe(|Ueiiey,  <'iii(l  oil  all  occasions  of  iiiteri'st  to  ;i 
family,  aiul  with  all  the  old  IJishioiied  Spanish  forniiil- 
itv  of  manner,  at  least,  yet  the  conversation  falls,  as 
a  rnle,  into  society  i^fossip.  With  the  rise  of  infeiior 
and  coloi'ed  jtersons,  by  means  of  |)oIitical  intiiience 
and  military  intrigues,  parties  pieseiit  a  ii^reater  Mnix- 
tur»(  than  formerly.  Nevertheless,  the  innate  polite- 
ness of  the  Mexican,  and  liis  natui'al  suavity  of  man- 
ner, ])ei'mit  a  comparatively  easy  adaptation  of  tone. 
With  their  fondness  lor  show,  it  may  he  undei'stood 
that  the  revival  of  a  court  under  Maximilian  was  not 
distasteful  to  society,  at  least,  however  much  political 
writers  declaim  against  its  aii'ectation  and  foi  nialities, 
for^'cttinj;'  that  their  own  presidents  h  ve  indulu'ed  in 
most  nnrei)uhlican  pom[)."" 

Jjcsides  climate,  there  are  numerous  icai-tionary 
inHuences  which  tend  to  lower  the;  inducement  to  lahei' 
and  advance,  especially  amon_<»"  the  Ljreat  mass  which 
forms  the  sinews  of  a  nation.  "^I'lie  sway  of  passions, 
manifest  above  all  in  social  and  political  disorders,  the 
insulliciincy  of  educational  i'acilities,  the  still  ahnormal 
control  exercised  by  a  retron'ressive  cler;;y,  and  the 
absorption  of  land  by  lar'jj^e  liolders,  are  the  jtrincipal 
of  these  retardiiiLjf  causes. 

One  instance;  of  this  is  found  in  the  condition  ot 
artisans,  which  is  nearly  as  low  and  poverty-stricken 
as  that  of  th(!  labon^r.  A  main  cause  hereof  is  the 
imitative!  ability  of  the  Indian,  ^\ho  nianuiactures  ex- 
cellent articles,  and  hawks  about  small  lots  till  he  can 
jii'ocure  the  means  for  a  new  venture.  Like  the  other 
linmbK'i'  classes,  known  as  gerituUu,^'^  th(>v  live  from 
hand  to  mouth,  very  nuicli  as  the  Indians,  with  idling 
and  drinking  for  chief  pleasure,  and  superstition  i'or 
mental  exercise.     Those  earninir  more  increase  their 


"■-As  instaiicoil  hy  Mayer,  Mvx.  an  ft  II't',  70 -'2. 
"^Kijuivaleiit  to  tliu  uiiwashuil.  Atkia,  ISoO,  3-J) 


TiiK  si'iiKiiK  or  ^vo^•AN. 


617 


]i(i'K(»ii;il  Ihiciy;  otluTwisc,  tlu!  sui'|ilus  ^oi  s  to  Ir.isN 
iind  maiaUlini^  and  tlriiikiiii^  instead  ol'  'ddiiiL;'  t<>  Imiiic 
ciiiiirorts.  Undor  colonial  rule,  a  nuinhrr  of  n'strictivc 
laws  tended  toclieek  these  proju-nsities,  but  sinee  then 
the  lower  classes  liav(>  been  allowed  to  drilt  and  yield 
to  the  perxcrtin!^'  iniluenee  surroundini:;'  them."'*  A 
lew  days'  labor  now  and  then,  evin  at  low  waives, 
sulHces  to  provide  for  all  thei)'  sinijili'  wants,  and  why 
(•  ti'c  for  the  morrow  .''"■' 

'Inhere  is  one  i'epr''sentatlv(^  element  amon<jf  these 
classes,  of  pui'cly  national  t3])o,  wh(»se  character  and 
condition  foiia  a  bri<^hter  picture,  and  that  is  the 
ranchcro,  oi'  petty  farniei',  and  cotter,  known  in  some 
parts,  as  in  Vera  Cruz,  by  the  nanu!  Jarocho,  and  pre- 
senlniL?  in  many  respects  traits  superior  to  those  of 
his  conirei'e  in  Europe,  especially  in  maimers  and 
aceomplishmeiits.  He  is  modest  in  his  belonnin'j;s, 
(  jiit^  iit  M'ith  an  aii'V  shed  foi-  dwellinof,  ami  a  small 
patch  of  soil  on  which  to  cultivate  a  little  maize  and 
chile,  some  beans  and  yams,  and  sustain  a  few  head  ot 
li\c-st()ck.  '^Frees  laden  with  li^s  and  oi-an;j,es,  and 
the  plantain  and  banana,  add  to  his  larder,  and  t  » 
the  pictures(|ue  ajipearaiict'  of  his  home,  with  its 
liack«>round  of  stately  i)alms  and  varit'^ated  under- 
growth. 

Woman  is  regarded  by  the  man  rather  as  a  toy  and 
iiinament  than  a  com[)anion.  Xi'Vei'theless,  she  is 
Inic  above  all  entitled  to  the  term  better  half,  because 
>-lie  fills  l)ettcr  than  the  man  the  nai'iower  spln're 
a-sio-iied  to  her,  exhibitino-  less  of  the  weak  effort  and 
lialf  success  which  characterize  him  in  economical 
and  [)olitical  affairs.""     It  has  been  observed  that  in 


ill 


m 


II 


M 


'' Ri(;lithf)fcii,  Rcjh  ^f<•.r.,  124-5,  aii<l  otlit.T.'f,  af,'rco  uikhi  tin'  ilctiriiitatiini 
I't  I  lie  Indians  and  cngiiati'  classes. 

'  'I'liirty  yi'ai's  ago  tlic  laliortT  received  from  If,  to  2.1.  roalus  a  ilay.  Focid 
i-  li<<  cheap  tiiau  it  might  he,  owing  to  tlie  indolence  ot  prfiilticcrs. 

'" '  Bcain'ouj)  .suiicrieiiri's  i\  Icnrs  maris,'  writes  Fosscy,  M'-.r.,  '2M,  with 
>"hii  wliat  French  cxuhcranco  of  gallantry:  hut  it  is  very  gent  rally  echoed  I)y 
'^'11  Spanish  wiiters.  The  difl'crente  hctwccn  men  a:i<l  women  is  no  iloulifc 
-I  Iter  among  (ierinanic  than  Latin  races,  for  among  the  latter  liearded  and 
'I  'I'-voiced  women  are  not  uncommon. 


iii:fli 


;-i 


•Ivitii 


CIS 


SOCIETY. 


the  Orient  the  seclusion  of  women  has  tended  to  niakr 
the  men  more  effeminate.  She  avenjjfes  hersrlf  tnr 
tlie  injustice,  as  a  French  writer  liappily  oi)servrs,  liv 
wiehhnu^  greater  influence  on  the  tenn»erament.  This 
ai»[)ears  to  be  the  case  also  here  to  some  extent,  tor 
the  men  certainly  display  a  sensuous  indolence  and 
irresolution,  with  an  undue  fondness  for  dress  and  otlur 
feminine  vanities.  They  also  assume  a  multiphcity  of 
menial  and  light  tasks  which  we  delegate  to  the  otlui- 
sex,  and  among  the  lower  classes  there  is  a  reversal, 
Itv  imi)osiny;  licavier  labor  on  women.  With  the 
growth  of  culture,  howi'ver,  there  will  doubtless 
appear  that  proper  division  of  labor  and  iVeer  iiit(  i- 
course  between  the  sexes  prevailing  among  the  most 
advanced  nations. 

The  existinix  relationshii)  naturallv  reduces  Ionc  t^ 

~  J.  « 

a  lower  level,  lacking  as  it  does  certain  sustaining  v\r- 
ments  of  social  culture  and  strong  character.  The 
iault  lies  ])artly  in  higher  circh^s  with  the  tluenna  sys- 
tem, which  imparts  the  idea  that  the  temptation  df 
op}>ortunity  is  not  to  be  i-esisted,  partly  with  tlie  iVivo- 
lous  conduct  of  the  husband;  for  the  woman  is  niodrst 
in  language,  dress,  and  manner."'  Finally  slu^  yields 
to  an  indulgent  opinion  and  to  the  Hattering  idea  ef 
coiupiest,  and  accepts  a  lover,""*  with  little  ellnit  at 
concealment.  So  contagious  an  example  set  by  tl'r 
uj>per  classt's  fails  not  to  increase  the  inlluences  wliicli 
atfei't  tlie  ]>e(»ple  in  gi'ueral,  such  are  the  lack  of  ical 
homes  and  [)ro[)er  (Mlucation,  the  frequent  limitation 
of  families  to  one  room,  in  small  and  flimsy  houses,  tln' 


"'  Ami  this  Tlioni]).-;!)!!  alHoiuliiiils.  wliilc  refcrrin;,'  to  an  oooasiniiiil  tiiik  in 
adjustini;  a  rulxiso  fur  the  sako  of  giviiii,'  a  yliinitso  ot'  tlie  iisuully  >\i'll  tniimil 
hllst-".    //('.»/.  Mr.,:,  1(14. 

""  'No  hay  iiiatroiui  ilistin-'nida  (|iio  no  tonga  8ii  chieliisveo, '  says  :i  .Mr\i- 
can  writer.  /I'lvvVd  Aincr.,  ii.,  ^it  ii.  24.  t)Uierwisc  she  remains  faithful  in  tli'' 
hiislpanil,  anil  doi.iestic  peaee  u  seliloni  distiirhed.  French  writer.-i  like  \  il"i'. 
Mil.,  84-7,  hl.iino  natnn^  alone  for  the.e  va;^,irii's,  or  sei'  nothing  n  iniirk- 
ahle  ill  siieh  love  passages.  \' iiitiiu.r,  Mi.r.,  4iit)  7.  The  verdiel  is  \\  i  ii  ly 
disHi'niinated,  as  may  he  jmlged  from  A'o/V/i  Am.  Ilir.,  .\x.\ii.  .S;;7-4.);  llfiij-xj. 
M'.i.  /llii.s/.,  i'Jll  ;{.■>,  the  l;;tter  too  full  of  sneers,  however.  In  ('ini-iiiiiiilii<. 
Trill'.,  7<),  rises  a  chamj)ion,  however,  to  snstaia  tlie  defeiii'.'  of  many  native 
writers,  as  presentel  in  I'liji.   Vor.,  clvii.,  pt  vii.  '2k)-(j,  and  otiier  works. 


in<>-  Kh'ii  <> 


MARIlIAdE  AND  IMMORALITY. 


G19 


union  of  the  sexes  at  an  inunaturc  ajjjo,"^  and  tlio  vo- 
stricticMis  au;iiinst  divorce;  but  eliniatt;  and  national 
I'liaraett'ristics  must  be  considered,  and  rvm  inorr  ho 
the  ca-ite  distinctions  wIimso  «;reat  social  banicis  luc  a 
standing  encourai^enient  of  i'licit  relations.  SotoKiant 
is  the  public  to  the  prevak  nt  looseness,  that  psiiido- 
wivestind  the  doo's  of  almost  anv  familv  opi-n  to  them, 
while  husbands  not  infrequently  maintain  severrd 
households  without  nuieh  attempt  at  concealme?it.  A 
redeeming  leature  in  all  this,  however,  is  the  compara- 
tive absence  of  mercenary  motives,  love  being  tiu!  im- 
pelling cause. 

Spanish  laws  were  not  very  strict  in  these  respects, 
as  we  have  seen,  nor  the  more  liberal  repubjii-ans;'" 
but  a  better  tone  is  spreading  with  Ibreign  inlhicnce,'' 
as  manifested  also  in  more  guarded  utterance  on  del- 
icate subjects,  perhaps  with  a  tendency  to  that  ex- 
treme English  euphemism  which  only  intensifies  the 
significance.  Thi'  sm()king  habit  among  women  is  de- 
clining, and  the  goverinnent  has  taken  ste[)s  to  check 
obscene  song's  and  disorderi^attendini;  wakes  and  other 
reunions." 

\  gi'i'ater  measure  is  the  institution  of  civil  mar- 
riage,"' in  accordance  with  tlic  spirit  of  the  liberal  con- 
stitution of  1857,  and  on  tlie  ground  that  the  clergy 
tbst(^red    immorality    by    their    exorbitant    fees    and 


ts 


i:;i:.H 


Pit 


SI 


iiri 


Lllv  w.'ll  I'Tllir 


if  in;my  niitivi' 


''•''riicsu  lire  iiiiinng  causes  p()iiito<l  out  liy  Mcxic.iiis,  in  /</.,  cxlii.,  jit  iii.  'J.'!; 
Mexican  suiijileiiuiit  to  />irc.  ['ii,'!-.,  x.  li'Jl*  111.  TIic  civil  luarriMLji;  liw  ot 
1 1.")'.>  liinit.^  tlie  iii.irt'iiigo  iiLjc  at  1-  ami  14  icr  woiiuu  an  1  nicu  rcsiicctivi  ly, 
Imt  exacts  guarilians'  consent  wlien  the  [larties  are  lielow  the  a^e.s  of  '.';' 
an.l'JI. 

'"1  need  here  only  instance  one  of  18IS,  wherein  the  king  recoinnienu-t 
iiilnionitions  and  tines  rather  than  more  severe  measures,  lurnniulo  VII., 
I),  rniii.<,  '_''JS-',t.  Uepuhlican  etforts  relied  even  more  to  exliortation,  as  in- 
stanceil  in  Mi.i-.,  Col.  L<;/.,  ISIS,  i.  47  S;  yet  tlu'y  soui,dit  to  eheck  the  indnl- 
L;iiit  reL;ard  for  the  claims  of  illcLjitiniate  children.  Laws  of  Mexico  .stale, 
Inr  exanijilo,  liail  favored  inheritance  i)y  nalnr.d  desci'Tulants,  hut  tliey  were 
annulled  hy  the  general  go\  ernnieut.   lil.,  lS.");f,  '21. 

''  Notwitlistanding  tlie  loose  personal  eonilnct  of  foreign  resid"nts. 

'-  Ari-illii;iii,  Iipro]h,  1.SI54,  544  .'),  Ti.'vl-C).  I'nnatnral  crime.s  are  rare,  and 
louiparatively  few  pulilic  prostitutes  exist;  a  tact  wliieh  leads  a  native  writer 
to  ih'aw  some  tlatterini;  conclusions,  Iwtil.  (Iriij.  E^hul.,  i.  'Ji5-t!,  forgetting 
that  the  general  laxity  ohviates  certain  social  evils. 

"'Hy  law  of  July  'J.'J.  IS.")').  Airh.  J/-./..  Cni  l.nj.,  iv.  IKi-IW,  with 
I'  gulalioiis. 


G20 


SOCTF.TY. 


otlirr  restrictions,  and  \>y  almsinjj,'  tliis  snei'aniont  f(ir 
political  ])ur|)()SL's.''  The  law  naturally  met  with 
uroat  opposition  from  the  clorny  aiid  their  adlicrcnts," 
l)ut  lias  been  sustained,  to  tlio  increase  of  le!j;al  unions, 
if  also  of  div(.rce.'"  The  extravai>'ant  luihits  aihl 
inethcii'Ut  education  of  the  hi^'her  classes  will  vxiv 
prov(>  an  ohstacle  to  niarria<:;"e,  and  t\w  luicereinoninus 
intrusion  and  nieddlini;'  of  a  wife's  mother  and  sistn  > 
is  a  custom  which  foreigners,  at  least,  si'ck  to  i;iiaril 
asjainst  hv  st'i  niin-'lv  harsh  restrictions.  Yet  mothers 
ai'e  not  niNcn  to  match-maklii''"  schemes."  Loveis 
must  sIl;])  at  a  distance,  and  even  after  betrothal  their 
intt'rcourse  is  exceedin!i;ly  foi-mal.'*  Childn'U  aiv 
bright  and  well-behaved  in  a  remarkable  deurcc, 
althouLdi  left  too  nuicli  to  the  servants,  and  ti'eated  in 
an  over-indulg'cnt  manner.''* 

The  influx  of  French  lashions  has  almost  wholly 
transformed  the  dress  of  citv  folk,  even  to  some  extent 
among  hund)ler  classes;'^"  and  although  certain  Span- 
ish features,  like  the  mantilla  and  ca[)a,  remain.  \vr 
must  go  to  the  country  for  the  old  national  costunus, 
which  remain  comparatively  unchanged.  ]\[en  allrct 
dri'ss  relatively  more  than  the  other  sex,  with  a  closer 
adherence  to  Parisian  models.  They  are  also  less 
slovenly  than  women.  Their  ]K)sitiou  in  this  resjuct 
seems   the    reverse   of   .lui<»'lish.      Jvdian   women    ;ii'c 


"*  Iti't'usiiij;  t(i  j^raiit  it  to  tliosn  wlu>  fivcircd  tlu^  aiiti-i'lorical  ciiiistitiilinii 
of  lS.-)7. 

'■' Jii.slmp.s  isstu'd  vir.'iilai-s  against,  it,  ainl  so  fortli.  See  /i'.f^  """•"''"  i  J'tift'ii'"!!'", 
pts  iv.    V. 

'"'I'liat  is,  witli  iiowcr  tn  marry  ai,'aiii. 

''  Ac'.oriliiig  to  CaliU'riiii  ilc  la  Bai'fa,  vlm.st!  f.ij'c  in  j\[c.r!.o  contaiiis  so  many 
oxcclloiiL  ]iicturis  of  Aiiahiiac  .sot-iity. 

''"Ill  Fiiflicr\-i  I'nlii/ifi  rr,  4'M,  is  a  ili'f  ■>'l"l  :u\  uiint  of  lietrotlial  ami  man  iaj.'c 
corciiuiiiii's;  ill  Jlii/ilciip.,  i.  .Slid,  is  giviii  ii  liaiitisinal  feast. 

"'•' ncncc!  also  the  striking  familiarity  lietwecu  them  ami  thor  mastiis. 
I'liiliheii  <1()  not  leave  the  lnatc'rii;i'  hreast  sometimes  till  the  ago  ot  >ix, 
hefore  whieli  tiii'-j  they  often  hegin  the  use  of  the  cigarette.  For  iuliUtidiial 
l>oirit.s  on  soeial  siilijeets,  I  lefer  to  volumo  iii.,  J /!■■'(.  Mi.i\ 

•^  Fossey  tliink.s  that  there  is  not  a  sutlu'ient  distinetiou  between  the  at  tiro 
of  niaiih  ns  and  mature  women,  lie  admires  their  eoi[iiettish  use  of  tlie  laii. 
Mii.^  •J4r)-7.  Cilderon  alludes  to  their  dignilied  position  when  seated,  al- 
tlumgh  the  attitiide  is  rat!ier  iinifunii,  /.(/;'  in  Mi.r.,  i.  ll'T;  and  Mayer,  .!/"'• 
Aztir,  ji.  '.!.")(»,  dwells  on  their  i|uei^nly  walk,  whieh,  with  iiinehed  toes  ami 
tottering,  liighheeled  shoes,  1  should  eall  anything  hut  tjueenly. 


out   fol' 

t    with 
■ivnts," 

llllinli>. 

its  iiii^l 
ill  over 
iiouidus 

I  sistrf,> 

()  o'liaiil 
luotlu'i^ 
Lovers 
lal  tlu'ir 
rcu    a  IV 

.vati'<l  in 

t  wholly 
10  oxtnit 
liu  Si«;in- 
aaiii.  NV'' 
osUiiii* '•. 

I'll  tltlict 

a  eh  isri' 
[ilso     It'SS 
I'l'Spcct 

i\\v]i    aiv 

li'oiistiliitu'U 
J'a.ilornh-', 

liiiis  SI)  iiKinV 
luil  luaniiige 

|o'r  niiistfis. 

J  ago  ot   M^;. 

[•nthoiittire 
(if  the  tail, 
si'iitcil,  :il- 

llayor,  .'/■/. 

1(1    tOL'.^    all'l 


FKSTIVALS. 


GJl 


strikinclv  doficieiit  in  the  so  common  fominino  wiak- 
iuss  fo)  display.**^  Tho  sex  shows  an  une(|ual  apjiit!- 
(i.itic'U  for  certain  parts  of  dress,  re_n'ardle.ss  of  their 
fitness  or  conformity;  and  this  apj)hes  especially  to 
jrwelry,  for  \,.'  eh  political  dis(jrders  have  fostered  a 
taste,  as  a  safe  and  convenient  means  of  investment, 
alike  ni;ainst  petty  and  recognized  marauders/" 

Holidays  and  festivals  have  untlerij^onc  a  certain 
(•li:iiii>'e  with  the  substitution  of  re[)ul)lican  ideas  and 
tlie  decline  of  religious  influence.  Days  deilicated 
to  royalty  were  n-placed  by  anniversaries  connected 
ilh    the    inde})endence,'''^  notably   Se[)ttMnber    Kith 


which    llidal; 


^•o    proclanneu    tne  revolu^i 


ion. 


Tl 


10 


national  holidays,  which  are  somewhat  imnierous,  are 
n[ii'ncd  with  artillery  salvos  and  rin;j;ing  of  bells,  fol- 
Inwcd  by  hi'ih  mass,  attended  bv  the  authorities  and 
'4t»\ern!ni'nt  oflicials.  Then  follows  a  formal  audience 
at  the  palace,  in  front  of  which  the  jieople  gather  to 
listen  to  national  speeches  and  music.  I'^verywhere 
may  be  seen  tloral  and  other  decorations,  here  and 
there  a  triumphal  arch.  Then  ibllow  perlbrmaiices  by 
ithletes  and  actors,  and  general  merry-making,  with 


ill 


:\n 


)fti 


lunmations.     ^\lany  ot  tiie  ceu'ei 

y  law,  and  fees  were  at  times  demandt'd  from  managers 
nl'  entertainments,  the  government  allowing  in  return 
a  sum  of  money  toward  public  diversictns.^' 

lleligit)iis  festivals  have  undergone  changes  in  their 

'■'  Miati/,  fni  Vdii  (liT  sou.stigeii  Nuigaiig  uml  iler  Kiti'Ilieit  tlus  wcililirlnit 
ItcMlilcL'lits,'  s:ij-s  lliclitluil'iii,  /,'ip.  J/(...,M •_':!.         7 

'■-  l'\ir  iloscriiitiiiii.s  of  ilri'ss,  hcu  /.iim/i,  Coslihiii'  ifu  JfccA/K'  .■  'J'iil'ir''i  Aim/i., 
li''S^7();  Miihlfiii'/nrill.  ut  sui).,  L'ti.")-7l,  ImL,  '-"JO-3;  Fotfsiy,  ut  .sup.,  :.'4.")-7, 
i)>4;  llltl.  Mix.,  iii.  1M  7,  this  suriis. 

'"■'Tlio  fir.st  rcgiil.itioii  l)y  tlio  iiiilciitinloiit  giivoniniciit,  .Manli  I,  IS'i'J, 
.lirliiiLd  I'Vli.  24tli,  .M:iivli  'j.l,  Sfpt.  IDlh  aiul  •_'7tli,  jm  luitioii.il  li'iliitiys  ti> 
K|.  I'l.lt.liriitcd  with  salvus  ;uiil  masses.  LatiT  was  U'lilnl  Si'iiti'iiil).  r  I7lh, 
I'T  (li.id  patricits.   Mi.i.,   Col.    Oril.    ij   l)i<\,    ii.   r)7.">;  Aldinun,  MiJ.,   v.   -t'-tl, 

'nt'.    "     i'ii\ 


CIO. 


fi  \ 


Itl 


N'hili!  addjiti'd  ill  IS-J-J,  it  was  gixcii  thi;  lirst  ptu'C  only  iiftrr  tin;  f.dl  of 


.1, 


1' 

'■niiu'iit  ill 


It,  i; 


l\nii  issiii'd  in 


JSl'J  a  iiioclaiuatioii  for  its  ohstivaiK 


l>i 


V 


.'!'.). 


hiari 


;kS7-S. 


v.siiiiinvssod  i;i  l.M'il  thuallow.uu'i.  of  .s(10.(M»{».    .1/, r.,  <;„/.  /,',/', 


or  various  rtmilatioiis    lor   ordir  and  c'cruiiioiii 


(I 


,1/. 


r,Y. 


".'/.  "  l>.,:,  iii.  CJti;   />;.;,«.    Varhi.^,  V.  it,  L';!;  Amlh.,,,,    /:,rnp.,  is:',."),  l.-|(l   1, 


■!.V{  .^, 
ui,  IC 


is:i(; 

.1/. 


:'.i:{-4;  Mr 


Cnl.     I., 


Cnl.     Lci.    "I'l.. 


a-  !i 


]>,r.,   IS  10, 


S:  M, 


L. 


Is.Vi, 


i:.c. 


i-i,  ys5-(jj  Jhtlikiu,  passim;  Alhuiii  Mix.,  ii.  !i6'J- 


vii.    17'J,  'J-J'.t;  Ari:h.  Mcx.,  CoL  Ley., 


i 


!i>>|1  11 


CiM! 


SOCIETY, 


■if 


II 


official  observance,  and  consequently  in  the  relaxinof 
estimation  of  the  public;  nevertheless,  the  national 
disposition  for  festivities  has  tended  to  sustain  thtni, 
although  in  a  degenerate  form,  with  less  attention 
to  tlieir  true  intent.  Lent  d(H'lined  in  observance,  and 
Christmas  and  certain  other  periods  became  the  occa- 
sions of  such  disorders  that  the  government  had  to  issue 
restricti(>ns.**°  The  most  impressive  ceremonies  ari'  to 
be  seen  during  holy  week,  and  on  the  days  of  corj)iis 
christi  and  virgin  of  Guadalupe,  the  jVIexican  patroness. 
Pahn  Sunday  is  a  day  of  mirth,  witli  display  of 
palms.  On  the  three  following  days  the  churches  aw 
crowded,  mainly  by  persons  eager  to  confess  and  ob- 
tain absolution  for  past  derelictions.  But  all  these 
festivals  are  more  or  less  dcijraded  bv  an  indecent 
and  boisterous  ccMiduct  before  the  very  altars,  that  is 
due  partly  to  national  levity,  partly  to  iidierited  alu)- 
riginal  riti'S.  As  holy  Friday  approaches,  the  abuse 
of  strong  liquors  abates.  A  lull  falls  upon  the  peoj)le. 
Cliurehesan?  draped  in  black;  on  Thursday  the  de(  p- 
toiu>d  organs  yield  to  the  subdued  harp  and  violin, 
and  steeple  bells  are  silent.  Without,  carriages  are 
banished  from  the  streets.  On  the  following  day  ])ro- 
c(>ssions  issue  from  the  tenq>les,  bearing  Christ  cruei- 
iled,  with  a  train  of  saints  and  paraphernalia.  On 
Saturdav  noon,  after  service,  the  organ  bursts  forth 
again,  and  amid  a  peal  of  bells  the  black  curtain  l)o- 
fore  the  altar  parts  to  disclose  a  daz/ling  scene  ot 
brightness.  Carriao'es  now  throng  the  thoroughfares ; 
the  explosion  of  rockets,  the  creaking  din  of  rattles, 
and  all  kinds  of  noise  break  the  oiforced  (piiet ;  the 
ini([uitous  Judas  is  destroyed  in  I'tiigy;  and  fireworks 
form  a  brilliant  feature  of  the  evening  programmes." 

"'M/cc,  LeijLi.,  1S4S,  o.'W-iO;  J/c.r.,  Cod.  lii^'onmi,  204;  Jiiforwc  srcrdo, 
1-S;  /'lip.  Vitr.,  Ixxiv.  j)t  ii. 

•■'  For  tl'.c  !>!."<t  duscrijitioiia  of  holy  week,  ami  otlicr  daya  of  olwci'Viiiioi  •<.  sio 
Miildnqi/oi'Jt,  Mvj.,  i.  '.;,M-()0,  SSO-.S");  Cdldaroii's  L{l\'  In  Mejc.,  i.  litT-'-'ll;  ii. 
i:U  (S.  i  i:{~.VJ;  fphrit  Annhmu;  4S-,")4;  Arnwiz,  I'idncro.  141-S;  La  <  r'l:. 
vii.  L'.VJ-:};  Main'rs  Mix.  it.^  It  ]Vii.i,  (i.'t,  14'.»;  liii.-<tiiniiiiiU\  (hdt.  Mix.,  i.  t'-'-t: 
U:itzi)l,  Aif<  Mix.,  11.'{  ft  NiMi.,  jiruMi'iits  iiUo  juiiinati'il  [liotiiii's  tif  )*li'i'' 
iJi'.  Dillfrout  rogiilatioiis  to  giwiril  auaiiLst  ili.soriU'i-  tlurin^j  ciriiiviil  timo, 
I'ti-.,  ill  . I /•<■/(.  .!/,'.,•.,  Vol.  Ley.,  i.  (ki:i--4,  O'JU;  iii.  L'40-2;  v.  347 -S;  UuU"d'i 
Acros.i  Mti.,  y'2*i-;-i). 


G  AMBLING, 


023 


Carnival  is  ri'lel)mtc>(l  with  nearly  tlio  sann^  oxubor- 
ance  as  in  soutlirrn  JCurojie,  with  a  piTchlcctioii  i'm 
cnstini*'  tlour  and  hnakinu,-  riiijf-shclly  filled  with  litllo 
hits  ot"  <'<)loiV(l  pi'.pci'.  The  masked  halls  are  liss 
vivacious  than  anionu'  the  French,  hut  disortlcrlv 
onoUii'h  to  have  more  than  once  called  out  i-piscojud 
remonstrance  and  restrictive  laws/^  Most  of  the  dis- 
ordeis  ixvv  due  to  the  excessive  indulgence  in  strong 
li(}Uors,  which  is  apt  to  drive;  the  excitahie  n)estizo  ic 
the  knife  and  other  means  of  violence.  T\\c  other  | ;  - 
sion,  iij;and)ling,  which  predominates amon;^'  hoth  sexes, 
never  carries  him  beyond  the  control  ol'  his  tem))ei'. 
With  wondeifnl  nonchalance,  he  wins  lai-ye  sums  or 
loses  perhaps  his  (.^ntire  fortune.  The  utmost  order 
prevails  at  tlie  tables,  a  dispute  concerning  tlie  owm  r- 
shi[)  of  a  stake  hardly  over  arising'.  The  (»ii]yla(k 
of  control  is  over  the  mania  itself.*^''  Ai'ter  si>eing  his 
last  dolhir  disappear,  with  b(\ggary  stai'in;.-  liim  in  the 
iace,  the  ^Mexican  never  thiidis  of  suicide,  hut  looks 
around  for  source^s  whence  to  draw  i'uture  stakes. 
While  this  passion  lies  rooted  in  the  very  character  ot 
the  people,  yet  the  prevalence  of  mining  anel  the  lack 
ol   other  amuscnuMits  no  (h>ubt  fostei'  it. 

T1k>  favorite  game  is  monte,  but  roulette  and  lotto 
art!  also  mui'h  patronized.  The  government  has  at 
times  sought  to  check,  or  (>ven  proliil»it.  games  of  haz- 
ard, oidy,  howt'Vi-r,  to  yield  again,  t)r  to  \it\\v  the  laws 
unt'ullilled.'"  At  the  amiual  fairs,  restrictions  li;i\c 
seldouf  bei-n  eid'oi'ci'd,  so  umch  so  tliat  these  comm(  r- 
cial  institutions  liave  become  to  a  great  extt'iit  nit  ic 
\elii<'les  for  tlie  \ice.  The  Whitsunday  fe.-ti\;,l  of  J*a;i 
Agustin  de  los  ( 'uevas,  or  Tlalpam,  near  Mexico,  is 
still    t'anu'd  chiellv   lor  its  *>ami)lin!>'-taoics.      Ovntis 

*'"  li'i.tti\iinniti\    \'i:\  I'lifrit.  MS.,  vi.  t>7. 

""''rylor,  Aii'ihwif,  '..'."iS  SI,  ul.itosii  inimnou  iMU'Ciloti'  alinut  tluoe  Wtll  ,i>- 
ilii  miners  m'Im)  I'.uiic  liark  tt>  (iioir  homo  a  tVw  >uiy.-»  iit'ui-  ilipai'ti.ri.',  in::.iM 
llicir  iiioiu'v,  Iior.si's,  aiul  outlit. 

■"  hixyiii.  Vnrl'i.s  v.  K;  <!,«•..  h'oh.,  Fel>.  '2U  \S'2~;  li,,l.  <lr  .Witir.,  ,lan.  LL', 
'''>1,H4;  M(.i:,  Hot.  /.ri/.,  \HM.  7-  iS.  iMiriiig  tlu'  AiiH'iii'aii  iiivasimi  'i 
1  ■>47,  till'  Uiiitoil  Stati's  inilitary  cDiimianiler  n'rogtiizcd  tlii'  |ii!)Uc  ilesiii'  iy 
t'l'.iiitiiig  hccuscs  to  gaiuliliiig-lioiisoij.  Free  Aiiivr.,  Jan.  22,  liS48. 


m 


I     !i| 


G2i 


SOCIETY. 


ol'swrct  ganil)]iuL>'  ostablisliiiieuts  ut  tlio  capital,  oi'tc  n 
])ersoiiH  of  i»i()iiiiiiciu'o,  now  piiUicly  rent  liousi-s  W.v 
tlic'ir  [)ur[)osc.  Amoii<^  IIk;  liost  of  tables  tlie  stakes 
vary  from  a  gold  picn-c  to  a  silver  or  copjx'r  eoiii,  and 
even  children  are  indul^'ed  to  try  their  fortune  in 
securhiL;'  eonibctioiieiv  or  toys.     At  the  o'anibliiitj'-talilc 


tl 


le  won 


lan  of  wealth  and  the  be<>'oar  miiiult";  and  ii 


tlie  cockpit  President  Santa  Anna,  for  one,  hesitated 
not  to  bet  with  the  va^abonds.^' 

ljottt.'ri(  s  a.nd  ratiles,  more  than  once  ibrbiddcn  or 
restricted,''" ilourish  in  considei-able  nund>er,  some  hcai- 
inn"  the  names  of  charitable  institutions,  for  wliicli  tin  y 
ari'  Working',  and  all  contributing  a  fair  revenue  to  the 
state.      Of  late  years  the  receipts  have  t-xceeded  two 


111 


miiuon  ti(»iuu's, 


out  of  which  the  public  i'ecei\e 


o\  rl' 


Sixty  per  cent  ui  prizes.' 

Tlie  days  of  morc^  fre(|ucnt  anil  ra])id  comnumlca 
tlou  with  forcia'u  states  has  hatl  the  etfect  of  fosti'iinij 


theatr 


vs, 


)V  alliirm 


o.    d 


ramatic  conii)anies,  aiu 


I  addi 


novelties  in  a  wider  range  of  ]H>ifoiinances.      This  eii 
couraucd   local   talent,  and  within  a  (luarter  of  a 


ei  11- 


)(  is- 


tuiy  after  the  independence,  the  capital  alone  \ 
sessed  three  recognized  theatres,"' one  of  them  left  <'\- 
clusively  to  tlie  populace.  Boxes  are  usually  let  liy 
tlie  month  oi'  }'ear,  and  serve  as  reception  places  for 
iriends  of  the  family.  This  obviates  the  necessity  of 
giving   [»arties   at   home;    but  such  domestication    in 

"'  Dcsfriiitioimi'  life  there  may  lie  f<iuii(I  in  7'i/lor's  A  iiiii,iiii<;2')(>~'.);  Thcimy- 
i^nn.'i  l!n-ol.  JA.r,,  i:{'J-.^>;  /'.>.«r//,", )/,.,■..  'J'.Ki  .">;  I'lal-il,  .Wm  .l/.r.,  :{:!()- 'J;  liHi- 
/,')/v,i,  h'<'}>.  Mr.r.,  lC..")^(i;  Mulilnqi/nrilt,  M,J.,  i.  !.".»'.>: UK).  :«)!»  !•_';  Mussnii,  (Hl.i 
I'o^lridii,    IIS  lio,  with    instances    of    in'rnieidii.s    etlrets;     Wvinii'     Wititilirinj 

Skrtclii'.<,  3,")r);     II'/*',    Ln.'i  (ilill'IO".   -41    .'>. 

■"Mr.r.,  Col.  Ln/.  y  l>(r.,  i'ii.  'J.")!  "_';  Mr.r.,  On/.  Lut.,  \  'A;  /'<ip.  Vn,:.  III. 
jitx.;  J)l!vi(>  J>rl)iiti'.t,  Cong.  0,  iii.  71  -.  TiT'.!.  Ijistsnf  tlniwinys  iti:iy  he  I'lUiiil 
ill  tiie  iu^\vs]i;iiit'rs  frum  Ao'lci'Li.)  (!rii.  uf  ISI7,  or  iMrlier. 

'■"  Si'c  retVri'iu'cs  in  ehajittr  eonneeteil  with  liniinee.  Also  Jfatzcl,  iilii  (iiii., 
ami  llnirkli  Idir.^'t,  M<.r.,  .'{it. 

"' Muycr  names,  in  IN4"J,  the  Principiil,  patronized  by  the  old  ari.stm  r;ii\ : 
Nuevo  Mcxieo,  the  hanril  of  newer  people,  who  preferred  I'urirtian  diama-; 
iuid  I'uente  Quehrada,  the  I'esort  of  the  [lopnlace.  Mr.r.  u.i  ll  H'k.v,  l:>7. 
1'he  seeond  wa:<  in  ]!Sl4  replaeed  l>y  tiie  new  Santa  Anna,  later  known  as  tli'i 
Xaeional,  which  is  a  line  theatre.  Mr.r.,  Mhum,  i.  photo.  Hi;  Allium  Mr.r..  i. 
ri7!'  S!),  with  eut;  i'n.'niriii,  Coiifc-if.,  \-i^>7^:  I iifnriiir,  Voniin.  ^'oruli.,  l-'2^; 
I'dp.   I'ar.,  l.xxxiv.,  pis  vii.,  viii.;  Fixinei/,  J/tu.,  ^43-4. 


THEATRES. 


(523 


jinUlic,  as  it  wore,  witli  its  attondant  flii'tati<ni  aiul 
liiiiiuicl  iiululu'i'iK'c.  can  liaidlv  Jh-  c-oiniiioiulcd.  Tlirro 
is  no  uidf  tJu-atiical  Hi-ld  in  the  coiiiitiT,  an<l  in  tlu> 
(•:i|>ital  tilt'  audienco  at  tlie  better  tlieatres  is  coni- 
jiiisfd  mainly  of  a  set;  hence  a  fre(|Uent  succession  of 
novelties  is  retjuireil,  which  operates  aj^ainst  i^'ood  act- 
iii'4',  and  correct  re|»i'esi'ntations  in  dri>ss  and  sccnerv. 
Ti:c  jii'oinj)ter  is  constantly  in  demand,  a,ntl  this  assists 
to  reduce  the  jierforniance  too  oi'tcu  to  mere  had  reci- 
tation. As  in  colonial  times,  the  theatres  have  heoii 
s'jhjected  to  an  otficially  aj^])ointed  hody,  to  watch 
over  ])lays  and  mananement,  and  to  dispenst;  the  fund 
lor  puhlic  amusemi-nts,  or  the  subsidies  oeeasionally 
planted,'''  especially  for  inducini;'  celebrated  sino-ers 
tiMin  lMirop(>  to  L;ive  a  season  of  o})era,  which  Ibr  that 
matter  iiiMr  failed  to  receive  liberal  pati'onago. 

iJull  and  cock  fi^'htini;'  are  as  much  in  von'ue  as 
rxcr,  notwithstaniliiiL;;  the  etfcu'ts  made  at  times  to 
ivstrict  or  abolish  the  former  s[)ort  at  h-ast.  In  the 
niimtry,  the  people  are  riMluet'd  to  a  nioditied  form  of 
till'  excitement,  in  the  form  of  rolcar,  that  is,  to  chase 
a  hull  in  open  held  and  thi'ow  it  by  a  twist  o\'  the  tail. 
It  riMpnres  eool  and  skilful  liorscmanshi]),  and  the 
l.isso  is  cvei'  kept  ready  to  sa\'e  miscalculatiui;' <'n/ra(/(>r 
tVi'm  the  animal's  furv.  Lassoin*;"  is  in  itself  exciting', 
and  nuich  })ractised  by  children  on  smaller  animals, 
A  hich  fosters  a  taste  for  bloodier  realities. 

With  the  in(lej)endeirce,  icstrictions  on  ridiuj^'  were 
aliiilished,  and  consequently  the  use  of  tlu;  horse  in- 
rniised  moi'e  than  ever  among  this  indolent,  im[)ulsive 
jK'iiple.  JMiu'lishmen  introduced  re^'ular  horse-races, 
111  which  the  ^^auiblinn'  mania  readily  ada[)*^ed  itself."*' 
"\\inj4"  to  the  rarefied  air,  loni;'  distances  are  uot   in 

'  l>ii!diiii  11  /.iciiiio,  /,((/.  M(.i.,  vi.  oOS  14;  Anilln'jd,  I'lrap.,  IS.'tti.  117  IS; 
.1/      ,  />'■>/.  /.(/A,   ISli;?,  -iV.i;    Ml.,:,  L,'iii.i.,   l.S.'i.S.  'JT.'i  Xk  lillxlanniiitf.  Hist.  ,Sn,dtt 

•  I'",  ICt  1;'  Dlmio  htliiili.'i,  ('i)iig. '(>,  ii.  IS-J,  'l'M\,  (WJ.  A  ilciTtf  <it'  I.SCd 
;ili.iiivli|.(l  (•ci'sdr.shii).  M(.r.,  Cail.  Jt(/'<iriiia,  '2'M.  Cortiiiii  lio.xta  aio  luscix  cd 
i"l;Hl.i;iln.    M,.r.,   .\F,;il.   AilKii/..    IS?.*,  'Jll. 

"  A.ssiK'ijitioiM  fur  the  jiroirKititui  ol'  liorso-rivoiiig  wcrn  formed  at  an  I'arly 
'In.  ;it  tlio  caiiital.    Mi'ilili  iqifitnlt,  M<j.,  i.  HI-',     liilnrinal  races  wi'r-e  iialiiral'y 

•  iiiiiiiioii  ciioiiLjIi,  with  liots  and  otiior  ailjunct.s,  as  iiistauucd  also  in  Ali.t. 
e-A  ../.,  1S;{', ».'.•)()  •_». 

lliM'.  Mk.\.,  Vol.  VI.    40 


,,.;;^.. 


m 


G2G 


sot'iinv. 


favor.  TTuntiiig,  fishini^,  aiHl  oo<^nato  sports  aro  litll 
followed  l>y  tlu3  impatient  Mexican,  and  the  elini;U( 
does  not  tempt  in  that  dii'eetion  ;"'    hut  excuisioiis  ti 


tl 


le    e( 


nmti 


y 


ilias    ( 


lei 


(•ami 


o,   arc   a   feature    am 


oil'. 


reci'eations. 

With  residents  of  the  capiiid,  the  daily  ]ironi(>nn(li' 
is  now,  as  forinei'ly,  the  essential  and  main  exereisc. 
T\\c  J'aseo  de  la  N'^eLia,  toward  Chalio,  is  now  less 
seldom  used  thiin  the  Paseo  Xuevo,  runniiiij;'  in  the 
direction  of  (1i!ipult('[)i>c;  and  hejc;  during'  the  Lite 
afternoon  may  In-  seen  sometimes  over  a  thousand 
carriaij;'es  and  several  times  that  nund)er  of  liorsemcn," 
a  few  of  whom  still  ai)})ear  in  the  old  national  ridinu- 
dress.  Tlu;  exchange  of  <^n"eetin<^s  and  tlyini^  flirta- 
tions o'oes  ou  continually,  as  one  of  tJie  ohjects  of  tlif 
]iromena<le.  llunddor  |)< destrians  line  the  paseo  or 
resort  to  the  Alameda  park,  which  forms  one  of  tlic 
chief  sijjjhts  of  ^Mexico. 

In  tlu!  country  may  still  be  seen  the  heavier  travel- 
ling carr'iages,  perha[)S  a  dozen  feet  betwc^en  the  axles, 
swinging  on  leather  straps,  and  drawn  by  about  four 
spans  of  mulcts,  with  j)ostilions.  On  the  V^ei-a  (Vuz 
route  to  ^lexico,  American  stages  and  driveis  were  in- 
troduced half  a  century  ago,  with  good  effect.  Iniore 
the  present  energetic  government  took  control,  the  pio- 
verbial  liiuhwav  robberies  were  one  of  the  attendant 
evils  of  travelling.  ]-vobb(>r  bands  liad  emissaiio 
along  the  I'outes,  often  'i)\  K  ague  with  innkeej»ers  and 
otticials,'''  or  th(>y  stalketl  abroad  with  im[)udent  r 

"'  Vot  Tila/iiiic/  (if  I'ucMa  lias  lu'cii  ii 
till'',    AY  Ciiziiflor  Ml. I 


ec 


to  issiui  finite  a  lnuik  of 


alilc    isi/c  on   liiiu 
with  littki  infoiiiuiti< 
to  ciroii.s  ciiniiiaiiicM, 


f|U 

KSliS,   I'Jiiio,   VM 


Tlu;  love  of  tlu^  In 
1(1  balloon  a.^c^tnts  ; 


I'P 


illh 


.sc  is  cnouj;!!  to  all'ord  a  wclciiiiic 
(I  otliiT  (larini;  feats  (iiul   liver. 


Mnli.lax  A, 


■ilai/ii 


1-4;   /' 


.1/ 


r,  54. 
Tlion 


ip. 


Ixxi.   \)t   vi. ;    liiisliiiiiniilc,  Ui<l.   S'lui'i 


5,000, 
.\i/iiiif. 


!,W(,l.  Mr.i:,  IL'C),  estiinaleil  the  nuniher  in  ],S4'_'  at  i.OdO: 


resjieetivt 


Tin 


il.l 


le  linlilu;  carnages  in 


1S70  nnmhered  •_'(»(».    Me 


M< 


liV.SS.     The  eoniparatively  small  te 


if   (,)ueri.'tarii  hail  in  l^"') 
IS,  the   former  valiuil  ;it 


S/   jinvate  and  t2(i  jmolie  earriages,  hi'sides  wagoi 

8ti7.4'_*0,  and  the;  latter  at  !i<i:J,000,'  ineludiiiL'  luirsus,  it  seems.   Ji.iU^ 


\-M,  ntt)  S. 


II,  (,hi 


Instances  to  this  efieet  are  freijiient.     Tlioni]is(in.  /,'iriil.  Mi. 


,l;itu 


a  well-known  story  about  thu  couviutiou  of  Colonel  Yanez,  a  highly  re  [i  it- 
able  personayo. 


MICRATION  AND   IMMKillATTON. 


627 


•nHssaiu'> 


Icssuoss,  ('onridriit  in  t]\v  fr;ir  cntci'tainod  of  cruel 
retaliation  (»n  those?  wlio  hetrayed  or  eiitrapixd  tlio 
nieniher  of  a  hand.  When  tin;  l)aL''L]fai;(>  j)roniised 
<^ood  returns,  an  attack  was  made,  hut  seldom  with 
Moodshed,  toj'  the  escort  i^enerally  managed  to  ho 
hehind,  and  Mexican  passengers  on  such  occasions  sel- 
dom went  armed,  in  older  t<»  atlord  no  provocation  tor 
maltreatment.  Foreiijfners  as  a  luh;  showed  more 
determination,  and  wei'e  cons(>(|ueiitly  less  f're(jUontly 

inolestefl. In    the  northei'U  ])rovinces  invested   hy 

roaminn"  Indians,  travellers  cond)ined  in  caravans,  and 
formcil  enclosed  camj)s  lor  tho  ni<;ht."" 

Another  trouhlo  connected  with  travcllino-  is  the 
lack  of  i-'ood  iims.  Alon*^  a  few  of  th(^  main  I'outes 
accommodation  has  hi-en  improved,  but  elsewlieit>  it 
is  ciicunisciihed  hy  the  very  moderate  ideas  of  comfort 
and  cleanliness  entertained   hy  the  class  to  whom  inn- 


102 


Ueejiers  helono". 

The  solution  of  many  evils,  such  as  travellino-  facili- 
ties, hotel  accommtKlation,  and  a  h<»st  of  i^n 'eater  ones, 
is  looke<l  foi'  hy  liheral-minded  Mexicans  in  innnin'ra- 
tion.  Hitherto  littU'  encom'a<j,('ment  has  heen  all'orded 
I'm  settlinijf,  and  forei<niers  as  a  rule  are  attracted 
only  hy  the  prospect  of  sj)eedy  gain  in  trade,  niinin<_»', 
and  other  iiidusti'ies,  with  the  ultimate  intention  of 
iiturninu'  home  after  a  fi-w  years'  stay.  Hence,  not- 
withstanding  its  wealth  and  heaut}',  its  i)roclaimed 
lil)erality  of  government,  and  bids  for  colonization,  its 


'"Tor  causes  and  provalcuco  of  lolilx'i'y,  T  refer  to  tlie  elia]itir  (ni  L,'c)verii- 
iiiiiit.  Among  tliu  measures  sn;.'i;c!stei|  tn  insure  greatc-r  safety  «as  an  arnioreil 
o:irriaj;e.   Adonio,  AiioL  Matin,  141   4. 

'"'See  llist,.  Sorlh  Mi.f.,  i.,  ii.,  this  series;  also  T<irin)ri\  h'.rjilor.,  ']   'A. 

'' -'  In  tlu!  smalli'r  tow  iis  tln,>  traviUer  must  still,  as  in  former  times,  ilepeml 
"II  the  liireefohl  institution  of  meson,  fonila,  ami  tienda,  ((inivalent  to  liiili;ing- 
liniise,  restaurant,  and  gener.al  store,  the  forniur  jirovidm^  rarely  anything 
I"  Iter  than  a  \\ind4)wless  and  untidy  eell,  with  a  few  rough  [ilanks  raised  to 
ti^rni  a  hi'dstead,  a  lieneii,  and  oceasionally  a  tahle.  His  horse  is  attended  to; 
hut  liis  own  food  must  lie  sought  lieyoud  the  meson,  and  the  ehoic('  is  usually 
rrstrii  ted  to  frijoles  and  tortillas  tlie  latter  a  h'athei'y  suhstitute  tor  hriad — 
t"  eggs,  ehiekon,  riee,  and  I'hoeolate;  milk  is  rar(^,  ami  cheese  ancl  hntter 
almost  unUn<iwn.  In  tlie  villages  Imlging  may  he  olitaine<l  in  houses  possess- 
iiij  .-hops.  In  the  eities  the  mi'sone  i  are  somewhat  more  comlortable,  although 
l.ti  from  approaching  even  our  launbler  hotels. 


Bfl  I 


fv2S 


SOCIETY. 


])roxiiuity  to  the  onterprislno^  ])co|i1i'  of  tlu!  United 
States,  and  its  one-time  occupation  l)y  a  lOiwopciui 
<'ouit  with  (jiennano- Latin  armies,  tliis  country  Ims 
until  lately  received  a  conqtaratively  small  inllux  til 


ore  liners. 


The  cause  must  he  soujj^ht  pai'tly  in  the  many  re- 
Ktricti\(^  enactments  elscNvhere  .ipoken  of,'"''  j)artly  in 
the  civil  and  })oliticrd  disorders,  had  administration  u[' 
justice,  uiilitaiy  and  tax  levii's,  lack  of  I'eady  con)niuni 
cations,  credit  system  in  trade,  inahility  to  recoM  r 
capital  vested  in  imiirovements,  unreliahility  of  wmk 
men,  and  neneral  insecui'ity.  An(»ther  p(t\verf'ul  cause. 
to  which  the  restrictit)ns  are  mainly  (kie,  lies  in  tlie 
native  jealousy  of  fon.'igners,  whose  enert;T  and  ahilily 
are  too  marked  not  to  he  ucknowledu'ed  and  hitterly 
felt,  lli'nce,  also,  the  persecution  and  outrages  indi 
cated  hv  uumerous  and  constant  reclamations  ayainst 
the  government.  The  least  objection  is  entertainid 
against  the  related  Si)aniards  and  the  semi-co^iKitc 
Frt'iK'h,  despite  thu  fii'(juent  outhreaks  in  fornn  r 
veai's  aijfainst  the  one  now  almost  fonj^otten  ami 
the  political  trt)uhles  with  the  latter,  whoso  polite  aiid 
assimilative  (jualities  are  favorahle  i'eatures.  Tin  n 
come  the  (Germans,  against  whom  are  countt'd  tluif 
success  as  merchants  and  their  protestant  faith;  wliilr 
their  cold  and  selfish  demeanoi-  tells  aL,^ainst  the  i'^ii^ 
lish.  The  Yankees  hear,  since  184(1,  the  additional 
and  menacino-  ft)rm  of  hughears,  from  whom  ev(  ly- 
thino'  is  to  he  feared,  to  the  loss  of  possessions,  indi  - 
})endence,  and  nationality  itself.  In  remote  district^ 
mav  still  he  found  linLi'crin'j;  some  of  the  t)ld  ahsiiid 
notions  ahout  foreij^ners,  as  heings  excluded  from  (Ir 
conununion     of    the    faithful,  and    si)eaking    tlial 


UillC 


tongues. 


Tl 


le   term   Jew,  so   lono-  ap})lied  to  tlinn 


was  in  the  early  days  of  the  repuhlic  widi'ly  modili'  d 
to  Knglish,  who  came  in  consideruhle  numlxjrs  toop'ii 


mmes  an 


d  trade.  1"^     After   18:^8  the  French   hecai 


lie 


'"■'See  c'liaiitor  on  t'livci'mncnt,  wherein  colonization  is  c'oii:ii(luro(l. 
^"^AlaiiHiii,  Uisl.  .ill].,  V.  SSU-I;  liatr.d,  Aa»  Met:.,  '.ibO-H. 


FOUKIONKUS. 


lit'st  kiunvii,  and  lately  the  Noitli  Anu'ricans,  as  citi- 
/.tiis  ot'tlu!  Ignited  States  arc  called. 

Wliik!  tacitly  iec()'L;'iiiziii,uf  tlie  daii'nci'  of  Inreiijfiiers 
iiii>ii()|)(>li/inM'  industries  and  usur|»in_i;'  teiiitory,  yet 
ili(>  hi'ni'fit  of  their  presence  to  the  pettjdc  in  other 
nspects  is  admitted  hy  the  most  intelligent  ]\le\icans 
ill  their  teach in<.!fs  and  i-xamjih^;  hy  «levelo|)iny  aiu'ri- 
cidture,  mininL;-,  trade,  and  industries  otncially ;  hy 
I  heckiiiL,'  civil  \vai's  and  inci'casinu;'  general  securit}'; 
liy  promoting'-  hetter  })olitical  and  judicial  administra- 
tion; an<l  hy  invin'oratin*;"  the  lace,  ]»articularly  the 
I  iidian,  hoth  physically  and  mentally,  with  an  int"usiou 
of  I'resh  hlood.'"''  The  }>referonco  is  naturally  for  Kuro- 
|iean  imniiiifration,  with  which  to  c(»unteract  the  ever- 
thieateniui^  encroachments  of  tlu;  Ignited  States;  hut 
what  avail  mere  wishes  and  [)rojects  against  the  lorc(! 
of  circumstances,  as  foreshadowed  hy  the  railroads  now 
exteiidinu'  from  the  north  into  the  very  heart  of  the 
country^  Iiukicd,  many  men  of  dee|)  patriotism  seek 
ill  th(;  United  States  the  only  rejji'eneration  for  M(>x- 
i(i».^""  The  failure!  of  J*An'o[)ean  colonies  indicate  that 
the  sudden  ti'ansition  to  stran^t;  soil  and  climate  is  a 
M  lious  ohstacle,  and  one  that  disappears  l)efore  the 
;i(l\anc(^  I'roni  the  north,  acolimati/ed  as  it  were  in  the 
approximate  enviroimients  of  the  horder  regions.'"' 

'"'(lurcia  Ciilias,  /vVnVo.v  Dlr.,  t'lD-Tl,  expresses  hinisflf  to  tin;  l.Utt  r  olTict; 
and  I'iiiK'litci,  /I'n-.a  /«'/';/.,  -40,  Krononi.y  17-  ^S.  iiirnc  widely  so.  \\v  ]Miiiit-i 
nut  that  tlie  suattcrcd  (listrihutioii  ot  tlie  iiilialiitaiits  i.s  in  itself  iiijuiioiis  to 
advaiueirierit  and  eiiltui'o. 

''"Ah  ilid  a  stroni;  party  in  < 'alit'urnia  a  ilccadc  licfor'c  its  aniiexatioii. 
(  lnvaiicr  looks  to  the  north  foi'  tlic  tntnn'  owniTs  ot  Mexico,  as  of  Texas, 
i'nlitieal  movenieuts  in  the  I'nited  States  are  wauiied  with  jisilmis  fears  in 
Muxieo. 

'"'The  only  problem  a.s  regards  climate  is  its  cll'ect  on  future  geiiej-ations. 


\m\ 


ik 


1 1 1 


CH ArTEK   XXVT. 


KIHJCATION,  SCIENCK.  AKTS,  AND   IJTKUATURK. 

l.VJl   1SS7. 

iN.tTurcrioN  OK  riiK  Indians  and  Mi;srizos — S('U(»ols  and Com.kcks  -.Mka<- 

I'ltKS  Vol!  pKVKI.oriNd    HdICATION  — I'liOKKSSloNAI,   iNSTUriTIOS — S(  II  \- 
rillC     AlTAINMKNT—  CltKOl.K     U.NHTKADINKS.S  —  OllSEUVATOIMKS     -  V\\\: 

AND   MKfiiANicAr-   Ai! IS— M'SKiM— FiRsT   Tkkss — Eakly  JJooks  asm 

I'K.HIODICAI.S— LlllHAUII'.S   AND    LmKUAKY   Soi'IirilKS— I'liOSK  Wkiiini;  - 

NKWsrArKiis  -  -IlisrouiANs— OiiAionv     I'uKruv— NIkxican    I'l-.iri.i  mm 

'IIKS— UkILKCTIONS  ON  THK   I'ltESKNT   AND  FlTIKK    I'oSlTION  Ol'  MkMi    i. 


Edih'ATIox  ill  Xc'W  Sjiaiii  during;'  colonial  times  \\;i> 
routined  with  tew  exe(>[)ti()ns  to  a  certain  class  of  wliiti 
jteople.  Those  who  came  from  the  mother  countiy 
were  rather  backward,  e.\cej)t  when  nieml)er.s  of  pin- 
fessions,  and  the  wealtii}'  Creoles  stood  as  a  rnK'  far 
al)ove  them.  The  church  and  bar  were  the  nia';ii 
allurements  to  those  who  desired  an  active  caicti, 
]^^etlic•ine  was  also  tauijht  at  i]\c  university,  and  fiiianv 
at  a  s[)ecial  college,  but  obtained  little  favor.  I'liilos- 
o]»h\-  was  learned  only  as  |>rej>aratory  to  theolo'^w 
M'ith  a  persistent  adherence  to  scholasticism.  Matln- 
matics  received  slisiht  attiMition,  and  the  sciences. 
])olitical  and  physical,  were  discouraged  luitil  toward 
the  end  of  colonial  times.  No  language  save  Latin 
received  any  attention.  As  for  the  masses,  learnii,g 
was  regarded  as  not  only  useless,  but  prejudicial. 
ViceroV  ]^rancil"orie  thought  onlv  the  cathechi>iu 
should  be  taught  in  America. 

The  best  evidence  of  the  low  grade  of  ])ublic  etUica- 
tion  was   that  school-masters  were  required   to  j'a^s 

{o;!0) 


r;i:xj;uAL  uinoranck 


(•,;5i 


examination  only  in  tin'  most  ilcnuMitarv  rcadini;  and 
wiitinn',  and  the  t'lMii'  siniiijtst  rules  of  aritliinctic.' 

\\  Idle  the  Indians  and  lowrr  castes  were  steeped  in 
ignorance,  the  leniaindei'  tif  the  })oj)ulation,  e.\ce[)tin'4- 


tin 


nL;liest   i'\n> 


and 


th 


e    pl'otessions.    tliouull     low 


I'lioiii^li,  Were  still  alto\c  the  (•orros[)ondini4'  elas>t.'S  in 
>pain.      In  the  last  deeadts  of  the  ein'liteonth  centui'v, 


theoretic  and    concfete    seiiMi 


ees,  industrial  and  line 
arts,  advanced  with  a  hound  that  for  a  tinio  placed 
New  Sj)ain  in  the  IVont  raidc  of  cultured  nations.  Jiiit 
wrapping'  itself  in  revolution,  it  was  soon  left  behind  in 
the  march  of  ])roi;Tess. 

The   friars  wore  alwavs  readv  to  instruct  the  olV- 


sprmg  or   |irmci's  and   in 


.1.1 


es, 


(1 


iiHl  oven  some 


vo 


utl 


IS   oi 


tl 


ic    lower  ciassi'; 


.ri^lit, 
l\eadin_ij^,  writiiiL;',  and 
vocal  and  instiiiniental  music  were  the  branches 
taui^'ht,  th(.UL;h  the  larger  pro})ortion  of  j.uplls  jiartici- 
pated  in  little  more  than  I'elij^ious  exercises.  Sonu', 
however,  indulged  in  l^atin,  drawinn',  and  painti  ly', 
while  <.thers  receivi'd  trainiiin'  in  the  mechanical  arts. 
The  civil  j.(.wi'rs  were  satisrteil  with  this  policy,  and 
with  traininn'  nati\is  for  the  priestluxjd."  The  result 
was  the  co!le<;;e  t.f  Santa  Cruz,  oj.eiied  by  Viceroy 
Mcndoza,  for  the  teachiirj,'  of  grammar,  i^atin,  rhetoric, 
^.^■ic,  pliilosophy,  and  othei'  neci'S.sary  subjei-ts.  On 
tlie  inaun'uratit.n  day,  sixty  youths,  selectetl  by  friars 
from  the  most  intelliu'i'nt  iK.bles  then  studyintjf  in  the 
several  consents,  entered  the  coUcLje.^  J-Jut  the  time 
soo!i  came  when  the  feai's  and  jealousies  of  colonists 
and  friars  were  rousi-d  against  the  elevation  of  a  de- 
spised raci',  and  the  result  was  a  relaxation  of  ellbrts 
amoii!.-  teachers.      8<.on   tiie  collou'c  u'ave  instruction 


! 


I!    |r 
i  :     'i 


'Tlii.s  meiliocrii  arnuiromi'iit  scciirfd  thciii  oxtonsivc  priviU'j,'i^s.  Ti-o  oca 
le  In  jn'rtiiiiiK'Mi'ias  prt'riiL;ati\  m-i,  y  cxiiu'iiiiuri.  .  .quo  ostaii  (.'Diu'cdiilas,  y 
coimiiiicailas  a  Ids  ijiu' I'xorcrii  artrs  lilicralcs. '  Cu/iit'i,  in  J'i'il'-i  Ori/'iif,  i. 
■J."),")-lt. 

-  All)()riioz,  Carta  al  Hoy,  in  Parldin  and  <'iir<liiiii-i,  CuL  />("•.,  xiii.  (i'.t. 
i'liai'-s  joijicil  ill  tlu!  M'coiiiiiicuilatiim.    A/.,  xii.  I'J'k 

•'Tiii^  ^iiVLTiiiiiciit  made  aiii]ili' iin)\isiim  t'oi'  tluir  sinijiort.  M<  m/n-.n,  Ciirf", 
ill  FIiii-hI  I.  Cnl.  J^n,:,  ];U-o.  Tlic  king  ill  l.VilJ  added  Inr  a  tiiiiu  SOO  pjins. 
/■'/;/",  Ct'/iiliirin,  187. 


I'/t 


'■        I 


632 


EDUCATION,  SCIENCE,  ARTS,  AXI>  LITER ATUKl-:. 


merely  in  readin*i^,  writit»f(,  and  relii^ious  exorcises; 
and  a  little  later  it  was  taken  possession  of  wholly  l»y 
the  white  race,  with  a  lii^lier  grade  of  study.  This 
course  was  adopted  throughout  the  country.  Tlir 
Indian  nohles  were  allowed  to  acquire  a  smattering  of 
Spanish,  whicli  sutficcd  to  raise  them  to  the  rank  mC 
ladiiios.  The  mass  of  their  rai-e  stood  depl•i^•ed  of  a!l 
instruction;  conseijuently  the  term  gode  de  razon,  (ji 
rational  [)co})le,  applied  to  wiiites  and  mestizos.  Very 
few  of  the  aborigines  attained  to  a  high  level  of 
culture.  At  a  later  period,  however,  a  conct-ssion  was 
made,  in  vieldinsj!,'  such  a  collene  as  San  (ire'jforio  rt 
j\re.\ico  to  them  exclusively.  Finally  came  a  fi-eldf 
etl'ort  to  erect  primaiy  schools  in  some  of  the  larger 
ln<lian  villages.^  For  mestizos,  the  facilities  were  not 
much  greate)-.  The  government,  indeed,  showed  u 
lamentahle  neglect  in  promoting  elementary  education 
among  the  whites  and  mixed  classes,  and  left  the  pec- 
j)le  to  proviile  for  themselves.  Some  free  sciiools 
were  oj)en(^d  by  philanthropists,  and  private  acadcniics 
by  secular  teachers,  wherever  encouragement  was 
given.  Many  of  the  latter  added  I^atin,  algebra,  and 
geogra[»liy.  At  one  time  c{uite  a  large  nundtrr  nf 
these  establishments  were  in  operation.  ^NFany  oi"  the 
wealthy  and  intelligent  preferred,  however,  to  send 
their  children  to  S[»ain  to  be  educated,  so  as  to  bind 
them  to  the  mother  lountry. 

Later,  a  general  j'evi\al  induced  the  crown  t<» 
recommend  tlu;  establishment  of  primar  schools.' 
The  results,  however,  were  as  unsatisfact  ry  as  tlic 
ertbrts  were  spasmodic.  N' •  nmigling  of  the  si'Ms 
was  allowed  in  the  pul)lic  scaools,  and  girls  receivrd 


*  Azanza  was  still  struggling  in  IS()(>  witli  jirojucts  fur  si'liools.  S))aiii-li 
writers  try  to  iiuiUi;  \is  helicNc  tliiit  tlicir  uovt  iilwiiys  iMnlc.ivorod  to  ciliiiit<' 
tlio  liiiliiiiis;  :u',Mi  (ling  to  (itlioiiil  statistics,  tlic  one  Iiiiliaii  foUcgc  at  MtM^ 
li:iii  III  IT'.Mt  only  ;>S  stiulcnts  and  one  solitary  tcK'tier,  wliilc  so  en  eolli'iii  ■> 
for  other  eastes  liail  two  to  four  times  ti:  ■  nnnil)er  oi  masters.  Guccl^i,  M'  '  ■ 
V.  8. 

•' Parents  were  11  rueil  tlie  need  of  sending  iheir  eliildren  to  tlieni,  Imt  Mo 
onergetie  ini]mlse  followed  the  deereis.  /(iiiioM,  BHi.  Lt<j'M.  CI/.,  iii.  IT-t-."), 
wherein  are  given  laws  for  ITN'J  and  sultseqiieut  dates. 


THE  JESUITS. 


633 


instructi  »u  in  distinct  <.epartnionts,  untlcr  women.  As 
;i  rule,  ilwy  wow.  sent  to  convents,  there  to  be  trained 
cliiefiy  in  feminine  accomplisliments." 

riio  Jesuits  excjrcdsed  a  u^reat  influence  in  favor  of 
]>ul)lic  instruction.  Their  method  of  teaching-  was 
admired,  and  iud  was  readily  granted  them  b>"  citizens 
for  estahlishing  coli-ges.  They  had  enemies,  how- 
ever, who  first  restricted  and  finally  drove  them  away. 
They  early  estaMislu  d  four  colleges  at  ^Toxico,  notably 
the  San  IV'ch'o  y  San  Pablo,  all  of  which  were  by  the 
second  decade  of  the  seventeenth  century  merged  into 
one,  under  the  name  of  San  lldefonso.  Xevertheless, 
the  Jesuits  continued  their  efforts,  md  at  the  time 
of  tlu'ir  expulsion  in  17(57  possessed  twenty-three  col- 
leges, and  a  number  of  seminaries  in  difleient  provisM-es, 
only  a  portion  of  which  were  reopened  under  other 
teacliers. 

The  example  of  the  Jesuits  was  followed  by  others, 
and  several  colleges  and  seminaries  were  tlic  result  of 
It.  Still,  (juite  a  munber  of  provinces  were  devoid  of 
facilities  for  anything  above  elementarv  traininu".  At 
Mexico  there  were  in  f  790  eight  colleges  for  males, 
only  two  of  which  fell  unJoi  tontrol  of  friars.'' 

The  deficiency  of  high  schools  has  bet'ii  glossed 
over  by  directing  attention  to  the  founding  of  the 
university.  Mendoza,  the  first  viceroy,  left  p'<i;;orty 
foi-  its  establishment;  and  during  the  rule  of  the  elder 

'TliiTC  were  si.-  Sdca'k'd  colli'^es  f(ir  foiiialuf)  at  Mi^xico.  Alainaii,  imt- 
u  iflist.juilinki;  his  S[)aiii.sli  tcnulciii'ii'M,  coiitralicts  tin;  writers  wlmoxtol  .S[)aiii'.s 
fltiirts  oil  liuiialf  (it  fcinalt!  ('(hioation.  The  faot  is,  tiiat  fur  a  hm^  tiiriu  imt 
oik;  jiulilio  si'liool  for  girls  eyistcii.  Arrniiijoiz,  MiJ.,  iii.,  ap.  87;  J'dc/icfo  and 
<\iril(iitis,  Cid.  Doi\,  vi.  488.  Evoii  tiic  classes  j^i'adualiy  o[ii;iil'(1  I)y  nuns 
wt'n;  t(!W,  uiul  devotod  only  too  frcj-jeiitly  to  religions  training,  sewinu,  ami 
till' like,  without  even  leariiiii',  to  read.  .\s  late  as  IT!*"' the  pojiu  and  King 
iii<ler(!d  tin;  convents  to  iiioro  freely  reeeivu  girls  of  good  families  for  care  iiiul 
education,  ('(i/iilarin,  .MS.,  iii  '2'.i  W.  Nuns  do  la  Knscfiaii/.a  devoted  theiii- 
^'■lves  specially  to  training  gi;l^;  hv-.t  *.hi;ir  etl'orts  \\  (!re  limited.  V'o/wv.v,  tScr- 
itfii;  Jftiiii/'i,  ./o.v.W.v,  jit  II.  For  Iiiilian  girls  of  iiolile  hirth  there  was  a  real 
tnlegio;  Imt  it  was  really  an  informal  convent,  .{(fijri',  l/i.tf.  Comji.  ,/<,iuk,  iiL 
'"■H,  like  a  few  other  so-called  colegios. 

'Tlieir  iiaiiHJS  were  the  Santos,  Seiiiinario,  San  lldefonso,  San  Juan  de 
1.1  trail,  Iiitantes,  San  Raiiion,  Santiago,  I  lateloleo,  and  San  ( Iregorio.  The, 
I'tal  niiMiher  of  students  was  .soinewiiat  over  (lIM),  a  small  figure,  indeed,  for 
ifi  hading  city  of  the  contiiiuut.  (Aic,  Mix.,  v.  8;  Etitalla,  .xxvii,  2G(); 
'  I'lixra,  Encttdvn  Aniiait,  iJOO, 


m 


Tm 


1    1 


!    01 


I  ( 


634 


EDUCATiO:;,  8(,1ENCE,  ARTS,  AND  LiTERA'J'UllE. 


Volasco,  a  royal  cuJula  of  September  21,  1551,  or- 
(laiiied  its  erection,  [)rovi(lin<^  an  emlowineiit  of  l,()ii() 
pesos  de  oro,**  which  was  increased  by  later  g'raiits  nml 
private  beipiests.  Privileges  were  conferred  upon  it. 
The  institution  was  inautj^urated  on  January  "25,  155;5. 
In  1  581)  it  was  transferred  to  the  site  occupied  till  mod- 
ern times  on  the  east  side  of  the  Plaza  del  A^tladoi." 

The  Jesuit  college  at  Merida,  Yucatan,  obtained  in 
1GG2  the  title  and  [)rivileges  of  a  university,  l)ut  it  did 
not  long  exist.^"  The  only  other  [)erman<!nt  institution 
of  the  kind,  therefore,  in  New  Spain  was  at  (Guadala- 
jara, founded  by  cedula  of  17'Jl  in  the  foi-mer  Jesuit 
college,  with  incor[)oration  of  the  chairs  and  endow 
inents  of  the  Seminario  do  San  Jose,  both  of  which 
were  mcreased  in  numbers  and  amount."  Tlie  war 
of  independence  broke  in  upon  the  educational  revival 
with  which  the  present  century  opened,  and  where 
the  kindled  Hame  was  not  absolutely  (extinguished  it 
burned   hnv.^'     Once   free,  the   republic   became   em 

•* '  Vii  I'^stuilii)  y  uuivorsidacl  <\v.  todas  scienoias.'  Pxjn,  Cnluldrio,  l.'iT  n. 
Hi'lTura  dates  an  ordor  for  the  (imiidiiig  as  early  as  \^V,\\),  Dee.  vi.  lih.  vii. 
cap.  vi.,  dee.  viii.  lih.  vii,  cap.  xiii.;  and  Aleedo,  v.  l.S'J,  lends  it  sujiport  iiy 
slidwin^'  that  Kriar  AIouso  de  Veraeruz  foiunled  a  university  at  Tiiipitie, 
wiiieh  was  merged  '  (jne  dospnus  se  traslado  a  Mexico,'  in  that  of  Mexico,  or 
moved  thither.  \\'hile  under  royal  patronage  the  title  of  j)ontilie.il  was 
added  at  a  later  date.  St  I'anl  was  first  a(lo[ited  for  patron,  and  Santa 
Catalina  .Marlir  lii^uri'd  among  later  ailditions.    ISiioKi,  /ifcap.,  i.,  pt  iii.  .')(i|. 

"The  stndies  l)egan  with  seven  chairs;  nanudy,  two  for  theologie  snhjeits, 
two  for  law,  and  one  eaeh  for  arts,  rhetoric,  and  grammar,  'the  niniili(r 
increa.-;eil  ra)iidly  till  it  stood  at  'J4  at  the  hii^inning  of  the  present  eentui y, 
in<'lnding  one  for  Aztec,  and  om;  for  Otomi  language,  respectively.  I'ii/ii  i  iin; 
Tratm  Mix.,  51);  Alaiiinii,  Dixvrlju:,  •JKI-L'O,  'J(il;  Vnllf,  Mm,.  //Ant.,  ')'_';  Tni/. 
JI(.r.,;V2.  I5y  177.")  there  iiad  graduated  ],\&2  doctors  and  •J!),8S-_' liachelors. 
(ionzalez  l>avila  names  the  iirst  to  pass  o.xamiiiation.  Tui/m  Krlin.,  i.  .'i'J. 
Laws  concerning  tlie  institution  may  he  found  in  Hcvoy.  ilv  /in/.,  i.  11(1  et  se([. ; 
Ji'i'iik.-i  ('i(/iil'i.-<,  MS.,  i.  77  !•;  ii.  -IJS;  Miniln/iiii/Di;  iSiDiiarios,  (il-.'t;  Zmiioni, 
Jlih.  L,';/.  Ult.,  vi.  IOC)  et  seij.  See  also  Hi-^l.  .V,:,:,  ii.  W.)'2;  Ciira,  Tns  ,S'/;/Aw, 
i.  1.')'.)  (11;  FiijHci-iKi,  I'int/ichri,  .MS.,  (iS  St;  Sor.  Jlr.r.  (/(O;/.,  liolcfhi,  iv.  "JO/  17; 
J)ii/url'iii.i  Friiii(  ■<,  MS.,  ii.  lidO.  Estulla,  x.wi.  i'jr)0-l,  x.wii, 'J;jr)-7'i,  descrilie.s 
several  features  of  tlie  institution. 

^"  Coilitllhih,  ll'ist.    Y iirnt.il n,'l\7^■'\{^. 

"  Among  the  new  professorships  were  those  of  canon  and  civil  law,  will; 
400  pesos  a  year,  those  of  inedieiiu  and  surgery,  with  ;)()()  pesos;  the  sceretary 
and  othei's  received  l.'iO  pesos,  and  Uie  librarian  and  i)orter  <inly  100  pe>^(is 
eaeh.  Cnlultt  llnd  ('((/k/i/c/o,  .MS.,  i.  jVJ  4.  Hy  laws  are  given  in  A/.,  ill  HI; 
Jal.,  Xi)l.  Oroi/.,  !")-  If). 

'-  Vet  amid  the  reigning  disoi-der  the  suliject  was  not  neiileeteil,  as  in- 
stanced hy  deerees  like  those  in  <'(irfr.i,  IHir'n,  xxi,  II  '21,  xxLi.  17-l.S,  dinit- 
iug  the  governors  to  estahlish  new  schools  and  [iromoti;  i.'xisting  on^^s. 


PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 


635 


liroilcd  ill  party  strife  and  efforts  for  a  politiral  orij.m- 
ization,  amid  wliieli  tlie  idea  of  training  tlie  [Hoplc  for 
its  new  responsibilities  was  little  tliouglit  of  The 
liiglier  schools,  ,vhieh  had  so  far  niaintiiine<l  a,  fail'  coni- 
]tarison  Nvith  tliose  in  Spain,  suffered  hoth  in  nuniher 
and  etHcieney,  owing  partly  to  the  decline  of  clerical 
intluence  and  guardiiinshi[),  and  to  the  inferior  educa- 
tion of  the  rising  order  of  ecclesiastics."^ 

In  IS.">3  the  necessity  for  energetic  measures  hecaino 
apparent,  and  public  instruction  in  the  federal  district 
and  territ(»ries  Avas  placed  in  charge  of  a  :)oard  of 
directors,  which  controlled  national  art  tr-easures,  and 
was  to  form  a  public  library.  It  was  to  form  a  new 
plan  for  studies,  giving  prominence;  to  scientific 
braiM-.i  s,  and  appoint  teachers,  yet  permit  free  teach- 
ing, ■!  !  jL'ct  to  certain  general  rules.  All  the  funds  of 
existing  establishments  were  consolidated  and  placed 
at  the  ilisposal  of  the  board. 

Colleges  where  modern  philosophy  aiul  sei(nicc>  had 
entered  were  allowed  to  languish.  Klementary  schools 
also  languished;  yet  an  impetus  was  given  tt)  the  Lan- 
casti'rian  or  mutual  system  introduced  in  1 822.'*  Edu- 
cational matters  were  for  some  years  allowed  to  drift, 
till  1842,  when  the  Lancasterian  association  was  placed 
in  charge  of  all  primaries  in  the  republic.  The  gov- 
ernment undertook  to  provide  pecuniary  means,  but 
scantily.''^ 

Little  ]irogress  was  attained,  owing  to  the  constant 
|)olitical  convulsions  and  changes  of  administration. 
An  effort  was  made  by  the  authorities  in  1S(>1,  but  it 


"I 


III 


f  ii\ 


«i 


^1  ■  •■<  }■ 


EDUCATION,  SCIENCE,  ARTS,  AND  LITERATURE. 


failetl,  mainly  tlirougli  tlic  absorption  of  funds  for  tlio 
war  of  intervention.'*'  Maximilian,  with  liis  (jlerniaii 
ideas,  introduced  some  measures  wliicli  left  seeds  that 
show  sii^ns  of  being  developed  into  tloui'ishinn'  plants.'" 
Amid  all  the  vicissitudes  of  the  republic,  however, 
with  its  disorders,  neglect,  and  inefficient  legislation, 
illiteracv  has  been  greatlv  I'educed.  The  proof  li(>s  in 
tlu!  growth  of  })rimary  schools,  and  of  tlie  number  of 
pu})ils  in  attenilance.""  l^esides  these  schools  there 
were  i;54  public  establishments  of  higher  grade  and 
colleges.  In  18So-4  the  federal  government  expended 
iii?;)r);i,UcSO  in  public  instruction  and  kindred  branches, 
and  ai)i)ropriated  to  the  same  pur[)ose  .s701,4"J()  fui' 
the  fiscal  year  l885-().'''  The  propensity  for  separating 
the  sexes  is  strong  in  Spanish  American  countrii-s, 
hence  only  a  small  i)f)rtiou  of  the  schools  are  of  a 
mixed  order.'-" 

The  cleigy  for  a  long  time  tried  to  retain  control 
over  the  higher  schools,  there  to  ])er[)etuate  scholastic 
and  other  olil-fashioned  ideas.  Gradually,  however, 
the  states  assumed  control,  and  managed  to  introduce 


'MfrM-.,  .Vrm.  Scr.  Hac,  18G8,  12;  M'\r.,  'M,L  n<-fornm,  3G9-82;  Arrh. 
Mex.,  Col.  Lr,/.,  vi.  !t7-119. 

''For  iiiiiK'rial  ivguUitious,  soe  Mr.r.,  Col.  f.ii/.  Imp.,  viii.  21  84;  Dim-in 
del  Imp.,  A\)v.  14,  May  4,  St'pt.  llJ,  IStiO.  I'rofcssiou.il  iliploiiitis  issiiL'tl  luiilir 
tlie  einpirt!  were  auuulied  by  Juarez' goverunieut.  DubUtii  ami  Loaino,  /.'  i. 
MtJ-.,  X.  r/j. 

"•  ],;{1(»  schools  ill  1S4.%  2,400  in  1800,  ."),00()  in  1870,  8,1(K)  iu  1S7,1,  ;in.l 
still  rai)i<lly  increasing,  there  lioiiig  in  1884  at  least  8,r»H((  jiriniary  schools,  ot 
vhicli  2,  lit)  were  for  f;irls.  The  atteii<lance  has  lieen  from  50,744  juipils  in 
184;}  to  :i4y,(KH»  in  187.">,  and  441,4.'):i  in  1884,  of  wiioni  I  IT),  147  were  giils. 
Covarruhias  in  187.")  showeil  that  only  one  fifth  of  the  scliool  [lopulation  ro- 
ceived  jiriniary  instruction.  Mem.  ln-:tnic.  I'lth.,  l.\xxiii.-iv.  Tlie  minister  of 
public  instruction  in  18t")l  had  classed  three  fourths  of  the  pojiulation  as  ilHl- 
crate;  later  iigures  patriotically  reduc<'d  tliis  to  more  than  one  half.  15ntli 
Ktatement.s  sliould  be  taken  witii  allowance.  Stanch  little  Tlascala  stainU 
foremost  in  education,  as  the  ancient  republic  stood  in  battle.  Cli'ipas, 
C'liihuahua,  and  L.  Cal,  stand  lowest  according  to  Covarruhias'  admiral ile 
work. 

'"The  instruction  in  the  primary  sohool.s  is  as  a  rule  limited  to  readiiiL', 
writing,  arithmetic,  grammar,  conduct,  and  the  duties  of  citizens,  (iirls  aio 
taught,  besides,  cei'tain  feminine  work.  In  a  large  nundier  of  schools,  liou-- 
C'ver,  geogra]ihy,  history,  drawing,  geometry,  and  French  are  atlded,  and 
many  teach  branches  that  ap[)roaeh  those  of  our  high  branches. 

-"The  attimdance  at  girls'  schools  is  comparatively  less  than  at  the  boys' 
for  obvious  reasons.  Moreover,  a  large  nund)i'r  of  gii'ls  are  retained  by  c:iu> 
tious  parents  at  houie,  whero  they  receive  a  certain  amount  of  instruction. 


A  POPULAR  I'OLLECK. 


637 


a  more  practical  aii^l  niodia'ii  i-aui^o  of  studies."^  The 
jiK'dical  school  of  Mexico  stands  foremost  in  tiic  coun- 
try for  excellence,  and  is,  indeed,  the  only  one  onjoy- 
iiii;'  a  decided  reputation."  Many  prefiT  to  study  in 
France  and  (Germany,  in  the  latter  sp(>cially  in  the 
iiiininLj'  scliools;  yet  they  run  the  risk  of  ni-H-tini;'  on 
their  return  with  a  cold  rece})tion,  and  in  any  case  of 
liavinjT^  to  maintain  an  unecjual  struj^u'le  with  i't-reigii 
i)rofessi()nals  who  are  more  eneru'etic  and  re^'arded,  as 
well  as  more  thorouiL^h  and  etticient. 

TJie  most  popular  of  tlie  colleL>'es,  hy  reason  of  the 
profession  taught,  is  that  oi'  jui'isprudence.  Tlie  pro- 
fession was  always  favored  hy  teachers  and  go\  ern- 
nient,  and  with  the  wider  rans^e  of  ofHcial  life  opened 
hy  the  repid)lic,  its  attractions  liave  increased.''  Tlie 
military  colleii^e,  with  a  fixed  memhership  of  200,  is 
(Hrectly  under  the  control  of  the  minister  of  war. 
Amonjjf  other  special  schools  is  one  for  fine  arts.-* 
Several  naval  schools  have  been  founded  at  different 
tim(.'S,  one  at  Te})ic  as  early  as  1822.-'  The  conserva- 
tory of  music   and   declamation  is   sustained   hy  the 

'■''  At  ^ft'xico  the  pri'iiaratory  sclioul  imparts  in  .1  coiirs<!  of  live  yi  ars  tho 
fnUowiiij^  liraiu'lics:  Matlu'inatios,  iiliysic.s,  I'lienii.stry,  c().siii(>irra|i|iy,  ^eoj,'- 
rujiliy,  national  and  general  iiistory,  natural  history,  loi^ic,  iili'ology,  t'tliics, 
(Irawinj.',  grammar,  literature,  Kreneli,  English,  Latin,  ami  tlie  (lieek  roots. 
'I'liis  is  tor  law  students.  Those  intending  to  ajiply  themselves  to  engineer- 
ing, niininu,  or  arehiteeturc!  study  <  lerman  in  lieu  oi  Jjatin,  and  give  more 
attention  to  drawing.  Tliere  are  also  elasses  for  Italian,  imisii-,  taehyu'rafihy, 
and  gyninasties,  and  several  eolleetions  and  lahoratories.  Hoys  onte/-  lie're  as 
early  as  tlu;  Sth  jear.  In  tlie  study  of  laiiuna-^es  about  40  per  ei'Ut  pri'fer 
the  dead,  .'?.■)  jier  eent  Freneli,  11  per  cent  I'ln^lislu  and  a  .sfirinkling  the  (ier- 
nian  and  Italian.     There  are  also  an  agrieultural  and  a  veteiiii.irv  eollege. 

-"-Tlie  several  liranchcs  to  he  studied  in  tlie  live  yens'  eoiirsr  are  iirojierly 
a;  jiortioiied.  'J'he  regulations  of  \SV,i  rei|iiired  a  sixth  iprejiaratory  year  of 
study  in  natural  history  and  medieinal  eh'Uiistry.  Thi'  vt'tiriii.iry  school, 
eiinneeted  with  the  school  of  agricultare,  reecMVed  some  excellent  renul.itions 
in  !«,■);{.  JA'.y.,  L'riil.  i/i'  h'liscil.  Mt'l..  1  "J-i;  Sor.  M<l.  Rcjln.:  Six:  Fihicitriai, 
It'ijld,  18;  /'(';).    I'"/-.,  li.  pt  xviii.,  cxlvii.  pt  x. 

'-'The  studies  otiered  for  thi>  career  are  uiKloubtedly  more  compUde  in 
their  v.iy  than  the  others  iiu  provincial  colhi;es;  yet  a  large  nnnilier  of  stu- 
(li'uts  ])rifer  at  liast  a  lini^\nig  course  at  Mexico.  The  full  term  is  six  ye.irs, 
two  oi  them  attending  at  ;iic  college  of  advocates,  and  prai'ticai  experience  in 
a  lawyers  otlice  and  hefore  the  courts 

-''i'o  teach  drawing,  t'ngr«»ing.  painting,  sculftture,  architecture,  and 
tlccorativo  art.  Biennial  exlnltitions  are  held,  ami  medals  aw;ir(led.  Tho 
library  and  galleries  of  tin;  m<  hool  form  a  veritable  niuseuin  of  arts.  For  reg' 
ulations,  sec  hnhioi  *Hd  LD^tiio,  /.<  fi*,  Mfx.,  v.  04L'-(il),  OSl-8. 

■'■•OmU.,  One,  INK,  'MKl. 


^■B 


63S 


EDUCATION,  SCIENCE,  ARTS,  AND  LITERATURE. 


pliilliarmoule  society,  with  a  govcrnineiit  subsidy.  ()( 
tlio  attendance  of  |)npils,  about  40  per  cent  are  t'e- 
iualcs.-^" 

The  school  of  arts  and  trades,  witli  its  five-yen  r 
course  of  niatlicnnitics,  pliysics,  chemistry,  inchistriiil 
invciitions,  [)oHtical  economy,  Spanish,  French,  draw- 
in<4'.  and  mechanical  arts,  is  attended  l)y  a  lari^v 
number  of  students."'  TJie  school  of  commerce  and 
achninistration,  and  those  for  tiie  bhnd  and  deaf-mutes, 
are  objects  of  special  care  and  attention. 

For  women  there  are  several  superior  scliools,  and 
tlieir  n\nnl)er  and  attendance  is  increasing'  Avith  t!ie 
general  [iroi^ress."^  In  the  school  of  arts  Ibr  wonicii 
at  Mexico,  instruction  is  given  in  photograpliy,  ttl» ■^■ 
I'apliy,  printing,  and  other  brandies,  witli  a  view  tn 
open  a  patli  for  them  in  useful  careers.  The  boanhnL;- 
schools,  which  ai)sorb  a  comparatively  large  number 
of  girls,  also  impart  several  advanced  studies.-"  Spe- 
cial primary  schools  exist  for  women  as  for  men,  bo- 
sides  evening  clashes. 

In  \  lew  of  the  raj)id  spread  of  education  and  tlie 
deTuand  for  teachers,  the  eii'ation  of  normal  schools 
has  hardly  grown  n})ace.  The;  smallness  and  uiieei- 
tainties  of  the  pay,  and  the  rather  e(juivocal  jtosition 
of  primary  teachers,  have  neutralized  the  aspirations 
of  candidates.^"  Primaries  will,  no  doubt,  l)e  surren- 
dered more  and  more  tf)  the  charije  of  women. 

The  national  university,  once  the  pride  of  Mexic(». 
has  disa[)j)eared  before  the  encroachments  of  prole-- 
sional  eolleoes'.      The  similar  establishment  at  (Juada- 

-"All  oii'liostrii  and  theatre  aru  iittiulR'd.  Ik'.sidcs  the  hraiieli  iii;.inly  at- 
touilodiii  tlie  .schoiil,  iiiatlieiiiatiu.s,  Ixiok-kuepiiig,  geogniphy,  liistory,  Frnirli, 
Italian,  and  evt-n  diawiut,'  and  paiiitiny  are  tauylit. 

^' Lalioratorics  and  work.sluip.s  are  attached.  The  Heini-}ienal  schodl  ,tt 
Tec))an  is  t<iiuilar  in  rauire. 

'^'' Witli  rare  cxorjitidus,  the  hranches  are  limited  to  mathematics,  (lonn-- 
tii;  liyKiciit.',  h(iokd<eejiing,  hotjiny,  liistory,  modern  languages,  )i,untiiig,  an  1 
fo'iiiniiio  work.  Sur.  .\/i.r.  fli'mj.,  Jia/f/iii,  .'id  jit,  v.  084,  etc.;  Aic/i.  Mi:i:,  <  '■'■ 
Liij.,  ii.  7    10;  h'oiinro,  in  Sor.  M(X.  (!iit[i.,  Bole/in,  ix,  1^4-(). 

^^ These  sehooU  gaineil  hy  the  closing  of  convent  schools,  of  MJiich  '-'1  ate 
nientioncil  in  Mrx.,  M<iii.  Sec  J  ltd.,  ])S44,  doc.  19,  and  othei-.s  in  Id.,  1^-"'. 

dih'S.    \'l  ft  SCIJ. 

^''In  colleges,  the  pay  varies  from  S300  to  i?2,000;  lint  in  (iriinaries  it  is  a:i 
low  au  §0  to  $10  a  nioiith.     In  the  large  towns,  §i)0  is  considered  a  high  rate. 


MEXIf  AXS  PROMISIXn   PUriLS. 


g:!9 


Injai'ii  lias  suflcivd  reverses,  l)ut  it  may  1»(3  -aid  to  still 
live  ill  one  of  the  t\V(^  i-;einiiiarios  controlled  hy  tlie 
<'ler!L,^y  of  this  diocese,  and  so  with  that  of  Chiaiias.'" 
With  the  advance  of  education,  however,  we  may 
safely  predict  the  s[)e(Mly  reojieiiing  of  (nu)  or  more  of 
these  institutions,  and  on  a  hasis,  it  may  he  hoped, 
tliat  will  serve  to  stimulate  the  ixrowinu'  love  for  edu- 
cation  throughout  its  branches,  and  serve  to  retain  at 
home  the  maiiv  voum''  men  who  now  dt>em  it  nocessarv 
t(j  seek  European  schools,^'  ^r<\\icans  are  undouht- 
edly  [)romisinn'  }>u])ils,  the  mestizo  heiiii;'  reniarkahly 
({uick  to  a])prelien(l,  and  the  Indian  holding  out  I»ri'^!it 
promises  of  adding  to  the  list  of  men  like  Juarez  and 
Altamirano,  the  latter  one  of  the  foremost  scholars  in 
the  countrv.  Ncvertheh-ss,  it  must  he  admitted  that 
as  the  youth  grow  up  docility  yields  to  iiiilolence  at 
the  tiiiu;  wlu'n  the  reflective  poW(,'rs  could  \)v  hest 
trained.  Hence  self-culture  is  not  widely  devt'loped, 
and  whert^  it  is  followed  we  find  the  national  lack  of 
thoroughness  interposes  serious  ohstacles  to  the  re- 
gtiueration  of  a  loose  and  shallow  mind.''* 

^' Tlu^  odrtos  of  Spaiu  wen;  in  l.VJO  ilisenssiiii,'  tlio  oxpoilicncy  of  cst.ililisli- 
iuj^  iiiipre  uiiivorsitius  i;i  America,  <'!//■/'■>■,  Dhtri^t,  Ort.  "iO,  IS'-'O,  ix.  '.I  10.  ami 
tli(j  M exit-all  congress  pro]iosoi[  one  for  Oajaca  in  JS'-'L'.  A/'iyjin  CliH.,  'M)'.\  >>. 
Ill  1S4;$  the  niinisterial  ri|iort  alludes  to  tile  iiniviTsiLy  stall'  of  tlie  capital  as 
a  mere  text  Uook  lioard,  and  gives  the  universities  ot  l'hia|)as  ami  liiadalajara 
III:  and  1-i.")  .stvideuts  resjiectively.  Mc.r.,  Mcin.  Sir.  Jiisf.,  doc.  7-0.  For 
(U'crecs  of  KUppression  and  I'evival  in  1SI{.'$  .'uid  \^'M,  see;  A  rrUiiijn,  /I'lnij,., 
IS;!^,  90;  J'lip.  l'(ir.,  l\xiii.  pt  8.  Klaliorate  rcgiilation.s  wer"  issued  in 
IS.").")  for  curriculum  de^M•ee>^.  Mr.r.,  t'ul.  /.<■;/.,  IS.")."),  viii.  14-17,  liO- .'{.  'i'iiea 
came  the  law  of  HUppressioii  in  Se[itend)cr  1S.")7,  Ihililun  ;/  /.dzoiio,  Lc/.  J/i.r., 
viii.  ()2.">,  and  the  repeals  in  IS.'Sand  ISIil,  and  the  final  <  losim.'.  /'/.,  ix.  17  IH; 
f)lirio  JrU..  March  V2,  April  I'J,  1,"),  '_".),  IS.'jS;  ht  Cm:,  vii.  :2.S7,  440-8;  A,r/,. 
Mr.,:,  <•(,[.  L>i/.,v.  120-1;  Arnni.joh,  M'j.,  iv.  47-8.  In  April  1881  a  hdl 
i\as  introduied  in  coni.'resa  for  creating  a  new  national  univcisitv.  Diariit 
Dili.,  t'ong.  10,  ii.  L'.V.I  111. 

^-A  law  of  IS.'H)  rcijuired  various  colleges  to  .send  to  European  colleRes, 
and  there  maintain  for  three  years  a  certain  number  of  their  students.  Mi.r., 
Col.  I^i'ij.,  18.";0,  '214-1(5.  The  inini.-<teri'l  r.-port  of  Is').")  points  out  lack  <.? 
l.i!j;iier  education,  ;>'  d  explains  tlio  rea.s"  ns  lor  such  a  decree.  I'l  pursuance 
of  this  the  edu('atii  !  l.iw  of  l's4;{  "xtended  the  ranji'  if  studies  for  law,  pir- 
licul.irly  in  tlie  humanities.  Kichtliofen  observes  th.ii  this  was  needless,  since 
tile  new  studies  Were  utterly  su[ierlicial  and  fragmentary.  Uiy.  Mix.,  'J'Jfi.  It 
\v.;s  also  vi'ry  easy  to  shorten  hotli  studies  and  ti'riii.  I  lie  aliove  writer  gives 
;i:i  interesting  account  of  the  eoi.t  and  ci^remeiiiis  -itteii  ling  matvieiilaticm,  to 
whirl)  Wappau,  <>io;/.,  1 1'.t,  adils  several  points. 

"  I'or  a  special  account  of  educatio:i  in  tli''  differeni.  states.  1  refer  to  .losi' 
T>iaz  < 'ovarruhias,  histnii'aon  Pnhlko  in  .Mixii  ,  Mex.,  187"),  sm.  4to,  eeli.  and 
'..MS  pp.,  with  chart,  th-i  most  complete  of  the  sulijeet  so  tar  puhlishi.d.      lie 


f 


a 


1 


G40 


EDUCATION,  Sl'IENCK,  ARTS,  AND  LITF.RATURK. 


I  I 


I 


Sfi(Mico,  citlitT  .-tltstract  or  concroti',  lia.s  lint  Ix'oii 
C^ri'atly  fostered  in  Mexico.  ]]ut  in  spite  of  obstacles, 
the  old  scliolasticisin  so  iiiucli  affectod  by  tlie  cliiircli 
is  gradually  disa|)]»eariim'.  Mediciiu;  had  heeii  more 
favored  tor  ohvious  reasons,  tliuro  Ijciiin'  several  chairs 
ill  tlie  universitv.  includiiiu"  one  of  aiiatomv  and  sur- 
eery,  medical  students  being  compelled  to  attend  lec- 
tures on  botany.''* 

A  brilliant  course  of  investigation  was  instituted 
iiit<»  the  flora,  of  New  S[)aiii  under  Sesse  and  Mocihe. 
T\\r,  latter  and  a  co-laborer  naniiMl  I'^cheverri'a  were 
iiatiN'es  of  Mexico.'''  To  furthei'  encourage  medical 
study  a  school  of  surgery  was  established  in  the  royal 
liosi)ital  in  1770.  However,  the  ])r()fessioii  was  more 
]iamj)(>red  e\en  than  in  Eurofx;  by  old-fashioin  d 
schools  and  ideas.''"  The  profession  of  the  cliui'ch 
and  i)ar  had  a  great<'r  attraction,  and  a  larg*;  nund)er 
of  chairs  was  ])rovided  for  these  studies  in  the  unixcr- 
sity;  in  addition  thereto  a  royal  academy  of  jurispru- 
dence was  established  in  the  college  of  8an  lldc^fonso, 
and  lawyers  were  formed  into  a  cor])oration  named 
Jfcid  ('oleo'io  de  Abo^ados.  No  iiiiniii'''  school  was 
founded  bi'fore  I7H.'5,  and  this  in  a  country  where  tlu' 
mines  formed  the  chief  and  almost  soK'ly  a})preciati(l 
wealth.'" 

it  does  not  seem,  however,  that  the  Creoles  wvvr 
suited  foi'  the  steady  a])])lieation  demandetl  by  a  couise 

iiad  all  the  needed  material  for  liia  sidiji^ut  at  command.  A  n'vicw  of  nmrr 
liistorie  eliaracter  is  jiicsented  i)y  K.  Montes  in  It'mrio  ih:  J>c/iii/ix,  Coiil:. 
10,  iii.  'J'2-51,  in  eonni^otion  with  a  pi'oject  for  a  new  law  to  regnlate  [)ul)lii; 
instruction. 

'"A  l>otanic  f^ardeii  on  a  little  scale  was  cstaMished  tlnTcfor. 

"■'The  result  was  tlu^  lirst  iiniiortant  aildilion  to  this  hraneli  of  soicncc, 
made  hy  Doetu  llernauclez,  sent  out  liy  Kidipo  .11.  to  study  the  [tlaijts  jjiiI 
animals  of  New  Spain,  which  he  did  on  a  large  scale,  anil  ai  an  exjjense  ai 
(>(MM>I>  ducats.  And  yet  llei'uande/,'  uork  was  uUoweil  to  lenuiin  in 
mainiserii)t. 

"''Father  Agustin  Farfan  wrot»!  a  tcxt-l)ook  on  mediciue  in  loT'.l,  new  tiii- 
tions  of  which  a|i|)earcil  in  l.'i'.t-J,  l(i04,  and  KilO,  with  .some  cii.iiigis  and  adih- 
tions.  Other  treatist's  appcariMl  in  later  times.  Regular  doclois  did  nut, 
figure  till  the  INih  I'entury. 

•''  .V  really  praclual  course  of  study  was  given,  emluMcinL;  Frcucli,  mathe- 
matics, drawing,  natural  pliilosophy,  cheiidstry,  and  luiueralogy.  Many 
inijH'rlections  hampered  tin;  usefulness  of  the  school,  notwitlislanding  tlii' 
cthirts  of  Jose  Fausto  Elhuyar,  the  founder,  fuid  of  Andres  del  Rio,  hia 
co-luboror. 


SOMK   UKMAUKAIM.E   HOOKS. 


course 


of  )'(;!l;'u1;u'  tiaiiiiiiL;',  Jind  tlir  ivsults  wcic  n<»t  iulcfjuatf. 
I'lu'ir'  ardor  was  proWably  also  (liim|i('iu'd  by  tlic  iinotid 
of  professional  scientists  and  aitists.  The  disorders  ol 
the  sLic'coedinji,'  war  for  iiidejteMdi-nce  and  rc[>ul)licaii 


rule  were   i 
sciences.''" 


lot 


conducive 


to  th 


dvanco  of  arts  and 


Tlie  l»est  trc^atise  on  mineralogy  in  S|ian- 
isli  was  issued  l)y  Ivio  of  this  school.  The  first  Span- 
ish translation  of  ija\<>isici'"s  cjieinistry  a]»peared  at, 
Mexico,  and  the  (fdcclds  ili  Lilt  rulnrn  of  the  learned 
.\l/ate,  he^un  in  I7HH,  form  no  mean  iiuh'X  to  the 
;4i'owin;j,'  taste,  as  specified  in  the  varied  philosophic 
aii<l  scieiiiilic  ,>ul)jects  of  its  pa<j,( 
.Mzat 


he    ran''(' 


e  s 


^tudi 


es    w 


as    very    wide 


an: 


h 


)Ul)l 


ned 


numerous   works  of  the  highest  value,  amon^'   which 


m 


CO( 


■ii 


I 

ine 


e      melitloUiM 
dtl 


I    tw 


o    va 


luabl 


e    contnoutions    on 


culture  and   antuiuities  resi>ectivi'l\ 


sp 


Ah 


a  niiinber  of  miscellaneous  writinL;s,  wlu'rein  are  no- 
ticeable his  assaults  on  the  vicious  antl  old-fashioned 
methods  aiul  ideas  of  the  time,  which  evoke(l  no  little 
enmity  of  as  caustic  though  less  generous  a  nature. 

Alzate  also  attained  honorable  distinction  in  astron- 
om\-,  thou'>h  he  was  excelled  b\-  two  contemi)oraries, 
.loa(prm  \'ela/(|uez  Cardenas  y  jjcon,  and  Leon  y 
(Jama,  the  former  ranking  as  the  foremost  geodetic 
oiiscrver  of  New  Spain,  and  as  chief  promoter  of  the 
mining  coiii't  and  its  school;  aiul  the  latter  hardly 
less  prominent,  though  leaning,  in  addition  to  astron- 
omy, to  anti(juarian  subjects.'*'  Astronomical  science 
lia<l  not  been  wholly  disregarded  in  earlier  colonial 
days.      Sigiienza  y  (nuigoia,  in  HiKl,  published  a  val- 

""  It  is  I'liituiu,  hoWL'Vor,  tliut  tin;  stiuly  of  natural  liistory  and  ]iliyni(,'.s, 
iiitroducod  lit  tin;  mining  selionl  .'ind  id.scwlioi'c,  li'd  to  a  niori;  j^cnoral  difl'iision 
III  suiontilio  knowledge,  .-;|iallo\v  tiiongii  it  may  havu  l>eun;  and  llund)oldt 
declares  tiiat  in  this  resj)eet  New  Spain  miriiassed  many  a  district  of  the 
mother  conntry.  lie  connnents  on  the  chemical  laboratory,  {.jeologic  collec- 
tions, ami  .scientific  instruments,  and  models  of  the  mining  school,  and  alludes 
lo  more  thun  one  private  mineral  cabinet. 

^"liOSs  favored  hy  fortune  than  his  co-laljorcr,  Vela/.iiuc/,  he  had  to  sustain 
a  constant  struggle  with  stern  necessities,  and  Ids  ellorts  shine  with  greater 
lustre,  as  manifested  in  the  several  Icarni  d  tieatises  from  his  pen,  which  have 
'ill  puhlished,  notably  the  Di'.irrij>rioii  HMoricit  ij  < 'ronnldijird  ilc  Ins  </<m 
/'"'//vi.s,  a  learned  dissertation  on  the  Aztec  calendar  stone,  discovered  in 
I7',t(),  which  had  icmained  iiidden  for  nearly  three  centurios. 

Hist.  Mkx.,  Vol,.  VI.     II 


m 


M 


* '  i 


.-U^- 


M'2 


KDUCATION,  «('IENCi:,  ARTS,  AND   LJTKUATL'UE. 


uablo  treatise;  on  ('(niiets.  Ho  was  also  the  editor  of 
tlie  Mcrcnrio  Volatile,  and  was  a  man  of  sound  judi^- 
incntand  ]\\<j;]i  attainments.  Pedro  Alarcon  and  others 
alttrward  distin^,uishcd  themselves  in  mathematies  anil 
astronomy. 

It  is  wonderful  how  both  government  and  people 
nenlect(>d  the  relics  of  New  Spain,  superior,  in  many 
directions,  to  thosi^  of  Eujy[)t,  and  worthy  of  compari- 
son with  those  of  the  middle  epoch  of  Greece.  Jn- 
«leed,  they  were  looked  on  as  devices  of  the  devil,  and 
devoted  to  extermination.  A  few  jiapers  and  figures 
were,  however,  sent  to  S[)ain,  and  roused  a  spirit  of 
inquiry,  which,  in  modi^rn  times,  has  had  brilliant  re- 
sults. The  foll.es  of  \andalism,  such  as  Zumarraga's, 
Sahaffun  redeemed  bv  collectini;  from  Indians  of  tin- 
conquest  data  on  their  manners  and  cnstoms,  modes  ol 
education,  and  knowledge.  Much  of  his  work  was 
mutilated  by  narrow-mindedness,  but  Torqucmada, 
in  his  Mouarqiiid,  saved  much  of  it.  The  mestizo 
Father  Duran's  work  met  with  the  same  fate  as  Sa- 
hagun's.  Acosta  brought  the  result  of  his  labors  at 
an  earlier  date  before  the  world. 

Coll(!ctions  of  original  documents,  in  the  hands  of 
native  nobles,  like  Ixtlilxochitl,  were  allowed  to  he 
scattered,  and  oidy  renmants  escaped  destruction, 
through  the  more  enlightened  care  of  Siguenza,  Vey- 
tia,  Ortega,  Pichardo,  and  a  few  others.  Boturini 
spent  six  years  in  gathering  several  hundred  pa[)ers 
and  curiosities,  which  are  partly  preserved  in  Kings- 
borouuii's  u'l.nvt  work.'"'     Mariano   Vevtia,  a  learned 

"The  ta.sk  f)f  iitiliziiij,'  lioturini'n  iiufartlioil  ilocuiiioiits  was  icservud  toi- 
Vcytia,  Clavitifio,  ami  suliseijnciit  iiiodurii  stiideuts,  Ix'ttcr  litteil  for  it  than 
liiiiis;'!;  for  liis  A/cfr  is  acuriouss  iiiuilley  of  iiiti.'restiug  facts  and  ])uci'ilitie.<. 
coiiiucCod  hy  a  thread  of  fantastic  .specidatioii.  Me  liad  coiiiideted,  in  174'.'. 
the  iirst  voluino  of  his  CroiKilni/id  dr.  Ifis  Priiir>pili:-i  Xiii'iom'.-i,  mImcIi,  owing  to 
liis  death  soon  after,  was  never  pnhlished.  Utit  a  Cmiilfn  iMi:iinui<i,  Ti'U'i- 
■iiKi.itU,  was  issued  by  Bustaniante  at  Mexico,  in  IS'Jl-i?,  and  shows  the  [iri 
mary  motive  which  impelled  Boturini  to  undertake  his  task,  and  which  niu>t 
have  unfitted  him  for  writing  histoi'y — a  pious  zeal  to  substantiate  the  a|ipaii 
tion  of  the  virgin  of  Oiiadalupe.  Of  his  apologetic  dissertation  on  the  subject, 
a  fragment  remaln.s  in  Latin.  .Some  of  his  ai:ts,  regarded  as  unwarranted  by  i 
foreigner,  led  to  hisarrest,  the  contiscation  of  hisjiapers,  and  his  being  seuttu 
Spain,  where,  his  motives  being  deelareil  pure,  he  was  appointed  historiograplici' 
of  tlic  Indie.-.  His  death  oceiu'rcd  soon  after,  and  his  pajiTs  became  scattercl 
or  d.'.-trovrd;  but  a  few  remain    In  tli     niuscum  of  Mexico. 


ZKALOUS   STUDY    OK   UUINS. 


643 


eroolo  and  true  friciKl  of  Boturini,  coiisultod  hi.s  f'ast- 
fadiiig  treasures,  and  wrote  a  mnnlxi'  of  treatises  on 
ahorio-inal  liistory  and  relics,  of  which  only  one  has 
lioen  published  directly  under  his  name.  It  is  con- 
lined  almost  wh(i]ly  to  history.  ])articularly  the  Te/- 
cucan,  and  unfortunately  'j^'wvs  hut  little;  concernin^^ 
manners  and  relics.  Meanwhile,  the  dear-Jieaded 
(  lavincro,  a  creolo  of  New  Spain,  furnished  a  work 
on  aboriginal  history  and  institutions,  com]irehensi\  e, 
concise,  and  able,  which  has  been  translated  into  all 
laimuafjeH. 

The  discovery  of  Palenquc  roused  public  attention 
to  the  ruins  existiniif  all  over  the  country,  and  stii'red 
;4'ov»;rmnent  action.  JJescriptionsof  such  r»jniains  may 
1)C  found  in  different  chroniclers,"  but  thev  had  created 
little  attention  abroad,  and  the  peculiar  policy  of  Spain 
tended  to  secrecy  on  matters  concerning-  her  colonies. 
However,  the  Creoles  after  a  time  took  interest  in  the 
subject,  and  s^ovcrnors  of  pro\inces,  and  even  the  su- 
l»renie  govei-mnent,  promoted  investigation,  and  the 
ruins  began  to  be  studied  with  zeal.*-  The  results  in- 
cited the  crown  to  a  thoroui;h  stud\  of  N(iW  Spain 
antiquities,  and  during  the  years  ISOoto  I  8(JH  Dupiii.x 
overran  the  southern  provinces,  and  collected  immense 
treasures,  as  a[)pears  by  his  rejiorts,*'  which  were  pub- 
hshed  in  184:3. 

Provision  has  been  made  in  this  century  for  the  ac- 
(luirement  of  scientific  knowledge,  with  satisfactory 
I'esults.  The  various  j)rofessions  justly  pride  them- 
selves with  p(jsscssing  meml)ers  entitled  to  a  high 
standing,  not  solely  at  home,  but  also  ahioad,  where 
many  of  their  number  have  been  enrolled  in  various 
societies,  and  their  productions  have  beiMi  accepted 
with  honor.  A  national  academy  f)f  science  was  es- 
tablished in  Mexico  in  1857,  and  another  in  Puebla  in 

"  HiTiial  Diaz.  Laiida,  Bnrgoa,  Villa;,'iitiori'o,  aiicl  down  to  < 'la^■igl■n>"^^  time. 

'-'As  lii.staiici!(l  hy  Hii)'.s  uiulL'i'taking  iii  )7'S(i  tor  tin;  t^xaiiiitiation  of  I'almi- 
'(ue. 

*■'  His  reports  arc  on  tlio  regions  from  tlio  latitude  of  Te/.ciico  into  ( 'luapa.-j, 
Uid  are  illustrated  hy  \l'<  drawings  fro'u  tlie  hand  of  Castaueili. 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STRiCY 

WIBSTER.N.Y.  14S80 

(716)  873-4903 


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(M4 


KDULATION,  .SCIENCE,  AKTiS,  AND  LITERATURE. 


18G1.  During  tlio  existonco  of  Maximilian's  tlironc, 
his  uovi'iiinicnt  (.Ucretxl  tlic  foundation  of  an  iuipori.il 
acackniy  t)f  science;  and  liu-ratuic."  The  erecti<jn  of 
a  national  observatory  at  C'hapultepec,  decreed  iu 
December  187(),  was  carried  out  In  May  1878.  The 
establishment,  also  conn»rising  a  meteorological  and 
magnetic  observatory,  maintains  relations  with  the 
chief  observatories  of  f(ji'eign  nations,  and  with  many 
scientific  associations.  It  has  thrown  lustre  upon  the 
men  who  manage  it.^'  In  1877  was  established  in 
Mexico  a  meteorological  oi)servatory  to  be  the  centre  of 
observations  made  throughout  the  republic,  and  to  be 
kept  in  relations  with  otheis  of  the  same  kind  in  for- 
eign nations.^" 

There  is  a  geological  society  which  was  established 
in  1875,  and  the  work  of  the  Mexican  Geographical 
and  Statistical  Society,  which  counts  anion'''  its  mem- 
l>ers  many  notable  scientists  both  foreign  and  national, 
for  many  years  past  has  contributed  to  the  diffusion 
of  knowledge  on  many  subjects,  particularly  in  con- 
nection with  Mexico.'*'  The  conclusion  arrived  at 
after  a  fair  investigation  of  facts  is  th:it  many  sons  <il 
Mexico  have  ma<le  great  strides  ii  accjuisition  of 

science;  thiit  a  nund)er  of  them  lia\r  excelled  in  its 
several  branches,  and  are  doing  their  j)art  well  in  the 
transmissi()n  to  others  of  the  knowledge  they  ]>ossess. 


"It  wiiM  iiiatiguruti'il  July  0,  180.').  Mv.i.,  Col.  Lnj.  tlrl  Imp.,  viii.  1  ■>-!!»; 
.\fe.i:,  hiiirio  )I<1  Iiiiv.,  A[n:  10,  18(»."),  supjil.  'MO  1;  Acm/.  fiiip.  <le  ('i)-ncias,  \~ 
27.  An  iioailciiiyot  physical  scieuot's  went  into  oi)cratioii  June  3,  1878.  Me.r., 
DhtrhOjii:,  May  :W,  1878. 

''  In  KS7.")  a  (.•oniniission  presided  over  by  V.  IMaz  Covarrulnas  was  went  to 
iiliserve  tliu  transit  of  the  pfanot  N'enus  in  Japui,  and  fiilMUed  its  niiHNiou  witli 
honor  and  [jrolit,  its  mi'ndjers  winning  tiie  respect  and  esteem  of  the  eoni- 
rnissioucrs  of  other  nations.  Uirira,  Mi'.i:  f'iii/nr.,  i.  3'Jl-t2;  Amjniono,  Anmi- 
rio,  l-.'V)8;  Mix.,  Diiirio  IMnitfn,  Cong,  (i,  ii.  U.")";  CoiyimtlinH,  Coin.  Axtmm. 
Mt'.r.,  I  VI;  /</.,  ViiKiv  lie  til  I'oiiiinkm,  1-448;  h'iiii  Pulacio,  JIM.  Adm, 
l.i'rdo,  401;  Mu:,  Meni.  Scr.  Fom.,  188'i,  i.  181- im. 

*"It  was  installed  in  the  national  palace,  and  began  its  labors  March  (>, 
1877.  They  are  published  in  the  Jloli/iii  ilvl  JlitiUtcriodi'  Fotiieiifo.  Then?  was 
likewise  installed  in  the  palace  a  central  astronomical  observatory.  Dinz,  Diitnn 
Biog.,  2.38-9.  B<ith  establishments,  as  well  as  those  at  (lajaca,  San  Luis  Po- 
tosi,  ivnd  Zacatecns,  are  doing  good  work. 

"  The  society  has  had  a  long  life,  and  its  laljors  have  been  given  to  the 
press  from  year  to  year. 


NATIONAL  TA«TK  IN  ARCHITECTURE. 


646 


Their  native  land  is  tliereby  given  an  honorable  posi- 
tion among  tlio  learned  nations.** 

The  fijundation  of  the  Real  Aoadeniia  de  Bellas 
Artes  de  San  Carlos,  in  177.'3,  inaugurated  the  promo- 
tion of  the  fine  arts  in  New  Spain.  Its  main  object 
was  to  facilitate  the  study,  free  of  expense  for  the  pu- 
j)ils,  of  architecture,  sculptun',  and  painting.  Among 
the  teachers  were  ^fanuel  Tolsa,  sculptor,  Rafail 
Jimeno,  painter,  Ger(5nimo  Antonio  Gil,  engraver,  and 
Antonio  G.  Velazquez,  arcliitict.  Humboldt  sp<aks 
of  the  great  interest  taken,  addiiii^-  tliat  here  all  i;uiks 
were  levelled.  National  taste  in  arcliitecturc  became 
ileveloped;  but  tlie  same  can  haidly  l>e  said  in  regard 
to  painting  and  animate  sculpture.  Th(.'  [><itronage  of 
tlie  church  failed,  there  were  faulty  methods,  a  rigiil 
adherence  to  stagnant  features  of  Spanish  art,  and  a 
suppression  of  originality.  Su[)erior  models  were  not 
to  be  had.  ^^anv,  indeed,  were  tlie  causes  that  ile- 
I'eated  the  ohjects  of  the  academy,  among  others  the 
disturl)ed  condition  of  the  country. 

Baltasar  de  Kchave,  the  elder,  has  been  i)y  many 
regarded  as  the  founder  of  the  art  of  painting  in  New 
Spain.'"*  His  contemporary,  in  th(^  Ixginning  of  the 
17th  centiuy,  was  Luis  Juarez,  who  must  liave  been 
his  pjipil.  An  inn)ressive  idealism  }>ei'vad<nl  this  art- 
ist's subjects.  .b)se  Juan-z  excelled  all  of  his  jirede- 
cessors  in  drawing,  and  showed  a  promising  ojiginality. 
He  must  be  classed  as  the  e<pial  of  i^chave.  Friar 
Herrei'a  was  called  the  dixine- praise  due  rather  to 
striking  features  ()f  expression  than  to  general  merit. 
The  opening  of  the  18th  century  was  marked  by  two 
artists,  the  l)rothei-s  liodiiguez  and  Juai'ez.  nf  whom 
Juarez  was  called  the  Mexican  Apelles,  and  ctHiipared 

'^  The  fdlldwiiig  authoritit'M  furiiisli  iiit'orniutioii  on  tlio  sulijoot:  Aniiiriv, 
itriti'ion  Fioi.,  1-1,");  (luiji'in,  Ajxliniitii  i/i  Ids  Mix.,  M-'t;  Sosn,  Aim  Cnn- 
triiqmniiKOli'i,  7">-87,  lo.V  (>(>,  IN,")  •_'()(•;  /</.,  IUk'I.  Mii.,  />i.</liiii.,  'i~  X''.). 
p:i^siiii;  Armniz,  Iiii><i.  .1/../.,  ."i7,  \W  1).  IKi  I.S; '////-/,--,;„„  ,1/,,.'  ii.  44:!  .">(•; 
M,i.<ii!rn,  Ml.,;.,  "JTlt   >S(»;    Din-,   .l//.-.vv/.,  nu.    1.*);   Z'U-<il>i,    l)isrii,'"\    I  Hi. 

'"He  w;us  liajipy  in  tlie  niMssing  ol  colors,  thoiiyli  thu  coniiiositiop  is  con- 
tiist'il,  jiml  tlio  striving  for  ctfuct  too  marked. 


(Mti 


Kht'CATlON,  SCIKNCK,  AKTS,   AND   LITK.UATUKK. 


to  C/arnuri.  Nicohis  was  iiitViior aiul  kss  known.  .lose 
1  liana,  calK-il  tlu'  Mnrillo  oC  Xrw  Spain,  tliouj.;!!  with 
l^^larin^  (Icf'ccts  and  pioi'iision  of  ln'illiant  cnloi-s,  stands 
noxt  in  rank  to  ('al)iria,  the  ci-ntial  IJiLjiirc  of  colonial 
ait.  Cahrora  was  a  Zapotcc  Jndian,  anil  l>y  his  ex 
(•(•lloncics  di'siTvt'd  tho  name  of  tin-  liapliacl  o\'  Mtxi<'o, 
tlioujjjli,  jurliaps,  with  j^icatrr  |)ropricty  that  of 
Michael  An^i'hi,  for  he  was  also  an  architoct  and 
scnli)toi/" 

Animate  sculpture  was  too  nmi'li  suhordinated  as  a 
part  of  architectun^,  and  conlined  almost  wholly  t«> 
conventional  iniitation.  Special  mention  is,  howevci-. 
due  to  th«  e<|Uistrian  statue  in  l»ron/e  (»f  (*arlos  1\'., 
h}  Mamu'l  Tolsa,  which,  for  its  perfection,  has  heeii 
com|»ared  with  tlu*  finest  i'^uropean  work  of  the  kind. 
Tolsa,  foi'  all  his  splendid  talents  and  his  hein*;-  a 
teache)-  in  the  San  (Mrlos  acach-my,  failed  to  exercise 
i\    inlhience   in   the  country.      In   fact,  plastic  anti 


ai 

('•instructive   aits    had 


never   en 


joyed 


(MIISU 


lerat 


ion. 


The  two  Coras,  who  hefore  Tolsa's  time  were  the 
only  sculptors  of  ii(»te.  were  poorly  paid,  thouij^h  some 
of  their  work  was  of  a  hii^h  ordir.  lu  this  respect  the 
feather-work  of  the  ahorin'ines  has  a  chiim  to  recojuni 
tioii.  It  presented  figures  with  such  skilful  hlendiiii; 
of  color  as  to  eipial  the  paintinjjf  of  b]uro}»ean  masters. 
In  sculpture,  some  of"  their  figures  must  he  placed 
ahove  similar  conventional  specimens  of  Ejrypt,  while 
some  of  the  tlecorative  elements  in  their  architecture 
can  safely  compare  with  advanced  CJrt'ek  ftirms,  I'm 
In-auty  ofdesiinn  at  least. 

.Vrchitecture  in   New  Spain   may  he  classed  with 
later 
the     I 


li( 


oinanes(iue,  witii  earlv   renaissance,'     or  witli 


^tyle.      In    i-arly    days,    huildini;s    wen 
erected    with   a  special    view   to   strength.      As  tim< 


\.OC<tC(t 


■"'His  lu'iul.s  wiTc  wi'll  ilr.iwii,  ;iiiil  cliiUMi'tiTi/i'd  liy  toucliiii^  nxiircs.sidii, 
Imt  Ihi'i-o  wius  a  lack  of  tlclicacy  in  inloriiig.  ami  t'auUy  drawing  in  outliii'' 
ami  [>i'<i|iiirtii>ii,  togi'lliiT  with  straiiioil  attituilrs,  stitl'  liraiii'iics,  vU\  Tli'' 
ilmi'ili  Wi\»  to  lilaiisi'  f(>r  tliis,  in  cxcluiliiii!;  the  st\iily  of  form  in  tlif  nmlo. 
'' Suoli  aH  in  Spain,  oonihincd  with  .Nloinish  ty|ii'.><  ami  cliisHic  forniH,  as- 
niiiig  a  distinctivu  featntv  in  itn  lioM,  liglit,  and  lu.viiriant  ontlinL-N. 


HU 


KANTASTIC  CATIIKIHIAL  STYLUS. 


(147 


;ulv!in<*«'(l,  str<'iiy:fli  *xa\'r  wmv  t<»  mm'  utility,  witluiiit 


iiiiv  n«r 


in  I  t<»  tl 


ic  <>ni!iin«'ii 


till. 


I 


II    IModclll 


lloU 


scs. 


tlu'   (iecorativ*!   ('Icinciit   lias   L,n<'atly    iiirrcasfd.      My 
n-maiks  liciciii  apply  almost  (exclusively  to  the  rolouial 


pen 


o( 


'I'lic  catlu'dral  of  ^^('xi<•o  prcsi-iits  strikini;  p(>ciiliari 
t'cs  ill  tlir  Ix'll-sliapcd  (JoiiK'S  of  tli<'  ((fWci's,  the  heavy 


.1 


reNcrseii  consoles,  and  in  oilier  way 


.th 


That  <»t'  (lua- 


(lalajaia  ditleTs  in  its  heavy  st<'eples.  On  the  s(|uare 
at  ( 'olinia  stands  a  most  stiikiiiLj  arcade  edifice  of  u 
M<»orish  stamp.  In  the  medley  of  styles,  one  may 
even  si'c  a    l)ori«'  frieze  over  capitals  of  a  different 


nnler.      In    a    privati;    house    may   l> 


seel 


I    ta] 


H'llIlL'' 


<liafts,  like  the  Maya,  with  pyramidal  hase  and  conic 
capital.  Ill  sovoral  convent  int<'riors  they  have  sj»irj>l, 
striped,  and  Moorish  pillars.  The  spiral  ap|)ears  in 
the  fouutjiin  wliich  terminates  the  Cliapiilt<'pec  a<|Ue- 
duct.  In  several  huildini^s  may  lu^  iu>ted  the  fantas- 
tic ('liurri<;ueresco  style  so  <'ommon  in  SiKiin.''  In 
several  chiii'chesof"  this  or<ler  the  facades  are  entirely 
covered  with  oinameiitations,  interspersed  with  niches 


ai 


id  statuary  in  the  so-called  Jesuit  style 


Aft 


er   .Ue- 


sentiiiLj  otlu'r  forms  in  windows,  ]»oitals,  and  elsewhere, 
altovc^  the  main  huildiiiLi^s  its  two  or  tlir«'e  recediiii^ 
stori«>s  resume  the  ('hur!ii,nieres<'o  emhellishmeiils. 
Ill  one  instance  the  annulated  surface  of  the  lower 
stories  has  imparted  a  Moorish  stamp. 

As  a  rule,  the  country  cliurches  form  a  Hasiiii-a  in 
one  hody,  with  two  t<»wers  eiiclosiiiiL;-  a  yahh'  facade  of 
(t'^vo  outliiH^  <tr  with  voluted  vviii'^s  less  fncjiieiitly 
circular  or  plain  iLjahh'  eiiclosinn'  either  star  window 
or  niche,  and  topped  hy  a  pedestal  for  the  cross.  The 
portal  has  a  circular  a,rcli  with  double  arcliiti:i\»'.  the 

'^Tho  only  exeoptioiis  wcro  tho  imliliu  ciliticus  an<I  cliin'clio,  iiiMily  .ill 
iluo  to  tlio  skill  ami  lalicir  of  friars,  wiio  Ki't  an  (.•xaiiiiili'  to  liruinntc   tastf. 

'^  It  may  Im  fla.s.sfl  as  a  UnriH'o,  v  itli  niMtit;  walU  ami  muuliliii:;-^,  lii^:lil> 
oriiaiiu'iitiMl  jtila.Mtc^rM  with  tinral  friri^is,  Miiiinniiitfil  liy  .\tlaiitt's  ii|iliiililiii>^ 
the  capital.s.  'I'lu;  fric/.r  |irtM'fils  an  ilinliilalili^'  liorilrf,  i  iirlosiug  tliiial 
IniiU'lii's,  ami  over  the  wiiidnws  it  ixjiaiuls  intu  Jprokiu  rtutiliiuar  mniiMiiijis, 
«itli  foliati'il  ami  vnliilu  (iriiairii'iiti.  Tliu  jmrt.il  aicli  i.s  al-^o  vulutLMl,  svitli 
ciirvnl  Ixinlcr. 


■i 


I 


'I 
»  I' 


■1  '■«■  Ji 

ill'l 


C4S 


K1>U<ATI()N,  SelKNt'E,  ARTS,  AND  LITER ATU UK. 


outer  resting  on  tsimple  pilasters  or  coluuuis,  and  on 
either  side  rises  an  additional  pilaster  to  the  eornice, 
whieh  seldom  extends  unhroken  alon<^  the  towei. 
Frequently'  only  one  eorni'r  is  finished  with  a  pliiiii 
t\V(j-story  towel',  provided  with  arched  windows  ami 
a  dome.  The  whole  bears  a  stamp  of  the  utmost 
simplicity.  In  the  cities  a  tower  can  bo  seen  at  each 
cornel',  with  a  lai'u'e  <l(»me  in  the  centre,  somewhat 
defaced  by  tasteless  painting.  The  clustered  columns 
of  the  interior  are  fluted  Doric,  with  heavy  chaptrds, 
and  here  also  the  balustrade  forms  a  prominent  feature 

Amoiii;'  Afexican  ai'ciiitects,  the  only  creole  of  real 
prominence  is  Frunclsco  Eduardo  Trt'sn'uerras,  boi-n 
at  (V'laya  in  174."),  who  has  left  monuments  of  jiis 
skill  and  taste  in  temjdes,  theatres,  bi-idi^i's,  and  other 
public  structures,  and  who  showed  proficiency  also  in 
sculpture  and  painting-.      He  died  in  18.'33. 

The  Academia  de  l^ellas  Artes  de  San  Carlos, 
which  political  conunotions  had  allowid  to  lan*;Mi.sli. 
was  revived  on  the  <)th  of  January,  1847,"^  with  such 
hap})y  results  that  the  first  exhibitions  of  the  pupils' 
works  took  ])lace  in  I  84!),  a  number  of  the  latter  show- 
iny;  a  marked  excellence.  After  Mexico  went  into  the 
throe.^  of  revolution,  in  whieh  even  the  life  of  her  re- 
publican institutions  was  imperilled,  her  people  could 
have  no  thoUi;ht  but  for  war,  and  the  academy  went 
to  decay  again  since  t8a8.'''  Its  name  was  changed 
in  1808  to  Escuela  Xacional  de  Bellas  Artes,  and  a 
new  im[)ulse  was  given  to  the  developnunt  of  fine 
arts.  The  collection  of  paintings,  scul))ture,  and  in 
gravings  became  large  and  precious.  Since  1801  it 
has  comprised  the  best  works  found  in  the  convents 


.Ml 


•'♦  Un<ler  tlm  tuition  (if  tlio  iiaiiitcr  t'lavt',  tlif  sfuliitor  Vilar  hrouglit  fmin 
Roitio  tlii'i'o  cngravt'i's  fmm  hiiglaml,  and  a  laiulHcapu  painter  uainvil  L.111 
tlt'sid,  alMi  tioni  Italy. 

'•' Tiie  (liH'adenci!  was  alMiostt  complete  from  KSIilJ  to  18(i7.  f'iix'rii,  M'.r. 
/'i„t<yi:,  i.  171. 

■'"The  81'ulpturo  >.'allt'ry  has  fine  Ki>eoimens  in  alaUastcr,  marble,  ayati-, 
and  tcrra-cotta.  Art  schools  have  alsoln-cn  I'stiiblisheil  in  otiier  towns.  H'lr- 
ceiiii  EstuiitOH  Prc.i.  Sir.  Foiiifii/o,  1I{!>-.")S;  (iitirid  ChIius,  /,'rp.  of  Mr.i.,  '2S,  ;!S, 
CouU\    Dhiloijo,  \-V2\\:  Meii'lorM,  Cotiil.,  40;   //onihi'.^  /I.   M,:r'.,  ii.  41,  '_"J.">  7. 

•274-80.  :<:<r)-'<),  :nr>-fii;  iii.  8-i3,  I0j-:2(i. 


FIRST  AMERICAN   I'RINTINli-PRESS. 


649 


The  institution  has  well  answorocl  the  purposes  for 
which  it  was  croatod,  and  it  is  evident  tliat  there 
is  ijofKl  material  in  Mexiet)  for  artists  of  a  hij^h 
order.''' 

Tlujre  is  at  the  capital  a  national  inusouni  contain- 
ing many  valuahle  works,  the  most  importjint  part  be- 
ing the  Mexican  anti(|uities.  It  was  founded  in  1825, 
an<l  reorganized  in  IS;! I.  A  law  of  IH21)  forhids  the 
exportation  of  anti(|uities,  reserving  to  the  govennnent 
a  prioi'  right  of  purcliase.'* 

There  is  ;i  national  conservatory  of  music  at  the 
rapital  to  give  instruction  in  vocal  and  instrumental 
music.'"  The  ('(tuntry  has  produced  a  lunnber  of  ex- 
cellent musieians.  both  vocal  and  instrumental,  and  not 
a  few  fair  c(»miH)Scrs. 


y 


^^exico  was  the  first  city  on  the  American  conti- 
nent to  have  a  printing-i)ress,  and  to  publish  a  book. 
The  press  cam e  hither  with  V^iceroy  Mendoza  in  1535. 
It  is  believed  that  Juan  Pablos  was  the  first  printer.*' 
The  first  book  issued  was  the  K^cala  F.spiritmd  para 
lli'i/ar  al  Cielo,  TntiJnriilt)  thl  Ldlhi  cu  ( '(ixkllaito  pur  cl 
rrnrrahlc  Padre  Fr  Iran  ik  la  Madakna,  Reliijioso 
Domhiico,  15:l(;.  This  work  no  longer  exists."'  Two 
l)ooks  are  said  to  be  extant,  with  the  date  1539  and 
1540,  the  former  being  a  Docirina  ('lirlxfiana,  and  the 


;  f  * 


■'"  It  is  madi- evident  .it  tlic  :iiiini:il  cxliilritiinis.  liiista,  K<t.  Ili'y.  Mex.,  i., 
."M  pt,  (>l{-7"-';  lini,nr,j't't  '>/«.,  MS.,  ~S  81;  CihiiHrro,  Hist.  Mm.,  91-7; 
/i,sli,r^>'i  oil  Mr.,.,  1  •_'()! 

■"•  riio  iiiu.HfUiri  has  a  lihrary  on  ii;itur;il  history,  ari'h!i>oh)gy,  ami  liistory. 
l;,i.ttitiniiiili\  S'otii,  in  Li'on  1/  <!(iiii(l,  Tris  I'ii'ilrn-',  S',(;  ( ''tlt/iToiix  I. iff  ill  .Mr.r.. 
II.  :{  4;  A.i'iix  .M'l.^.o  X.i',:  .][,■.,■.,  i.  'J,  •J*J(;41;  Th<>i,i)uri,i\-<  M<'.,:,  llt;-_'4; 
lUi-ini,  Mir.  /'iidor..  i.  17.'>  SI:  f;„',rr,i.  .U'.,-..  ii.  liM:  .l/-.-.,  .1/-///.  .\fi,r  .his- 
Urin,  yi'iirs  KS.'il,  1S78  SI.  Tlu'lo  is  also  a  jmlihc  inu.soiiiii  at  <  iuailal.ijar.i. 
'/',/■.,  Diiiriii  <>ilr.,  .Tail.  '-'0,  ISTC).  Tlit.'  tountry  jio.s.si'sscs  many  nionuniuiits  of 
iiioilcrn  art,  thi'  jiroihu-tion  ol  Mcxifan  artists  as  well  as  foreign.  lJ!ir.,  Ihilns 
IliiKj..  'J41— 4;  Mr.r.,  Mriii.  Srr.  /■'iiiiir/ito,  I.SiS'J,  .'HD-ul ;  Mtincro,  MoiiHiii.,  I  77; 
I'iirrit,  Mc.i.  J'iiitor.,  i.  ISO. 

"•Many  hranche.s  of  a  common  cMluoation  arc  also  taiij;lit  there. 

*".Iuan  I'ahlos,  iirimt^r  impresor  (jiic  a  usta  tierra  vino. '  Ihiriln  /'itilillu, 
lfi.^t.  I'nnil.  Mr.r.,  .">4-.  '  I'U  primer  Inipresor  fue  luan  Pahlos.'  (riwr..  IhivHa, 
T',i/rn  Edrs.,  i.  •_>:{;   Mnliii  i,  C/iinii.  S.  Dlrijo,  'l'X.\. 

'■'  The  author  was  Kstrada,  tlie  son  of  (iov.  Kstrada,  sneecs.sor  t<f  ("ortus,  a 
''•atnro  which  lends  interest  to  tiie  work. 


■  ;l:''   i 


660 


KDUC'ATION,  SflENt'K,  ARTS,  AND  LITKRATUUK. 


other  a  Manual  de  Adullos.  Fully  ten  otlicr  ImmiK^ 
printed  Ijofore  1560  arc  known  t<)  liiMiograplurs,"- 
antl  there  are  about  70  more  \vith  datts  ot*  the  ICtli 
ci'iitury.  A  few  otlui-.s  may  liave  been  brou<^lit  out 
of  convents.  They  were  chicily  )'eh«;ious,  partly  in 
native  tongues,  and  voeabularii's  and  ujrammai'  ot 
those  tonu'ues."''  l*rintin<j:  was  t»»o  nmch  restricttfj 
to  llourish,  and  only  the  Kadin<;  t(»wns  had  presses. 
It  appears  that  tliere  were  six  in  Mexico  in  17<II, 
while  at  the  l)eijinni!i»;  (tf  the  itre.sent  centurv  th(>n' 
Were  oidy  tliree. 

Periodicals  were  strictly  watched,  and  were  com- 
paratively of  little  historical  value."*  After  the  coun- 
try became  independent,  newspapers  began  toHourisIi ; 
and  notwithstanding  restrictions  established  at  difl'o- 
ent  periods,  they  have  l)ecome  numerous  throughout 
the  republic,  especially  at  the  national  and  state  cai)i- 
tals,  many  of  them  being  conducted  with  marked  abil- 
ity. Not  a  few  are  noted  for  scurrility,  fiery  toni . 
or  bombast.  There  are  many  political  papers,  and 
not  a  few  of  literary  or  scientific  periodicals. 

Collections  of  books  were  not  numerous,  during  tlie 
Spanish  rule,  outside  of  the  convents,  where  more  it 
less  extensive  libraries  were  ^'ormed,  almost  wholly 
theologic.  However,  the  few  colleges  accuniulatid 
large  lots."'  Foreign  books  were  strictly  excluded, 
and  churchmen  discountenanced  light  S]>anisli  litera- 
ture.     The    standard   authors  of  Spain  formed  tin 


"''My  Tiibrary  contains  a  ivniarkalily  well-proserveil  copy  of  Doftrimi  fV'-- 
tianit  of  till)  iiii])rint  of  \'A6. 

''■'Thu  type  is  (Jothic,  Italic,  uml  Koiniin,  with  frc!i(uent  abbreviations  iiii.l 
rare  Mood-ciits. 

"^The  first  ri'gnlar  piriodical  was  tiio  Mcrrurio  Vohintr  of  Sigucuza,  Ipt^mui 
at  Mexico  in  KilW.  'V\\r  ddatu  (/c  J/u'co  apjieared  in  17--;  tor  some  na.-'U 
it  was  Btoppeil  the  same  yi'ar,  but  it  i';»uinc<l  in  IT-X.  It  continued  till 
17.'19,  M'lien  the  Mirnirio  suceeedcd  for  three  years;  thi  n  came  a  long  inli  r- 
rni)tion  until  17S4,  wlu'n  the  (incitu  <h'  Mtjicn  ri'appcared  permanently,  in 
seini-inonthly,  weclily,  and  semi-weekly  numbers,  the  last  in  180.J.  At'"' 
"thers  were  issmd  early  this  centnry  in  Vera  Cruz  and  elsewhere.  Tli' 
Olhiiriyrdor  Aiiicnrniio  was  printed  at  Sultepee  in  iSiO  witli  wonden  types. 

'•■'The  San  .Tiiaii  ilc  Letran,  Jesuit  institute,  tind  the  university.  Tlie 
former  Jesuit  college  had  4,:V)0  in  1707,  and  the  Letran  hail  grown  in  nn"!- 
ern  times  to  more  than  l'J,0(JO. 


AN   IMl'ULSE  TO  LlTEUATUllK. 


051 


•ifcin,  the  nuclous  of  the  sots,  but  the  nuinhor  of  local 
writers  was  lartfe."** 

At  till'  close  of  the  last  ceiituiy  an  impulse  was 
«;ivci»  to  literature,  which  in  the  i>resent  one  niaiii- 
fested  itself,  aiu(m<;  other  fttrius,  in  the  accuiiiulatioii 
of  books,  and  lati-r  in  the  is.>ue  of  |>erio«licals.  Un- 
fortunately, the  revolution  and  suhsicjUent  disorder 
checked  the  one,  and  «;avc!  an  irregular  and  less  desir- 
able direction  to  the  other.  Archives  were  destroved, 
and  ni(»st  valuable  libraries,  such  as  those  of  Andrade 
and  Hainirez,  were  lost  to  the  country,  lnMn<;  exported 
and  sold  in  Europe.  The  extinction  of  the  religious 
orders  involved  the  disappearance  of  hooks  and  manu- 
scripts which  their  convents  contained.  A  few  zeal- 
ous [tersons  in  some  of  the  states  savid  a  remnant  as 
a  nucleus  for  public  collections,  but  the  ^I'neral  l^ov- 
ernment  took  no  etlective  steps  to  establish  a  national 
library  until  1857.^'  The  larijest  collections  in  the 
country,  those  of  the  university,  cathedral,  former 
Jesuit  collejj^e,  and  others,  were  included,  so  that  over 
100,000  volumes  wert^  collected  within  a  few  years. 
A  number  of  [)rivate  collections  have  also  been 
formed.**  Men  of  letters  have  or<;anized  literurv 
societies  for  the  accunmlation  of  books,  the  fosterin*; 
of  taste,  and  the  jiublication  of  meritorious  ett'orts."" 
These  societies  have  also  assisted  to  spread  French 
ideas   and    methods.     Mexico  surpasses   the   mother 

'Tiirticulurly  the  Franciscans,  wIki  intlieteil  tiiiim  inankinil  their  vt;rl)i>.->e 
anil  nuinotonous  narratives  up  to  l.StK>.  Thei-e  were  more  than  4<H)  ul  them, 
anil  very  few  could  l>y  any  streteli  \>\  ennscicnee  lie  ealKil  kaiiieil.  A  nnt;i- 
lile  exeuiition  wasTorqueniatla,  wliu  tlmugli  a  Mgot  nianaued  to  nianiiiulate 
••siinie  kuiiwluilge. 

•'•  J/(./-.  Airfiim,  Col.  Ley.,  vi.  7(MI  10,  refers  tn  a]iii,)intiiients  of  otlieers  itt 
IStil,  anil  the  grant  (»f  aid. 

'•"Sueh  as  ,h  (i.  Icazhalccta's,  including  many  larly  and  rare  Mexieau 
liiioks:  (itliers  exhitiit  a  wide  ranye  of  suiijeets. 

'''•"'I'lic  lirst  w;is  tiie  /iiKtilii/o  dc  Cifiiri(ij<,  Litrni/nrti ;/  .liic,  o[u'ned  in  KV.'ti, 
liut  did  not  long  survive.  An  informal  Arnidid  had  existed  hefore  tlie  revo- 
hitiiin.  Tlie  next  was  the  Aeadeniia  <le  San  .luan  de  iA-tian,  wiiieh  also 
sank  to  rise  again  in  l)S.")()  as  tiie  Licco  Midalgo.  Several  others  with  less 
imhitious  aims  and  less  knowfi  memliers  appeared  in  othei'  state  centres. 
None,  however,  have  shown  the  vigor  of  the  Instituto  Naeioii.il  de  (ieografia, 
"liieh,  since  its  creation  in  l.HHI{  has  done  great  scrvici'  in  eolleeting  liistorie, 
descriptive,  and  statistical  data.  Alliiiin  Mi.u:,  ii.  ti2;  Ld  t'riiz,  in.  409;  Mn:, 
'\)L  Li'ij.,  IS'iS,  'J70-I,  and  many  others. 


:\ 


.\    I' 


.''  'I 

if:  *!■ 


688 


KDUCATION,  SCIKXCK,  ARTS,  ANI>  LITKRATUKE. 


country  in  tlu;  liberal  reception  of  forei«(n  ideas.  In. 
deed,  she  has  remained  a  mere  eopyist,  it  is  presiniK  d 
because  lier  best  men  devote  their  attention  mostlv 
to  politicH. 

The  Creoles  are  jtrecocious  and  imj)ulsivc,  but  uii- 
sustained  and  not  perseverinj.,'.  Indoh-nce  of  sjijiit, 
adtled  to  the  non-retieetive  bent  of  the  Castilian.  iin- 
jiarted  a  sliailowness  to  tiieir  eH'oits.  It  must  hr 
a«'kno\vl('di.jed,  nevtrthcless,  that  the  catMloj^ut-  nt 
)>roniinciit  writers  presents  many  Mexicans  (»t"  \\\v 
Kuropean  nwv  \vh(»  ol)tain('d  transoceanic  fame.  Tin' 
Indian  clement  furnished  from  earlv  davs  a  lonir  li>t 
of  writers  who  redeemed  their  race  iVom  the  unjust 
oblo(juy  cast  upon  it  \)y  a  short-siijlited  and  bnit.il 
policy;  and  wiiile  the  Indian  mind  in  tliose  early 
times  was  almost  wholly  imitative,  laekiui^  in  breadth 
and  subtlety,  and  strikingly  devoid  of  imaLji nation  ami 
invention,  yet  its  aptitude  for  mastering  mechanicil 
di'tails  tended  to  hide  many  impi-rfections.  In  an 
early  volume,  I  have  given  the  state  of  advanci-nieiit 
in  literature  and  the  fine  arts  of  the  Aztecs  before  the 
Spanish  conquest.'"  With  the  advent  of  the  Spaniaid, 
a  more  perfect  language  came  tt>  the  aid  of  native 
thought.  At  first  it  could  not  throw  off  the  shackles 
of  the  former  language;  the  Indians'  S}>anish  poetry, 
for  instance,  indicating  crudeness  and  mediocrity;  yet 
these  defects  may  have  resulted  from  submissiveness 
and  bigotry."'  Among  the  more  prominent  writers, 
deserve  s})ecial  mention  three  bearing  the  princt  ly 
name  of  Ixtlilxochitl  -Feninndo  Pimentel,  his  sun 
Antonio,  and  Fernanilo  de  Alva,  who  recorded  the 
glories  of  their  ancestors.'-  The  last  named,  notwitli- 
standiuijf  his  faults  of  construction,  won  the  name  of 
the   Cicero  of  Amihuac.     Juan  de  Tovar,  to  whom 


'*  Xathr  RitiVK,  ii.  48ti  98,  this  series. 

•'  Most  of  the  coiitrilmtions  hy  aboriginal  writers  were  translations  into 
native  tongues  of  religious  iliseoursus,  grammars,  vocabularies,  ancient  his- 
tory, anil  rites. 

'•Alva  stanils  high  among  the  earlier  Indian  historians  for  style  and 
eojiiousness,  as  sliown  in  liis  IliMoiiii  ('hifltiment,  ami  his  IMitciones. 


fONSl'lCUOl-.s   WIllTK  lllSTOUIANS. 


ti:i3 


was  apjilit'tl  till'  suiiu'  (•(•mikmiumi  for  liis  jn-nficicncy  In 
Aztt'c,  like  IiIh  fiitlit'i-  Antonio,  an<l  Trzo/oinoc.  lilKi-- 
ally  contriltutt'd  to  tin-  liistoi-y  <»t'  ditlrrt'iit  s«(tions  of 
tlio  valley  of  Mexico,  'i'lie  l»iavf  TlascaltfCH  toinitl 
less  finished  iceorders  of  their  annals  in  Tadeo  Ni/a. 
(Ainiarj^o,  Zajnita  y  Mendo/a,  j'oinar,  A<;Uero,  and 
the  brothers  ()ite|na.''  Thric  is  notieealde  in  tlieir 
[•rodm-tions  a  lack  of  cinl.ellishnKiit,  implying'  j»o\crty 
ot'  lan<^uam-.  Indian  cliaractcilstics  often  cruj!  out. 
llelij^ions  inihienccs  have  inj|ire<sed  upon  the  mind  its 
littleness  in  sell-ahasenK'Ht.  In  the  course  of  years, 
the  defects  of  lani;uan'e  ha\  e  disaj»peared,  the  educated 
Indian  of  Mexico  usin^'  the  Spanish  lanLiua<4;e  with 
the  same  perfection  as  liis  fellow-citizen  of  pure  Euro- 
]»ean  desc<'nt.  J*eeuliarities  of  character  possihly  re- 
main, hut  must  have  been  j^reatly  niodified  by  changes 
in  social  ami  political  condition. 

The  most  conspicuous  white  writers  on  hist(»ry  of 
the  IGth  and  17th  centuries,  aside  from  Cortes,  Ijirnal 
Diaz,  and  others  among  the  con<jUerors,  were  lathers 
Mendieta,  Torquemada,  Vetancur,  and  Tello,  Mota 
Padilla,  and  Friar  Beaumont.'^  Contemporary  with 
Vetancurwcre  the  friars  Baltasar  Medina  and  Dilvila 
Padilla,  both  Mexicans,  and  ranking  as  Franciscan  and 
Dominican  chroniclers,  respectively,  both  veri)ose  and 
involved.  Their  worst  features  appear  in  the  Jesuit 
chronicles  of  the  same  period  by  Francisco  de  Floren- 
cia.  Prose,  exce])t  that  of  Sigiienza  and  Tello,  made 
Httlc  advance  in  the  first  two  and  a  half  centuries  of 
•  •olonial  rule,  either  in  treatment  oi-  style.  The  rarer 
mestizo  element  evinced  K-ss  aj>preciation  for  lett«'is, 
with  a  marked  prevalence  amont;'  them  of  aboriiiinal 
traits.  This  is  ajtpaifnt  in  Dui'an,  ///Wor/V/  dc  las  hi- 
(lias,  and  Suarez  Paralta,  Ao//r/«.s  JJistorlcuK.     Towaid 

■"For  information  on  tlmsc  ■writer.H,  and  a  host  of  otlit-'i-  litLi-iiiy  lights 
.'iinon{^  the  Indians,  I  refer  to  Kijiwun,  Bili.  Alex.,  i. ;  livrUtuin,  Bill.  J/i.^ji. 
Am.,  i.-iii.;  Boturmi,  Cntdlfx/n,  passiui;  Alccdo,  Bili.  Am.,  MS.,  i.-iii.;  (Int- 
iindo.%  Tardea  Am.,  145.  Clii\  igero  gives  ii  long  list  of  writers  iu  Indian  dia- 
lects in  his  Storut,  Metis.,  iv.  2(j'J;  (iitllo,  Ilonilin'.s  Ilnat.,  i.-iv. 

''*  Torn\xeinada,'B  Monarquta  /yir/ta/ta  obtained  the  distinction  of  the  litau- 
lard  history  of  New  8pain,  and  for  its  author  the  appellation  of  Livy. 


M 


■|.ij|i;iil 


4'h 


,-t  i'ii. 


I 


11 

m 


i'. 


6M 


EDUCATION,  S(iKN«K,  AUTS,  ANM>  LITKIIATUUK. 


tli«'  I'lul  of  tli»'  last  cc'iituiv,  11  iiioic  classic  him!  scdab 
tone  aj>[»cHrs,  imtaMy  in  tlu!  writiiitj^H  dt"  tlic  .Icsuits 
Alcaic,  ( 'lav ii^ci'.t,  and  ('av<»,  and    Maiiaiio  Vcyti.i. 
A  tV\v  remarks  oil  the  liistoiians  <»f  tlic  present  ecu 
tiiry  will  not  1»«-  out  of  place  lure.     Tho  revolution;!  r\ 
condition  of  M<'xi<'o  prompted  the  issue  <»f   political 
pamphlets    more    or    less    imliued  with    paitisaiiship. 
ridicule  beini;-  a  weapon  commoidy  used  with  tcllini; 
effect.     But  hiL;hci'  aims  animated  other  men,  result- 
ing in  efforts  at  histc^ry  writinci'.     Several  compar.i- 
tivc^ly  less  ini|»ortant  [iroduetions  apj>eared  at  lirsc, '' 
and  from  time  to  time  more  amhitious  efforts  l)e««;an  tn 
see  tho  public  lii^ht,   the   first  one  worthy  of   notice 
l»c!ing  thatof  A[ier  y  Guerra,  which  exhibits  r»>s<'arcli 
aiul  erudition,  but  is  unfortunately  marred  bv  lack  of 
tliscrimination  and  by  strong  bias.     He  was  followed 
by   Moia,    Zert'cero,    Zavala,    Alaman,    Jiustaniantc. 
Suarez  y  Navarro,  Portilla,  Payno,  Tornel,   Kilisolji. 
Iglesias,  Cuovas,  Arrangoiz,    Alvarez,    Rivera,   An 
cona,  Martinez,  Zauiacois,  and   others."     A  numlu  i 
of  them  have  ijiven  us  narratives  of  events  at  certain 
]>eriods,  others  have  attempted  a  general  history,  and 
still  others  confined  themselves  to  I  "ography.     All  nf 
th(>m  are  entitled  to  more  or  less  crvdit,  and  yet  least 
a  vacuum,  either  for  lack  of  comprehensiveness,  ar- 
rangement, or  im})artiality.     Every  one  seems  to  haxc 
been  biassed  by  religious,  j)olitical,  social,  or  personal 
considc^rations.     Prescott's  work  on  Aztec  culture  and 
the   conqu<'st  roused    many  distinguished    Mexican.-, 
liamirez,  Tcazbalceta,  and   Larrainzar,  and  others,  tn 
the  study  of  those  subjects.      Notes,  documents,  and 
essays  began  to  appear.      Orozco  y  Jierra  went  fui 


• '  All  Creoles  and  the  foremost  historians  of  the  iniriod.  Clavigero  eeliiisid 
every  prcviouH  attempt.  Cavo  is  concise  and  orderly,  though  too  strictly 
ehronolo^'ical;  Alcgre  s  style  is  less  pure  and  rounded,  yet  not  redundant, 
liis  pages  sliow  research.  Veytia  arr.iiiged  and  published  the  niatei-ial  o: 
Boturini,  adding  nnich  research  of  his  own. 

"•Those  of  Cancelada,  wiio  vas  more  of  a  journalist,  Aleocer,  Villa  Urni- 
tia,  and  otiiers. 

'■' Hililiouraiihical  notices  of  most  of  their  works  have  been  given  in  ditfcr- 
eiit  volumes  of  my  work,  and  need  not  he  repeated  here. 


i'HO.sK  FICTION   rUOHlBITED. 


606 


tliL-r,  uiKKrt4ikiii«;   a    iirw  cxainitiation  ()('  tlw  wliolo 
siilijcrt.     'I'lii'  result  wuH  u  wcu'k  wliii'li   tor  r<nii|»rc'- 


hi'iisivc'iK'Ss  aiK 


otlu'r  nativo  c 


I   val 
tl'ort. 


U(>    III 


tiiis 


respect  surpuss(!.s  any 


Tlie  i'irculation  i it' pros*'  Hrtion  'vuk  strictly  restricted 


ii:  colonial    tiin 


('.•>. 


M 


exiean   nov(  ists,   who   may 


>ai 


d  to  iiave  come  into  existence  v/ithin  the   last  fc 


decades,  find  ciimparatively  little  eneoura^ement.  The 
most  pretontioMs  of  these  are  historic  novels,  by  Juiiii 
NCateoH  and  Hiva  IVihu'io.'"  Towanl  the  eml  of  the 
last  ceiitiirv  ti^ured  ( Jama,  Velazque/,  Heeerra,  Alzate, 
id  the  earlier  Sigiieiiza,  in  arclueolo'^y  and  ahoriji^imd 


an 


astronomy.^'     Ahout  the  same  time  ti«,aired  Villarr    i, 
the  essayist,  and  Faiisto  de  lOlhuyar,  on  coina«;e. 

The  most  iioteJ  bJ>lio«4raplu'rs  of  New  Spain  liave 
lieen  Kmii-iva  y  I'^jj^ureii,  liihlinhfit  Mr.n'rtuKi,  etc., 
Afi'xico,  17  J  J,  and  lieristain,  liihiiofrca  J/isjKiti<>-A))ier- 
>C(nnt  Si jifciifr/'niiiil,  Mexico,  l«l(»-'J[.  (jratory  was 
cultivated  fn»in  the  earliest  <-ttlonial  day>,  its  chief 
etforts  proceedini;"  from  tlie  ]»ulpit.  The  discourses 
were  usually  interspersed  with  Latin  (piotations, 
metaphors,  mysticisms,  and  occasionally  with  aiuc- 
dotes— all  convoyed  in  tlorid  redundaiicy.'^^  There 
were,  ni'vertheless,  honorahle  exce|>tions  of  pure  and 
pointed  ehxpieiice,  such  as  that  of  Archhishop  Nunez 
(le  ]iaif>,  and  the;  Cuban  Conde  y  ()(|Uendo,  who  dis- 
tinguished himself  b</th  in  the  foruui  and  temple. 
The  forum  was  also  a  pro]>er  field  for  the  dis])lay  of 
oratory.''-  But  aftei-  Mexico  became  a  nation,  with 
•  luinociatic  institutions,  the  field  for  oratorical  displays 
was  sjfreatlv  widened,  and    the   number  of   nun    who 


'.  s  ; 


"'Uiifortuuiitely,  tho  arraiigeiiUfiit  and  treatini'iit  of  the  niatertnl  sliows 
iiKSiitticieiit  attfiitioii. 

'"lliva  I'liliicio  (luiiU  chiutly  witli  tlic  IdWlt  ila.s.sus,  and  iutroihu^us  a  iiuiii- 
l)ur  of  stirring'  uveiil.s.  .Mateii.s  li-ic.s  to  a  liigliur  social  onlcr,  ui.d  kc.[)s  close 
In  tlie  military  leaders;  liis  iligrcssioiisi  are  not  always  such  as  liol.l  the  ••i.ttcii- 
lion  slraiiicil. 

'^Sigiteii/a  was  a  historian,  iiliiloHoi)her.  essayist,  and  journalist.  Kid 
writings,  thoii^^li  most  valuable,  were  not  free  from  l)igotry. 

"'  1  liavc  in  my  Lihrary  a  nuinher  of  sucli  specimens. 

*"■  Among  the  most  uotvd  was  Francisco  Javier  Ganiboa,  a  native  of  Gua- 
lalajara. 


^k 


Ml 


ii:)ti 


KItUCATlON,  SflKNCK,  ARTS,  AN1>  J.lTKUATrKK. 


\ni\v  won  national  iinown  I'or  their  i'lo(|iuncf,  as  wtll 
as  purity  of  diction,  is  (juite  lar^c"' 

Spanish  pot-try  is  strongly  national,  th-spiti'  t\\v  mk  - 
cessive  inlhicnct'  of  Italian  and  Fronch  schools.  'Hn 
lan<;ua<>i'  is  icinarkahlv  snital>lc  for  \i-isilicatioii. 
notably  in  forniiii'n'  rhyme,  not  only  consonantal,  hui 
alliterative  and  assonantal.  While  the  hallad  hasevcr 
retain<'d  its  hold  on  po|inlar  taste,  sonnets  wcri'  e\rn 
more  fre(|uent  in  Mexico  tluin  in  Spain.  I'lpi^iani- 
matie  verse  is  comm»»n,  thon^h  inclininy-  to  erotic 
sentiment. 

The  first  attempts  at  (.lescrihin*;-  the  events  of  the 
conquest  were  merely  r]iyn\ini;'  chronicK's.""'  .\nion'4 
descriptive  poems  nmst  he  nuMitioncd  CIraiKkza  <l( 
Mexico,  hy  JJishop  Halhnena,  who  earned  hrij^ht  laiiH 
in  his  liO'iiardo  and  his  pastoral  S/t/lo  del  iho,  hotli 
amoHLT  the  linest  of  their  class  in  the  lan<jua>>e.  Twd 
other  suhiects  en<»'ai>'{>d  the  an\l»itiou.< ;  namelv.  tlic 
passion  of  (^hrist,  and  the  miracle  >.^^  the  virgin  of 
(iiiadalui)e.'^' 

Anionij^  the  autlu»rs  of  sh(»rter  jxti'ins,  odes,  sonnets, 
elegies,  satires,  ajid  »>[iigranis.  deser\'es  special  mention 
Francis<-o  ile  Teri'a/as,  who  figured  in  ir)74,  and  Wiis 
honoreil  with  praise  hy  (\r\  antes.  Zapata's  elegy  •  in 
the  death  »>f  the  l)rothers  Avila  was  iioticeahle  for 
many  sweet  lines.  Church  festivals,  puhlic  inaugura- 
tions, celebrations  connected  with  the  royal  family  or 
prominent  citi/ens.  and  reimions,  gave  occasion  for 
dis[)Iays  on  this  fu'ld 

iJoforc  dosing  my  i-emaiks  on  tlu>  poetry  of  coloni;il 

■■^Tliori'  io  ii  bulky  itiaiiuscriiit  in  my  Lil)r;iry,  />/.mvo'-«  CiUm'o  siihn  l,i  ih-ii- 
tnriit  E''']Mtiiotii.  1/  Anil  lint  11(1  of  tlio  hi.-^t  I'ciitury,  in  wiiicli  llic  aiitlior  st'i'ks  to 
iinalyzo  the  ulonic'iits  of  tin-  art  ami  the  iiroliiioiicy  cxliiliitt'il  l)y  (litl'iTfiit  wa 
tiotiM,  ii((tal)ly  tlm  Spaniards,  on  hotli  i-ontiiu^nts.  lie  is  full  of  hariii'il  nt- 
ereuoi's,  hut  also  of  oumlirous  (luotations.  and  wanilcrs  sa<lly  from  hi.ssnhjwt, 
so  tliat  but  little  is  j;ainiMl  by  tlic  rtsiilir. 

'''Such  as  Kl  /'ini/riiio  Iwli(iiii>\>y  Saavi-ilra  y  (lu?;man,  J/iriininfin  ])\  Kiii/ 
(le  Li'oii.  A  cruilor  cll'ort  were  the  (juatrains  of  the  Zapoti'o  Antonio  Lopez, 
which  iu  MS.  arc  on  my  shelves.  In  the  same  style  is  the  <'oiiiii(i-itii  i/c  (ui- 
lido,  by  the  Dominican  Francisco  Parni. 

•'•'  hi  Priiiiifimi  fiiifiiiiin,  by  Sigiienza,  full  ol  imerilitics  and  rxtravagancr, 
and  others  equally  foolish.  Povma  Surni  ilc  In  J'iDiioii,  by  Antonio  de  Oviccio 
Horrera,  is  far  superior. 


JUAXA  INKS  TlIK  TENTH    MUSE. 


657 


(liiys,  I  must  UMikv  sju'cial  iiuMitioii  of  tlio  iiuii  Juanu 
?  lie.;  di"  la  Cruz.  Her  uauu' luul  Ikcii  Juana  I  lie's  A  l>a  jo 
V  liamirez,  who  obtained  a  ii'coi'nitiou  i'ar  al)ovt'  uuv 
other  truly  national  jiort  ot'  colonial  tinu>s.  \']\c\\ 
contemporaries  of  the  jtininsula  <j^ave  her  the  ajipella- 
tion  of  the  tiMith  mu.se. "■" 

Amoiio-  tile  i\'\v  writers  for  the  stai;(^  an*  named 


A'ela,  Arriola,  Salazi 


;ar,  anc 


1  S 


ona;  a 


11   of 


whom   wne 


I'clipsed  l»y  Juan  lluiz  de  Alarcon,  a  creole  of  Mexico, 
th(»Ui»li  he  wroti'  in  Spain. "*' 

])uring  colonial  times,  home  pr()ductit)ns  were  not 
much  e.sti'enuel,  even  hy  those  who  ranked  with  the 
ci-t>(»le  party.  This  was  maiidy  due  to  the  aiithois' 
Huhservicncy  to  tSpain.  The  oiuMiing  of  a  wiiler  lield 
toward  the  end  of  the  last  century,  with  the  admis- 
sion of  French,  Eni^lish,  anil  Teutoni*'  literature,  could 
not  I'ail  to  prove  heiuficial.  "^IMie  Franciscan  Manuel 
Xavarreto  shines  alone  durinij;'  the  opcninjj^  decadi>  of 
our  ci'iiturv,  with  such   lustre  as  to  win   him   tlu'  co<>'- 


nouien  or  tiie  Anu'iican  swan.       I  endcrness  aiitl  purify 


il 


hi'eaihe    m    Ins   cvi'ry 
retlectiveness. 


me 


as   we 


11 


as   ri 


■liu- 


ion   am 


Many  other  ^Texicans  dt'serve  a  place  in  the  roll  of 
poets,  rnfortunately,  beiiiijf  cramj  .d  for  s[)ac(\  I  am 
uiiahle  to  do  justice  individually  to  their  nii'rits,  " 
Their  mojc  anihitious  compositions  have  Ixsen  as  a  rule 
translations  from  the  classics.  Yi't  epics  have  hccn 
attempted,  like  the  Aiuihua  of  J{odriii;uez  y  C'o.s.      Jn 

Hi  1 1, .J.  o()iii]M).iitii)iiM  wcrii  nuii'tToiis.  Slu'  is  I'oiiiiiari'il  to  ("iiinvcns  liy 
IVu'liero,  .inil  Ki'ijcis  lamls  her  loi'  ii  critiral  ami  iiliiliisupliu'al  iiiiiul.  Slio 
\va.s  iiiclii'il  a  iinnli^y.  lli  r  works,  Imwovcr,  sliuw  tli.it  tlu'y  wci-i;  \irii(liu('<l 
iit  a  tiiiio  \vlii:ii  Sjiiiiiish  litcratiuc  liail  Ix'como  coiiinitiMl.  Smiu^  of  tlmsu 
Works,  uukiiowii  to  <nir  l)il)lii>j;rai'lit'fs,  aio  iciiresciitcil  on  my  .>i|ulvcs. 

"■'  \\v  stamls  forM'anl  as  mu'  ol  tin-  most  orij^iiial  ami  vaiicil  writers, 
thnu^li  less  prolitic  ami  iinagiiiaiivo.  Mis  diction  is  mort'  formal  ami  liiii 
vorsiticatioii  iiurur  than  Lo[k'  ilo  \"rj;a's.  Imlri'd,  ho  ranks  as  a  rlassio;  luit 
liis  eiliirU  to  imiirove  moral  toiu'  in  I'tniu'dv  wcri'  tim  strongly  ilrawii  tor  tiiat 
a;o,  and  lie  faiU'd  to  attain  iiopularity.  'twenty  ol  his  I'oMu'dus  wire  i.s  lud 
1  I  Hi'JS  ami  lt>;U,  in  collei'ted  form  at  Madrid.  They  hy  no  means  ineliide 
.ill  iiis  eoniiHisitions,  all  of  whieh  >vere  aserihed  to  his  greater  rivals. 

'■'■  A.s  a  mark  of  resiieet  to  her  .se.\,  I  make  an  exeeption  in  favor  of  Kster 
Tapi.i  do  rastt'Uaiios,  a  |ioetess  of  no  mean  order,  far  snperioi'  to  tlm  aver.mo 
of  more  i)reteutiou.s  and  hetter  know  n  siujjurs.  Her  I'loixn  .'iiUt.iln/i  appeared 
ni  1871. 

Hist.  Mex..  Vol..  VI.    42 


■'  <','■■ 


I    \U 


'il 


658 


EDUCATION,  SCIENCE,  ARTS,  AND  LITERATURE. 


dramatic  poetry,  tliree  names  appear  most  prominent . 
namely,  Mai. -'.el  Eduardo  de  (:)iorostiza,  ranking  with 
tlie  foremost  of  his  time,  Fernando  de  Calderon,  and 
I<jnaeio  Kodriu^uez  Galvan,  who  produeid  the  first 
national  lustorie  drama. 

The  strength  of  Mexican  poets  lii's  above  all  iu 
amatory  poems,  to  which  should  he  added  a  tendency 
towai'd  elegiac  strains,  which  was  so  marked  amonijf 
the  aboriginal  ancestry.  It  is  not  i\vv\\  for  the  Mexi 
can  is  after  all  a  sj)iightly  intlividual,  inclined  to 
fiivolitv,  and  little  intent  on  the  cares  of  to-morrow. 
}Ie  is  fond  of  the  Cavstilian  ))roverbande[)igram,  united 
to  the  native  bent  for  satire.  He  atfects  a  suggestiNc 
humor  (tf  a  picaresque  order,  which  to  a  fonigni  r 
smacks  of  puerility.  It  is  innocent,  Ixnvever,  for  it 
attacks  classes  and  traits  rather  than  individuals. 
The  ode  is  with  him  a  favorite  form  of  verse,  but  his 
elforts  generally  fail  of  their  aim;  the  will  is  tlure, 
but  not  the  power.  Exceptions  only  sustain  the  lult . 
Patriotic  lines  are  usually  pitched  too  high.  \\\ 
philosophic  themes,  the  shallow  treatment  is  i'itli(  r 
l)roki'n  in  upon  by  rash  utterance,  or  left  unfinished. 
IncompK'teness  marks  the  portrayal  of  character  ti- 
individuals,  and  the  description  of  scenery.  The  oM 
national  retlondilla  and  the  ottava  rima  measures  may 
be  regarded  as  the  favorite,  notably  the  latter.  Thf 
leaning  toward  rrnsvjs  ilc  arte  niaj/or,  or  longer  lini's,  is 
greatlv  due  to  aftectation.  With  all  the  study  "t 
models,  the  laws  of  prosody  and  eU|)liony  are  so  iiv- 
quently  invaded  as  to  confirm  the  opinion  regarding 
the  impetuous  tem])erament  of  the  Creoles,  impatient 
under  sustained  regulations.  However,  the  wide  and 
choice  rai.ge  of  words,  strikingly  manifested  in  com- 
paring the  vocabulary  of  the  lower  classes  with  that 
of  corresporiding  Anglo-Saxon  ranks,  r.,id  this  facility 
condMued  with  easy  rhythmic  How  and  natural  vi\a 
city,  impart  an  undeniable  attraction. 


SI) 


*•*  Fur  iin])nrtaiit  information  on  Mexican  literature,  tlio  roailor  is  rcffru  1 
to /V///i7(A7,  //(V.  Cri/.  /J/tnt/nni,  jiissiiu;  Sasit,  Bioij.  Mi:r..  Distiihi..  irissiin; 
JiiiM  Piildcio,  M>.i:  (I  friiri.i  (k-  /'w  ."s,' //'■«■,  1-38;  JIe.r.  Fiituickr,  Ajiril  ."i,  h^l. 


BTBUO'  :!^ APniCAL  NOTES. 


680 


Tlio  pr<)l)lem  of  iiittroc  ojmlr  roiniimnioation  lias 
been  one  of  grave  im]><)rtan<<' also  to  Mexico  siiKt;  the 

Appomled  are  bibliograpliical  notii'is  fif  important  works  that  contrilmto 
awiilt!  PHiige  (if  inforniatiiiii  cm  the  lii.sti>ry  of  Aluxiiii,  follnwcl  hy  a  list  of  tho 
I>riiK'ip<il  jiuthoritii's  ooiisiiltt'd  in  writing  the  final  cliaiitiTs  of  this  voliiiii'!. 

BoHin  (If/  InHU.titt  Xiirionul  liv  Unxpitfin  ;/  K-il  n/ixfim  tie  Ul  Jfcpiihlirii 
Mi'Tkniui.  Mexico,  lS,V2-7.'{.  The  society  whioh  lias  issued  tliia  vahiuldo 
series  was  fouiuled  in  1H.'{.S.  Kach  inciiilier,  clirectly  or  iiidii-eetly,  coiitrihiitv  I 
articles  which,  during  the  earlier  yeiirs,  were  contined  to  tlie  limits  of  the  first 
dt'sij^n.  At  a  later  date  tlm  discussions  and  contrihtitions  were  extended  to 
outside  Countries  and  eoutinents.  Among  the  contriluitors  are  many  of  tl.o 
most  i>roininent  and  1  'arned  men  in  Mexico,  including  imt  a  few  foreigner ;. 
Ai'ti<des  written  by  non-meiidjers  also  aiipear,  and  a  L.'ood  deal  of  horrowc  I 
))ut  usefid  matter  i-i  reprinted  in  thc-<u  volumes.  'I'lie  ]inljlications  of  tint 
institution  are  divided  i:ito  three  eperhs,  corresponding  witli  the  vicissitude* 
of  its  existence,  thes(K'iety,  owing  to  ]iiil;tieal  turmods,  having  been  compciie  I 
at  periods  temporarily  to  <ii -con  tin  ui'  its  laliors.  The  first  period  isrepresiiited 
by  II  folio  vols.,  the  last  of  whieli  wa>  published  in  lS(i.").  'I'lie  pnldicatioin 
ot  the '_'d  eiMieh  were  issued  during  tlic  years  18(>'.t-7'2,  \n  four  Volumes.  'l'lio>j 
of  the  od  I'poeh  Commence  i:i  187.1.  1  lie  society  has  received  eonsiilerable  aid 
from  the  Mexican  government,  wliieli  took  great  interest  in  its  reor;:aniz.itiou 
after  a  temporary  coll.ip-ie.  The  volumes  wci'e  issued  during  tlio  period  ISiVJ 
to  1873,  Imt  tlie  events  dl^serihed  and  tlie  statistical  reports  are  of  ditl'crent 
dates  from  the  time  of  the  concpiest.  Tlie  geograidiical,  scientitic,  and  statis- 
tical information  is  as  fully  detaih'd  as  the  disturbed  condition  of  the  repub- 
lic woulil  allow.  .Much  i;dormiti<  II,  as  regards  tlie  aboriginal  races  and 
tiicir  languages,  is  su|)|.lied.  The  Ihira  and  fauna  of  the  eountry,  and  its 
mineral  pnxhictions,  are  well  described.  Kemarkal)le  epidemics  and  destruc- 
tive natural  phenomena  are  mentioned;  while  endemic  disca.ses,  devastatioiu 
by  locusts,  etc.,  are  the  subjects  of  able  essays;  as  also  those  vegetalilu  ]iro- 
ductions  which  eontriluite  particularly  to  Mexico's  prosperity.  Tiie  <'hureh 
and  leaders  of  the  secular  clergy  are  eviT  supported  from  the  earliest  times, 
though  the  iiieliicioncy  of  the  iiriesthood  in  certain  ilistricts  is  not  ilenied. 
Strong  comparisons  are  ib-awii  between  the  wealth  of  the  church  during  the 
colonial  perioil  and  that  subse(|iieiit  to  independence.  Tlie  expulsion  <•['  the 
.lesnits  and  otiicr  religious  societies  is  iiiueli  ri'gretted.  lliographical  sketcln  s 
of  eminent  men  are  interspersed  throngliout  tlie.se  volumes.  The  establii^h- 
ment  of  telegrapiiic  communication  is  ileserit<ed,  and  long  treati.ses  on  survey  i 
and  meteorological  observations  appi'ar  here  and  there  in  almo.st  every  book. 
Reliable  information  with  regard  to  the  etlbrts  made  trom  early  times  to  <baiii 
tlie  valley  of  .Mexico  will  also  lie  found,  with  excellent  illustrative  plans. 
I'olitical  disturbances  are  rather  alluded  to  than  described,  no  policy  appear- 
ing to  be  distinctly  upheld  except  tliat  <if  imlependtMice.  The  eoiitriliutors 
sup])ly  a  not  indistinct  picture  of  Mi'xico,  past  and  present;  tin  y  describe  the 
diii'ec-eiit  castes  and  their  relations  to  each  other,  a,s  well  as  the  social  lite, 
manners,  customs,  and  character  of  each;  nor  do  they  conceal  their  own 
appreciation  of  Mexico's  position  in  the  scale  of  civilization. 

JUrrioiiario  Uniirrmil  dv  Jii-<liiii<t  ;/  ilf  li'io'irofiii,  Mexico,  I.S,").S  ."ij).  Tul. 
A'ols.  i.-x.,  vols,  viii.-x.  being  an  cppciidix,  also  numbered  i.-iii.  'I  lie  origi- 
nal work,  published  in  Sjwiiii,  was,  alter  revision  ami  I'ldargcment,  repuli- 
lished  ill  Alexico  in  its  present  form.  Tlie  additions  consist  of  sl;etches  of 
history,  ami  articles  on  geography,  istatisties,  and  bioiiraphy,  relating  to  tl.o 
New  W'orbl,  but  more  especially  to  .Mexico.  The  first  7  vols,  may  be  elas>i- 
lied  ai  an  encyclopa><lia;  the  last  three  rehite  wholly  to  Mexico.  That  por- 
tion 1  •latiiiL,'  to  .Mexico  consists  of  articles — for  the  most  part  brief — upon  de- 


tai 


d 


events,  conservative  views  predominating  on  political  and  relmioiis 


topics.      ConsideraMe  space  is  given  to  the  colii|Uest  and   the  eo 


while  the  w.ir  oi  iu.i 


'l'» 


ilence,  and  that/  with  the  I' 


■lonial  period 


receive  most  atteli- 


■ij 


.  r|): 

■ '  If' 

,!,.  1:1 

1  BBiti 

4 

i 

-i>i 

1  Ura'J 

m 

H 

riS 

•iOO 


EDUCATION,  SCIENCE,  ARTS,  AND  UTERATURE. 


dnxs  of  Cortt'S,  as  attofttcd  l)y  tlu^  survey's  made  at 
(.litlbiviit  ihtuhIs  of  the  istlnuus  of  Tcliuantepec.      The 

tiiiii.  Muoh  space  ih  devoted  to  cliiircli  liistnry,  nmmrous  conciso  accoHtits 
li  'iiig  siijipliuil  of  tilt!  iirders,  of  spiiitiial  (.■oiitjiusts  ami  cstalilisliiiiciits,  and  ci 
]>i'iiiiiiiieiit  men.  Ifata  on  industrial  niatturs  arc  coiiiiiarativt'ly  nii;ai;ri!,  and 
M'lato  to  a  lindtL'd  niindn-r  of  statia;  tlio  information  on  tlii;se  HuTiii.'(.ts  is 
mostly  (U'l-ivi'cl  from  govornmoiit  ivpurts.  CoMimt.'1'oi' and  mining  aiv  .HuUjcits 
of  .sjii'cial  articles.  Stati.stics  on  population  are  scattered  and  incomjiliti.'. 
Nonif  information  on  jiliysical  and  politioal  geography  is  (siij)plii'd  in  liritf. 


tat'lied  accounts.  Much  attention  is  given  to  biography,  the  conquistadorcs, 
viceroys,  prominent  churchmen,  political,  military,  literary,  ami  scicntitic 
men  lieing  wtdl  represented  in  numerous  articles.  UIMiographical  mention 
is  rare,  aud  only  incidental  mention  is  made  of  literature  and  the  linear!.. 
A  special  article  is  devoti'd  to  u  hrief  review  of  early  histories.  Not^dilc 
instances  of  natural  plienomena,  epidemics,  and  inundations  are  separati  ly 
descrilied.  Among  tlie  authorities  nscil  are  Mellado's  t>!rrU)miriii,  lii  lis- 
tain's  Uililiiilird,  Alcedna  Dkciiimino,  t'avo's  Trvs  SiijUui,  Alaman's  l>ixi  rtit- 
riniicn  J/lstiiriciis,  Zavala's  /'ii:  Mi.i:,  and  Aviiiift sjHini  In  lli-'t.  ilf  lad'nirri  i'<'ii 
lit.<  Esttiiliis  i'liiiliix.  Numerotis  and  extcnaed  articles  on  anticjuities  arc  fur 
the  most  part  extracts  from  .Stephens.  The  original  work  was  pulilishril  li\ 
a  .society  of  distinguishcil  literary  men.  Tlie  .Mexican  edition  was  lirouglii 
liclore  the  puhlie  hy  a  corps  of  prominent  Mexican  writers,  their  contrilm- 
tions  to  the  appendix  heing  collected  ami  arranjicd  hy  Manuel  Oro/.co  y  Hcrra. 
I'lifH'lin  Viii-iiiK,  comprising  *j;U)  volumes  of  nnsccllancous  matter.  This  is 
one  of  the  mos^  importaut  cidlections  in  my  Lihrary,  as  it  ali'ords  informatiuu 
on  every  possilile  snhjcct  within  tlie  liinit  of  an  historical  work.  It  is  c mi- 
poscil  of  numerous  sets  of  smaller  collections  made  hy  prondncnt  .Mexicans, 
aud  consists  of  »iver  H,0(X)  di  lie  rent  puldications  which  have  heen  lioiiinl  to- 
gether ill  volumes  containing  respectively  from  two  or  tliree  to  over  one  luni- 
died,  according  to  their  size.  The.-e  piihlicat ions— mostly  pamphlets  :iie 
the  [iroductions  of  ;>  great  variety  of  authors.  Dignitaries  of  the  eliunh  and 
government  ministers,  learneil  iloctors  and  lawyers,  generals  and  otlicers  (ti 
thi'  army,  and  men  of  letters,  all  of  note  and  prominent  in  their  res[ii'elivc 
jiiofessioiis,  have  contiiliuti'd  to  their  existence.  Among  the  /'njiili.i  ru/iiw, 
liowcvi'i',  are  found  works  of  '200  or  3(H)  pagts;  manifestoes  and  procdaniatioiis 
of  a  siniile  sheet;  anonymous  si]uihs  ami  lampoons;  odd  numhers  of  dithrenl 
periodicals,  poems,  odes,  and  Koimets,  plays  ami  comedies.  That  portion 
4Mily  a  small  one- of  the  collection  which  belongs  to  the  17th  and  IStli  cen- 
turies pertains  chielly  to  church  matters,  and  consists  of  sermons,  pastor.iU, 
ecclesiastical  edicts,  etc.  Hy  far  the  yreater  nuniher  of  these  volumes  are 
maiie  up  of  pamphlets  hearing  dates  of  the  IKtli  century,  ami  are  princijially 
of  a  political  ami  historical  character.  They  contain  productions  of  many 
iin[)ortant  authorities  on  all  the  great  ovi^nts  that  occurred  in  Mexico  durini; 
three  (piarters  of  a  century.  The  war  of  independence,  the  Texan  ijuestinn 
and  struggle  with  the  U.  S.,  the  French  intervention  and  'Jd  empire,  with  in 
tcrvening  revolutions  and  chanj;es  of  government,  arc  represented  hy  a  grcai 
numlier  of  these  pamphlets.  Hut  far  more  numerous  are  those  hearing  iipdn 
political  matters,  and  which  cmhrace  all  the  details  of  government,  from  tln' 
formation  of  the  constitution  to  the  ipiestiou  of  adopting  the  system  of  doulilr 
entry  in  the  government  account-hooks.  Controversies,  moreover,  carried  on 
lietween  oppo.sing  politicians,  and  hetween  military  or  civil  rivals,  give  the 
historian  a  dei'p  insight  into  Mexico  politics  and  intrigues  tin  the  one  hainl, 
and  hy  representing  hoth  sides  of  the  (juestions  at  issue,  aH'ord  him,  on  the 
other,  an  opportunity  of  heing  impartial  in  his  decisions.  Much  information, 
also,  can  he  gleaned  with  reganl  to  military  organization  and  regulations,  the 
national  deht,  internal  loans,  and  the  government's  proceedings  relative  lo 
die  church  and  its  property.  Apart  from  all  these  suhjects,  there  are  nuincr- 
uus  pupera  vu  agricultural,  uiiuing,  niaiiufuuturiug,  aud  other  iudut)triu8,  aud 


MArLinr/s  work  on  education. 


m\ 


projects  to  fju-ilitat*'  tlic  transit  have  latterly  <xpiUHlr<l 
iato    Ca[)tain   J'^ad's  ship-rail  way,  and    the  attrntu  n 

en  railrojids  ami  inti-rii.d  imiiriivt'inciits.     A  few  i);iiii|ililils  in  tin;  Fri'iiili  inicl 
]!ii);li.sli  laiigiiagfs  ar<!  in  \>f  tminil  in  tlii.s  I'ldlii'tiDii,  wnicli  i.s  liuiiig  yearly  i.i- 


il 

\\  iHiiiin  Miirbii>\  Opiiiiii 


Vnr 


Sill, 


hi'iliifitiil  In  t/if  hidiialriK 


/'riii/wiiv.      Ni'W  Hariiiiiiiy.  Jii(li,iija.      I'riiiti'cl  at  tln'  Sclinol  I'l'Css,  U>:{|  a.nl 
l>.")7.  'J  vnl.H.  8vc(,  mi.  4.s;{  aiiii  .">.")(!.     Tlio  author  states  tliat  six  of  tlu;  cssaN  -i 
ntaiiii'il  in  liis  l^st  vuliinu'  \^(■I•(;  written  at  I'aris,  in   IM'.l,  at  the  ra<ini'.st  it' 


till'  c.litiir  (pf  thii  /'frill'  A 


,•/„ 


fiiiliijiie,  »(ir  i)iilili<'atiMn,  Knt  were  i;xthiiU 


tlie  CiMiscirs  of  tlie  [iress  as  too  iloinocratic.     'Jli'-y  wimi-  afierwanl  translatf  I 


ito  Sjianisli,  ami  imlilishol  in   Mailrid,  and  .suh.seiiiic.itly 


th< 


iiiiiiiif 


iliiziti,',  nniler  the  dates  Jinnexeil   to  them  in  Ins  hook-foriii  edit 


Hi 

ion.  tl 


liist  of  whieh  is  datril  Fih.  '-"_',  IH'Jil.     Tin'  ii-mainint,'  essays  were  jiulili^lo  d 
in  the  Diniiiiiiii'itur  nf  I'sij'iil  Kiinrli  il  ji ,  ;\:n\  the  l)ixsi'iiiiiiiiloi',\tiiV\ijA\i'A\s  n{  <> 
issued  at  New  llarnjoiiy.      Tiiose   of  wliieii   his  '1  I   vohinie  is  eoinprised  .■■|i 
peared  at  in'euid  ir  intervals  in   the   last  named   jinMieatio 


n,  ami  wete 


senteil  to  till'  indiln;  i 


Maeli 


ire  s   wiirl 


1' 
form  Ml  IS;i,. 

(ted   to  phdosophieal   ohsrrvatinns  on   edneati 


liolities,  morals,  and  religion,  and  to  an  analysis  ot    tin;  eoiiilnet   of   ehnicli 


d  statu 


h 


Ml 


is  own  iind   jiast  times. 


It 


,hile 


e  imieiiemlenee  was 


y 


Ncmnj,'  in  .Mexu'o, 

have  .sinee   lieen   settled 


and   many  ijiiestions  of  vit.d   interest  to  civilization  w  Ineh 


Ipiit  ill  imdei-toiid,  tliat  this  man  wrote 


the  n;  is  much  in  his  words  worthy  of  onr  attention.  'I'hi'  author  hei^in-i  hy 
di>enssinu  the  o|i]iositioIi  of  interests  lietwee:!  ]i|d.lueeis  and  lion  lirodneels. 
Mis  Jirincililes  of   jpolitieal  eeoiioiiiy  w  oilid   h.iroly  1>  •  .teeepteil   at    ih;    present 


IV,  der.viiii 


as  t! 


tl 


Ih 


governors  rather  thin  from  tiie   [ieo|)U;  iiev 


le  slreimth  ai 
fr 


>t  tl 
rthele 


le  eommonwe.i 


hh  tl 


as  rey  iriliny 


1  Ih'ets    if  elimati 


was  as  alili!  an 


I' 


oliti 


I  oii'diial  as  liuek 


liromiiii'iit,  and  the  op|i(irtuiiities  tor  niaki:i<r  known 


itlier  eri'  it  (|ii<.'siions  alie<'tin;;  soi-iity,  ln^ 
il  hail  his  position  in  the  world  lieeii  a- 


his  tl 


loll^lits  as  ;zooi 


I' 


lid  have  ili\  ided  with  the  Miii:!!.-.!!  |ihilo>opher  his  lame.     Tln^  IJritish  a. id 

ii;s,  and   the   like,  he  ealU  a  ^'overiiment  ot 
irrniitiou  ;ire   essential   to   halaiiee.      In    tho 


overmniii 


Is,  tl 


leir  eoloii 


wlieri'in    liriliery   ai 


tiovernaiiMit  of  .Sweden,    the   jiea.viiits,    the   eleigy,    the   huij'esses,   and    tl;i 


noli! 's  euh  have  indeiiendent  r  jtroseiitat Ion,  an  I  licL'j^iry  an  I  rohhery  there 
is  nidiiiown.  Itesjxitisin  may  lu  easier  f  '  I  "\  warm  el.matio  tiian  in  eold; 
iitelleeinal  ]iroi;ress  mak's  it<uiost  ripid  stride  i  lutweeii  extremes.  TIim 
aiitiior  was  evidently  somewhat  of  a  traveMer  for  that  day,  for  he  speaks  nf 
tlie  several  (jiia'  vj  nf  'he  i;lol>e  as  an  eye-witness;  and  he  must  have  li.in 
e:i  lowed  with  1  ideJLS  withal,  d.nouiieiiiL;  the  impositions  and   hypoeri- 

sies  of  the  eler;;),  propliOHyiii;,'  that  'the  rielns  eollei  ted  hy  tin;  religious 
industry  of  ag  s  may  perhaps  help  to  pay  for  tin:  expenses  of  ohtainiiii; 
Ireedoin,  ami  mak''  atonement  at  its  dissolution  for  the  misery,  hlood,  I'ruilty, 
and  oppression  exercised  in  wresting  it  from  those  that  produced  it.'  And 
aijain,  "even  tlu'  jiroperty  hoarded  liy  tin;  church  may  lieeonie  the  means  of 
spreading  inor;d  .and  phy  deal  iieifiction,  and  aid  i.i  the  general  amelioration 
oi  society.'  What  hii  ide  us  of  moral  perfeetioii  m  ly  h  ■.  I  leave  ♦ho  reader  to 
i.ifer  from  the  following  leinarl;  made  in  speaking  of  tiie  op  iiness.  tlie  art 
!.•  s  freedom,  and  ahsenee  of  einh  irrassini'iit  w  ith  w  hieh  the  lower  el  is>,  in  n 
and  mails  an  I  niatroiLS  alike,  |ieriorined  tho.e  necessities  of  their  nature 
w'.iich  the  higlier  culture  h  is  st.r.niiel  as  jiriviite.  '  False  delicacy  and  moral 
liypoerisy,' he  calls  the  Hentimeiit  of  shame  that  1  .ids  people  to  hide  iimler 
iloilie.i  and  hetweeii  wall  <  e  rtain  pii'ts  of  tiieir  person,  and  tlios"  acts  of 
n  itnre's  reijuireineiit.s  and  linnian  existence,  of  which  all  are  tiiUy  aware. 
"All  of  these  evils  woull  he  rnre.l  hy  a-i  accurate  k'lowl.'dg'  of  reality,  and 
peraiitting  the  gratilic.ition  of  the  physical  appetites,  witheilt  attaching 
either  a  ndigious  sin  or  civil  crinu'  to  acts  on  which  di'pends  the  existence  of 


BG'2 


EDUCATION,  sriKNCE,  ARTS',  AND  LITEIIATLHK. 


roused    \>y  this  <laiiiiin'  Kclicine  litis  revived   also  t!:o 
interest  in  tlie  lon^-jij^itated  eaiial.     It  will  not,  there- 


f 


<  vcrvtliiiij;.  ■  And  so  tlie  iiiitii  f.'<ies  on  witii  endless  rc|ii'titions,  aii<I  niurli 
U  >i>il  !si'ris<',  often  iisHUiniiig  a  proplmtic  strain,  wherein  no  niiicli  was  nn'\A  \.[u\i 
MtMiu  ot  it  could  not  help  liiit  eonio  to  pas^.  He  lavor.s  ;in  <  qiial  distiiliiUin.i 
ol'  the  two  fireat  jiowors  that  move  soeieties;  nainely,  knoulelye  and  wialth. 
S|iaiu  has  ever  lieen  a  horrid  grind.  If  tlie  Indians  of  Mexieo  were  educateil, 
tlley  woidd  lie  eciiial  to  tlic;  eniergoney  of  rcjiuldicanisni;  the  rules  li,i\e  i  v>  r 
lieen   the  em  inies  of  the  i)eoj)le.      His  ess;iy»  ou  Mexieo  clo^e  with  the  \i  .ir 

MlilHil  l.iriht  ilv  TiJhIh,  Viiniiifii)  h's/irinr  tie  Mvyirn  dimle  It  t'ouijU^^la 
h  i.<tit  hiiji,  Mexieo,  lb."i;{,  4to,  iii>.  (>."!,  11.  I'_';{,  is  a  useful  hook,  eoiitaiiinij,'  a 
Kl  itistieal  and  liistorieal  aeeoiiut  of  tiie  foreign  eoinnieree  of  Mexieo.  I'm- 
histoi'ieal  ixirtion  of  it  hegius  with  the  liarter  of  ^l,i.s.s  beads  and  eiieaji  Kiini- 
)i  Mil  ai'tieies  for  gold  and  gold>  n  ware,  earrieil  on  with  the  Imliaiis  liy  the 
lirst  .S|>,iiiisli  visitors  to  the  country.  Tlie  gradual  devi  lii|>nieiit  ami  exjian- 
hIoii  of  eoniineree  is  then  traced  out  down  to  the  yeiir  liSoS,  wilh  all  detiils 
(oiiieited  therewith.  The  estaMislinunt,  existence,  and  ftid  of  the  Sj)aiii>h 
c  iiivoy  tieets,  tiie  imiiositiun  of  duties  frnni  time  to  time,  m  ilh  a  clr.ir  exjila- 
natioii  of  their  designations  and  olijeet.  ehaiiues  in  regulations  with  ng.ird  to 
t:i  -in  made  at  diH'eniit  eiioelis,  the  v:ilu -s  and  siiecilieations  of  exiHiiis  ami 
iinpoits,  and  ^llilll)i1lg.  aie  the  .-uKjei'ts  w  hieh  the  author  gives  a  goinl  aeeount 
ot  without  lieiiig  elaliorate.  W'henevir  he  coul  1  ohtain  eojiies  of  otliei.il  sl.i- 
ti-tieal  documents,  lie  appears  to  have  done  so,  and  as  a  supplement  to  his 
woi-k  produces  no  Ic^s  than  .").">  sucli  pa[iers,  which  occupy  liy  far  the  lug  r 
portion  of  his  hook. 

Lin  /'iii'l'lds  till  El  ulii  ilf  Siuiitiil,  (I  li  riiz  I  iiitliiifmi .  .  .  Sail  Luis  de  Loz,ida, 
]S70,  4to,  pp.  'J-t.  ii  a  small  cuarto,  hiiug  an  ;ippeal  hytlie  conservative  p.irly 
to  the  native  races  for  liie  pui'jioseof  iiieitiiiK  them  to  overthrow  the  lilieiiil<. 
All  the  disasters  that  hail  come  lijMpn  Mexico  fioiii  the  fall  of  Iturliide  are  at- 
triUutel  to  this  latter  party's  action.  Tin;  lilxrals  are  charged  with  having; 
liankrupted  the  country,  sold  territory,  extortiil  forced  loans,  us!ir])ed  cliureli 
]ii'operty.  eonliscated  private  property  to  the  amount  of  5>.'")0t),tJ(MJ,()!)(>,  a  id 
exhiliited  every  feature  of  nialciulministration.  Thi.s  adilresti  is  signed  liy  a 
numlier  of  citi/.ens  of  the  did'ert^nt  ptudilos  of  tialisco. 

linii/r  JJ.  Miiiii'ro,  J>()ruin(')ifat  liiU  iiyiiiiti'<  sn'irr  (  (ilitnhiciim,  Mexieo,  1S7S. 
8vo,  pp.  \'M,  portraits  and  maps,  is  a  collection  of  documents  hearing  upon 
the  coloni/atio.i  ((iiestion,  gatheri'ilaiid  arraiii^e  1  in  chronological  order  Iiy  the 
l»ulilislier,  who  .st.iles  in  his  preface  that  Uiany  people  are  unaware  of  the 
ilill'ercnt  opinions  I'xpre.ssed  liy  eiiligliteneil  nii'ii  on  t'lis  suliject  f(U' want  of 
KUch  a  cidlection.  These  documents  supply  acoin|il  to  history  of  coloni/atinii 
in  .Mexico.  The  lirst  hears  the  date  of  Dec.  .'il,  1771,  and  i^  an  extract  from 
t''e  general  report  of  the  Manjues  de  laSonora,  (i.lvi  /,.  to  \'iceroy  Hiicarely. 
The  dates  of  the  succeeding  ones  are  in  consecutive  onier  down  to  IS7.S. 

Besides  numerous  government  an<l  <iHicial  docuii;ents,  of  which  mention 
has  heen  already  made  in  previous  li-its,  refcre:iee  ii  given  to  the  foltowiiiif 
authorities  for  information  on  the  iiistitutKinal  snlijects  of  the  four  precidii'g 
chai)tcrs:  the  collections  of  AiTillaga,  and  Dulil  maud  Lozano;  FtrmtKilit  VII., 
Dcrrrfns:  /tl.,  /)or.;  yilix  li'iy.,  i.,  ISM,  and  :  ucceeding  volumes,  with  refer- 
enee  to  the  indices  for  Mexican  matters;  A/.,  S.  .(,/(.  uinl  Mc.r.,  i.  passim; 
Cdrti-'f,  Diiir.:  A/.,  Afl.  I'nli.,  i.  ii. ;  A/.,  Cot  l)<r.,  i.-ii. ;  Xoiir.  A  iiii'il<'-'<  lo//., 
from  ISI!)  to  iStll);  Jins/ji,  L.thnl.  Il,y.  Mrr.,  i.  ii. ;  JJUpt^U:  Vitri'ii,  ii.-vi.; 
BiiMd, nil  lilt;  Kii.-:iii/,,,  IHI  UR),  118-47,  1S4-0;  laiins,  Ityi'isi:  Atlmin.  Iidtr., 
S.  Ij.  I'otosi,  I87.''>,  pi>.  44;  Miildtiiyj'ortlt,  Mej.,  i.  passim;  Lento  de  Tij<i<l", 
Ajmiit.  ///.s/..  no.  v.  SI  I  74;  /</.,  <  nnifr  Ester.,  Mex.,  IS.Vi,  jip.  63,  HI-"-'.  1 
sh.;  Leiiiprii'ir's  ytiff.t  ill  Mtr.,  '2  'J7U,  iiaasini;  Jinil<iiiitiiitf,  (rttli.  Mex.,  i.  -iv., 
MS.;  A/.,  Vtiztle  hi  /'tifiifi.  i.-xiii.,  .NIS.;  /tl.,  J)itirin  Mtr.,  MS.;  Id..  Jl'^'- 
6l'i  Anna,  patisim;  Id.,  Muitidiis  I'acij'.,  i.-ii.,  MS.;  A/.,  Menu  Hist,  Mej:.,  i- 


AUTHOR  ITIKS. 


GG3 


fore,  })o  out  of  |)la<'0  to  a]>jK'n(l  tlu;  folloNvin*;  cxtiact 
from  E.  A.  FuertL's'  otticial  it-port  of  tlu;  survey  unilor- 


vii.,  MS.:  1,1.,  <un,l.  Hint.. 


IV. 


r)2*->  ."<:  viii.  I'.tl   'J(»l,  •-'."><);  /./..   //Mr   hurl-hh' 


Mi,  IT'.t,  24fi;  /./..  Ctwj).  CoUfj'i,  |-.".t-;<'J,  I'.C)  (i;  I'lnz,    I>i<:   (ir,,,,.  y  h'st,,,/ 
Piiiflu,  Jh'M-ri}).  fi'eoij.,  111-2(5;   /'inz.  ./.   S.,  Aim.  Hxlml.,  'Jti  rt  si(|. ;   Mii)/i,'.h 


M'.c.  Azl 


M,. 


Anli. 


(  'illl 


I.    M' 


i:a4.  :tts  :>: 


' .'/  •" 


Mi'.i:,  pa-ssini;   Mnwro,  Dor.  Ititrii:<.,  i'l  7.  41   (i.'{,  7(i   1 1 1 ;   /aihiIhh  tint/.  Sur., 


iiiiir.,  XV. 


24!l  ")» 


>;  XXX.   4t)-r);<;  xxxii.   .">4".t  .VJ; 


/../. 


Dor.   Mit 


!'.»  ;ti), 


iVS  (iS;  ii.  74-iH),  l4:<-'-»l'*J,  SS'i  .">;  /,.«  .l/o/nimw,  Xi-t.");  lArenija,  Ailir.  n  l!,rt., 
f)."{2  G,  014;  Olirr'a  TnirtlK  ill  Mil,  pas.siin;  (,)iii'irfiim,  ^,'o^^c.  tUt.,  '^  •_'(».  X\  !•, 
8(i  S;  <>///:,  M,:x.  Iwfij).  I.ih.,  r)0-lt7,  ;{lt»  4'JO,  .V.M>  7;  Ortiz, />'  Aii,il,i,  Hkh.h. 
/■J.if.,  .">.'{  !•;{;  JiiiiHroxfro,  lli.tt.  S,juii.  <'i.ii'j.,  i.  ii.,  jKi.s.siiii;  liiif/,!-/!,!'/'.''  ('.  .V. 
,iiiil  .Mr.,,,  jia.s.siin;  /iili'jiiii.%  /idirnnrioii,  i.  1(M.(  11,  I47-r)();  ii.  .'W'-'-H,  ;{7(i  '.K), 
414  42;  iii.  ."{(U  S;  S,i,ir,-z  y  \,ir,irn},  J/i.-'t.  .\l,j.,  i:i7  40,  2S1,  Sl'O  1;  .///., 
J'irMnpii,:-</o,  1.SS4  ,">,  pp.  'JO;  /,/.,  Cwul.  <l,ii.  AV  «/.,  ISSl,  yy.  :W,  ami  LM  clues.; 
Jill/",  Dir  S,;/iiiJi  II,  SD-l.SO;  Jun/'iii'.^  |)l<ll<|l■|■■^  ^)  t'oniiiinrit  in   Mi.i.,    Ii  .V_'; 


■;/«/,  y.  JA  '//'.  />/'.•< 


iMex.,  IVJO,  ;{ 11,  S'.»  PI).,  ill  /'.(;».   I'm:,  «(i,  no.  7^ 


A'««u'.s  Uiiihr,jr'»,ii,l  H'<„-///,  80-VH,  '-'.•{(i-47;  K,ini,,ly'x  7V,r.,  ii.  37a-.S'.',  400  H7 
lirorkl,'liiir.tt'.i  Mix.,  pa.s.silii;  linrhvlniiii),  Mrjom-i,  i.,  pa.><siin;  Bi'iirrnj'/'-,  "'-.■<. 


MS.,  (i-11,  44-(W,  114  IG.  I'.)2  S;    iVill!,;  Not.  llnr.  Piih.,  24-75;    Wiht.i,  Cnl. 


r;7). 


rj-<ti-iin.  I'll  M'j:,   .Monlia,  lH(>i),  pp.    10*;    HhiiIk  Mr.r.,   n.,   |  a.- 
Mi:i:  iiiii/C.  Aiiirr.,  44   i:{'.(;  Itiirni,  Jli^t.  J,iliij>ti,  i.-v. ;  A/., '.'-.'/. 


I!n,k,i;li; 


'd  .\li.r.  lMir.<:  Jiiiibirt'.^  Mu:,  i.  22(»-41,  2l">:$,  ;K')- 


H;   ii.  204,  22.'i-7.'{;    U'/ii/mi/'.i  M'tnllir   Wmllli,    I7->.S0:    li,niij\,y.t   M'.r.    Illiiyt. 


GS  It,  ll,S-2l,    17(»  5,  2G.".  74;   U'ltzd,   Ai 


M, 


1   42,   170,   2(Hi-2."),   :US  NS; 


lii lb- ,■'.•<  .1/r.i-.,  02-0,   217  (i'.t;   Hill.  <;>ii.s,iU.    J)ijmf.,  22-102;  Sitr/orlii.'<,    .Mix., 
lis  202;    Tlioiifp.-iiiii\t    11,'rnl.    Mi.r.,   passim;   HmiCx  M'■lr/l(lllf.^'   M'"j.,   i.,    and 


succt'cciint;  voluiiit's,  wi 


itii  rutViuni'i;  to  the  iiiiliees  for  .Mcxieaii  matters;  ]!,• 


iiiil'Z,    h'.i/,i</.   Mi'j.,   pa.ssim;   /{irn  I'nlnrio,    .Mini.    l.,iii.-<.  itr   .Mir.:  linminr., 
/'ii/iiizi  Miiivrn,  Mex.,  1S84,  pp.  708;  (irnn.  Aim.  Mi;.,  lS(i(i  7;  liinllnrb,    Lr 


M, 


i.    ii. ;  liiliirii,  M,'i 


Viil.  but.,  with  refeienee  to  tli 


S.Ai 


anil  .Mi.i:,  i.  107-15,  I.S2C.,  204;  Mi.r.  Piiiiijili.,  ii.  4  8.  12;  /-/.,  hdemini  eiitrr 
,1  D'liiriii  Ojiriiil  i/ In  Cilimia  K-yj^iilolo,  Mex.,  1S7."),  i.-ii.,  pp.  415  ami  G74; 
liitrwulo,  J/i-t.  Ti/iwiiit.;  /li)iiiiyriv<tlf\s  SjKtn.  .im.,  ;{8  .">.">;  Idnl,:-' CuL,  MS., 
ii.,  f.    114   It),    1  lit  20;  liiirnfiuii,',  Emuyo  .loln--  Cilrril,   .Mex.,    IS.'tO    pp.  :{7 


Jin 


ilr  Ml 


(Iv  Civiir.,  ,Mex.,  1857,   pl>.  22;   liniini  //.'ynf.  .Mi 


1882, 


l)l>.  04;  liiiiiro  Xitr.   Mcr.,  1881,   pp.   33;   .Mr.r.,  Nut.  K.i-fini-t.,    IS.SO  3;  fSitrni 
('ii'iti.i.  Hip.  .Miu:,  9-32;  Arrnii'/oiz,  M,'j.,  ii.,  iii.,   iv  ,  p: 


Aim 
Ml 


.1/. 
13  GO; 


II. 


i.-v.,  i(a.s.sim;  Vn.'itros  lii'jmh.,  23-0,  15G-it8,  20:i-50;  t'nnihn 
I'oii.iirn  y  i'rnitia,  lirjil  liar.,  iv.  125;  v.  351-402;  t'/mifZ,  f'nl.  I'mrnl.  I'liml, 
3  140;  ('liili..  Coil.  I'rii.,  71  25.');  <'ii.<tilln,  Mem.  Mill,  .izn'iin',  1-51;  .llii-i)iii  ,/e 
<'liil.,  pa.ssim;  .ilniiirnz,  Vimii.-*.,  (iiiil..  l'iirliiirii,\}i\>^>iin\\  .Mi.r.,  /liilmr.n  M,rc., 
l!S45;  .Mnillij'nt,  Dirirt.,  70  140;  Ailoriin  Aiinl.  Mtdi"  <lr  .l/rc,  40  12G;  All- 
ilrr.snii'.i  .Mi:r.  St  I'.,  20-117;  /,'itmiiii,  Mirli.,  LVJot-seip;  /I'o.-ni,  F.iisiiyn.  18-45; 
llirilln  iHjrtln,  MS.,  i.  181-07;  FiihUi.y'.i  IHnrtory,  i.  21)2  74,  2S.;;  il'i,-ri,i  y 
Kjliii,  Snr:\i  Tcorirn  If  I'riirtirii  ill  I  lii  iiijirin  ilr  1<m  Mrtiilr,<,,  etc.,  Mex.,  |.S()2, 
ji|).  KiS;  (riitirrrcz,  Apniit.  E.-^tml.  .Mm.  (^>iirr.,  Mex.,  1875,  pp.  110;  /liii,iisl,iir- 
.s//,  />iiifr/,r  Col.,  J)AHniu\;  Orrijory'.'*  Ili-it.  Mr.r.,  passim:  < Itrro,  itlini.i,  MS.,  i. 
11I-2G,  242  50-  liirrro,  .Mr.r.  n,  'lS.',J:  Ot^-ro.  h'n.s,,,/,,,  3G-13G,  in  .M'.r.  /•,uiij>/i., 
ii.,  no.  1;  h'l/ii'iinl'x  J/i.^t.  Te.r.,  nVGO,  322-3G;  I'lillrjn,  Col.  Dor.  .Mr.r.,  MS., 
i,  pa.ssim;  Voriedai/r.'i  ilr  Jiirui}).,  i.-viii.,  pa.ssim;  /'inz,  lii/ornir,  11  iVJ;  Sor, 
Mi.r.  (Iro'j.,  passim;  linfistro,  Tnmestre,  i.  51-lOG,  153  04,  231-(>4,  'M)~  etse(|., 
407  512;  ii.  2  30;  Da/ilijirii's  Hist.  Minr^,  pa.s.sim;  Mniivro,  Not.  Hi.4.  Com. 
Mi.r,,  Mi'X.,  1870,  pp.  50;  III.,  Apiiiit.  //i.4.  Frrrnr.,  Mex.,  1872,  p[>.  24; 
('iiidcir)ii'.i  l.ifr  ill  Mr.r.,  pa.ssiin;  J>ii}i<>il,  .Milnn.r  prtrinijiiit  .Mr.r.,  ])assini; 
/'/.,  Liiw.H  Olid  Coui-U,  MS  ;  ,S.  .Miijiirl,  Spijinidt  diiln:  .So.ii,  Binij.  Mi.r.  Di^t., 
liissim;  D'Orliiijiiy,  Voyiujr,  420  (>0;  /■J.tr.ilrr.i  y  lAimo,  .Mr.r.  Hi.<t.  Dv.^rriv., 
20-281;  L'upon.  UiH.  de    ndu/it.,  Mux.,  185G,  pp.  5G;  The  Miiiini/  Maj.,  i.-ix. ; 


«  II 


0(i4 


i:i>U('ATl()\.  SCIHXCK,  AUTS,  A'.,!*  LlTKRATUUi:. 


taken  a  \'v\v  years  ago  under  auspices  of  tliu  United 
States  govei'iunent: 


.»/' 


.Knliri'li  ('mill II',,  |)a.sMiiii;   Luri'n,    f.iri'ioin'.'t  ilf   Ihni'lio  Aili 


MfX.,  liS.VJ,  ii|i.  407;   I'inzji  < 'miiiito,  lliynsint  ,  |    S'J;   /'iii/iin,  Ciiiii/n.i,  Wiisdi.-i, 


fto..   ]ia.ssiiii; 


Mm 


'/riijDi' 


s   C 


Stilt.,   iii.    IKi"  SI;    I'roi/ir/i)    ilcl   jiri 


Citiiiiiiii  i/r  Hill  III,  etc.,  Mi'x.,  I.s;{7.  i)i>.  ll'-i;  J'/iWi}i'.t  Milt,  owl  Mil.,  77,  'Jt<(> 


y. 


Ili.-'t. 


rl.,    i.-iv.;    'I'l/lo 


A  null 


'iiiiir,    |iassim;    J iinii/ii'. 


•}" 


Mill.,  iiassiin;  '/'lirnll'.')  'I'l.rnt:  'rriijiUn,  /'rni/ir/i)  /';•(»/.  1/  /t'lrin.,  Mcx.,  iMi, 
\>\i.  7-;  Sl,i:f'iii'.i  Mill.  hifl.  Iliilillijii,  litisttiii,  ISS'i,  Pit.  Cl.'!;  iSrptinl  1/  I'mnxilinr, 
Mini.  I'Ji/iiil.,  jiassiiii;  ,Siiiir/iiZ  MS.,  1  .">;  Miirliiri'.s  > >]iliiiiiii.i,  i.,  jia.ssiin;  Mn/n, 
Aiiiitirin  I'liii:,  INSI,  pp.  (JSS;  A'.jiiric,  ('ml.  Kiiriiii.,  pa.ssiiiii;  Alinii'.,  Ilm.  1/ 
(lerrof.,  Mi.r.,  IMr'(i,  ])|i.  4iH);  AziiiiZ'i,  Inslriir.,  MS.,  t»4  7:  .\zcdriili ,  ..^'l>^  /-■- 
<(('/.,  pp.  4(i;  .\  ii'mli),  Coiii}H'iiil.,  .">-*J'.tr>:  Ciiiiriliiilii,  /i'liimiilr  In  A'.  //'<;>.,  l!l  47; 
(.'oiiitiiij'iiii,  Mmiij'.  ili'l  (lull.,  Jt)()-7,  KS4-*_'0H;  U.  S.  liiiiniK  of  Stii/i.'<fii>t,  ('uin- 
nil- nr  1 1  III  I  Xiiriij.  /ii}>/.h,  Com.  liilntioiiM,  ami  luiiiu-rous  otlii'i' otliiial  diK'niiit'iit-i 
is.suc'il  liy  tln'  U.  S.  gdveruini'iit  iluriiij,'  tlii.s  century,  to  tliu  iiulii'cs  ot  « lilc  li 
the  rca.Kr  is  it.fenud;  .Mnijei-'x  Mir.  <m  It  M'w  owl  I.1,  174  HI,  '2<W  K\,  WhU 
.!/<■.'■.  Liiir-t.    III.,  Mi.c.  Jlnnilliook:  //erinniiliz  >/  /)'iriilo.t,  IHinl. 


Ti;  Ho 


illn 


KS7(i,  pp.  (i'.M;   lloW.^  l.iiii-xofMex.,  S.   F.,   ISM,  pp.  840:    /hlmliolilU 


£.i.iiii  I'oi:   //inrliiinni'.'t  .\f<.r.  II.  A'.,  M.S.,  188:1;   lldlii;  l!d 


Ml 


Zn 


lli.^t.   Ml 


Zo 


passim; 


Zo 


lli.st.   ('oiiijri:-io,   i.-ii.,   passim;  Zui'iilii,   Iti 


M, 


■II.  liihUut.  /.r,,i.4.,  i. 'J.V:i8,  14-.»  :i,  :rr_'  71.     in  a(l<litii.ii   to  tLc 


aliovc  aiiliidritiis,  a  va.st  n\inilior  of  ilocunu'nt.s,  nowspapiTs,  niaga/incs,  re- 
views, pi'i'iodieal -,  aiul  journals,  Imtli  .Mexican  and  t'oreii,'n,  that  have  lieiii 
cousultei.  Iii'sides  a  large  collection  of  clippings  from  papers  and  ]nildications 
entitled  .Mv.ilcan  Sinipn,  uud  containing  niiicU  vahialile  information  on  Mexi- 
can matters. 

For  furtlier  reference  I  note:  BvHrami,  Mf.i\,\.  Ill  'J!';  \'iillijo.  Col.  Pur., 
i.,  no.  41;  xxix.,  no.  I8.'>;  Vulni.^,  .Mi.rii/ui',  82  iK);  Al'iinmi,  .Mij.,  i.,  aj)ji.  '.U; 
ii.   4:{7  8;    v.   4C.'_'  ."),   4111,   .">0l>  7,  (ilO,   7ti7,    811,   <tlt)  'l'.\;    lil.,    Ajoiiit.    liii,./., 

II- :{',»;  III.,  I'iiiii  Xoj.  cii.io.s.,'y->.\,'2:i:v.\;  ir((/v/'.v  .!/(',,•.,  i.  2(i  :v.t,  14.-)  <;i:  ii  , 

l)assiin;  Aii-iiiioiz,    Mi).,  ii.   :V2{)  '.i;  iii.   '2M,  XWi  M;  iv.   -JO  ',i\,   8.")  8,    I4:{  4, 


17-;    Tliiii}i)i>si)ii'.t   Uifol,  Mi'.r.,  pi 


Bo 


v't'-'<  '">■■<.,  MS.,    18  10,    ;■>:{  ti:i, 


104-11;   l>i.^)in.4i:   I'anoi,  ii.,  f.  128,  o"),  ")8-(il,  {!(»,  07.  7--*;  iii.,  f.  TiS,  54,   ]'2:\\  v., 

f.  l:<,  58;   Dii'iliiii  and   Likiiid,   />«■/.   Mix.,  i.  5,  IS   10,  ;WI   :U0,  4-J."),    C.llt;  iv., 

44!M>0;  vi.  .")0S   14;  ix.  01,  '-'(W^;  Citifniitivn   Tmnl.-<iii  .Ui.r.,  'i.'W  00;   Cliii.<- 

""  ' ^^^, 


.sill,  AY  I'iiito,  Sii  On':/.,  etc.,  Mex.,  ISliS,  pp.  .'}7;   ,1/ 
37 1 -DO,  4lL'  i;{;  />ioz  .!//>.,  no.s.   17,  5*J,  50;  />uiil„ 
110-18,    LSI  44;    Mi.i:,  Cml.    Rrfo 


III  lili'ji'  Me 
.Mr.i'.  /'(»;«';•.•!,    105  8, 


18-_'-'J.),  3'-':}-4,  :{05  7;  /</.,   J/f 


AV'»(/.,  1870  80,  57  S,  with  docs.  100-10;  Id.,  Mem.  O/ir.    M( 


11/01 


Sn: 
(loll.,  1874, 


SO-I'JO,  witli  does.  40-OH;  Id.,  l\Wop.  Lcyv.*,  etc.,  xi.  520-30;  Derirlio  liilirn 
Mi.i.,  3.1  pt,  :C)4  421;   .l/r.c,  Col.  Jhr.  .soh.   Comj.,  100  9;  (Inin  ile  line.   I!iy. 

Ml        ""  ' 

Ml 


iii.  ISO;  Ariiiiro  .Mix.,  Col.  Lci/.,  ii.  373  et  se(i.;  iii.  010-17;   vi.  204 
Di'i-irtos  Mill.,  IS45,  no.  0;  Id.,  Bol.   Li-;/.,  lSi;:t,  2S2  3;   1804,  00;  Id. 


I.iii  Oniiiii.  Istriir.  I'uh.,  I  10;  I'iiinrt,  Col.:  Id.,  Mini.  Aiiitiil.  ('oii.s/it.,  1870, 
171  202,  225  .-)4;  EdirmiW  Jli.st.  'JW.,  130,  115-00;  Elton,  Willi  tlw  t'nti'h. 
11  40.  .■)5  00;  EiiMu.  I'olir.  Mat.,  Mex.,  1842,  pp.  24,  in  Pajj.  Vm:,  224,  N. 


L-ijiino-ii 

VII.,  1 1 


r 

rri  III 


i-<toriilfn,  nos. 


1 


.(/'.s  .l^'.r.,  221-45,  ,3.38-0,  384-5;  Fn 


II  lo 


51,  0.34,  74  5,  224,  228-0;  Id.,  Doc,  203-0;   Vii/il,  En-soi/o  Jli.st. 

"3-SO;   JIii.s.yvl,  Ml.. 


143-508;  Funiliains  Mi' 


Me.i:,  08-71,    107-70;  Jlr 


d'Z, 


7-10;  I'lilli;  I'i  ijiro  in  .Mi.i:,  1 
Unit.,  144  200,  "passim;  llillc 
Edtil.  .MiJ..  03  0.»,  205  0,  24t»-7;  HainiUonK  .1/w.  Liiw.s,  1-20,  157-70;  lluU'.-< 
Mi:r.  Liiir,  101  202,  348  .50,  420-.32;  h'inro.  Mix.  en  ISiJ,  pas.sim;  Butul,  Ahs 
Mix.,  passim;  Itirldliofin,  I'vp.  Mix.,  17-10,  101-0,  210-17;  It'o."  i,  Jnirio  Iiiijxii:, 
no.  5;  lAiiiH-ns/rrn,  Mr.r.,  passim;   Cincinnatn.s'  TrinvU,  52-3, 


np. 


r 


72-80;  CnwwUuln,  Ih 


dc  la  X.  E.s]>.,  10-11,  02-4;  Lef'trn;   Dik.  Maxii. 


4  5,  3.33;  CiildtroHn  Lij'i'  in  Mix.,  i.,  ii.,  passim;  Siles  Rvij.,  from  vol.  i.  etsec)., 
with  reftreuce  to  the  iudices;  GalUirdo,  Cuadm  Entail.;  Garcia  Cubaa,  Htp. 


Al'THOUITIES. 


606 


TIk'   Kttli  (if  Octolicr,   IHTO,  till!  Ti'tmantt'pec  and  Xii'.iragiia  Siirvoyim,' 
Kxi»c  litiiiii  suildl  iiiiiii  till.'  city  i)f  \\'iishiiij{toii,  bouinl  fiT  Mixun,  its  i.lijirt 


Mr 


III.,  Ktrril.  lUiri'A.,  \   ~'1\  tlrfrprijn  IIM.  Mi'j:,  |i;iHHiiii;  ' 


MS  .  I   :c.'; 


Sdiinriii.i,    /mi'iirf..  M'.i:,   I    l.">4;   /'uiiiui,   ('unit.  (iii«l.,  Tl!'   -I,  Hid  •.'I;    ir.i;i;. 


.1/ 


I'/  <■.   ,1 


I    170.  |Ki 


('»(.  /««/,  Sf.  !»S,  witli    L.  vi.   I    :i();    I 


■S/it}Miii/.-<   l.miil  nf'  //if  A./..   >/ 


:<  :ti:  A 


Zihiin,   iKis. 
xix.,  xxxvii.    \ 


ti,    iiimI   S;   .S7.  ),/, 


//•(»/.;   /Iriiiilr/, 


I..    Ix 

II  !■■■<>' ■■! 


lx> 


]llll  11." 


Yin:.   /{iLi/ii,  h\i'i</.    I! 


Ml 


L 


lirihl 

i  ( 'niz,  i 


.1/. 


■ji. 


liissiiri:    />'  '"/  .// 


.(   iti 


M  xlhiii 

'r.r.,    i.    |i|i.    \ii. 


.1/. 


Tid  tl-J.  Kin,  417  -•-.'.   477  '.•;  Sihkiwh 


/•niit.,  ii.  411  :>•;,  •_•;»;{  :mi4;  Si>«i,  /;;.../.  ,i/,.,.,  i.,i.s.sim-,   '/'"/■.'/•,  /lu.  I'mi.,  i. 

]);issilii;     '^'l|||>l^■^    A  li'i/iH  f:     Triiiliin.^,    Mini.      Itniiii>.i     .1/ //,/<•.  ,    <!ilii"i)..    Mini, 


i.'iiIk,  IS7I;  .V(/'/v)  liij.  fiiir.,  iii.  -JOS   II,  '.'14  :iii;   .V..//'-  /-/. 
Mir.,  ii.issiiii,  ill   .Uij-.,  Aimli-i  Mm.  h'mn.  Iml.  Ai/rii\.  tmii. 


•  II  ii"i). 
i:-i'ul,\i.   l! 


II 


Willi  ■■<    .Ml  .1 


Ml 
ffiit. 
.1/. 


Ill  i/i  l;ili',i.,  SS  ',i:i,  'JSII  ill,  :{l»S  47:  A/.,  Mil  mill  I'laiiiit",  iMssim;   l.inlnih 


'I'ljiiUi,  Ayiiid.    lliM.,  no.  v.,  ;«i;i    |;{;    l.iniln,  .1/ 


is.<iiiii    1,1  fun 


I! 


nil   .Ml. I-..   1. 


Si.lr 

14  :<7:  /' 


Siiiiniiiirio,  1 


1,1  I'll  II' 


jias^iiii;  I'l ii.iiiilitr  Ml 


i|..:  r/,u7,'N  .1/' 


■./.<.  MS.;  /', 


(//.V 


■'•'■.'/  • 


Triif'h,    I'.'  (l!l:    AVm./,/.s    lriiiil.li.i,    V,\   I7.S,    I'.l'.l  •_•!.■ 


11(1,  l-j:{,  !:{!  41,  I7.'>  <i.  :57'.l  M):  ' 


xiv.  4'_'7  ;•;  xxxii.   ;{;{7  4(»;    /'. 


I'liiji.'^hi  1/  -  Jiiiiriii 


Ii'hIIi'h    I'l  I  ]>  III    .Ml 

II,    in  I -J,  4'.'  :{,   l(i 


V.  MS. 
I  'urri  I 
.V.  .1,,, 


•_M0  :!.    •_'.■!.'•  ti;    Tin/lnr,  /{in/nnl,    h'l    Ihnwln.    ii.     144  .'i7:   I'nl 


.1/. 


.-{JD 


A'o/ 


'lii--«))i  .s  .l/c; 


,1/' 


ii.  i:{i;  :.4:  i.'iiii's  .s,-i,i,t  h'.iT"i..-2\  i'j:{ 


l.iiinti,  Cfiiliniiis  Cir.,   I-4S;   /V/'<v.    '/',/;),   •.'•J    4:{:    .1/^ 


I'ii'.    1. 1 1 


.'/■,    IV. 
li.i.s.-iiiii; 


'-  III    .Ml. I 


r 


nil  I,  i:> 


/'../.,  47    I ()'.»,    I7"J  lilt;    .1/ 


tt  iftr 


Ml 


|ias.stiii; 


Midi 


ihl 


t 'ili-til.-<.   Mux.,     lh(iuS,    |i[p.    4i);»;    Mr.iir  iiiisi'/ii'    Zii-^lii mil     il>l.<   ill  II    .liilii 


1H:<i)  •_»,  i.,  iius.sim:  liiirk' irl,  .Mi.r.,  i.  4".»  »il,  l."p".'  7ti,  '.'."il  77;  .1/'-..  Tjiyi  n  m.il 
.V/('/'.v.sY;;/,  77  I.S'.t,  l.")7  1*14;  l{njii.4iiii:iki,  Dnil-ir/ii'  ('iil.,'2\  'M ;  l/iir,  „'„  iiiir  \i  it 
Dun-  Si-iiilihi,i;  •_'.")  ;{.">,  .').'»  ,S.'i,  l!.S7  417;  Jlmili/.^  'J'riiril.i  in  Mi  r.,  I  SJ,  ;{'J(I  ,■(40; 
linz,  i.iijilii  I  .'Jul.  IK'i'.l;  liiniiirir.s  !■<//,.  Ti/i'ii  ni.,  2\1  '2H;  lliill,ir/.'.i . '<;.!■  .)/.,„.'/,.< 
('//  .Mir.,  i.,  passiui;  Jlnn-ilirn,  Xnf.  Ex/ml.,  ,'{•_'  (>•_';  I'lilinrn,  llii  ix/' in,  .S(i  Mil; 
J'lZn,  liciiif,  I'll  Mi.r,,  Mi'x.,  ISSl,  i>[).  'JDl;  I'tiiiiii,  Ciil.:  Tnlirniii-iii  1,'ilii., 
Mi'X.,  I.s;tl,  ii]i.  .")!•;  Ii'iriiril,  h'.iritr.i.,  (>()  Si';  Ziiniiirnit,  llixt.  Mi.i-.,  \\itli  iiM-r- 
eicf  to  tlio  index;  llnillnili,  Mi.i\,  ii.  2'.i'_'  :WI;  .!/.(.<>'.„,  Olln  l',„l.,  ihs  St, 
S.IS  14,  .'{.">I{  71';  4li!)  7'.l;  WurtiiiiK  'I'rniil.i,  [la.s.sim;  lilirjim'.,  <  nznlnr  M<:i\, 
I'll  111,!.  ISliS,  lip.  4:51;  .Morn,  Itn:  .Mi.r.,  fcj  7.'t.  '.I'J  IIIU,  KM)  !S;  I'.nhicii,  l.,l. 
Mi.r.,  .'57  4(1;  Mni/irs  .Mi.r.  .\zl.,  ii.,  |)a.s.siiii;  llinni,  h'nli.,  ii  ,  iia.s.sini;  l)i<- 
liiriicll,  lii/liiinri'  iij'  I 'iininfi ,  t'U'. ;  hnriln.  El  7'iiin,  i.  Kill  ct  mi|.;  ii.  4<K!  („S; 
(t!in-\i  Tiiirrl.1  ill  '.Mr.r.,  '_',■):{  (iS,  (i.s:{  >S;  l/nhU  l.if,  in  I'.ir  II  . >/,  KJ'.I  ■.•).-,; 
niirililiilll'.-<  Fnililiir  l.iji,  U4'.»  '.IL';  I'ln/ill.i,  IJ.*}i.  i  n  Mr.r.,  -Jliii  7l);  'nilf/'s  Mr.i., 
'J0-l")4;  (Jriziirn,  Oriur.,  1  )  li.">;  .Mnliiri  i/  Orm  ii'liri,  I'lni/'r.  K.^htl,.  /,',,/.  /'r/;. 
/V(«.,  Mcx.,  KSiSl,  jip.  KJil;  I ■iiiiii'.'i  (liint.,  :!.S  .";;;  Hiriniiiiliz  ij  J)iir 'In",  ii. 
;«).")  7;  /'/Aw.  ,//  Ciiiirnil.  .l/-.,-.,  •_•:«>,  •J4r)  77,  ."US  ,■)(»•  liiiiii.i.  Erlix.  hi.^rrt.r, 
Mcx.,  lS;i;i,  Y\i.  S7;  A/.,  M  x.,  ISiU,  pii.  .'{'.);  .Minrjiiin,  I'li-ilnrnlr.-',  luis.  ii.  iv.; 
liii-ifiuiiaiilr,  I'lC  ilr  I'll/rill,  i.  iv.,  pa^diii;  A/.,  Ili-if.  ,Slii  .liimU  '-'()  77;  /•'/(«/',■( 
liii'iilniU,  141  70;  l-'^iilirl  la  Cnli'il.  In.-'tit.  O/v/cy/.,  pp.  I'.l;  t'n ilirr.i  Viiliinli , ,, 
'JI'J  41,  ;«:{(),  4:{l);  Fn-ry.-*  I'n;/.  I.ij'r,  5  ."{44;  il.nza  l}iiUr.slrrii.<,  Infnrii.r  <!,  n. 
Z'iriiiil.,  MS..  I'M;  Cmiin-Hliiiis  lii.stiiir.  /'nli.  .Mr.r.,  :i  1117;  <lih.ziilfZ,  Mr.:. 
(Irii.  ill-  ]>iris.,  1S77,  81  I.J.'J;  .Mr.r.,  /.('•/.,  ii.  'JO'-'  .");  Kiiiil.ill'.i  Ti:r.  iiinl  S.  /'V 
Er^iril.,  ii.  II  4(Hi;  .lA(/r;(  I'liri",  li'.l  NJ;  /■',/•,//,  r»  .)/,-.,.,  1  :{•_'.■);  Mr.r.,  I>ii,r„l. 
Dhirvs.,  ilS.,  4>S8  D;»;  Mmiii  rz.  El  I'lnit'j.,  \  l.VS;  'Vr-^iiiiiiiiin  n  i'  Irlri  Jlo-s^i. 
S.  .Anil ii'.t.  Mux.,  IS4S,  pp.  'I'l;  .Irriniiz,  I''"/.,  IDS  7.">;  I'l'niz,  Erynx.,  Mux., 
1S.V.»,  pp.  '_«.»;  .!///y.v  A/  Mr.r.,  .M.S.,  |,S,S:i,  ',S  PJ;  .Lvpz/vc,  T,;/.  ilr  l-Umn., 
Mux.,  KS7t),  pp.  IJ'JI  ;  ('lirmlirr,  Mi:,r.,  A'M  7I,.">47  M'.\;  I 'lidrinil,  * 'ili-' 1 1  Ituiiii  ■<, 
i;{7  r)S,  KSi)  'JOa,  48'J  ."ill;  Anr.ili,  ill'  li  Ciiii:  1/  i;,l.,  Mu.x'.,  isri'i,  pp.  ,S<.l; 
Otuintn,  Mi'l'i.,  S.  L.  J'otti.si,  |S7(J,  pp.  114;  Ofno,  Eii-t  // 1,  .Mux..  IS4-_',  pp.  Kill; 
.M irnlrs,  Jh'.'irrtiic.,  MuX.,  ISoI,  pi>.  .VJ;  (  iN'o,  Tirn  ,Sijiii<,  iii.  .'U.")  77;  .\  rrillii;/ii, 
Itrrrtp.,  \.  '2)8,  'IWi ,  .■{l>4;  .Morn,  (tlirii.t  .Srrl/n.-i,  i.,  pa.-isilli;  Ch  trnuhriiiHil, 
]'oi/ iijr.i,  '2\',)  '24;< htr/ii,  Mriii.  E.iilirin jiirz.  M^'X.,  1847,  pp.  7-;  .l//('"/'C,  ('oiiii.i. 
I'll  lit.  Piii-liiii-ii,  7'.*  185:  Trrjrx,  .Mnn.  J/i.tt.  Coilj.  Jnl  ,  i',n:ii\.,  1S7'.»,  Jip.  l.'JT); 
I'lhiUrro.  lliM.  Aim.,  Mux.,  1S84.  jip.  'Ml;  <'cr'o,  Lo  (  nnt.  Mux.,  188'J,  pp. 
It70,  (.•imtaiaiiig  biographical  sketches  of  soiuu  ot  the  must  proiiiineut  Mexican 


KUUrATION,  sriENlK,  ARTS,  AND  LITKUATLUK. 


iMfiiig  t<)  (liitorinino,   in  tliu  iiioHt  iilinnlutu  inaiiiitr,   if  it  w:ih  ]>r<'iL'tical)lt'  tn 
Construct  a  H)ii|i-(':inal  acroHrt  tlit!  Istliniiix  of 'IVIiuantfpL'u. 

Any  Hcliuinu  L'ontcin|iliitiiig  to  IihmI  tliu  canal  from  othi  r  than  natural 
RDUrcuit  of  supply  mIioiiIiI  Ii>-  conHitlcrol  inipracticalilc;  tlioui^li  in  tlic  cmhc  of 
failing  to  obtain  a  na'.ural  xnpply,  Htmlius  ami  calciilationH  might  he  mailc,  in 
order  to  expose  the  dojiree  of  liilliculticH  to  he  encountered  in  uhtaiiiinL'  an 
artificial  supply  liy  means  of  eollcctin);  rcservoirH  and  pumping. 

On  tiie  other  hand,  if  the  Holution  of  this  prolilem  should  present  norx 
tr.iordiiiary  ditliculties,  or  ohstaeles  that  couhl  not  he  overcome  with  the  cn- 
dinary  appliances  of  engineering  skill  in  its  present  state  of  devclopiniiit,  I 
should  duclare  the  project  practicahle,  unless  the  expense  to  \n'.  incnrriil  iii 
its  construction  should  appear  palpahly  inconiniunsurahle  with  the  importance 
ot  the  undertaking. 

The  data  ohtaine<l  from  our  explorations  and  surveys  prove  that  a  ship- 
canal  is  practicahle  on  the  Isthmus  of  I  einiantepec,  liecause  the  <liHieultii  :i 
to  he  encountered  in  its  construction  are  of  the  or<linary  type,  or  such  as  an' 
inherent  to  works  of  a  similar  nature,  with  the  dillbrenee  that  they  will  \<r 
met  on  a  larger  scale.  This  fact  is  due  to  the  assumed  diiiicnsions  <>f  tlic 
canal,  and  is  inlierent  to  the  conception  of  the  project,  in  whatever  part  nt' 
the  world  it  niight  he  located. 

The  nature  of  the  Isthmus  of  Tehuante])cc  makes  it  impossilile  to  con- 
struct acro.ss  it  a  '  through-cut'  canal.  The  use  of  locks  hecomes  imlispiiisalile 
in  order  to  reach  the  suinmit-licight  at  Turifa.  This  point  is  the  lowest  aiiij 
most  availalde  pass  in  the  mountains  traversing  the  isthmus  from  east  to  wi>t. 

Its  true  mean  elevation  iiliove  the  I'acilic  Ocean  is  7.")4.4  feet,  as  j;iven  hs 
the  spirit  level.  This  height  can  he  easily  diminished  to  T.'i'J  feet  hy  a  cut  'J'-' 
feet  in  depth  on  the  Tarifa  Pass,  In  this  manner,  tlie  summit-reach  of  the 
c.inal  will  have  the  same  elevation  as  tin;  Tarifa  Uiver,  upon  the  point  at 
wiiich  the  summit-level  will  he  fe.l  witli  water. 

The  only  point  from  which  the  canal  can  he  fed  is  from  the  Upper  Coat- 
zacoalcos  or  t'ortc  River,  near  its  junction  with  the  Blanco.  At  this  place 
the  Corte  delivers  l,(il8cuhie  feet  of  water  jier  .second,  and  the  surface  of  tin' 
water  in  the  driest  sea-son  is  OGO  feet  ahove  the  ocean,  «r  72  feet  below  thi 
summit-level  of  the  canal. 

Three  miles  up  s'ream  from  this  point  the  C'ortu's  waters  ascend  to  tin- 
summit-k'vcl  height. 

The  river  IJlaneo  yields  I'JO  cuhic  feet  per  second,  and  is  four  feetalmv. 
the  summit  at  the  Tarifa  Pass.  The  banks  and  bed  of  the  Corte  arc  of  ch>\ , 
rocks,  feldspar,  ami  granite.  The  direction  of  the  stream,  width  of  its  heil, 
which  is  free  from  gravel,  and  the  topographical  features  of  the  locality,  :ui- 
nvlmirably  constituteil  for  the  erection  of  a  dam.  The  materials  are  at  liainl, 
and  of  the  most  durable  nature. 


writers,  mostly  poets,  with  quotations  from  their  works.  Pinirvtrl,  /Jhtv/i 
I'ritlcade  la  LiUniturn  1/ de  Ins  Cicnriiui  en  Mt'.rirrt  etc.,  Mex.,  KSS.'i,  ]){>.  "i'.W,; 
Snni},  Jiioi).  Mc.r.  Ih'iithiii.,  Mex.,  1884,  jip.  lll."i;  Mdulerolii,  h'tiit'ii/o  .lolirc  tin' 
Claxif.  ife  {lis  Cienrkts,  Mex.,  1SS4,  i>p.  UTS;  I'raiijicl,  Koinhrvs  Oioij.  <lc  Mir.. 
Mex.,  liSSo,  pp.  '2()0;  Bililiiitfi'ii  vucrn  ile  In  Iiitn,  Mex.,  1874,  pp.  170,  a  cul- 
loutiou  of  anecdotes,  humoruus  dialogue:^,  and  couiio  poems. 


TDK   HLAN\()   DAM. 


6t7 


It  Ik  )>rii|iiiMi'il  to  (MiiirttriK't  ii  <laiii  on  thi'  l'i>rtc  of  Huitalilu  Htritiigtii,  l'."2 

fui't  ill  I  'll;;tli  ^{  tlic  ll|i,  illlil  S()  ill  lici^lit. 

At  tlii-<  |il  III-  tlicrt!  ix  11  Htrmif;  ili'prr.MMiini  m-  pare*  in  tliu  riilgii  MciKiriitiiiij 
tim  ( 'oi'tc  .'(imI  lil.tiii'o  rivui-H.  'I'likiiiu  iiitu  iUH'iiiint  tin-  lull  or  liciil  to  lie-  fjivni 
to  til)'  li't'di'i',  till'  lioi'i/oiital  ili.Htaiii'r  lictwciii  tin- Curtc  iiiul  lil.iiico  ih  I,7->0 
ft'ci,  aiMJ  ilii'  lii'iglit  of  till'  |i.'i.Hs  iiltovf  till'  I'l'cili'i'  u  ill  Ih'  \ioi  fi'i't.  Ill  oriit-r 
to  turn  till'  watrr  of  till- Tiirti-  into  tliu  fceilcr,  mi  tin'  liliiiico  \'all<>y,  it  will 
ln^  III  rtrss.iry  to  I'Xi'avati'  li'is  tli.iii  4(N),(MK)  I'liltii'  yariU  upon  tin?  riil^^r  uliii  h 
Ki'|iai'ati's  till' < 'iirti' ami  lilaiii'o  valli'y.s.  'Iliis  cxriiviition  will  jiiNt  Hiipply  tlitt 
niutrl'ial  Inr  tlu'  ('oi'l*'  ilalii,  tliu  iluni  at  tlir  IMaiico,  iiliil  tlii;  liili't  (rliaililivrM, 
uiiil  till'  ii'\  I'ti'iiii'iit  wall  of  tlir  fui'ilcr  at  till'  liliinco  iluiii. 

A  liaiii  hi  it'i't  lii^li  must  lio  ri'i'i'ti'il  on  tin'  HIaiico,  'I'liu  rivrr  licit  i-i  here 
].'{(>  k'l't  wiilr,  tlion^li  till!  river  itsull  is  lianlly  'J()  fiiot  iioriMs  Tli.'  tiani, 
liowcvrr,  will  liavi'  to  lii'  liiiilt  140  fci't  loii^.  Kiglity  feet  of  tlii.i  li'ii>{tli  will 
lie  reNcrveil  for  the  Itlaiieo,  anil  whatever  mirpliis  waters  may  fail  to  pans 
tliroii<.'h  the  gatcH  anil  weirs  of  the  Corto  in  time  of  IIimmIm. 

The  lialanee  of  the  length  of  Hlaiico  dam  will  he  u.ieil  for  the  feeiler. 

This  ilaiii  will  he  pierceil  hy  the  feiMlereliaiiilier,  proviileil  with  re^'iilatiii^ 
flow-;;.'ites,  anil  the  waters  of  tin;  feeiler  will  thus  run  across  the  left  i^inl  of 
the  liaiii,  ami  lictween  the  left  hank  of  the  Blanco  anil  a  wall  liuttressiii);  thu 
(lam  anil  iliviilinj,'  tho  waters  of  the  feeiler  ami  the  IJlaiico  Kiver. 

This  liiittressing  and  dividing'  wall  will  not  he  more  than  lUN)  fei^t  in 
length,  and  from  this  point  forwari.  tlii^  feeder  will  rtin  tlirou}:h  a  side  cut- 
ting, and   entirely  aliove   tho  reach   of   the   heaviest  ll Is.      A   few  hiindreil 

feet  hcliiw  the  dam  a  series  of  falls  occur,  which  make  it  impossihiu  for  ex- 
traordinary llooils  to  reach  the  feeder. 

The  waters  of  the  Hlam^o,  .Maxi[ionac,  ( 'apepae,  ( 'oyolapa,  Kscolapa,  I'ita, 
C'hiehihua,  I'erioon,  Otate  (and  if  necessary  the  t'o<|uipac)  rivers  can  he 
utilized  to  feed  the  Pacific  side-levels,  furnishing  jointly  almut  4'X>  ciilnc  feet 
of  water  |icr  second.  The  Corte  Kiver  will  supply  any  delicit  that  may  occur 
at  the  summit  for  tho  Pacific  side  and  the  \ipper  reaches  of  the  Atlantic  side. 
Water  can  never  he  wanting  for  the  suinmit,  liecausc  only  the  Pacilic  plains 
M'ill  draw  heavily  from  it;  while  on  the  Atlantic  side  not  loss  than  :<(),0;N) 
cubic  feet  flow  into  the  ( 'oat/.acoalcos,  lietweeii  the  Alnioloya  and  Usj>iiiip;i 
rivers.  This  amount  is  delivered  liy  tlii;  Alnioloya,  Malatcngo,  Saraliia, 
Juniua]ia,  iJaltepoc,  Chalcliijali>a,  Naraiijo,  ('oacha[)a,  and  Uspaiia[ia  rivers, 
and  many  other  small  streams.  .Ml  the  rivers  an;  distrilmted  along  tho 
shores  of  tho  Coatzacoaleos,  at  very  siiitahle  distances  from  each  other. 

The  general  estimates  for  water-supply  made  in  the  sequel  call  for  l,(il8 
cuhie  feet  per  socoiid,  as  the  amount  required  to  work  the  whole  canal,  under 
the  exacting  siip[io.sition  that  it  is  to  lie  fed  exclusively  from  the  summit. 

The  availalile  summit  streams  were  gauged  at  the  height  of  a  roniarkalily 
dry  season,  and  found  to  yield  jointly  2,  li:{  cuhic  feet;  so  that,  strictly 
speaking,  4!>")  cuhic  feet  per  second  will  have  to  he  disiiosed  of  liy  means  of 
waste-weirs  from  the  very  sunimit,  in  the  driest  season,  and  supposing  an 
extravagant  expenditure  of  w.'iter. 

Since  a  large  portion  of  the  water  brought  to  the  summit  is  to  bo  used  on 
the  Pacilic  side-slope,  this  fact  might  load  to  the  supposition  that  tho  Coatza- 


ii 

■'1''  ■! 

ill 

'i     ^}    }|l 

i,  1            ; ' 

!' 

ilriji 


f„: 


,b  '■''  -i 


008 


KIH'CATIOM.  SCIHNCK.  AKTS.  AM>   LITKItATrUK, 


oiMtlctH  woiilil  l<w(i  tln'r«'l>y  itM  iiroMcnt  iiniMirtincr  .im  ii  l.-ir^-r  rivrr.  Tliis 
olijoi'lioti  !■•  iiii't  llins:  Aliri'itMt  of  Miii.'iliil.'ui,  tlic  cnHMHci'tioii  i>l'  tlirnNii- 
IriM  iiti  ai'i  .1  of  .'tl.'.MNI  Mi|iiiiro  feet,  .iiiil  tluiii^li  tlir  Vflm'ity  of  iIm  riii'iitit  ii 
itlwMyM  iiiiiri'  tliiiii  l.(i  ti'i't  |M'r  Krciiinl,  fVfii  t.ikiii','  it  ut  imc  I'm  t  |irr  miimuhI, 
this  wouM  jfivc  nitarly  H'_',(HIO  ciiliu'  fi'i't  of  Wiilcr  |iiT  Hci-nnil,  as  llif  <li  Iimtv 
of  till)  liviT.  (Iii«  twi'titictli  of  tliis  amount  in  takiii  for  caiiiil  |iui'|mi.'<.  s,  aini 
in  olitaiiiril  near  it.s  Noiircc,  ami  lii'foru  any  of  its  lai>;i'  tnlnitaniM  suill  tl.c 
mighty  viiliimi' of  tlitt  rivi'r.  W'liilu  tim  ilimiiiiitioii  ociMsioiird  liy  niilitrait 
iin,'  MO  Hiiiiill  a  voliiMKi  from  tlu>  rivrr  will  lie  Irss  |ii'ri'i'|itili|i'  tliati  the  llm'tui 
tioim  |M'o(liii'('il  liy  NMiall  fri"4li<'tM,  iluM  Hmall  amount  will  lir  siilliiU'iil  t.> 
hii|i|>l,v  oiM'  half  of  thti  I'anal  iici'i'MMJtii'H,  ami  to  irri^ati^  thf  Mtcnlr  laml.t  ni 
tlui  racilic  jilainK,  whrni  tin;  iiiili>;o  cultiiri'  lani^'iiishcM  for  want  of  wat'  r. 
Iti'Niili's,  ulit'ii  tlu'  canal  hhall  liavo  Iw^fii  liuilt,  the  valley  of  the  I 'oat/aeoal('o.'< 
will  as.snnie  its  eommereial  ami  (lolitieal  im|iortam'e.  At  preHOnt  it  is  valm  - 
less,  ami   the  river  ean  harilly  lie  useemleil  as  far  as  SiU-hil  in    Imliail  eanoi'^. 

Having'  iletnonstrateil  that  tlifro  is  an  ahumlaiit  su|i|i|y  of  water  to  fc nl 
llie  Munnnit  level  an<l  the  whole  I'aiial,  I  will  now  proeeeil  to  ileserilie  tli< 
IU(Mler  route,  ami  the  praetiualulity  of  hriii^iin^  tliti  water  to  the  summit. 
Thu  feeder  rotito  isiliviili'il  into  live  Heetions. 

/•'/';•.</  IHriiiim.  Thu  feeiler  will  folhiw  the  liMt  hank  of  the  lllaneo  auil 
forte  rivers,  until  it  roaclios  tin-  C'ajn  pae  Kivi'r.  The  wholu  of  tiiis  clivisio  i 
will  he  ill  Hiihi-euttingH,  with  very  littlu  tilling,  and  only  three  ini'iinsiileraMr 
lull  euts.  The  ground  was  explored  at  the  [Miints  marked  with  dotted  lines. 
The  topography  is  aei'urately  sketehed. 

The  most  important  stream  crossed  is  the  Maxipouae  (Sardine  Ihooki, 
insignilieant  as  to  volume,  and  remarkalile  for  the  nuudier  of  its  lieautilul 
falls.  Sandstojies  and  day  aro  ahumlanl,  feldspar-s  erop  out  in  many  spurs, 
ami  tliu  excavations  will  he  dilKuult  and  e\|iensive.  The  a|iproximate  lenulh 
f>f  this  diviHion,  inelinling  the  HlaneoCnt,  is  four  and  om- eighth  (ID  mill's. 

Sirniiil  IMnsion.  From  the  ('ape]iae  (l!eed  Hrook),  the  feeiler  will  com- 
ineneo  at  Lemon  Ridgi',  at  the  ]iro|ier  graile;  and  following  the  Capepae 
N'alley  on  the  left  hank  "f  its  western  hraneh,  it  will  extend  nearly  to  its 
liead-wators;  'J'J7  feet  ahovo  tin  hed  of  the  Capepae,  it  w.ll  ln'  necessary  to 
construct  an  aqueduct  ahout  I  MH)  feet  long,  coiiiiiictiiig  the  Lemon  and 
Devil's  ridge.s.  The  weistern  po  ion  of  this  division  ends  at  the  g.ip  «  hieh 
forms  the  water-shed  diviile  o  lo  Milagro  and  ('ape[iap  rivers.  Midway 
lietweeu  their  sources,  and  ,it  ht  angles  with  their  direction,  Hows  the 
Sonapac  (Leiiuui  Brook),  trave  'ig  the  divide,  ami  having  its  source  at 
C'litl'  Itiilge.  The  bed  of  the  Sona  ac  is  118  feet  above  the  HUmmit;  and  tlu^ 
width  of  the  gap  is  4,  IfiO  feet  at  t  j  grade;  therefore  a  tunnel  of  that  length 
becomes  here  iiidis|icnsalile. 

The  nature  of  the  soil  is  sand.stoueH  at  the  Lemon  Hidgo,  clay  ami  slates 
ill  the  upiier  liranch  of  the  C'apepac,  and  inarhles  at  the  tunnel.  The  length 
of  this  division  is  one  and  a  third  miles,  including  the  tunnel  ami  the  atpie- 
duct.     This  will  he  the  most  exp',  nsive  portion  of  the  whole  route. 

Tliiril  Dirinion. — This  divisioii  "xtends  frum  the  tunnel,  near  the  source  of 
the  Milagro,  to  tho  second  ford  of  the  river  Pita  (Hemp  River).  It  follows 
the  left  bank  of  the  Milagro  .ui  the  lap  of  the  main  range,  v*'hich  extends 
from  Clift  Ritlge  to  Tarifa. 


KOUimi   ANI>   FIFTH   1>IV1>1UNM. 


Wlirit   iiliM-uNt  of  t)n'  town  <if  Siiiitd    Miiriii,    t)ii>   ffi'itcr,    wIkwi'   pMicnl 

lliri'I'tlllll    \\i\H     Ih'I'II    il'lllll    I'lllt     to    UCmI,     tllllll    llllW    to    tllU    HOIltll-WCMt     to     I'MMjII' 

lliir  IomI.iihU  of  III)'  I  liiiiiali|M    I'oti'i'io  (or  tl.it    l.iiiiUl,  Ni'iirrlijii^  for  tlii'  low- 

tst     |I,ISH    IlllWl'lll     the    t  'llOCoilltc    Hill     illlll     tllC    SlfllM    Milllll'.         SillC'l!     tlllH     |lil,-lH 

ji  |ti<)  fi  rl  mIiovt  till)  HiiiiiiMil  li'\<'l,  iiiiotlicr  liiiiiii'l  Mill  liccniiio  iii'i'cN.Hjiry  at 
tliH  |ioiiii.  IIm  li'iijjtii  uill  !>('  .'<,.').*il)  frt't.  Till!  Ntruuiim  cnmiiuil  l)y  tliJM  iIivIm- 
loll  iiiT  i\  fi'w  vi'ty  iiiHi^iiilicaiit  lii'ookli'lH  in  tlio  ouHturti  ciiil.  Tliu  (JiH|iii  |i,io 
lllhii'k  Hi\i'ii,  I  lit'lirvi',  rail  Ik:  tiii'iK'il  into  lliu  fooiii  r  williout  ditlicull>,  liy 
simply  i'onM('<'tiii){  it  hiiiuII  iliiiii  ami  a  wa.st<i-wuir.  lU  IIooiIm  nrt;  Miiil  t<i  liu 
incoii.Hiiliriililr,  cvfii  wlii'ii  other  rivrrs  an;  iiiiich  NWollrn;  ami  this  looks 
|ilaiisili|i'  on  ,'ii'roiiiit  of  till'  Miiiull  ari'a  it  •Irainn.  Attir  iia.iMiniJ  tin'  I  'hocolato 
Hill,  till' fi'i-ih'r  will  i.'nconntfr  a  Hort  of  corrugattil  .'^oil,  lorniin^  tliu  lnil  «i( 
many  little  Htreams,  trihutariis  of  tho  Coyolajia  (St'coml  Rivor)  ami  Knco- 
lapa  (First  Hivci'l;  hnt  tlicy  <lo  not  couiplicatu  the  ililliciiltioa  of  tho  fueilrr 
route.  The  < 'nehara  (S|io<'nl>r(M'k)  ia  poMacid  near  itM  hou roe.  Thia  division 
emU  at  the  I'lta,  wIiono  wators  havu  thu  saino  height  hh  tho  8ninmit-l(>v(;l. 
The  cxeavatioiiM  of  the  eaHtcni  part  of  thia  diviHion  are  in  coiniiact  liniOHtonen 
iinl  clays.  Hrift  ami  HhaloB  are  found  in  thu  ('liiniala|ia  I'otri'ro,  |il.'n«tiu 
elay  on  the  Chocolate  tunnel,  ami  ilrift  and  clay  in  the  western  terminus  of 
tluH  diviHion.  The  length  of  tliia  diviNion  will  he  eluvun  anil  three  eighthg 
mill's. 

Foiirt/i  /'iri^ioii. — North  of  the  town  of  ,San  Miguel,  the  main  ch.iin  of 
niountainH  Heml.s  northward  a  huavy  Hpur,  which,  ending  at  Santa  .M.iria, 
turned  the  ( 'orte  from  its  western  descent  and  Hent  it  nortiiwanl.  We  hav« 
named  this  spur  thu  L'of:adia  Ranj^e.  It  is  solid,  and  uiunterrn|iti'<lly  lii^h 
throti^diont  its  length,  with  liut  two  exce|itionH,  at  thu  month  of  tliu  Fiseolapa 
and  at  the  I'ita  Br<Ktk.  Kven  lieyond  the  Uorte,  this  ranne  lifts  a;^';iin  the 
last  of  its  many  heads,  as  a  hu|;e  cone,  which  Indian  wit  has  iiameil  thu 
'  Hunt.'     I  will  now  explain  how  this  ran^'e  is  travursud  l>y  tho  feeder. 

'file  Corte  at  Santa  Maria  is  ',VI',\  feet  liciiw  the  summit.  Thu  I'ita,  which 
croM,s('s  the  Cofradia  iianf.;e,  is  at  the  siimmitluMght,  and  is,  beaides,  a  tnlm- 
tary  to  the  ( 'ortu  tiftuun  niilus  hulow  Santa  Mari<'>;  therefore,  l>y  following  the 
I'ita  Valley,  we  can  cross  the  (.'ofrailia  Range  hclow  thu  siinimit-grade,  since 
the  I'ita  runs  below  this  grade.  The  Chichihua,  west  of  Cofradia  R.mge,  was 
fiiuiiil  71  feet  hclow  tho  summit,  and  tho  I'ericon  is  (K)  foot  ahove,  at  tho 
|ioiiit  crossed  hy  tho  transitdinc;  hence  the  feeder  nnist  bo  located  about 
half-way  between  theso  last  points.  The  whoh;  route  of  this  division  is  easily 
excavated,  and  consists  of  clay  at  the  I'ita  Brook,  sandstonus  in  the  valluy 
formed  acro.ss  thu  Cufnulfa  Range,  and  hiimi'.s  and  loose  earth  in  the  po. 
treros  of  Chichihua.  The  length  of  this  division  is  eight  and  three  eighths 
miles. 

F{/'t/i  Dirisioii. — Thia  division  comprehends  tho  tuunol  from  thu  OUito 
liiver  to  Tarifa  I'lains. 

'Iho  only  important  features  of  this  division  is  tho  length  of  the  tunnel, 
l)nt  thu  excavations  can  be  easily  and  cheaply  made,  tho  ground  being  very 
soft.     Tho  excavations  need  not  exceed  '2()."),(M)0  cubic  yard.'*, 

Tho  following  table  cuutaiua  a  cuudeusod  statement  of  the  important  fea> 
turua  of  the  feeder: 


670 


EDUCATION,  SCIENCE,  AMS,  AND  LITERATURE. 


Number  of 
i>i\  isions. 

Limits  of  Divisions. 

I-ength  of 

Divisiollh. 

Uemarks. 

Division  No.  1. 

Division  No.  2. 

Division  No.  :i. 
Division  No.  4. 
Division  No.  T). 

From  Corte  to  (.'apepnc. 

From  Capepac  to  tJliff,    . 

I'rom  Cliff  to  I'itH. 

From  I'ita  to  Sierra  Hlanca 

Sierra  iilauua  Tuuuel 

4'f,  miles 

1;!h  miles  i 

ll->«  miles 
Similes 
2    miles 

1  tunnel  l,?'*  feet  long. 
1  tunnel  4, !.')<)  feet  long. 
1  aqueduct  1,201)  feet  long. 
1  tunnel  ;!,r>.")0  feel  long. 
Only  3  miles  heavy  cutting, 
1  tunnel  i^.UoO  feet  long. 

Total  leu) 

rtli  of  feeder 

27!4  miles.. 

Joint  length  of  all  ttie  tun 
nels:^  3.01  miles. 

Dl.MKNSIONS  OP  THK    CaNAL — Its   FeEDKKS   AND  LuCKS.  —  Calcul(ttinm  fur 

t/ie  W(Ufr  Siijtplif,  nrul  Best  Form  qf  CroHs-mctioiiH  to  lie  Given  to  the  Anijiiinl 
Waterroursen. — The  length  of  the  canal  proper  will  he  ahout  one  Imndreil  and 
forty-four  miles  from  tlio  harbor  at  Saliua  Cruz  to  the  island  of  Tacaniichapa 
on  the  Coatzacoalcos  River.  Fifty-two  miles  of  this  length  will  form  the  de- 
scending branch  from  Tarifa  to  the  Pacilic.  With  the  exception  of  Tarifa 
Pass,  tiierc  will  bu  no  necessity  for  using  lock-Higlitu,  and  even  liere,  every 
reach  may  hold  two  full  locklengllis,  and  enough  dovclainnent  can  be 
found  on  the  hillside  to  avoid  the  grouping  of  inore  than  two  locks  at  a 
flight. 

The  dimensions  proposed  for  the  canal  are: 

Peet. 

Top-breadth 1&2 

Bottom-breadth (50 

Depth  of  water '2'2 

And  for  the  locks: 

Length  between  mitre-sills 320 

Breadth 42 

Depth  of  water 21 

Depth  of  prism  of  lift 10. 14 

I  should  recommend  doulilc  locks;  but  the  estimates  that  follow  suppo-ir 
each  lock  .subdivided  by  gates  aflfording  respectively  130,  218,  and  320  feet  nt 
lockage  length. 

It  is  extremely  difficult,  njvy,  impossible,  to  determine  the  amount  oi 
water  rcijuired  to  feed  a  canal,  unless  tiu)  condition  and  nature  of  its  trad' 
are  known.  This  is  especially  tiie  case  wiieii  tlic  transit  lias  to  be  eB't'ctni 
through  an  undeveloped  country,  under  very  anomalous  political,  social,  in 
dustrial,  and  economical  conditions.  I  do  not  feel  justified  in  using  the  ens 
torn  coinnicrcial  statistics  before  nio  of  tlio  proliablo  commerce  that  may  see!; 
this  channel,  because  for  my  purpose  I  have  no  conlidence  in  thorn,  and  im 
goiKl  rea.-on  to  suppose  that  this  manner  of  guessing  is  more  rational  than  an\ 
other  one,  so  long  as  any  guessing  element  enters  into  tlic  problem.  Ibolitv. 
that,  through  this  canal,  aa  immense  impetus  will  be  given  to  tlie  conimerc'- 
of  our  Pacific  States;  that  the  politico-economical  l:iws  of  our  development 
demand  its  immediate  construction;  that  the  lengtii  of  ninny  trading  channel- 
will  be  shoi  ^cned,  and  that  the  capital  now  eliminated  through  losses  of 
money,  time,  and  dcterior;ition  of  merchandise,  will  be  redeenu'd,  ami  iiiii'l' 
useful  iu  its  anplication  to  cheapen  produce  an. I  iuuruasc  tra.lc;  but  I  also  be 


ruRE. 


uarks. 


0  fvet  long. 
I)  feet  long. 
,'.;oii  feet  long. 
I)  feet  long. 
*  heavy  cutting. 

0  feet  long. 

1  of  all  the  tun 

miles. 


CalruliitioM  for 
to  the  Anijii-iiil 
le  liunilreil  and 
)f  Tacainicliin>:v 
ill  form  the  do- 
ptioii  of  Tarifa 
•eii  here,  every 
)liincnt  can  be 
two  locka  at  a 


Feet. 

IGJ 

60 

320 

42 

21 

10.14 

follow  SUpilOSC 

in<i:WOfeet  of 

Ithe  amount  of 

[re  of  its  trailr 

to  be  eflV'L'tid 

:ie!il,  social,  in 

using  the  ens 

that  may  seek 

[i  thiun,  anil  no 

;ionfJ  than  aii.\ 

lem.     I  heiicvc 

the  ooninitTO' 

r  devclopnieiit 

adiugchaniu'ls 

|oi;j;h    lo.^ses  ot 

lied,  and  \u;i<l 

but  I  also  111' 


TRADE  .WD  W.\TKR  S^LTPLY. 


f.Tl 


lievo  that  the  data  required  to  estimate  upon  the  nature  of  the  Tehuantcpuc 
Canal  trade  for  water  supply  purpose.-i  can  only  be  approximated  after  loa,; 
study  anil  diligent  research  of  uneoUei'ted  trade  statistics  at  home  r.nd  abroad, 
reipiiring  a  length  of  time  made  impracticable  by  the  nature  of  our  expedi- 
tion. 

The  following  table  will  exidaiu  the  necessity  of  knowing  the  amount  of 
trade  to  estimate  the  water  supply: 


.On  level  stretches  if— 


And  fin,l>    The  ve>M.l  will  draw  from   ■^";l,V'",:.X*''"thj; 
i  Uie  liM'k.>-i  the  summit-  locks- 


The  ve^^el  isdocending  \'  Knl. 

fnnii  the  Miiiiniit  (;  Kinpty. 

The  vc«M>l  i>  H>cending  |;  Full. 

to  the  summit.      .  )    Knipty. 


On  a  flight  of  locks  if— 


Xo  water 
one  lock  full 
One  lock  full 
one  lock  full 


Knipty. 
Kiiii>ty. 
Kull. 
Full. 


And  finds    The  vessel  will  draw  from    And  will  leave  bU 


the  locks—; 


the  bummit— 


The  vessel  is  desrendlng  \    Full.. 

from  thf  .summit..  (    l^moty. 

Till'  vi'sst'l  i.s  ascending  ji  l'"iill.. 

to  tlie  summit. \   Kmjity. 


tlie  locks — 


Xo  water        . Kinp'y- 

one  lock  full       Km  >ty. 

one  lock  full  Full. 

.Vaniany  locks  full  astlierc  Full, 
ore  ci  lilt  ifruous  cliaiM  Iters. 


Althrmgli  the  estimates  made  arc  based  tipoii  a  trade  of  about  twenty 
thousand  tons  >  -ossiiig  the  siiiiiiiiit  daily,  they  liave  been  made  under  ciuidi- 
tions  so  exiiggerateil,  tliat  I  believe  under  ordinary  circumstances  tliis  canal 
can  accommodate  tliirty  thousand  (;tt),(M)0)  tons  daily. 

I  ha\e  also  distributed  tiie  canal  trade  aiiiouj;  small  vessels,  wliich  will 
coiisunie  a  large  lockage  in  pri>portion  to  their  tonnage,  tiius:  TJO  lockages, 
of  170  feet  length,  for  vessels  of  200  tons  and  under;  20  lockages,  of  218  feet 
length,  for  vessels  of  olHI  tons;  .")  lockages,  of  ,^20  feet  length,  for  vessels  of 
1,001)  tons.  These  c(Uiditions  \\  ill  lemiire  special  niacliinery  to  attend  to  the 
rapid  demands  upon  the  gates 

Totnl  A  iiinini/  n/  W'ntrr  Rtiiiiirni  to  S!i]ij)l>/  thr  Sliiji-ciintl. 

For  lockages 140.04  cul>ic  feet  per  second. 

For  evajioration 2.'{.(K)  cnliic  feet  per  scond. 

For  tiltration HO(').(K)  cu!)ic  feet  iier  second. 

For  leakage  at  gates O.'M  enbic  feet  per  secoiul. 

For  leakage  at  weirs 2.00  cubic  feet  pi'r  second. 

For  feeder  losses iV)O.(M)  cubic  feet  per  second. 

For   the  wliiile  can.d I, (JIS. '_'.">  cubic  feet  per  sec(>nd. 

The  following  table  eslalilishes  a  eoiiiiiarison  between  the  water  iliinen- 
sions  and  water  supply  estimates  of  tiie  Calethmian  Canal;  the  shii>-caii.il 
proposed  through  tiie  Istlinms  of  I'anaina  by  thi'  enginecT-iH-cliicf  of  thi' 
Royal  Corps  of  Miners,  Paris,  1S41:  the  .Vlbany  .mcl  New  Hiiltimore  .Siii[i- 
canal,  proposed  by  Williaui  I.  Mi-.\lpine,  A.  M.  S.  of  C.  F...  .Vlbany,  \>>XA, 
and  the  estimates  made  fiw  I'.ie  Teiiuante))ec  Siii)(-eanal: 


672 


KDL'CATION,  SCIEXCK,  AIITS,  AND  LITERATURK. 


Dii'-lKtifilion 


Panninil. 


iloniiin. 


All)uiiy. 


Tcliiiiiti- 

tl|HT. 


Li'iii-'Ili  iif  cuiiiil 

1  niidtli  (if  iiiiial  Ht  WHicr  level 

J  lelKidl  nf  (  iilllll  lit  Irellell  lldttolll. 

llrplll  "f    u  Mler  ill  I'lliuil 

I,n(  k-lenclli  lielweeii  iiiitre-sills 
Lock  hri'iicllli 

J k  (leplll. 

]•    liiiiiiteil  Irmlc  Imt  diiy 

K-liiiiiited  Mipplv  fur  loikii'-'e,  in  ciible 

(eet,  |ier  > ilnl 

K.-'liiiiiUeil  evii;i>>ratl<>ii,  L-iile,  iind  leak- 

ili'i'  l<i>..st>>,  eiiliie  fee'.,  per  Neiiiinl. 
K-liiiuiled   (lltnilidH,   cnhie    feel,    per 

.-eiMiiid 
'liitul  .-.iipply,  e.-tiiiiiiled  in  eiibie  fuel 


^7'.;IIliU■.H.'  i'l  luUfsJ  I'^'jiiiUes.  l'^'.' •iiile.'-. 

ii.H  II.         ir.;'2ft.      li'joft.         iiv^  It. 


C.i  ft. 

■V)  ft. 

r.o  ft 

m  ft. 

■S.i  It. 

■Jf)  ft. 

•2  ft 

-2  It, 

'.ilO  ft. 

17J  ft. 

ii.Mi) 

HOO  ft. 

17(itn:ij)ft. 

17  It. 

■10  ft. 

:ii  ft 

■12  ft. 

l!tt  (■' 

)ft. 

21  (t. 

.'>,000  tcilKs. 

.       .. 

lU.OOO  tons. 

20,000  U>u>. 

■jr,,nH 

US.  11 

lli-...l 

0.4t!2 

.. 

ii.:a 

22.:il 

f.2,-'.i4 

S.I.7S 

i,iii;.(Hi 

87,fe;i4 

•■ 

•£Ji>.-j;i 

l.l.lh.OO 

It  will  lie  well  to  .say,  liufofii  iifoeeeiliiiitj  to  the  description  of  tlie  caiial- 
roiite,  tliiit  the  niiiiii  etl'orts  of  the  L'.xjieditioii  were  dedieatud  to  its  iiinueiliate 
oliject,  viz.,  to  determine  tiio  [iractiualiility  of  tho  canal.  ConsidoraMc  time 
wa.s  spent  in  stimmit  explorations,  and  in  testing  the  feasibility  of  projects 
previously  proposed.  1  >isappoiiitment  met  lis  everywhere;  and  when  at  last 
the  feeder  route  and  its  water  supply  weie  discovered,  the  season  was  so  far 
advaueeil  that  it  was  impossilile  to  extend  our  level  lines  to  the  Atlantic  side, 
iind  locate  th(^  north  Kranch  of  the  canal.  However,  tlie  }j;roiiiid  has  Ikim 
thoroughly  explored,  the  work  previously  performed  for  railroail  and  other 
purposes,  and  the  profile  and  plans  olitaincd  from  the  studies  of  Hariiard, 
iS.dell,  Oi'hcgozo,  and  others,  coupled  with  our  own  observations,  eiialilo  me 
to  assert  witii  coiilideiue  that  below  the  conthieiice  of  the  .Malatengo  tliere  is 
no  obstacle  whatever  in  tho  way  of  tho  canal.  Tho  broad  Coatzacoalcos 
\"allcy  has  room  enough,  and  is  llat  for  a  long  distance  on  either  side  of  its 
thalweg. 

The  soil  at  Tarifa  is  im[ii'rnieable,  and  the  feeder  will  deliver  its  waters 
direi'tly  upon  the  plains. 

A  c-escciit-shapi'd  lakt?  will  be  formed,  wliich,  owing  to  the  nature  of  tlir 
grouiiil,  will  retain  its  waters  at  all  j)oints,  except  at  the  Tarifa  River.  .\t 
this  point,  where  tho  soil  drains  naturally  to  th,'  Atlantic,  the  north  sumiiiil- 
gate  will  lie  excavated. 

The  I'acitic  summit-gate  will  be  twenty-two  feet  lover  than  the  lowest 
point  of  the  Tarifa  Pass.  The  houses  now  at  Tarifa  will  form  a  peninsula, 
where  storehouses,  repair-shops,  etc.,  will  be  built. 

From  Tarifa  the  first  level  will  start  northward. 

l''rom  barometric  observations  behind  the  Campanario  Hill,  as  well  as  on 
account  of  the  grade  of  the  Tarifa  River,  it  appears  tliat  there  will  be  rcipiiicl 
nine  locks  between  the  summit  and  the  point  of  contluence  of  Chichihua  .-iin' 
Tarifa  rivers,  or  one  loi^k  per  mile. 

From  this  point  to  Mal-paso,  below  Rio  Chico,  the  \ml  of  the  Chichihua 
his  a  small  slope,  which  necessarily  widens  tho  distance  between  the  locks. 
Then  the  canal  will  run  along  the  valley  of  the  Coatzacoalcos. 

Twenty  one  miles  ab  .  o  Rio  Chico,  the  Coatzacoalcos  falls  only  threr 
hundred  and  sixty-threo  feet  in  more  than  cue  hundred  and  forty  miles  of 


DESCENT  ON  TllK   PACIFIC. 


673 


river-poiifHO.  This  fact,  tofii'thur  with  tlio  ;ili-i!:iily  liirgu  «izu  of  tliu  Cortu  at 
llio  Cliicii,  jiUMi'iintti's  u  (.'nnvtiiit-nt  ilistrilmtion  of  tliu  lucks. 

On  tlic  I'acilic  niilc  it  is  iiccussury  to  dociMiil  with  sixty-three  looks  from 
the  siiiiiMiit  toLi  W'lit.i  lie  (Miic:i|i<i,  ami  this  must  hi:  ilmiu  in  eight  iiiilus; 
tho  leii;.'tli  <if  ilrvi']i>|iiiieiit  reijnircil  fur  imc  lliglit  will  he  'JO,  ](iO  feet,  while 
tho  (imouiit  furiii.-heil  hy  the  grmiml  is  4'J,'J4!>  fec^t,  or,  hs  I  have  s.iid  heforo, 
no  more  than  two  locks  need  ho  grouped  in  llii^lits.  Hi^yond  this  point,  eight 
locks  will  he  usi'd  in  a  hoii/ontal  distance  of  forty-seven  miles. 

It  will  ho  si.'cn,  hy  comparinj;  jointly  tin;  several  |irotiles  of  the  Pacific 
plains,  that  in  some  places  endianknient.s  will  he  reijuiri'il  to  elevate  the  sur- 
faco  of  tho  canal  to  its  proper  i^rade. 

A  protilo  shows  the  low  range  of  hills  at  the  Saliiia  Cruz  Point,  hut  tho 
prominent  elevation  seen  near  the  o(H'an  can  he  overcome  hy  an  insigniticant 
cut,  hecausc  the  leveldine  was  run  upon  a  ridu'e,  which  is  at  least  lifty  feet 
higlier  than  the  small  valley  up. in  wlioso  western  ridge  the  road  has  heen 
huilt. 

I  have  heen  iinahle  to  olitain  a  co])y  of  the  prolllo  made  hy  Orhogozo,  he- 
tween  the  Tarifa  J'ass  to  the  U|iper  lai;oon,  hy  way  of  I^a  \'enta  de  Cliicapa; 
l)Ut  from  recollection,  and  notes  outeied  in  my  journal  when  I  examined 
the.se  proliles,  I  have  no  manner  of  doulit  in  stating  that  the  ground  deseend.s 
very  \iniforndy  from  La  \'enta  to  the  lagoons,  and  also  that  the  ascent, 
though  rapid,  is  ipiite  uniform  from  La  Venta  to  Tarifa  I'ass.  I  have  visited 
this  pa.ss  three  times  from  opposite  directions.  Tiie  last  time  I  inspected  it 
w;is  from  La  Venta  upward,  in  company  with  the  chief  of  the  .Mexican  com- 
mission, for  the  sole  purpose  of  stinlying  the  development  of  the  hill-curves 
anil  the  location  of  tho  locks.  We  found  no  place  where  the  locks  could  not 
he  easily  placed  to  advauta'^'e,  with  regard  to  economy  of  time  and  water, 
even  if  douhle  locks  were  huilt,  witli  a  water-pit  hetween  tht  in. 

Lieutenant-conunander  IJartlett  r;in  a  transit  and  level-line  down  tlie  Tarifa 
Pass,  to  the  point  where  all  dilHculties  ilisaiipoar;  Imt  jiressure  from  other  ipiar- 
trrs  compelled  me  tosuqienil  tliis  work,  tor  tin'  more  im[iortant  oni'  of  deter- 
mining the  height  of  Cofradia  Pass.  Tiiis  hue  was  to  he  continued  to  the  ocean 
after  a  return  from  the  C'orte  rtJi^ion;  hut  llniling  tlu'ii  th.it  tin:  Mexican  coni- 
iiiissioners  were  eiiga;,'ed  in  this  work,  in  order  to  oht.iin  the  ;;reite^t  possihle 
immher  of  prolile-*  across  the  isthmus,  the  hei.;ht  of  tin;  summit  w.is  deter- 
mined  hy  «.iy  of   Li  Chiveli,  S  m  ( ii'niuiino,  T.iiu  inte|Mc,  .iml  S.ilin  i  ( 'i  iiz. 

1  expect  to  receive  a  copy  of  the  Li  \'enta  line  from  the  .MexicMU  coin- 
missioners,  and  if  it  should  arrive  in  time,  it  wdl  he  appendeil  to  this  report 
■  uid  crediteil  to  them. 

An  inspection  of  thogein'r.d  mapwonhl  seem  to  indicate  that  high  ground 
might  exist  on  the  plains,  hetween  the  (liicip.i  and  N'erde  rivers,  on  iiie 
line  traversed  hy  the  canal;  hut  this  is  not  tiie  case.  The  south  si  ipe  of 
Masahua  llange  starts  ahruptly  from  a  dead  level;  tlii'  Lauartero  Kill  looks 
hke  a  huge  hoat  stranded  on  the  heach.  Tin'  Verde,  which  look  ,  forinidahlo 
111  tho  maps,  was  crossed  twice  ne'ar  ( 'ofradia  without  knowing  it,  though 
looking  sharply  for  its  hed. 

The  .luchitan  Iviver  is  the  only  one  that  deserves  special  mention,  hei'ause 
It  will  reipiii'e  to  he  spaniie  1  over  hy  the  canil;  hut  its  lloods  are  powerless 
Hist.  Mkx.,  Vol.  VI.     i:i 


■S  ' 


:.t|   !    I 


674 


EDUCATION,  SCIENCi;  ARTS,  AND  UTERATURE. 


when  tliey  reach  Juchitan.  Small  culverta  along  the  caiial-linc  in  the  area 
covered  hy  the  river-floods  will  overcome  this  obstacU.  These  same  eircHm- 
stances  oLtain  in  the  Tehuantepec  River,  hut  in  a  lesser  dej,'nu',  since  this 
river  now  runs  through  a  permanent  channel,  which  it  was  f.ud  the  river 
excavated  for  itself;  but  while  studying  the  regimen  of  this  river,  I  ascer- 
tained that  the  'witchcraft  attributed  to  this  peaceful  stream  arose  from 
ignorant  tinkering  with  its  waters,  for  irrigation  purposes.  A  trench  had 
been  dug  unprotected  below  the  flood-line,  and  the  river  found  an  outlet  over 
soft  ground  to  the  old  sunk  turnpike,  which  was  washed  p.way,  and  ever  since 
kept  by  the  river  for  its  bed. 

The  higlicst  floods  of  the  Tehuantepec  River  never  reach  fifteen  feet  above 
its  be<l.  An  inspection  of  profile  will  show  that  there  is  no  difficulty  in 
crossiny  over  the  stream. 

Haui'.or  of  the  Atlantic  Tkrmini's  or  the  Canal. — On  the  Atlantic 
aide  of  tlie  isthmus  there  it  a  natural,  well -protected  harbor,  made  by  the 
banks  of  the  Coatzacoalcos.  The  harbor  varies  its  depth,  but  from  its  entraiioe 
to  the  islaml  of  Tacamicliapa  it  can  easily  be  deepened  to  twenty-two  feet. 

Between  the  harbor  bar  and  Minatitlart,  the  river  is  very  deep,  with  but 
iivo  exceptions;  viz.,  at  the  harbor  entrauce;  near  tlie  soutiiern  ends  of  the 
i  hinds  of  ( iuerrero  and  Diablo;  and  at  the  points  of  confluence  of  the  streams 
Tierra-Nucva  and  Camaronc.-i.  This  la.st  point  is  deep  ciiou,t;li,  but  (juite 
narrow.  All  these  bars  but  two  can  be  removed  without  mudi  expense, 
owing  to  the  nature  and  extent  of  the  deposits,  which  are  sand  atid  gravel, 
under  twinity  feet  of  water.  The  narrow  U.spanapa  Bar  is  covered  by  eigh- 
teen feet  of  water  at  low  title.  It  is  made  by  <leposit»  from  tlie  latter  river. 
The  Coatzacoalcos  is  very  deep  above  and  below  tiie  point  of  conlluence. 

Pili'S  driven  on  the  Uspaiiapa,  f)r  ii  partial  damming  of  the  river,  will 
cause  the  sands  to  ilcposit  farther  up  stream,  on  its  own  bed. 

With  the  exception  mentioned  above,  the  river  varies  from  twenty-two  to 
eighteen  feet  in  ilepth  in  the  old  as  well  as  in  the  Kansas  channel.  The  latter 
channel  was  discovered  in  1S71,  by  the  hyilroyraphie  party. 

Tlie  length  of  the  whole  trunk  is  twenty-one  miles,  counted  from  tlic^ 
c:'ntre  of  t!ie  harlior  bar  to  the  Minatitlaa  custom-houde. 

TllK  CoAT/.ACOALCOS  Bak. — Tliis  bar  has  been  often  surveyed,  and  it< 
depth,  condition,  and  geographical  position  have  been  variously  stated  hy 
ilifferent  observers. 

A  period  of  twenty-three  year.s  has  elapsed  between  the  surveys,  and  in 
that  time  the  following  changes  have  taken  plai'e: 

1.  Tlie  channel  at  the  moutli  of  the  river  retains  its  deptli  of  forty  feet, 
but  it  is  now  twice  as  long  as  it  was  in  1S48. 

'J.  The  horizontal  distance  between  the  40  and  18  foot  curves  has  been 
elongated  one  ami  a  half  times;  but  now  the  channel  is  narrower. 

3.  The  first  contour  curve,  returning  upon  itself,  and  limiting  the  southern 
edge  of  the  bai,  has  receded  toward  the  sea  one  tenth  oC  its  original  distanir. 
a.s  ciiunteil  from  the  deepest  part  of  the  river  abn.'ast  of  the  old  fort;  but  ver- 
tically over  tlie  place  of  this  curve  there  are  now  fi.ur  feet  more  of  water. 

4.  The  width  of  the  bar  has  not  altered  .-,ensibly,  and  is  now  generally 
four  or  five  feet  deeper. 


THE  COATZACOALCOS  BAR. 


C75 


6.  Tlie  24-foot  curve  of  depth  has  neither  shifteil  nor  sensibly  altcreil  its 
shape.  It  in  in»iile  of  the  bar,  convex  toward  the  sea,  and  its  apex  i.s  nearly 
tangi'iit  to  the  coast  line. 

0.  Between  the  apex  of  this  curve  and  the  southern  edge  of  tlie  bar,  great 
changes  have  taken  place.  The  channel  has  become  narrower,  and  timugli 
much  deeper,  it  is  quite  crooked  in  tlie  line  of  maxinnun  depth. 

7.  No  results  have  readied  my  bauds  of  the  nature  of  the  drift  upon  the 
bar  before  1S40.  Now  it  is  made  up  of  coarse  and  hue,  gray  and  black,  sauds, 
shells,  and  clay,  with  red  and  lilack  specks. 

8.  The  black  sands  belo;ig  to  tlie  Uspanapa,  and,  as  has  been  remarked, 
can  be  prevcnteil  from  reaching  the  harbor  by  inducing  the  formation  of  a  bar 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Uspanapa,  in  front  of  wliich  the  sauds  will  naturally  set- 
tle, practically  for  an  indefinite  period. 

9.  Tiie  yoatziicoalcos  liir  is  an  external  bar,  and  is  often  disturlwd  by 
northers.  Since  tlie  drift,  held  in  su.speusion  l)y  the  agitated  sea,  cannot  run 
up  against  the  Coatzaeoalcos  current,  it  is  deposited  outside  of  and  jmrallel 
to  the  coa.st,  especially  toward  the  eastern  side  of  the  entrance.  This  con- 
clusion seems  plausible  from  the  shape  of  the  (i-foot  curve. 

10.  The  18-foot  curve  shows  the  limiting  height  of  greatest  <lcposits,  and 
it  has  advanced  toward  the  channel  with  an  iri'egular  serrated  outliur,  coii- 
liniiig  the  effective  cross-section  of  the  river;  coiiseiiueiitly,  tlie  increased 
depth  of  water  over  tlie  bar  is  accounted  for,  because  the  increased  velocity, 
due  to  the  stricture  in  the  ciianiiel,  has  blown  away  the  fine  sands. 

11.  The  bar  is  permanent,  with  a  clay  subsoil.  This  can  be  siiown  by  the 
IS-foot  curve,  thus:  Tlie  nature  of  the  dei)osits  should  be  consitlered  with  re- 
gard to  their  cohesion  and  density;  as  is  shown  by  the  slopes  of  tlu'  [d'oliles, 
the  particles  deposited  over  the  lower  portion  of  the  river  slide  easily  upon 
oach  other,  and  are  of  light  weight.  If  the  bar  ami  river  deposits  were  of 
uniform  density,  the  current  wouM  cut  a  ciianncl  with  sensibly  jiarallrl  out- 
lines; but  if  the  bur  is  made  up  of  a  substance  harder  than  the  drift  ujion  it, 
it  will  act  as  a  dam,  against  which  the  current  will  impingr,  and  becoming 
diviileil  and  tlirown  sideways,  it  will  excavate  irregular  cliannels  through  the 
material  that  collects  in  front  of  the  bar.  Also,  since  the  edge  of  the  bar 
acts  as  the  lips  of  a  dam,  the  current  will  wash  away  the  ligiit  particles,  no 
drift  will  be  found  u[)on  it,  and  eddies  will  be  found  in  close  pi'oxiiiiity  to  the 
obstructions,  which  will  proiluce  both  shallow  and  deep  holes,  not  far  reinoved 
from  each  otiier. 

If  we  look  at  the  chart  of  1S71,  it  will  be  seen  that  these  efl'eots,  which 
fire  the  irrevocable  secjuence  of  dynamical  laws,  obtain  in  the  ( 'oatzaeualcos 
Biir  in  a  very  remarkalile  manner;  hence  they  must  be  attributed  to  the 
hardness  ami  perniaucnee  of  the  iiar.  It  will  also  be  observed  that  those 
points  of  the  bar  which  should  expose  the  subsoil  to  the  action  of  the  cur- 
rents are  the  only  places  Mliere  the  houikI  gives  'hard  clay.' 

]'2.  The  profiles  and  sections  accompanying  the  chart  of  1871  will  give  an 
accurate  idea  of  the  present  state  of  the  bar.  Tiie  parts  ruled  in  black  lines 
represent  the  re(juired  amount  of  dredging,  under  the  supposition  tiiat  the 
I'utraiKje  channel  will  be  1,'J(H)  feet  wide  at  the  bottom  throughout  its  length, 
and  '25  feet  deep  from  the  entrance  until  after  crossing  the  present  bar.     B«- 


'J 


5'.  \V,i 

III 


670 


E!»U('ATI()X,  .SCIKN'Cl-;  ART.S,    iNU  LITKRATl'UR. 


yoiiil  tiii.-i  imint  tilt'  t'haiiiiel  in  very  (lei-p,  aiid  only  small  cxcavatiim  i  \\\ll  Iii- 
r<'(|nir('il  on  tlic  sides  to  iucrca.s<!  the  width  of  its  bottom  to  tlie  largo  diiiifii- 
sioiirt  pi'0[H)scd. 

Tlio  nature  of  all  the  surveys  made  of  this  liar,  tliough  sulficioutly  accu- 
rate for  navij;atiou  purposes,  do  not  offer  t!ie  niiuuteiK^ss  of  detail  necessary 
to  tleterniine  tlie  amount  vi  excavations  luicessary  for  the  improvement  of 
tliis  harlior. 

15ut  I  feed  no  licsitati(m  in  asserting,  witli  unusual  confidence,  that  the 
< 'oatzacoalcfis  Kivcr  can  he  made  a  very  safe  and  su\i^  liarhor  for  any  class  oi 
slups,  with  but  comparatively  small  expiiis.'. 

The  excavatifnis  hetwcen  Tacamiehapa  and  Minatitlan  can  he  n'duced  to 
<a  minimum  liy  a  proper  arrangement  of  tiie  locks,  which  will  slack  the  water 
np  stream. 

The  hydrograplne  party,  in  charge  of  r.ieutenant-connnandcr  Fari|uliar, 
survyed  aeeurately  the  Coatzacoaleos  Bar,  triangulating  from  a  measured 
Wsedine  on  its  western  shore,  and  clieekiiig  l>y  auxiliary  measurements 

Soundings  were  taken  hy  finding  the  angles  at  each  soim<ling  witli  the 
sextant,  from  known  stations,  at  given  intervals  of  time,  aud  locating  ihr 
average  li.ie  of  soundings  hy  tlie  sextant  and  hearings. 

Nearly  the  same  system  was  employe<l  in  the  ( 'oatzacoalcos  River.  The 
eoastdine  was  platted  from  magnetic  bearings  and  measured  distances,  with 
check-sights  to  all  available  stations. 

I  have  every  reason  to  believe  that  this  work  is  accurate  and  reliable.  'J'iie 
balance  of  the  liydrographic  work  on  the  Atlantic  side  must  be  enusi  U'r<  d  as 
reeonnoissances  and  sketches. 

Haui'.ous  in  TiiK  P.AriKic;  Terminm's  of  the  Canal. —The  road.iteid  <  of 
Veiitosa  and  Salina  Cruz  have  been  proposed  as  the  available  raeitk;  harbor  . 

In  their  present  state,  they  arc  both  unsuitable  for  mir  oliject,  an  1  w'.id  • 
Salina  Cruz  can  be  converted  into  a  safe  artificial  harbor,  the  bay  of  Ve  ito  i 
jicver  will  bo  used,  on  account  of  its  exposure,  the  nature  of  its  shon.'-i.  tlie 
limit  of  the  surf-line,  shape  of  the  coast,  and  liolding  charactir of  the  grouu  !. 

Tlio  position  of  Salina  Cruz  is  in  latitude  10'  10'  11"  north,  and  lo:ig:tuiU' 
'.)■'»''  'JO'  west  of  (rreenwich. 

Tiie  lagoons  offer  no  natural  facilities  that  M'ouhl  rocommeud  i]\v\v  use  ,i> 
a  jiart  of  the  canal,  ('xcept  in  the  case  that  the  Pacific  branch  of  the  canal 
should  be  located  in  a  northerly  and  southerly  direction.  But  under  ihu 
condition,  the  necessity  of  crossing  the  Ciiicapa  may  by  itself  oti'set  tlic  prob 
lematic  advantage  of  a  diminished  length  of  excavation. 

I  believe  that  it  is  impracticable  to  reach  the  upper  lagoon  by  an  aiti 
ficial  eiiaiiiiel  from  the  sea. 

The  volumes  of  water  of  the  many  rivers  traversing  the  plains  briag 
large  deposits  from  the.se  sandj-  districts,  which  are  shifted  by  tlie  tides  anJ 
currents. 

It  will  be  very  expensive  to  excavate,  under  water,  fifteen  miles  of  eh  in 
nel,  which  may  fill  up  immediately,  ami  having  no  suitable  outlet  for  a  liar 
l)or  entrance,  they  are  no  better  than  an  inland  Uke  for  the  purposes  of  tin-' 
canal 

The  surveys  made  by  Master  C.  B.  C.ill,  United  States  navy,  the  remarks 


■  ul ;  of 

irlinl'.  . 

1  w'.iil  ■ 

I'  ito    I 

.•^.  th.' 

nuiii  !. 

i-;tu.i' 

v,^;e  .■!< 

L'    caiiMl 

rv  tlu^ 

.•  pi-dli 

ail  aiti- 


•i 

lirint; 

K 

•t  aiiil 

f 

clriii- 

r 

i  liar- 

f 

f  tln-> 

i(Mnarkrt 


CONSTRUCTION  OF  A  BREAKWATKR. 


077 


of  Liedtciiant-coinmuiuler  A.  Hoiikins  and  Licutoiiant-CDmiiiandi'r  I'.  H. 
CoopiT,  and  tilt!  Htatcineiits  of  tin:  iiilotM  and  »\  thv  caiitain  of  the  jHirt,  |)iiiv<; 
that  Salina  Cruz  ia  prcferablo  to  J«i  Ventosa  fur  the  jiuriiosLn  of  a  port  of 
entry. 

A  lireakwator  1,500  or  2,000  fei't  long,  and  s.  ()7'  K.,  will  jiroti'ct  tliio 
.Salina  Cruz  port,  a)id  convi.'rt  it  into  a  snug  harbor. 

I  apprehend  no  dilKciilty  in  ooustrueting  thia  breakwater  with  tins  .suit- 
able material  at  liand.  The  artitieial  i)ort  at  Al^'iers  is  not  unlike  Salina 
Cruz  with  regard  to  the  nature  of  its  exjMJSUre,  but  very  ditl'erent  as  to  the 
violeneo  of  the  ,sea,  wliieh  is  milder  at  Salina  Cruz. 

1  believe  that  the  swell  enteiMng  the  roadstea<l  is  due  to  l.itiMal  trans- 
nii.ssion,  and  absolutely  there  is  no  .swell  by  rt.'llexion.  1  went  on  board  tlie 
C//<""'  during  a  heavy  swell,  aiicl  observed  its  motion  along  the  eoast,  and 
immediately  after  landing  1  ascended  to  Salina  Cruz  J'oint,  to  wateh  the 
swell  from  a  lu'ight.  The  wind  was  .south,  but  the  swell  eame  from  the  west, 
and  after  being  considerably  broken  by  a  elunip  of  roeks  whieh  advanee 
toward  the  sea  at  Salinas  del  M  irciue.i,  it  was  ■■n-iit  out  toward  the  sea. 

Tiie  transmitted  motion  leaehed  the  Salina  Cruz  L'oint,  where  the  sw(  11 
was  ilistinetly  seen  to  diminish  in  height,  and  to  enter  the  roadstead  throu<ili 
the  crevices  in  the  rocks  at  Salina  Cruz  Point  and  south  of  the  roeks  in  a 
north-east  direction.  A  breakwater  in  the  direction  proposed  above  will 
make  this  port  as  smooth  as   .Marseilles,  though  with  much  better  enti-anco. 

I  do  not  think  it  will  be  necessary  to  t  imstruet  a  jetty  on  the  eastern  end 
of  this  port,  believing  that  the  breakwater  will  be  suflieient  to  protect  aa 
;irea  large  enough  to  .shelter  forty  vessels  riding  their  anchor  at  two  caliles' 
length. 

Although  the  well-known  "Mexican  dmdile-eurrent  "  runs  iiortliward  and 
sensibly  parallel  to  the  west  coast,  its  intlueiice  does  not  reacii  the  (  o  ist  itself; 
and  there  nuist  be  an  inner  counter-current  in  close  proxindty  to  the  land. 
This  fact  was  unmistakably  observed  by  me  during  fo\ir  ilays,  with  iiortli  and 
S(nitll  winds;  and  the  captain  of  the  port  states  tiiat  thougli  the  surtaee-eur- 
rents  coincide  with  the  wind,  they  are  so  light  as  only  to  ail'cct  tiie  course  of 
small  boats;  the  normal  currents  are  from  the  south-west  to  the  north-east. 
He  has  had  many  years  of  experience  on  this  coast. 

The  line  of  surf  begins  almost  opposite  tiie  custoin-honse,  and  gradually 
widens  as  it  advances  toward  the  Mono  l'oint.  'I'iie  absence  of  surf  ipii  tiie 
west  end  of  the  port  illustrates  the  shelter  aliorded  by  the  few  roeks  .it  l'oint 
Salina  Cruz,  ami  serves  ns  as  an  inde.x  to  what  may  be  e.xpeeteil  from  a 
breakwater. 

A  wharf  3(M)  feet  long  could  now  be  used  for  tlii!  diseiiargi'  of  vessels  iliir- 
iiig  a  great  portion  of  the  year;  but,  since  they  have  no  wharf,  a  rope-ferry  is 
used  instead. 

I  do  not  desire  to  convey  the  idi'a  that  it  would  be  easy  or  iiu'xpcnsivc!  to 
convert  the  Salina  Cruz  roadstead  into  a  harbor,  for  the  simplest  problem  of 
this  nature  requires  special  vtudies  absolutely  beyond  the  jiiirpose  and  means 
of  the  expedition. 

There  is  no  engineering  undertaking  more  fruitful  of  mistakes  than  the 
formation  of  artificial  harbors,  even  after  protracted  study  and  thorough  sur- 


1^1 


i 


.ilw 


GTS 


EDUCATION,  SCIKNCE,  ARTS,  AND  LITKRATUKK. 


veys.  Tlio  coiiiiilicatidiis  nrittitig  from  littiirid  ■'illuviuin  oftfii  rt'(|uiri'  to 
(IcNtroy  :i  wliole  xcrie-t  of  iilaiis,  ami  to  start  uiiou  a  new  oy«tciii,  with  loss  ot 
tiiiM!  and  liiMvy  expiMiMOx. 

W'itli  rcgaril  to  Saliiia  Cm/,  1  know  notliing  about  tlio  tlitliuultic^s  ttt  In- 
encoiiiiturecl  in  the  foundation  of  tliu  l)roakwatur,  and  nuxt  to  notliing  altotil 
tliL'  naturo,  intensitj',  and  I'ffci'ts  of  ]iri.'vailing  currcii'. ;  and  winds.  Tin; 
data  1  liavo  beoii  aldo  to  conipili!  liavu  lieen  given  above,  and  all  I  can  say,  a?i 
an  cxiiert,  is,  that  taking  into  account  tiic  results  of  surveys  and  other  in- 
formation nhtained,  ami  having  inspeeted  the  localities  referred  to,  I  am  not 
aldi'  ti>  sc(;  anytliing  ii'i[iraetical)le  in  tins  jiroiioscd  formation  of  this  harbor. 

Ju<lging  by  comparison,  I  believe  I  am  safe  in  suiting  that  the  sea-work-t 
pcrfi.rmed  in  many  places  appear  to  me  to  have  lieeii  constructed  on  a  se.ile 
griater  than  their  importance  warrants,  when  they  are  compared  with  Salina 
Cruz  as  tlie  terminus  of  this  ship-eanal.     Thus: 

AiililitK.  —  Has  a  doubl(!  mole,  one  of  then  '24  feet  above  the  sea,  protect- 
ing the!  liarbor  against  the  mistral  winds.  It  has  been  a  most  expensive 
Work,   reipiiring  many  ailditioiis  to  the  original  j)lan,  as  well  as  corrections. 

La  Ciot'if.  —  Wiiicii,  like  Cherbourg,  struggles  against  retlectt'd  swells. 

CiDiiK-i. — Where  the  sand-deposits  will  forever  give  trouble. 

(tUiHiii'. — I'ort  of  Sands;  open  to  the  south-west  winds,  with  protection 
against  lateral  transmission. 

I4ai(ils  of  Yfii  and  I'v. — In  the  latter,  the  ports  of  Saint  Martin  and  I/i 
Finite  liav(!  given  a  great  deal  of  trouble,  with  complications  that  could  imt 
he  foreseen  before  the  construction  of  their  moles. 

I  migiit  mention  eight  or  t.'U  other  artiticial  harbors  of  a  limited  conimti- 
cial  inlluence,  whose  iniportaneo  is  insigniticant  when  compared  with  that  of 
Salina  Cruz. 

Should  tlie  commerce  of  the  canal  assume  such  'liniensions  las  would  ci'owd 
the  harbor  of  Salina  Cruz,  it  can  be  easily  conceived  that  licavy  ex]>enditnrcs 
would  be  warrantable  in  the  construction  of  a  channel  from  the  canal  to  the 
Upper  lagoon. 

rKKM.VNKNCY    OK    TIIK    AVoHK.S    ASH    SaKKTV    OF    TuANSIT. — Taking    fcT 

granted  that  the  dimensions  to  be  given  to  the  canal  and  accessory  works  will 
be  such  as  will  ftdlil  the  laws  of  tlieir  staltility,  the  only  forces  that  will  coii- 
spire  against  their  permanence  are  the  neci'ssary  wear  and  tear  incident  to 
the  nature  of  the  works,  accidents,  and  cataclysn\s.  The  former  cannot  bi' 
avoided,  and  the  engineer  has  nothing  to  do  with  the  latter.  But  it  will  Ik- 
well  to  say  that  eartlKpiakes  are  not  unfrecpient  in  the  isi!\nius>,  althouLih  I 
would  state  that  they  are  not  as  dangerous  as  is  popidarly  believed.  Their 
damages  have  been  circumscribed  to  snmll  localities,  and  their  effects  uimii 
the  canal  maybe  considered  under  two  points  of  view:  I.  The  inimediati' 
damage  that  the  canal  itself  may  sutler;  '_'.  The  result  of  these  damages,  as  tluy 
may  atl'ect  the  character  of  inundations,  and  destruction  of  life  and  property. 
Since  the  feeder  and  the  north  branch  of  the  canal  are  to  be  built  upnu 
the  valleys  of  large  watercourses,  and  using  the  water  of  the  same  valleys, 
no  damage  to  property  nor  destruction  of  life  can  be  anticipated,  as  iMlierc:it 
to  the  artilicial  channel.  On  tlu;  Pacilie  side,  the  land  IxMug  flat,  no  torrents 
can  be  formed;  and  its  numy  and  large  watercourses  will  carry  the  water  from 
the  feeder  to  the  sea. 


THE  SUBJECT  OF   EAllTHQUAKES. 


(iTD 


I  hiivo  stuiliuil  ililigently  tlio  8uI>jocti)f  ertlKiuakcs,  aii<l  tlirir  i  tl't'ct  \iinin 
the  istliiiiiis,  liiiviiij,'  I'oiisiitti'il  tin-  fiiUowiiiL;  tiutlioriticH:   iJiinni  A.  \ dii  Hmii- 


boldt,   Pill.i,  A.  EriiKiii,   I'imtov,  Sarti,  Suliliini,   l)r  Y 


»"g- 


cl  J)r  A.  1 


v.. Jan. 


TIiu  cataclysms  and  lartlujuakca  rocoriled  in  Smitli  ami  C'cntral  America 
liavc  never  jimviid  destructive  tin  the  isthmus  to  an  extent  that  Wdulil  injure 


sly 


il. 


From  (ilisirvatinns  l>y  Perrey  diirinj;  many  years,  tlie  foUowiii;.'  is  the 
yearly  uverai;(^  iif  cartiKiiiakes  tiiriui;;li()iit  the  eartii:  '_'.'{  in  winter,  \'>  in 
sj)riM'_',  "JO  in  siiinmer,   'J'J  in  autumn;  .SO  tlie  whole  year. 

We  visited   the  isthnnis  during  the  two  seasons  of  maximum  recurrence, 


d  only  expcrit'licecl  three  eaitlii|uak<'.<,  one  str 


hut 


winch  Won 


Id 


been  harndcss  ti)  the  canal,  and  the  other  two  (juite  insignilicant. 

(^nito,  Venezuela,  and  Chili  are  the  jioints  of  the  continent  whence  eartii- 
quake-waves  are  mostly  propagated  toward  the  isthnms. 

'J'lie  eartlii|uakes  ol'  hS.VJ  are  the  most  strikin.,'  gt'Ui^ral  carthnuakes  ru- 
conled,  and  in  Oajaca  ami  \'era  t'rn/  oidy  a  few  houses  were  cracked. 
At  all  events,  they  were  not  calamitous.  These  earthijuakcs  hega:i  on  the 
ITtii  of  .January,  liy  an  erniition  of  tlie  Mauna  Loa,  marly  destioying  the 
.Sandwich  Jslamls.  In  .luly,  t'liiia  and  I'orto  Kico  suli'ered  terrihle  lo.sses  in 
lile  and  proiierty;  on  the  ITlh  of  the  same  month  it  was  felt  in  C'eiita;  on  the 
18th  in  .Santo  Domingo;  an  1  in  Anuria  it  was  so  violent  that  the  shoek  rung 
the  cliurch-tiells;  on  the  •J.")th  it  w.is  f.'lt  in  (rcorgia,  Uniteil  .States;  on  the 
Kith  of  .Septemher  the  iuliahitants  of  .Manila  ex 


perie 


neeil  the  heaviest  ojci 


1- 


lations  in  their  records;  .St   lago  of  Cuha  was  coniijletely  destroyel,  and  at 


aliuoat  the 


instant  the   Etna  entered  into  one  of  its  most  lerrilile  erup- 


tions.    ]t  will  he  seen  tiiat  there 


st  hi 


e  some  reason 


hohli 


il  for  the 


safety  of  the  isthuuis,  when  it  escaiied  the  commotion  of  a  centre  of  distnrh- 
ance  comparatively  dose,  while  distant  points  were  violently  shakrn. 

The  general  eartlniuake  of  l.SliT,  wliicli  proved  so  calamitous  in  llie  West 
Indies,  was  harmless  in  tiie  isthnuis. 

'1  he  above  is  n<it  presented  as  a  j>roof,  hut  only  as  a  plausible  dc.luction, 
tending  to  show  the  stability  of  the  isthmus. 

There  are  strong  reasons  toconlirni  tiie  belief  that  ('alal)ria,  Tuscany,  Por- 
tug.il,  Cul)a,  and  .bipaii  are  subject  to  heavier  commotions  th.m  any  lUlimian 
route  will  ever  be;  and  yet  this  danger  is  never  taken  into  account  in  connec- 
tion with  public  Works,  or  commercial  and  political  enterprises. 

The  data  obtained  from  our  surveys  are  not  sullicient  to  i.iaUe  estimates 
as  to  the  cost  of  the  canal. 

1  have  thought  it  advisable  to  t'xaggerate  the  dimensions  ol  .ill  the  ele- 
ments tending  to  exhaust  the  suunuit  water  snjiply,  and  to  tuuiiel  lor  this 
feeder  in  localities  in  which  I  liad  reason  to  believe  that  an  op.n  cut  would 
be  less  expensive. 

I  believe  that  the  cost  of  the  feeder  is  not  incommeusur.ible  uith  the  im- 
portance of  the  canal. 

VtiT  till'  purpose  of  coinpari.>«on,  we  have  the  Croton  aqueduct,  which  brings 
water  to  New  York  from  a  distance  of  41  miles.  In  its  coiistruetiou,  it  has 
been  nticessary  to  prepare  an  imniens.!  ilrain  ig  •  area,  to  make  costly  improve- 
lUL'iits,  ami  an  expensive  ilum  at  the  Croton  Kivcr;  to  bring  the  water  through 


I 

III 


':     il 


liiil 

..',11 


f.H() 


KDUCATIOX,  SClKNCi:,  AIM'S,  AND   LlTKUATirUK. 


II 


ail  arched  iu|iiLHluct  to  tiu;  rU'jijiiiit  IukIi  liriilgtt  ovit  tlic  Ilarluin.  Tlu'  aid 
roMurvtiir  was  fonstruotcil  in  (,'uiitriil  I'iirk,  tlio  diHtrilnitiii^'  reservoir  in  Korty- 
BOC'ollil  Mtreet,  ami  iriliny  IKM^eHsory  Wnrivs,  iiuil'ocirless  eXpeliMlve,  W(!re  tiliislieil, 
at  ail  iiverugo  expelisi!  <if  .'jl,O.K),(KM)  [ler  mile. 

Many  years  of  cnnneetioii  witli  tlie  Crotuii  u({Ui'(Iiict  havi;  niuxlc  u\f  f.iinil- 
iar  witli  (lie  cliar.icter  of  itt  works,  and  the  tliornu-li  survey  made  oi  tlie 
[■  e  ler  route  enahh^s  me  ti>  helitive  that  tlio  Kiustruetioii  ol  the  ship-caual 
f.'eder  taiinot  exu>  ed  one  lilth  of  tiie  <'iitiro  eost  of  tlie  (.'rot<JH  a({ue(hict. 

ThtMX[ieii>es  to  he  incurred  fur  theeanal  |(ro[ier  need  no  defence;  they 
ilejieuil  uimn  tlie  aHsunied  dinien-iuns  of  tlu;  trvueli  and  lockh,  wldh;  the  class 
und  nuiiilKr  of  ohstiudes  to  Ix;  ovtTiouie  are  of  the  most  onlinary  nature. 

Although  the  construction  of  this  :.luii-canal  is  truly  a  large  ))rojoct,  wlu^n 
I'oinpirtMl  with  many  ancient  works  its  nia;;nitude  disapiiears. 

One  thousand  oiiehunih'ed  and  seventy-eight  years  hefore  Christ,  the  jiyr- 
aniid  of  Ciiemnif  was  connncnccMJ.  In  it.^  coliHtruction  ;{(!n,(KIO  slaves  wcn^ 
eniiihiyed  during  twc^ity  years,  and  ten  years  were  spent  in  the  huilding  of  tiie 
cau.seway,  over  whicli  l(H»,(HH)  men,  in  gangs  of  lO.CKM),  Iirought  the  materials 
to  the  ])yramid. 

The  (!anal  built  by  Nitocris,  (jueen  of  IJjibylon,  and  wiiich  proteettul  lier 
kin^idom  against  the  Modes,  was  made  by  turning  tlie  Kniiln-ates  into  an 
artilioiul  ehannil,  iirobably  jiroviiled  with  gates  and  sluices,  aid  witli  .so  many 
windings  tiiat  it  was  a  three!  clays'  voyage;  to  pass  the  t()wu  of  Ardiirii  ca. 

To  ])revent  the  eity  fro:n  inundations,  Nebnciiadnezziir,  live  iiumlred  and 
sixty-two  years  before  Christ,  built  an  immense  lake  to  receive  the  llood- 
■water,  while  facing  the  banks  of  the  Euphrates  with  brick  and  bitumen  walls 
the  t:nlire  length  of  its  course  tiirough  the  city. 

.Modern  Ilomu  is  abundantly  sup[)licd  from  three  of  the  twenty  ;iiiui^iUict-i 
that  once  l)roilght  water  across  the  Campagni,  in  lines  fiom  'M)  to  Gl>  miles  in 
longtii.     One  of  these  aipmducts  jiassed  over  7. 'MM)  arches. 

Tlie  Therinie  of  A^ustus  and  Diocletian  were.  magnili(^ent  conceptions  of 
luxury.  In  the  latter,  4(),tKX)  Christians  were  employed,  and  it  fnrnishe.l 
baths  for  It'J.tKM)  people,  in  sumptuous  buildings  coviring  an  area  nearly  a 
mile  in  circumference;  while  the  ruins  of  the;  baths  of  Caracalla  still  attest  to 
their  ancient  vastnesa,  being  the  larget't  ruins  inside  tiie  eity,  next  to  tiie  Coli- 
seum. 

One  third  of  the  walls  of  the  (.-'oliseuin  still  remain,  inclosing  tlu;  area 
where  l(i(),0()()  sptctators  once  witnessed  a  naval  battle  fouglit  upon  an  urti- 
ticial  sea. 

I  believe  that,  taking  into  account  the  transcendental  importance  of  the 
Tehuautepee  ship-cauid,  and  the  power  of  our  present  civiliaition,  other  rea- 
sons than  'natural  obstacles"  and  the  'exiiensir  of  the  undertaking'  must 
l)i'  given  for  postponing  any  lonuer  the  o]u'ning  of  w  hatever  isthmian  route 
m.iy  prove  most  benelicial  to  the  national  interest  and  the  commerce  of  the 
world. 

Explorations  of  tiik  Coaizaco.vlcos  Rivkr. — On  the  28th  of  November, 
the  Kansas  steam-launch  and  four  canoes  shoved  off  the  Coatzacoalcos  bank, 
ojiposite  the  American  consulate,  having  on  board  our  instrumcuta  and  all 
the  otiieers  and  men,  bound  for  the  uiouutaiuH. 


TIIK  Jl'Ml'AI'A   lUVKIl. 


1)81 


With  ii  ('.oiir  <liiy  licfdrc  ii.-i,  wc  innVfcl  tilowly  up  strt'iiiii,  iiicftiiij;  iii.iny 
maliiigaiiy  iiiiil  fctliir  iMtt.i.  At  N  p.  m.  wc  hiinli'd  at  Aliiiaue'cs,  ii  ililnpiditi'd 
town  I'lHitainiim  i)S  viitur's,  ami  situatcil  tliirty-Mi'Vcii  uiili -i  sdutli  nlf  llm 
har. 

This  i.H  tin;  lii^lii'st  |)(iiiit  of  tin'  riviT  tliat  cuiilil  In;  iitili/cil  I'ur  a  Mliijicaiial, 
till  ai.'ciiiiiit  (if  its  ^^iiiail  <li'|itli  ami  fi'ui|Ui'iit  liars.  It  will  lio  imm'  I'l'iimuiiii  il 
ami  ('.\|ii'ilit'iit  ti>  ciiiiiiiiciii'i!  tlu;  canal  at  tin;  town  <iii{i(iMito  the  Kaiicliii  liil 
Mari.scal,  ciittin^  tliniUi;li  tin;  island  (if  Tacainicliaiia,  in  tlio  dircctiuM  (if 
Alisalotitlan,  ami  liy  t'h'ariii),'  tlif  tintraiii'i' (if  tlu'  Mi.staii  Furk  avdid  the  sand 
(l('|i(isits  ^^  iiii'li  come  fi'(Hii  tliis  livcr.  Altlioui;li  tlio  •Funiua|ia  Kivcr  li  is  a 
line  sand  liottoin,  citlicr  tins  conll^^iiratioii  of  its  ontlct,  its  internal  liars,  or 
the  .shape  of  its  slioics  prevent  its  sands  from  drifting!  into  tlit;  Coat/aeoalcos, 
heeaiisi!  the  j;eneral  character  of  the  liottom  of  the  latter  river  consists  of 
plastic  clay,  with  a  reniarkaMy  small  anionnt  of  j^'ravcl  ami  sand. 

For  a  description  <if  the  CoatzacDalcos  helow  Almagres,  .sei;  extracts  of 
(/'aptain  Kanpdiar's  report. 

The  river  liaidis  helow  Alinajires  are  very  low,  fr(;ipiently  llooded,  and 
the  country  is  crossed  hy  many  cneks,  which  com[ilic.itc  the  leiiinien  of  the 
river,  mit  oidy  with  regard  to  tho  tides,  hut  also  in  connection  witii  the  floods. 

Itwill  lie  si;i;n  in  the  meteorological  report  that  the  river  rises  and  falls, 
ofti'U  without  apparent  cnii.se,  a.id  independently  of  the  tides  ami  wind. 

Tho  most  important  of  these  creoks  drain  the  country  W(!st  of  .Minatitlan, 
and  are  the  Men/a]ia,  Apepeehe,  Ocosapa,  and  .lacoteno,  on  the  left  hank; 
'ind  the  (  (latajap  I,  w  iiieli  drains  the  country  north  of  the  San  Antonio  l{iv(!r. 
All  river  deptlis  referred  to  in  this  report  relate  to  the  dry  season,  unless 
otherwisi;  stati'il. 

Two  and  a  half  miles  south  of  Minatitlan,  a  haven  exists,  made  hy  the 
continence  of  the  Ojosapa  and  Tacojalpa,  where  the  Spanish  government 
water-cured  pine  masts  that  weie  afterward  taken  to  the  Havana  and  t'arraca 
arsenals. 

The  lirc^adth  of  tlie  river  from  the  Coaehajia  to  Almagres  varies  from  400 
to  oDO  feet,  wiiile  at  the  conllnence  of  the  Uspanapa  in  the  south  e.vtreniity 
of  (itierrero  Lslaud,  near  Tierra  Niieva,  and  near  its  month,  this  majestic 
river  is  nearly  half  a  mile  wide. 

These  and  other  important  facts  devolo]ie(l  hy  the  accurate  surveys  of  this 
river  hy  the  hydiographic  party  shows  tiiat  a  scenic  harlior  can  he  olitaineil 
on  the  gidf  side  of  the  isthmus,  and  safe  navigation  fcr  any  sized  ships,  as 
far  as  tlie  island  of  Taeiimichapa. 

The  improvements  retpiircd  can  he  easily  and  cheaply  etl'ected.  '["lie 
dcscriiitioii  of  tliis  rivei'  given  hy  Senor  Moro  is  very  accurati',  from  tiie 
Milagro  River  in  the  ('liinialai:i  icgioii,  down  to  its  mouth  in  the  gull'. 

I  differ  from  his  opinion  tliat  the  Coatzacoalcos  cmdil  he  utiliz(Ml  as  far  as 
its  conlluem^e  with  the  Malatengo.  To  straighten  a  larm;  watcroonrsi;  is 
extremely  expensive,  and  ahovo  Almagres  this  river  is  ahruptly  tortuous, 
.and  shaUow  in  vei-y  long  stretches.  Also  Seflor  Moin  never  went  north  anil 
east  of  Santa  Maria  ('hinial;t])a;  and  Senor  llohles,  who  sui'veyed  the  Upper 
Coatzacoalcos  very  hastily,  was  often  deceived  hy  the  native  Indians. 

We  left  Almagres  on  November  29th,  and  proceeded  up  the  river.     Two 


i    !l 


C82 


EDUCATIOX,  S11KN(  K,  Al'.TS,  AND  LITKUATUUK. 


niilt'H  alKivc  Aliiiii^r(!,s  \\v,  n.iw  tlic  lirst  Mull  iiimn  itn  Nliiirc>i.  It  uoiisi.iti'  f  ,.f 
griii'ii  nliit«',  mill  wfiM  .'ilMuit  ()()  ffct  liij^li.  A  ilccidi'd  cliiiiiL;!'  in  tlu^  liiiuht 
of  tin;  «licir(!H  ln'ciimn  iintiociililc,  ami  imt  uiifretjuuiitly  wu  h.iw  uviilc'iiois  nt' 
Htrmii,'  lliioil-currciitH. 

Five  miles  aliovo  Alina>,'rt'H,  tlu!  rivcT  liccoiiies  iiiuiit(!rru])tuilly  tortuoiH, 
litinj;  lillcd  witli  extensive  liars  uiiil  .>'naj,'s.  Its  eurreiit  IIiuvm  at  the  rate  nl' 
3  ami  4.0  feet  per  secoml,  in  long  shallow  Htretelies;  7  miles  aliovo  Alnia^res 
oiie<if  tliuHO  bars  hud  dammed  the  river  so  hijj;li  that  it  liroko  throii^'li  iinntlicr 
place,  or  'nini|iid<>, '  in  ahdut  JH4.S,  runnin;,' them  thmu^ih  the  old  ehaiinel 
that  it  had  ixcavated  in  IH.'M.  This  nunpidu  shortened  the  river-oouise  1) 
mile.s,  liiit  tlii^  liar  now  lidow  this  point  is  so  shallow  that  the  next  tlood  may 
again  alter  its  cnur-e.  From  the  Iiest  information  I  have  lieeii  alile  tooliiain, 
these  lireaks  take  place  every  twelve  or  tiftet.'n  years.  Onr  travel  thr(iti);li 
this  part  ol  the  rivt'r  was  very  nnplea.sant,  as  it  rained  in  torrents,  and  the 
current  was  so  swift  that  the  eanoes  pawsed  the  steam-lauiii'h  with  e.ise, 
though  the  latter  carried  70  poundn  of  steam.  The  laiincii  lii'cani  ■  disaliled 
and  was  sent  hack,  though  she  eoidil  not,  in  any  ease,  hav"  proceeded  nnirli 
farther  nj)  stream,  on  account  of  the  fruijniMit  hars,  over  which  onr  eaimes 
now  often  fouiul  dillieult  crossings. 

At  !'"fia  Blanca  we  saw  the  first  indiuatioii  of  stratitied  rocks  thus  far 
noticed;  the  hanks  were  (iU  feet  hi>{h,  composed  of  white  and  green  strata  nt 
clay,  with  a  shallow  synclinal.  The  average  .strike  was  almut  I'J  ,  and  dip- 
ping south.    The  natives  use  this  clay  in  the  manufacture  of  thi^r  rude  pottery. 

The  river  bottom  is  here  hard,  and  is  made  up  of  sharp  sand,  small  gravel, 
and  elay. 

From  the  i.sland  of  (inapinoloya  to  Pedernal  I.sland,  the  rivt'r  is  >ery  deip, 
with  a  clean  elay  bottom,  and  only  occasionally  sandy. 

The  temperature  of  this  river  is  about  3  degrei's  cooler  than  the  air  in  the 
morning,  and  4  degrees  cooler  at  noon.  Tiiis  was  only  observed  during  our 
journey  of  eight  days  up  tin;  river. 

After  passing  the  Clialehijalpa  Kiver,  the  banks  are  tpiite  high,  and  the 
Coatzaeoaleos  grows  wider  and  shallow  opposite  the  island  of  ()axaijuefn, 
where  it  is  about  1,4()0  feet  wide,  with  I'i  feet  of  water  in  the  chaniul,  which 
is  about  2(X)  feet  wide.  The  river  branch  on  ti'.e  ij.x-th-we.st  side  of  this  island 
was  nearly  dry.  In  latitude  17"  27' noitii,  iliere  s  a  dangerous  IkmhI,  witl\ 
U  high  blutl'  in  the  receiving  shore,  and  a  lii'v'e  i<and  deposit  on  the  salit'iit 
shore.  Farther  up  we  passed  the  Perla  Mel  I'.atanal  Islands,  covereil  wi'li 
camalote,  gimba,  and  crocodile <.  The  camalote  is  a  tall  gra.ss  eaten  by 
cattle;  th(!  gimba  is  a  species  of  bamboo. 

The  roots  of  both  jihmts  afford  a  most  effective  protection  to  the  banks 
against  the  heaviest  floods. 

Opposite  these  islands  the  bottom  ia  clean,  plastic  clay,  which  occasioned 
great  difficulty  to  the  pole -men,  whoso  poles  were  buried  fast. 

lu  latitude  17°2.'V  north,  longitude  1)4"  2."/  west  of  (irecnwieh,  the  country 
becomes  wild  and  wooded;  the  current  is  swifter,  and  the  river  narrow, 
although  the  volume  of  M'ater  appears  undiminished,  evv.n  a ftei- passing  above 
the  C'halchijalpa. 

The  C'halchijalpa  is  a  large  river,  whose  different  sources  come  from  the 


Tin:  .r.M/n:pK('/ 


tm 


dirt'ntioii  of  tlio  ('liiiiiala]ia  Moiiiitiiiiis.  Siftur  Moro  n;iyn;  'Tlic  Iiidi.inH  of 
Santa  Mali  i  ilscuikI  it  on  I'al't.i  to  a  ]ioiiit  KN  niilt's  ili.itant  from  tlu'ir  villa;^i'.' 

Altlioii^li  It  may  liu  [MMrtililo  to  utili/ !  isolatc'l  [lortionsof  tlut  river  for  tho 
canal,  I'Vt'U  iu  tlicMi!  iiii^li  jioiut-i,  it  in  my  opiniou  that  tlooil'^atcH  anil  other 
t.i'iL'.s-iory  works  will  overlial  iin'e  tliu  economy  of  uxcavations.  Uu  it  iu*  it 
may,  future  surveys  must  detcrmiiiu  llieu;  points,  with  tliu  study  of  details. 

\Vc  tlu'n  pasticil   tho  ilaltepcc,  or  '  Kio  de  los  Mijes,'  wiiieli,  iiUIioukIi   'MM 


feet  widi 


widu  at  its  month,  lias  an  extcn  leil  liar,  with  ii  chiinncl  12  tct  wide  at 
its  month,  and  less  than  0  feet  deei).  A  short  distanco  aliovo  this  river,  mi 
tho  < 'oat/acoalcns,  wu  unuouutorod  thu  first  dauj^eroiis  ra|iids  having  a  very 
stroiij;  current,  which  siiciids  its  force  in  literal  iloep  holes,  with  extensive 
whirljiDols. 

Thu  river  Jaltepec  Una  its  source  in  tin?  Mijo  Sierra,  a  district  densely 
wooiled,  anil  originally  inhahited  hy  llie  jiowerful  Indian  tiilies  «hosi'  few 
ramaiiiiiig  descendants  are  now  passiii;^  away.  Tho  riiiinants  of  these  races 
tiro  only  found  liuro  at  Sail  Juan  (riiichioovi. 

Tho  (.'oatzacoaleos  widons,  ^'ud  again  hiis  tho  anpoarance  of  a  great  river, 
until  after  jiassing  Silcliil. 

At  Mal-paso  it  again  contrauts;  the  channel  is  narrow,  tiirtutms,  and  (illeil 
with  large  Ktones. 

'Siichil,  '  which,  translate  I  from  tho  Mexican,  means  'a  tlowcr, '  is  tho 
head  of  canoo  navigation  i:i  tho  dry  season.  This  small  settlomcnt  is  on  tho 
left  high  iiaiik  of  tlio  river,  and  from  tlii-i  height  an  extensive  view  can  lie 
ohtained  over  tho  low  hanks  of  the  o|H)o.sito  shore.  Above  Srtchil,  and  until 
wo  reach  Mal-paso,  tho  river  remains  wi4lo,  and  the  hanks  are  generally 
formed  hy  green  slate. 

']"he  tirst  hills  hecome  visihle  on  the  right  hank,  hotweeii  tho  Juinuapa  and 
C'halcliihaliia  rivers. 

They  are  low  and  broken  in  outline,  and  from  ainoiig  them  tlows  a  hrook, 
litituilo  17'--'  north,  longitude  l»-t'  ;{.")'  west  of  (ireenwich,  which  Don  Benito 
Snare/,  says  is  tifteoii  miles  long,  a'ul  who-io  waters  in  times  of  flood  run 
through  tlio  lied  of  the  Chalchijaliia.  Ojie  mile  anil  a  half  ahove  this  lirook, 
wc  left  tho  Coatzacoalcos,  and  entered  tho  Juinuaiia  River.  Its  appcaraiieo 
is  diU'erciit  from  that  of  tho  Coatzacoalcos.  though  with  indentical  geological 
characteriatiea.  It  is  aliont  .'^ili)  feet  wide  at  its  mouth,  witli  deep  hanks,  aii'l 
so  shallow  that  our  canoes  could  lianlly  get  along  through  its  tortuous  eliaii- 
nel  tilled  with  snags.  A  few  days  later  in  the  season,  travel  hy  water  is 
interrupted,  and  canoes  can  ascend  as  far  only  as  Sueliil. 

After  pa.ssing  the  Jumuapa'a  mouth,  tho  average  width  of  tho  river  cannot 
exceed  UK)  feet,  with  a  current  of  three  ami  a  half  miles  per  hour  at  tliis 
season,  and  a  gei.iral  depth  of  from  ',i  to  ">  feet;  luit  tlie  ehaiiiud  is  ti'averscd 
hy  innunierablo  sand-bars,  with  only  a  few  inches  of  water  ovi  r  tiiem. 

The  waters  of  this  river  are  about  2' colder  than  those  of  tlie  Coaizaeoaleos, 
and  as  wo  ascend  the  st"cam  the  liottom  looks  blacker,  the  texture  of  the  el  i y 
is  coarser,  tho  rocks  on  the  banks  more  granular,  red  clay  becomes  inorualmn- 
daiit  than  green,  and  many  patches  of  oil,  from  vegetable  distillation,  are  seen 
floating  over  tho  water.  Oa  our  tirst  camping  out  o;i  the  .hininapa,  1  Uitiide 
17"  18'  ."O"  north,  longitude  1)4'  IJ.'V,  I  picked  up  from  the  beacli  several  pieces 
of  water-Worn  lignite. 


084 


LiUUCATION,  SCIKNCE,  ARTS,  AND  LITFJIATURE. 


Ill  latitudu  lie  IS'  30",  longitude!  Or  SS'  west  of  firccinvicli,  we  found 
large  deposits  of  iron-.saiid,  and  wliat,  'jerhaps,  may  lie  gold.  It  i.s  not  mica, 
and  altlioiigh  the  little  liriglit  particles  might  be  copper  or  iron  pyritei,  still 
tliey  could  1)0  8en.-iilily  llattene  1  hy  pre.s.surj. 

Ahove  this  point  rapids  are  met  at  every  heiul,  and  the  river  is  constantly 
breaking  through  new  channels,  though  these  changes  are  circumscribed  to 
very  narrow  lateral  limits.  Four  rompitlos  are  found  here  in  le.-s  than  twc 
miles. 

During  our  journey,  all  the  olHccr.s  made  independent  notes  and  observa- 
tions, which,  being  compeared  at  night,  were  found  to  agree  very  fairly  whik 
on  the  Coatzacoalos;  but  after  entering  the  Jumuapa,  it  was  found  impossi- 
ble to  compai'e  our  notes  satisfactorily.  This  river  and  tin;  Sarabia  are  said 
by  fSenor  Moro  to  descend  from  the  Guienagate  Mountains.  Finally,  wu 
passed  the  Fortuguero  Brook,  which  enters  the  Junuiapa  on  its  left  bank, 
and  all  the  surveying  parties  landed  at  La  Puerta  on  December  (Jth,  after  eight 
days'  t'iinoe  travelling. 

Exi"  oKArioNS  FitoM  La  PrKiirA  in  (.'iiiVKr.A. — After  leaving  La  Puerta, 
M'e  leached  the  picturesipu!  i)laiiis  of  Sarabia;  travelling  on  mules  over  very 
ba<l  roads. 

Tlie  whole  district  up  to  Sail  Juaii  ( Juichicovi  is  made  up  of  red  clay  in 
its  plastic  .state,  and  slates  of  several  colcu's,  and  of  all  ilegrees  of  liar<liie.ss 
and  denudations.  Compact  limcstoiK;  here  tnakes  its  first  ap[iearancc  in  our 
journey,  and  its  constant  association  with  silicates  indicates  the  presence  of 
hydraulic  limestone. 

The  extensive  district  of  San  .luan  (luichicovi  contains  jasper  and  argilla- 
ceous limestones.  From  the  latter  a  good  cement  is  mailc,  as  can  be  attested 
by  the  huge  pile  of  this  material  opposite  the  old  uiiiinislied  church  com- 
menced by  Cortes. 

While  pa.ssing  through  this  wild  and  romantic  region,  we  crossed  tlu; 
Mogahe  aiid  Pachine,  both  torrent  streams,  trilmtaries  of  the  Malateiigo,  and 
of  no  value  to  our  purposes,  being  low  as  to  elevation  ami  insigniticant  as  tn 
volume. 

The  geological  features  of  the  country  ilo  not  again  change  much  until 
after  crossing  the  Malateiigo  near  its  jurtioii  with  the  ('itnn<;  lliver.  The 
clay  then  becomes  more  samly,  compact  limestone  forms  tile  base  of  tlu;  moun- 
tains, and  gray  slate  and  (piartz  bowlders  are  seen  iu  abundance. 

In  the  neighborlioo<l  of  Petapa,  a  greenish  slate  was  often  met  with,  and  on 
the  road  I  picked  up  a  jiiece  of  blue  and  grtieii  malachite. 

(raining  very  little  iiiforination  here,  we  left  for  Kl  Harrio,  after  taking 
note  of  the  traditional  rumor  about  some  large  lakes  in  tiie  Petapa  Mountains. 

Leaving  \'A  Barrio,  we  crossi'd  several  small  dry  streams,  and  lastly,  came 
to  the  Almoloya,  which  was  spoken  of  as  the  great  dependence  of  the  suniniit- 
level.  U'e  found  it  about  '20  feet  M'ide,  with  a  sluggish  current,  and  lianlly 
G  inches  deep.  Its  bed  of  sand  and  gravel  was  often  dry,  the  water  percolat- 
ing through  the  gravel.  What  we  had  seen  couvineed  me  of  the  imiiossibility 
of  using  the  streams  that  could  be  found  high  emuigh  for  supplying  the  sum- 
mit h'vel  of  a  .ship-canal. 

iStill,  to  place  tlie.-sc  facts  beyond  duubt,  transit  and  level  lines  Mere  run, 


rturu  run. 


FACTS  PLACED  BEYDND  DOUBT. 

%vith  the  results  !.,iv('ii  ill  tli<' stMiucl.  From  the  Maliiteiigo  near  the  Cltiifio 
liiver,  the  ground  risei  cunstantly  towiinl  the  north,  and  attur  we  oro.sseil 
the  Alin()h)y:i  it  deseends  steadily  toward Chivel'.. 

Tliia  hacienchiis  situ'ited  on  tlie  Houth-west  course  of  the  reniarkahly  level 
tahledand  of  tjie  suniniit  of  the  sunk  C(irdilleraa,  which  join  tlie  Ande.-i  hy 
the  cast  and  the  Rocky  Mo'.intaiiia  by  the  west. 

Tlie  T.nrifa  and  Cliivela  plains  are  one  aud  the  same  tahledand  of  the  siiiii- 
mit,  hut  tiie  valley  .seems  divided  into  two  parts,  the  hills  iijiproaching  each 
other  a  little  to  tlie  south-west  of  Tarifa. 

The  reniarkahle  Chivela  plains  can  he  said  to  he  the  ilat,  hroad  valley  of 
the  Otate  Brook,  and  having  an  area  of  ten  and  one  half  .square  mi 

The  soil  IS  sandy  to  the  depth  of  ahout  twenty  feet,  a.s  is  shown  liy  tlic 
wells  of  the  locality,  and  the  ea.sily  excavated  and  deep  bank.s  of  the  many 
brooks  that  traverse  its  surface  in  the  rainy  seasou. 

North  of  the  Chivela  House,  the  eastern  slope  of  all  the  gently  rolling  1 
locks  are  covered  with  stones  of  different  sizes,  hinting  by  tliei.- direction  ancl 
po.sition  that  they  have   been   deposite<l   there  contemporaneously  with  the 
drift  of  tlie  I'acilic  plains,  or  by  the  action  of  lloods  of  a  more  recent  peril d. 

There  are  eight  drydjrook  crossings  before  entering  the  contracted  part 
of  these  plains,  anil  they  show  that  the  sand  deposit  becoiiies  thinner  as  W(; 
approach  Tarifa,  wIutc  many  pools  of  stagnant  water  prove  that  the  soil  is 
iinpermeablc. 

The  houses  at  Tarifa  are  on  a  slight  elevation,  and  all  the  snrrounding 
country  becomes  llootletl  during  the  heaviest  rains;  but  soon  alter,  the  waters 
liiid  their  way  to  the  Atlantic  by  the  Almoloya  aud  Chichihua  rivers.  These 
plains  are  covered  with  gras.s,  and  in  the  places  not  cleared,  a  thick  under- 
brush shelters  abundant  game  and  a  few  beasts  of  prey. 

Royal  palms,  the  silk-tree,  and  three  species  of  sensitive  plant  are  very 
numerous. 

We  remained  in  Tarifa  a  week,  waiting  by  appointment  for  Don  .liilian 
Macheo,  the  owner  of  extensive  lamls  of  tlie  isthmus.  We  made  many  ex- 
plorations with  ii  levelling  transit  and  two  barome'..  is,  measuring  distances 
with  the  micrometer  on  the  speaking-iod. 

iSimultaneous  barcM.ieirie  observaiiniis  were  taken  liourly  on  the  ctwst,  at 
Chivela,  and  at  whaLever  point  explorations  were  under  way. 

AVe  found  the  dtitails  of  the  e  iiintry  very  imperfectly  given  in  maps,  an 
became  conviiced  tiiat  we  should  be  obliged  to  do  the  to[(ographie  woik 
over  again,  especially  in  the  neighborhood  north  of  Tarifa.  .Sei'ior  Macliio 
informed  me  that  the  lake  supposed  to  exist  by  some,  near  the  headwaters  ot 
the  Chicapa,  was  simply  an  invention;  because  his  father  visited  the  souno 
of  the  Cliicajc  ■  1  never  found  the  lake.  Later  in  our  explorations,  1  saw 
the  principal  so;i.'ee  of  the  Cliica[ia  as  it  poured  from  among  the  crevices  of 
the  large  rocks  in  the  neighboihood  of  Mr  .Scarce "s  ranclio. 

The  Tarifa  River  has  its  source  in  the  I'asapartida  Hills. 

On  December  ISth,  its  breadth  was  20  feet,  its  mean  depth  .08  foot,  'mi 
its  mean  velocity  .();}  f(>ot  jier  second;  conscijuently  its  delivcrv  v  .is  a*,  the 
Time  k-ss  than  one  iialf  cnliit  foot  per  second. 

KuoM  Tauua  id  CiniiiiiHA  Rivku.— (I.i  Hcc.  iiber  I'-Hli  »\e  l.li  .-arly  in 


( 


esc, 


EDUCATION,  SCIENCK,  ARTS,  AND  UTEKATURE. 


i'lfi  LioiMiTig,  t<i  explore  tho  Chiehiliua  River.  Wo  crossed  the  Tarif.i  Riw-r 
tliree  tiiiicM,  the  first  part  of  our  journey  l>ein<^  toward  tlie  iiortli,  and  ii}ioii 
i;.<  valley  a  Ueiiutiful  and  gnissy  plain.  At  the  end  of  the  first  tliree  mik-i 
wo  left  tlie  All)rieias  Moiiutairis  and  the  Convuiito  Cerro  to  the  south-east, 
and  l>e;;:ia  to  asee:id  rapidly  to  the  north,  by  the  eo:nplieated  system  of  li'Ali 
whieh  divide  the  'I'ariia  and  Otato  water-sheds. 

I  will  he  wvy  particular  in  deseri))in^  this,  the  last  north-west  spur  of  the 
Allirieiis  e'.iain,  l)eeauHi!  hvrc  lies  the  heaviest  part  of  the  cutting  for  tlie 
c:iiial-feedt'r. 

Tlie  Alhrieias  Mountain  it  niaiTo  r,p  of  marhles  and  niagnesian  limestones, 
f,-oni  the  Convento  Cerro  till  it  reaelio  a  jioiMt  east  of  Santa  Maria;  it  t'nl- 
l;>ws  parallel  to  the  Corte  River  for  a  short  distance,  and  then  turns  east; 
i.i  otiier  wonls,  compact  limestone;  and  dolomites  skirt  the  base  of  tlie  high- 
est isthmian  luountaiiw,  at  a  height  of  six  or  seven  liundred  feet  above  the 
ocean. 

Due  norlli  of  Tarif*  are  found  soft  limestones,  vvvy  diil'eront  from  Hie 
iloloniites  above  referred  to,  partaking  more  of  tl:e  cliaraeter  of  travertine. 

Tl icy  were  depo«ited  in  strata,  whose  dip  \  \  now  vertical,  with  a  north 
»nd  soutli  strike,  and  this  characler  J  i  coiiiiuou  to  t.ie  wiiole  of  tliis  spur;  but 
the  quality  of  its  uiaterial  varies  a  great  deal,  since  sometimes  Jt  is  calcare- 
ons  tufa;  then  it  paascu  into  argillaceoiiH  marl,  and  again  the  tl.iy  disappears, 
a.id  sand  predominates. 

This  materi:il  is  so  soft  that  the  foot-travil  over  it  grinds  it  into  i:iipalpa- 
Lle  dust. 

The  furrows  made  by  each  rainy  season  comptd  the  Indums  to  liMve  last 
year's  tracks  for  new  ones,  until  they  have  made  lo  many  paths  ov.  :•  tliese 
hills  that  it  is  confusiii'^  to  select  tlit;  best  road. 

North  of  this  ridge  the  country  desceuda  to  tli<'  Cliiehihua  \'allor,  and  is 
formed  by  soft  sandstone,  until  tiie  junctifii\  of  tlie  Chichihua  and  tlie  I'eri- 
coii,  where  jasper  ami  ar^^illaeeous  rocks  an;  figaiii  seen  aseeiiiiin;,'  toward  the 
north,  forming  the  hilly  dijtriet  e.-ulosed  l)y  the  Chichihua,  M.da'tcngo,  Corte, 
a:id  C()3dh)pa  rivers, 

Ociasiiinally  phutie  red  ami  green  clay  are  iiiet  with,  as  well  as  granular 
quart/,  bowlders. 

South  of  the  Pericon,  the  streams  have  cut  their  way  through  the  rooks  in 
•itu,  and  nt.'ither  drift  nor  indicatioiu  of  heavy  Hoods  are  visible;  liut  the 
bed  of  the  Chieliiliua  has  clear,  sharp  sand  lirought  down  fmni  the  potreros 
east  of  Cofradia  Iviuige. 

The  summit  of  Sierra  Rlanca  Rass  is  1,'J.'«2  fet^t  above  the  ocean,  and  in 
order  to  get  the  waters  of  the  Corte  into  Tarifa,  it  will  be  necessary  to  cut 
the  thill  web  at  tiiis  pass  to  a  depth  o'  4SIJ  feet,  or  to  tunnel  through  it,  if  it 
w  found  cheaper  than  either  an  open  cut  or  a  detour  up  the  Tarita  River 
Valley.  In  the  present  state  of  )iiy  knowledge  of  the  locality,  I  would  pni- 
poso  a  tunnel,  that  may  bo  of  small  dimensions,  tlinmgli  rocks  that  I  know 
ara  very  soft.  This  tunnel  will  be  '.t,tir)0  feet  long,  and  its  area  m^-cl  iidt 
exceed  that  of  a  rcct;inglo  I'J  feck  by  12  feet,  surmounted  by  a  uemiiir- 
cidar  arch  of  12  feet  span.  Under  these  conditions,  its  cost  will  be  less  tliau 
$tiOO,000. 


BAUOMETrJCAL  OUSKUVATIOXS. 


CS7 


Fro;a  l'..(!  p  IS  i  wc  (lu.scomlud  liy  t'.iu  riorth-nant  to  Uw  Otato  Urook;  cros:it'.l 
a  {,':'iitly  rolling  plain,  with  rich  pastures,  a!i<l  axceiided  tho  Cliiuhihua  Mira- 
iliir,  a  high  liill,  from  whuiico  tin;  surrcmndiiig  country  c<mld  Iw  easily  iii- 
li^ioetud.  Wl'  took  several  oli.iervatioiis  with  tlie  barometer,  and  measured 
i;  :ver;d  an^jk's  to  test  Moro'a  triaiigulatio:i.  \\\^  desceiuled  to  a  small  valley, 
crosoed  the  brooks  Mcntidero  and  Milagro,  and  after  one  and  a  IiaU"  miles* 
travel  to  the  nortli,  wc  ascended  the  liills  wliieli  form  tlie  left  bank  of  the 
( 'liiehiliiia.  Tiunr  general  direction  is  to  the  east;  and  tlus-^e  hills  .ire  liight;st 
at  the  l\;rieo;i  junction,  where  there  is  a  cafion  about  1>)()  feet  wide,  witii 
nearly  Vertical  walls,  about  IjO  feet  high.  A  gradual  deneent  to  the  east 
brought  us  to  tile  <  hichihua  IkJow  the  Cora/o  Brook,  and  where  we  cross- 
SLctioued  the  I'liiclii'.iua  at  a  point  71  feet  below  C'hivcla;  a  short  distaiico 
^■"low,  the  C'hichihua  Hows  into  the  Corte  River.  It  Wiia  liere  that  I  cna- 
oi:  ^•(•li  ii  possible  to  use  the  Corte  as  a  summit-feeder,  because  its  tortuous 
>  ;!  and  probable   rapids  naturally  led  me  to  think  that  it  would  be  easy 

l.i  uverconie  tlie  small  <lifferenee  of  level  witlumt  going  very  far  up  streanj. 

MoKKTZA  lliVK.u  ANi>  C.w  KS. — We  le"t  Tafit'a  Deccudior  V"l,  INTO,  very 
crly  in  the  morning,  under  a  leaden  ,sky,  from  wliicli  poureil  a  blinding  rai?i. 
O.ir  route  was  l)y  tlie  north-esust  until  w*;  reached  Tabhi  Bolsa,  wliieli  is  a 
\  cry  small  valley,  lower  than  Tarifa,  since  it  sheds  toward  tlie  east.  Tlio 
I'anccillo,  vliich  we  cro.ssed  a:id  followed  after  the  last  T;irifa  l'"ord,  led  us 
t^i  t!ie  source  of  tlie  Monetza.  This  river  flows  from  undrr  a  iiatural  (iothic 
areh,  cut  by  its  waters  in  the  south-west  extremity  of  tlie  Conveiito  Hill. 
Tiiis  hill  consists  of  pure  black  nuirble,  and  the  walls  of  the  arch  or  tunnel 
\\liich  tiaverses  it  are  perforated  and  jagged,  pouring  in  all  directions  fine 
t.'ansparent  streams  of  cry.italline  and  delicious  water.  This  natural  arch  or 
bridLTC  is  '^">  feet  higli,  'J.'i  feet  broad,  and  about  I'JO  feet  long.  A  tliousand 
yanls  litdow  tliis  itoint,  the  strtiam,  whicli  tlows  over  a  black  IkmI  of  rocks 
f:int  stically  wiiter  worn,  plun,^'(■s  into  a  beautiful  eavi;  about  one  lialf  a  mile 
long,  and  ctjli'd  'iic  Lari^e  Convento. 

Tlie  y-i  Mftx  1  '  as  found  112  feet  below  the  summit  at  its  souri!e,  and  do- 
llvci'ni;  ?,)>  I  u'lit  L':i  pi^r  second.  After  this  river  emerges  from  tlie  nioun- 
viiu,  l^  is  jo;iii.d  by  th>-  lirook  Lena  delMonte,  and  witli  a  uniform  grade 
runs  alon^  '  U-v  ']■:  v,>  i,y  whicii  terminates  in  the  ('hica[ia  liiver,  at  the  town 
of  San  Aliguil,  .jv,;;  ll:^■^  below  tlu^  summit,  Tlie  material  of  the  Convento 
Mountain  is  admirablj-  suite  1  for  I'oustruction  purposes;  and  a  niarbh^  and 
lime  (juarry  can  Im^  (easily  openeil  at  a  very  convenient  distamie  from  the 
summit-works.  I  will  not  dest;ril)e  tlie  exact  route  from  Tarifa  to  San 
Migmd,  being  of  little  imiiortance  to  our  subject. 

Tlie  Chicapa  was  first  cross-seetioneil  at  San  Miguel,  near  the  Xiltepeo 
Ford,  though  witli  a  result  liigln^r  than  its  miiiimum  value,  since  copious 
rains  hv  .  been  falling  for  the  past  six  days. 

Siv  v^  vrimeats  were  inailo  for  velocity,  at  the  end  areas  of  tlu^  portion  of 
the  r  v'l  .•  '■'•fnuii,  Using  the  surface  velocity  reduced  to  mean  velocity  by 
AVeisbach  ■■-  .foriu'd.i.    This  same  method  was  omployeil  in  all  inijiortant  rivers. 

The  vill.igo  of  San  Miguel  is  on  tin;  right  liank  of  the  Cliicapa,  ami  at  tlio 
1  oint  of  conllueace  of  this  livcr  with  the  Munet/a  and  Xoxocuta  rivers, 
being  shut  in  by  high  uumutains  ou  all  bides. 


;  :J 


CSS 


EDUCATION',  SflENCE,  ARTS,  AXD  LITERATURE. 


Tlio  Xoxocuta  fo;iic:i  from  Uio  luniiiitiins  north  of  S;in  Mij^uol  ami  liows 
to  the  I'aoilie,  while  a  small  Ktreaiii  on  the  north  slope  of  tlujse  same  nioun 
tains  Hows  to  the  Atlantic.  The  sources  of  tliis  stream,  which  arc  unite  ncur. 
were  exploreil;  unil  since  Sau  Miguel  is  so  low,  and  the  streams  are  so  short, 
I  conceived  the  hope  of  liuding  hero  a  low  pasa  to  bring  the  ("orte  waters  to 
the  tsijit  end  of  t'erro  Alhrieias,  using  the  Lower  Cliioapa  Valley  for  the  oan.d- 
bed.  The  iSaii  Miguel  Pass  was  subsequently  levelled,  and  found  impructicabli,'. 

Wo  spent  two  days  in  San  Miguel,  weather-bound,  but  making  short  ex- 
cursions in  the  surrounding  country.  Afterwanl,  M'e  hero  ohtainud,  in  fair 
weather,  live  long  series  of  barometric  observations,  an  1  found  the  altitmle 
to  be  40.'!  feet  above  thj  ')cean.  The  same,  as  given  by  thi;  level,  is  404  feet. 
On  December  :.'4th,  CI  ,  ilmi  Tmlians  wercengagi  I  to  accompany  us  into  the 
wooils,  and  caily  on  the  i  of  the  'J.")th  we  started  up  the  (.'hicapa  ^'id- 

ley,  with  the  intention  of  tv  the  practicability  of  joining  the  C'hicapaand 

Ostuta  rivers,  :is  suggested  by  ,3cilor  Moro 

It  will  be  Will  to  .say  that,  from  San  Miguel  to  Mr  Scarce's  ranclio,  bear- 
ings were  taken  with  the  compass,  and  tlie  distances  were  estimated  by  the 
watch,  ktH'pin;.;  a  uniform  gait  iu  our  wallc.  AH  I  can  claim  for  this  exploration 
is,  that  it  is  a  very  conscientious  reconnoissance  of  the  ground,  giving  an 
accurate  idea  of  its  topography.  It  has  been  platted  with  the  beiiriugs  talica 
all  along,  and  the  latituile  of  three  points,  after  calculating  our  rate  of  travrl. 
It  is  also  abundantly  checked  by  the  bearings  ot  prominent  points,  ta'.icii 
from  Tarifa,  Convento  Summit,  San  Miguel,  Xoxocuta,  Prtlmar,  near  a:i 
indigo  plantation,  lufore  descending  to  Ultimo  rancho,  at  liosetta  JIdl,  on 
the  Espiritu  Santo  Hid,  and  on  the  Atravcsado,  at  three  diU'crent  jioints. 
This  route  can  be  said  to  have  l)een  surveyed  by  intersecting  bearings  fm.u 
known  points. 

Tiie  whole  C'hicapa  River  can  bo  ascended  to  its  source  without  great  difil- 
culty,  through  a  wihl  and  uniidiabited  n^gion. 

The  only  remarkable  feature  of  this  stream  is  its  extraordinary  rise,  which 
takes  phice  at  the  rate  of  one  foot  in  a  hundred,  since  it  falls  1,000  feet  in  L'ss 
than  IS  miles. 

Mr  Scarce's  rancho  was  found  to  be  01  (i  feet  above  the  Cliivela  station; 
and  the  (.'hicapa  at  this  point  passes  less  than  TiO  cubic  feet  of  water  per 
second. 

At  the  end  of  four  days  we  again  started  up  the  stream,  following  the  bed 
of  the  Cliieapa  with  the  compass,  and  levelling  by  angles  of  elevation  and 
depression,  anil  reducing  to  tlie  horizon  the  distances  as  given  by  the  mi- 
crometer. About  1,700  feet  from  Scarce's  rancho  we  came  to  the  main  source 
of  the  Chicapa.  The  water  pours  from  anuuig  the  crevices  of  very  largo 
bowlders,  which  have  fallen  over  the  bed  of  the  river,  from  a  clitl'  about  800 
feet  high.  Erom  this  point  forward,  the  river,  which  delivered  about  oO  cuhic 
feet  at  Scarce's  rancho,  hardly  carries  two  or  three  cubic  feet  ot  water. 

Beyond  this  point,  and  about  1  J  miles  from  Scarce's,  the  little  water  that 
Hows,  and  the  reduced  size  of  its  beil,  made  mo  abandon  this  thalweg  for 
that  of  a  dry  brook  with  a  very  wide  bed,  whose  direction  .seemed  to  lead 
toward  the  Atravcsado  Mountain.  Tliis  brook  was  named  Arroyo  I'rovidencia. 

Tho  small  tributary  of  the  Chicapa,  just  abandoned,  turned  toward  the 


DEI'USIT  OF  NITRATE  OF  POTASSA. 


C89 


;iit  ililil- 

whicli 
ill  lo.ss 


•y 


tlio  1)Ull 

II  au<l 
the  mi- 
source 
larui3 
mt  SOI) 
0  cul)ic 


;or  that 
veg  for 
to  lead 
li'uciii. 
iril  the 


north  behind  a  liigh  chain  of  near  liills,  and  is  evidently  a  very  small  and 
short  stream.  Up  to  Ultimo  rancho  the  rocks  are  argilhiceous;  but  near  tliu 
source  of  the  Cliicapa,  compact  and  blue  liuiestoucs  abound,  which  gro\ir 
coarser  as  wo  ascend  to  the  Arroyo  Providenuia. 

This  stream  runs  through  a  deep  canon,  two  or  three  hundred  fuct  high, 
and  its  precipitous  sides  are  covered  with  ovc/hanging  stalactites. 

We  also  founil  quite  a  large  deposit  of  nitrate  of  potassa  aliout  two  miles 
oast  of  Scarce 's  rancho.  After  four  days'  travel  we  ascended  to  a  high  spot, 
where  the  underbrush  ceases  to  grow. 

Wo  then  ascertained  tliat  we  liad  followed  the  lowest  valley,  which  leads 
directly  to  the  gap  between  tho  highest  point  of  tiio  Sierra  and  the  Atrave- 
sado  Peak;  in  other  words,  wo  had  foUowed  the  valley  supposed  l)y  Moro  to 
be  the  bed  of  the  Chieapa  River.  A  reconnoissance  from  a  high  point  advised 
us  to  leave  Providencia  Brook,  which  had  become  impossible  to  a,sceiid,  for 
another  moro  southerly  aud  marked  valley,  which  was  named  Aguas  Nueviia, 
in  commemoratiou  of  thi;  day,  January  1,  1871.  When  we  struck  it,  at  7 
A.  M.,  our  height  was  1,.'75  feet  above  Chivela,  and  at  4  r.  m.  our  elevation 
was  .'$,"J45  feet.  Feeling  convinced  beyond  any  possible  doubt  that  tliis  was 
tlic  lowest  thalweg  within  live  miles  from  north  to  south,  I  determined  to 
lea  e  its  bed,  ami  see  liow  the  country  looked  cast  of  us,  or  toward  tho  Os- 
tuta.  Te;'.  minutes  up-liill  travel  brought  us  to  a  cleared  eminence,  from 
which  I  saw,  with  a  feeling  of  disappointment  I  cannot  describe,  that  the 
chances  of  bringing  a  feeder  through  this  route  were  very  few,  bi;eauso  our 
height  was  so  great,  and  tlio  Ostuta,  running  from  north  to  soutli,  liad  to 
descend  an  astonishing  distance,  in  order  to  make  a  junction  of  thest-  rivers 
possible,  sin'">  the  Pacilic  plains  reached  to  our  latitude,  ami  fi-om  this  point 
northward  the  mountains  rise  abruptly  from  the  plains.  1  liojied  that  our 
labor  might  still  bear  some  fruit,  because,  turning  to  page  11  of  Seizor  Moro'a 
original  report,  in  my  possession,  entitled  'Reconocimiento  del  Istiiio  do 
Tchuantepec,  London,  June  1,  1S44,'  I  read  tho  following  words,  wliicii  I 
translate.  Scilor  Moro,  standing  on  tho  Atravesjulo  Mountain,  says:  'To- 
ward the  north  I  saw  the  deep  ravine  through  which  the  Chicupa  runs;  and 
oil  the  east  the  high  lands  of  tho  Ostuta's  bed.  which  1  had  just  visited  and 
recognized  perfectly,  were  less  tlian  three  miles  oil'.  Tlie  ditfereiice  of  level 
between  tho  two  points  is  so  inconsiderable  tliat  there  is  no  doulit,  as  to  tho 
possibility  of  elTectiiig  tho  junction  of  these  rivers.  And  it  is  no  less  eviiUiiit 
that  there  is  not  the  least  obstacle  to  prevent  it,  in  the  short  disiance  inter- 
vening between  them."  Filled  with  hope  at  this  precise  stateimait,  alth(nigh 
very  short  of  provisions,  and  with  the  Indians  who  accompanied  us  Very  dis- 
contented ami  rebellious,  I  turned  to  the  south-east,  in  order  to  ascend  the 
Atravesado.  Failing  to  see  from  the  Atravesado  anything  in  the  direction  of 
the  Ostuta,  on  account  of  an  intervening  mountain,  we  moved  south  and  tiien 
east,  in  order  to  descend  by  a  detour  to  the  moat  south-easterly  spur  of  tho 
Atravesado. 

Witli  the  exception  of  the  high  point  just  abandoned  on  tlie  .south,  every- 
thing else  east  or  north  of  us  appeared  under  our  feet;  and  had  it  been  possi- 
ble to  see  the  high  land  of  tho  Ostuta  from  any  point  of  tliis  mountain,  thia 
was  the  place  from  which  to  view  it.  The  highest  part  of  the  sierra  beara 
lUsT,  Mex.,  Vol.  VI.    44 


m 


%l 


il 

'■  1 1 


090 


EDUCATION,  SL'ILNCE,  ARTS,  AND  LITEKATUUE. 


north  2°  east  from  lis,  ami  a  spur  from  it  liiiles  tho  pl.ico  through  which 
Moro  tliought  lie  .saw  O.stuta.  iSiiico  his  ius.sortioii,  «iii<)te(l  above,  is  so  [lositive, 
I  iimst  comhlile  tliat  he  h)st  his  bearings,  and  mistook  for  the  Ostuta  the 
small  valley  running  behind  Tresjiicos  Hill,  and  thepeeuliarly  sharp  ancl  erajj|,'y 
limestone  hills  near  them,  called  tho  t'ueuniates;  but  these  points  are  evi- 
dently low,  too  far  south,  and  proveil  to  bo  at  least  lifteeii  miles  away  from 
where  Moro  proposed  to  begin  his  feeder.  The  deep  valley  we  saw  at  our 
feet  with  terrible  distiuetuoss  proved  to  be  the  Ostubi's;  but  we  could  not  be- 
lieve it,  lueau.-io  it  appeared  to  bo  4,()(K)  or  5,IK)0  feet  bidow  us.  After  all 
our  notes  were  platted,  the  Fortuna  Brook  was  found  to  run  up  .so  near  the 
gap  that  it  may  bo  possible  that  Moro  mistook  it  for  the  C'hieapa.  This  opin- 
ion is  strengthend  by  the  faet  that  Moro  ascended  the  Atravesado  from  Nilte- 
pec,  and  not  by  the  bed  of  the  C'hieapa.  I  declare  distinctly  that  there  is  no 
point  on  the  Atravesado,  nor  near  it,  from  which  the  C'hieapa  and  Ostuta 
valleys,  nor  the  land  through  which  they  run,  can  be  seen  at  the  same  time. 

1  w.as  aeeompanied  on  this  expedition  by  Mr  Buel  and  .ScQor  Maeheo — 
two  of  the  most  courageous  and  daring  men  I  have  ever  known.  We  con- 
siih.Ted  this  solution  of  Moro's  project  as  the  only  hope  for  a  canal;  since  the 
Corte  project,  besides  lieing  .is  yet  problematic,  the  weight  of  evidence  w,is 
against  it;  theieroi-e,  Wi,  studied  these  mountains  with  anxious  intetest, 
sparing  no  personal  discomfort,  till  the  country  was  explored  as  far  as  it  was 
possible  for  a  human  being  to  go. 

Moro  s  assertion  w;is  not  verified,  and  since  our  steps  ware  barred  by  tho 
precipices  which  bind  the  eastern  edge  of  the  Atravcsaihi,  we  iletermincd  not 
to  give  up  hoping  until  mo  had  seen  the  ground  from  below,  upward.  Accord- 
ingly, We  decided  to  descend  to  the  town  of  Niltepec,  explore  tho  Ostuta  as 
far  as  possible,  and  endeavor  to  reconnoiter  the  gap  referred  to  by  8eiior 
Jloro. 

As  we  left  Aguas  Nuevas  Brook,  tho  climate,  as  well  as  tho  fauna,  flora, 
and  geology  of  tho  country,  changed  visibly.  Nothing  but  tho  pine  grew 
over  the  nearly  bare  roek  of  finely  Iaminate<l  shale,  whicli,  as  we  ascended, 
became  transformed  into  a  breccia,  very  much  decomposetl  on  the  siirfaei', 
hut  bearing  no  vegetation.  Tho  summit  of  Cerro  Atravesado  consists  of 
pori)hyry  and  argillaceous  rocks.  This  hill  is  ingrafted  into  the  mani  sierra 
from  north  to  south,  and  in  a  very  conspicuous  niauiier  blocks  tho  valley  of 
the  Chicapa  at  right  angles  to  its  thalweg.  Its  top  surface  is  flat,  about 
5,000  feet  above  the  sea,  and  covered  with  rich  pasture.  All  along  its  exten- 
sive top,  and  in  a  stmth-west  direction,  wo  found  immense  blocks  of  gi'anite 
which  do  not  belong  to  the  place,  and  can  onlj'  be  accouuted  for  by  sujiposing 
either  that  they  had  fallen  down  from  tho  highest  part  of  the  Sierra  Madre, 
previous  to  the  formation  of  the  gap  through  which  Moro  proposed  to  pa.ss 
the  canal- feeder,  or  that  they  were  there  through  ghacial  action. 

Exi'LOUATioNS  OF  THE  OsTiTA  RiVER. — On  the  tith  of  January  we  left 
Niltepec  for  the  Ostuta.  The  wholo  river  to  Piedra  Grande  is  level  and 
covered  with  drift,  remarkable  for  its  size  and  tho  direction  of  its  dispersion. 
The  whole  Pacific  plain  forms  a  basin  of  about  1,400  scpiare  miles,  and  its 
shape  can  be  likened  to  that  of  a  half-cone,  of  small  lieight,  hollow  and  in- 
verted, having  its  apex  at  Boca  Barra.    Toward  this  point  ilow  all  the  rivers 


BED.S  OF  PACIFK-  RIVKUS. 


f.Ol 


on  tho  Pacilic  side  in  a  radial  direction;  but  the  dispersion  of  the  drift  takfs 
plane  in  a  south-westerly  direction,  whatever  tho  sluipe  or  inclination  of  the 
ground  on  tlicse  plains.  Erratic  blocks  are  found  in  this  direction  from  tlu' 
Ostutii,  wliicli  Hows  south-westerly  to  the  Telniantepec  River.  Tliis  hitter 
stream  runs  from  west  to  east,  and  even  in  tho  mounfciins,  as  on  tlie  Atrave- 
sudo,  tliero  are  hloeks  of  granite  at  an  elevation  of  five  thousand  feet  above 
the  ocean,  and  arranged  in  liin.^,  sensibly  panillel  to  those  of  tho  coarse  drift 
on  tho  plains  thirty  miles  off.  Some  of  the  blocks  have  a  volume  of  over 
12(),00()  cubic  feet.  These  blocks  are  also  found  arranged  in  tho  same  direc- 
tion north  of  the  dividing  ridge  of  tlie  isthnuis,  in  tlie  town  of  Santa  Maria. 

Most  of  tlio  Pacific  rivers  have  consiilerablo  beds;  but  with  tho  exception 
of  the  Ostnta,  they  all  pass  very  little  water  at  this  season. 

The  Niltepec  was  lu'arly  dry,  and  tlie  brooks  Choeolate,  lluacamayi,  Agua, 
Zarea,  Petaca,  Ruble,  and  Juanml  were  entirely  dry.  Tho  plains  are  arid, 
hot,  and  sandy.  Besides  a  parched  underbrush,  hardly  any  other  vegetation 
is  seen,  except  a  poor  quality  of  grass  and  the  jicara-tree  (('rtxcrnlin  nijcte). 
Tills  tree  is  variously  called  in  different  places  jicara,  totuiiia,  higucra,  dita, 
and  chima;  it  is  small,  not  unlike  tlie  apple-tree  in  appearance,  and  bearing 
a  green  scsile  fruit  or  gourd,  used  by  the  natives  extensively  as  cups,  vessels, 
etc.  ^^'llen  ripe  it  possesses  in  a  most  extraordinary  degree  the  properties  of 
ergotine;  but  fortunately  tlie  Indians  are  not  aware  of  it,  and  use  it  for  no 
medicinal  purposes.  Tlic  Ostuta  River  was  gaugcil  at  Piedra  (Grande,  and 
found  to  deliver  finly  20.'i  cubic  feet  per  second. 

On  tlie  Dtli  of  January  we  left  Piedra  (Irande  by  the  north-east,  and  camped 
by  tho  Ostuta,  nine  and  a  quarter  miles  north  of  our  starting-point. 

In  all,  we  made  four  camps,  and  ascended  the  river  for  .seventeen  miles 
from  Piedra  Grande,  or  where  the  highest  peak  of  the  sierra  bore  south  S'J' 
west  from  us.  Two  and  a  third  miles  after  leaving  Piedra  Grande,  we  turn 
north  to  ascend  the  ("ristaliuas  Hills,  in  order  to  sec  thi'  valley  of  the  Ostuta, 
and  Moro's  (Jap  (m  tlie  Atravesado.  Wo  soon  reached  the  top  of  a  steep  hill, 
at  the  point  marked  on  the  map  No.  2,  El  Portillo. 

This  point  is  122  feet  below  Chivela;  and  looking  to  our  left,  we  bad  a 
discouraging  bird's-eye  view  of  the  O.'stuta.  Its  tortuous  eourse  eould  easily 
be  traced  in  the  deep  valley  at  our  feet,  •until  it  turned  sharply  to  tlie  west, 
behind  a  mountain  lower  than  the  one  we  stood  upon.  Moro's  (iap  was 
s(puire  in  front  of  this  turn,  and  considerably  higher  than  El  I'oitillo. 

We  descended  then  to  tlie  river,  and  after  fording  it  witlioiit  dilliculty, 
a.sccnded  up  stream  by  tiio  right  bank,  cutting  our  way  through  tlie  dense 
foliage.  Occasionally  we  ascended  near  iiills,  or  climbed  trei  s  to  study  the 
topography.  Our  barometric  observations  were  taken  very  carefully,  tiiou^h 
in  our  two  first  tents  tho  atmospheric  state  was  unpropitious. 

I.Ml'KACnCAmi.Il'Y  OF  JoiNINd  TIIK  C'llKIAl'A  AND   O- It   rA  RiVKRS.  — SeAor 

Moro  makes  Ultimo  rancho  and  Chivela  at  tiie  same  height.  A  glance  at  the 
barometric  ilata  shows  it  to  be  275  feet  above  Chivela;  but  although 
the  heights  for  each  set  of  obsorvationa  agree  within  tux  fett,  since  only 
three  observations  were  taken,  I  will  pass  to  the  rancho  Searee,  where  five 
sets  of  good  observations  were  taken,  giving  a  mean  of  (j'_'l  feet.  Tho 
distance  between  these  two  points  is  less  than  eight  miles;  following  tiie  river 


,1:1 


OIVJ  KDUlATlON,  SriKNCl-;  AUIVS,  AND   LITKliATrKK. 


liuii^..  Mini  .i|i|il_viiig  tlio  rise  jM-r  niili<  of  llii>  rivj'i'  lu'twci'ii  S;i:i  Mimirl  mikI 
.Sv';mi'i>'h  raiulii>.  « Inch  lire  |i(imts  well  (Ictcniiiiit'cl,  \\i>  mIumiIiI  liiiil  lli.tl  (ln' 
C'liii  a|),i,  al  ci^lit  liiiW'M  I'i'itiii  tlio  raiiclio  .Srurcc,  iii\iMt  tall  almiil  !'."_'  Ii'cl. 

It  iu'oiIh  iu>  cloiniiiiHlnitioit  lo  piDVo  thai  the  CliicaiKi  N'allcy  is  tlu'  i>iil\ 
rinili'  fur  Muro's  fi'i'iiiT. 

At  .San  Mi^Ui  I  thin  river  i^  nvfr  .'KiO  feet  lii'lnw  tho  Hiiiiuiiit,  ami  al  l!l 
Valniiir  it  is 'Jl  fnt,  al'uvi';  liciico  tlui  fiitliiij{  lii'luw  thi'  CliuMiia  licil  must, 
onmint'iii'i'  'J,J(>()  fii't  lictoio  reaching  Ihti  ralinar  Umnk.  'I'liis  I'littiiij^,  ^^rail 
uall.v  iiK'i'i'a.sm^  in  »li'iilli,  will  lio  cli'vi'ii  miles  hm^;  and  It.'JI.'i  feet  i1(M|i  iiy 
the  linio  it  reaches  that  ]M)iiit  of  Agiia^  Niioviih  Itrook,  from  wliich  wo  tiinicil 
away  to  tlesveml  tho  Atravi'sado.  Itnt  this  is  mil  nil.  There  are  fully  one 
and  a  third  mile.-i  of  ascent  from  Aguas  Nuova.s  llrooU  to  (ho  lowest  jioiiif  oi 
Moro's  Pass,  and  lieyoml  this  ]ioint  tlio  tunnel  imist  extend  through  the  liase 
of  the  moiinlaiii,  l)cfor(<  reaehin^'  the  Ostut^i's  l>ed. 

The  ahovo  supiioscs  thu  Ostuta  to  liu  at  a  eonvenioiit  lieij^ht;  lint  since  it 
is  ISO  feet  helow  tho  Huminit,  liesiiles  tho  iihovo  cutting,  ISO  feet  of  de|ith  ol 
I'Ut'injj  must  lu>  added  throughout  tln>  whole  liMij^tli  of  the  feeder  and  hiim 
iiiit.  We  liecame  eoavineed  of  how  useless  was  the  attemiit  to  exploii'  any 
farther  the  soiireo  of  tho  Ostittii,  nn<l  talking  ailditioual  barometrical  oIimi- 
vatious,  and  eross-seetiouing  tho  river  at  thu  highest  (loint  visited,  wu  turned 
bacU  extremely  disaiipoinled. 

The  Ostiita  delivurs  at  thu  highest  [K)intS4  feet  less  than  at  I'iedra  (iraiide, 
<ir  ll'.l  euhie  feet,  per  second. 

On  tho  niounlaina  north  of  Nillejiee,  the  southern  slojies  are  of  clay;  as 
we  ascend  w\i  meet  sandstone,  conniact  limestone,  and  lastly  };ray  and  green 
bl.ilc,  hreov'ia,  ami  (lorjihyry. 

t>ur  next  step,  afli'r  leaving  thu  Ostuta,  was  to  try  thu  San  Miguel  I'ass, 
liy  >\:iy  of  the  streams  Chichihua  ami  I'erieon. 

l'!\ri.oK.\rioN  ok  San  Mnn  i;i.  I'as.s.—  Wu  explored  the  San  Miguel  Pass, 
and  the  hasty  study  of  its  valleys  eouvineed  mo  that  it  Wiw  of  iinportanco  to 
settle  its  practicaliility  instruiiienUilly. 

.Accordingly,  while  wo  wore  on  our  way  to  tho  ("lU'te,  orders  were  given 
to  continue  Iho  transit  and  level  lines  from  Tarifa  to  San  Miguel  via  Sierra 
nianc.v  and  San  Miguel  passes.  J,,ieutcnant  eommandcr  Uaillett  was  de- 
tailed for  this  work.  The  detour  given  to  this  line  had  for  its  ohjeot  to  study 
the  range  of  hills  dividing  the  Tarifa  ]ilains  and  thu  Chieliihua  potreros,  in 
order  to  hiing  (ho  feeder  liy  this  latter  \ilaee  in  e.iso  the  San  Miguel  Pass 
should  prove  impracticahle.  Tho  work  Wius  perfornu'd  hy  Mr  Ifcirtlett  with 
the  eare  and  aecuraey  eharactcristie  of  this  etlicieiit  ollicer.  The  San  Miguel 
fcedor-pass  was  found  to  he  1,071  fi'et  aliovu  the  ocean,  and  tho  Sierra  lllama 
Pass  is  l.'J.'iS  feet  ahovo  the  same  plant\  Altiioiigh  San  Miguel  Pass  ollns 
li'ss  height,  tlie  facts  developed  Ity  the  topograjihiciil  and  geologieal  Hiirvey 
make  Sierra  l>lanca  the  most  feasihle  route  for  thu  feeder,  for  tho  following 
reasons:  the  Pita  Hrook  is  a  forced  point  of  pass  of  thu  feeder.  In  order  to 
reach  the  San  Miguel  Pass,  the  feeder  must  turn  gouth,  up  tho  valley  of  the 
Arroyo  C'oro/.o,  and  its  grade  will  soon  intersect  thu  northern  liase  of  the 
Alhricias  t'erro,  in  a  cutting  of  hard  limestone  and  inarhle;  it  must  then  turn 
a  right  angle  to  tho  west,  and  skirt  tho  southoru  lap  of  the  Albriciosi  Ccrro, 
until  it  reached  the  Tarifa  plains. 


1 1 A U I  )S 1 1 1 1 -M   I'',N( ;()U NT i;llKI ). 


60.1 


'I'Imi  SiiiiM  Itl'viii'.'i  I'iiHH  \i\  i'i^;!it  at  'riirif.i,  iiiul  iln  iiititi'ri.il  is  iiiiulo  u|i  nf 
Roll,  i;ilc;iii'(iilH  tul.i, 

'I'lin  < 'liii'liiliiM  JM  71  f*^*tt  lii'liiw  lint  HiiiMiiiil.,  ami  Uui  I'rricoit  iu  nil  tlio 
^ti'.nli'  <if  tliu  fi'i'ilcr,  HI)  llial  tlio  Irii^'lli  nf  ciiMiii)^  to 'riirifii  will  lio  ItmH  tli.iii 
lO.tHM)  I'l't'l,,  Uii'iiii;;h  niNy  ^'rDiiin!,  iktohm  IIid  iliili  writ  liki!  HpiirH  tli.'it  iliviijn 
till) 'riirifii  utiil  Cliicliiliua  potrri'DH.  'J'lm  riHiMil'  tliu  j^nniinl  Ih  |;r.uluul  Uii\h 
('liioliilniii.  towiinl  Sirrtvi.  Hiancii,  mihI  iiltriipfc  from  north  to  wint,  nn  C'lii  ixi 
Hri'll  Ity  l.liii  I'i't'ic'oli,  wllicll  rilliH  ({liitu  |i.'iimIIi'!  to  tlin  AII>l'U'i;is  Mill,  U|i  to 
Sit'rnt  Kl.iiuMi.  At,  tlii«  iioiiit.  it  is  Hint  nni'tliwjiid,  wliilc  tin'  N.ii|iii|i.i  niti-i 
north  iiiiil  Hoiith  from  tlio  |ia.>m  to  tlin  Cliii :l.ilii|ii.  'i'lio  Cnru/o  rniilo  will 
ri'i|iiiru  Mix  iiiiii'M  of  liiird  tiiiiiii'l|iii|^',  iiml  hi'vi'ii  iiiIIi-m  of  ri|ii.'illy  liMnI  iln  |i 

I'littiii^'.     'I'lio  (liri'i't  roiitn  Iwim  livo  iiiilcH,   r(ii|iiiriii({    i xlr.i  ciilliii^,  .ui'l 

only  tlirro  inilrH  of  liiavy  rutting,  through  Hoft  Hoil,  anil  in  %\  liicli  iv  Hlmit  tun 
ncl  will  III'  fiinml  rrnniimical. 

Since  'r.irifa   Itivcr  in  Inwcr  than  tlii>  Tarifa  jilantation,   ami   tho  iirroyo 


I'ita   is  also  liiwir  tliaii  'I'arifa  l{ivcr,  it 


Im 


II    that  tliirn  can   lie  n 


ilniilit  as  to  the  |iiissiliilily  of  Hn|)|ilyiiig  tho  lUMnmit  with  water,  if  it  can  l>e 
liroii)4ht  ilown  to  the  I'lta. 

From  San  Mit.Miil  Pass  iiml  ('ofniddi  we  went  to  Hiiiita  Maria  ('himala|ia, 
where,  after  siitliiiim  many  harilshi|is,  wii  were  olilif^fl  to  id  urn  to  Cliivela, 
aiel  inaKe  such  arraiiL't'incnts  lis  would  insure  our  jiassiii),'  through  thu  C'liiiiia- 
lajia  region  in  order  to  reach  thu  river  t 'ortc. 


INDEX. 


Al)arca,  Urigadicr,  JX.  A.,  cnman- 
<1iiiito,  etc.,  of  (iuailaL'tjiira,  hSIO, 
iv.  '_'04;  mua.suro.s,  iHM-");  death, 
'J07. 

Aliarc.i,    I'resident,     rumoval  of,    iv. 

Alias(,]i),  (ten.  M.,  l)ing.,  iv.  127;  cow- 
iirdico  of,  27>S-»;  death.  270. 

All/at,  A.strouoiiicr,  iiiuutiou  of,  vi. 
(141. 

Aciiileniy,  of  Arts,  fnninlcil  1771?,  vi. 
(14.");  of  Sail. Carlos,  MS. 

Acajete,  l.attlo  of,  l.s;{!l,  v.  211-12. 

Aciimliaro,  atl'aip  ni'ar,  ]S')S,  v.  747. 

Ai'a|Miiit'ta,  pirate.s  ca])turo,  1GS8,  iii. 
222-2:{;  dcstroyc.l,  314. 

Ai'a\)iilc'o,  jilaii  of  liarlior,  iii.  2.^  ; 
Curralvo  streiigthuiis,  iii.  81-2; 
Dutili  visit,  11)24-,  iii.  81-2;  iiirates 
rejiiiUi'd  at,  ItiS."),  iii.  20");  tradinj; 
at,  l()'.(7,  iii.  2.")(i;  fortiliuations  of, 
iii.  4l'.>-20;  earthquake  in  1787,  iii. 
4(il  ;{ ;  tidal  wave  at,  4(i:{ ;  dcfuiu'o 
of,  17'.M),  iii.  48* t ;  hurricauo  at, 
1700,  iii.  408;  1810,  iv.  02;  coiii- 
lucrii!  of,  iii.  ():{2-.") ;  road  to,  iii. 
(i:{()  7;  siege  of,  1811,  iv.  300-1  ; 
1812,  iv.  470;  1813,  iv.  r)45-.")l  ; 
rei'aiituro  of,  1814,  iv.  ,578;  sur- 
rendiT  of,  1821,  iv.  730;  plan  of 
Ayiithi,  V.  040  ;  Santa  Anna  dc- 
featcil  at,  V.  0.")2 ;  honihardcil  hy 
tiie  French,  186.3,  vi.  (50. 

Acatlaii  Princess,  wife  of  Monte- 
zuma, i.  4r)8. 

Acatlau,  Town,  sack  of,  1813,  iv. 
5.-)3. 

Aeaxees,  uprising  of,  ItiOl,  iii.  15. 

Aca/itzin,  Cacique,  submits  toCorte.s, 
i.  677. 

Aeureto,  Col.,  operations  in  Yucatan, 
18(K),  vi.  400-10. 

Acoliuia,  tripartite  alliance,  i.  23 ; 
confederate  uatiou,  i.  DG ;  king  of, 
i.  141-2. 


Acordada,   established,  1719-22,    iii. 

•  273;  judges  of,  1710-1808,  iii.  273- 
74;  Bcverity  of,  iii.  273-7.");  power 
restricted,  iii.  27")-7<) ;  J)ris(pn  of, 
iii.  27ti;  huildini/ demolished,  1812; 
iii.  270;  cnurtof  installed,  etc.,  iii. 
r)4(i  7  ;  NUiqircssed,  1813,  iv.  .^((l-,"). 

Acosta,  J.  de,  works  of,  i.  401-2; 
liiog.,  i.  402. 

Acta  Constitutiva,  discussion  on  the, 
v.  11-12;  ach.ptcd,  1821,  v.  12. 

Acta  Constitutiva  y  de  llcformas, 
jirovisions  of,  1847,  v.  r)2.">-7. 

Acuitzio,  engagement  at,  1811,  iv. 
3.37. 

Aculco,  affair  at,  1810,  iv.  108-201  ; 
i)lan,  iv.  100  ;  pdlage,  etc.  of,  1812, 
IV.  300. 

Aculcingo,  liattlu  of,   1812,  iv.  480-1. 

Adi'lantaniientos,    dclinition    of,    i 
r.20. 

Arrcdonilo,  Col.,  occupies  Tula,  iv. 
321  ;  gov.  of  Nuevo  S:intander,  iv. 
322. 

Agriculture,  hist,  of,  iii.  0  ;i-I4;  018, 
022-3;  capahilities  for,  vi.  501; 
drawliacks  to,  vi.  5l)-'-3 ;  mai/.e, 
vi.  507,  570  ;  wheat,  vi.  5ii8  ;  bar- 
Icy,  vi.  508  ;  rice,  vi.  508  ;  beans, 
vi,  508  ;  chile,  vi.  508;  plantains, 
etc.,  vi.  500  ;  cacao,  vi.  500  ;  eoH'cc, 
vi.  500-70 ;  the  maguey,  vi.  .")70-7 1 ; 
sugar-cane,  vi.  572;  toliacco,  vi. 
572-3 ;  olives,  vi.  573;  vines,  vi, 
573-4;  indign,  vi.  574-5;  cotton, 
vi.  575-0  ;  vanilla,  vi.  570-7. 

Agua  Niicva,  battle  of,  1811,  iv.  2t0; 
(Jen.  Tayh)rat,  1847,  v.  418-20. 

Aguascalieiites,  founded,  ir)7"),  ii. 
702;  conilitiou  of,  1704,  iii.  ,30()-7  ; 
Callcjaat,  IMl,  iv.  317-18;  revolt 
at,  1848,  V.  548;  abandoned  by  the 
French,  18li(),  vi.  2.')0. 

Aguayo,  Man^ues  de,  mention  of,  i\-. 
4.32. 

Agniar  y  Seixas,  F.  de,  archbishrip, 
1081,  iii.  270;  liiog.,  iiL  270-77; 
dcatli,  lOOS,  iii.  270. 

(O'Jii) 


r , 


cm 


iNi)i:x. 


A^inila,  Pol.,  L.  do,  victory  nt  Acul- 

(•iii>i<i,  IM2,   iv.  4tS0  I  :  luarclR's  on 

()a|.ica,    iv.   4.S'.t ;    takes   ("(iscniiia- 

ti'|M'i',     ISI.'I,      iv.     r).")() ;     i.'ai)tiiros 

/a.allaii.  1.SI4,  iv.  r>M(. 
A^iiilar,    II.   ill',   trrasiiiialili'   coniliict 

lit,  ii.  '>So  ;  iniarrcl  with  M.  ('Drtr.i, 

ii.  (i<i."i. 
A^Ziiilar,  F.  <lc,  jiiiiiM  l>i)iiiiuican.s,  ii. 

7--'7. 
A^^iiilar,   0.,  Ciirti's   meets,  i.   80-'J  ; 

captivity  iif,  i.  H)-i. 
Anuiiar,  ,).,  ili.spiiti!  witli  liiiiccm,  iv, 

i'l.S.")  tl;  ilfatli,  IMC.  iv.  (i:W. 
'Af^nilar,  .1.  ili%  HulMltie^i  (-'hetnnialo, 

I. -.47,  ii.  44!». 
Aj,'uilar,     M.    dc.    mlvontiirc,'-    of,    i. 

IS'J-.'l;  ainoinpanic's  I'oiui)  ilo  l<t.'iiii, 

I.VJ(i,  ii,  'JKi  ;  ak'iiMu   iiiayor,  \'r2{'>. 

ii.    'J.">l  ;   giiMTiior,    I'l'.'ti,    ii.    ii.Tl  ; 

(ii'liitrary  acts  of,  ii,  'i;V_' ;   sii'klle.s.s, 

etc.,  ot,  ii.  '2'h\. 
Agiiil.ir,  1'.  ill',  tiio  Avila-Cortes  coii- 

spirary,  ii.  (ilO,  (ill). 
Agiiilar,     \.,      interpreter,      Cortt's 

cxpuil.,  i.  1 10. 
Aguirri!,   (1.,  minister   of  puhlic    in- 

.structinn,  ISiHi,  vi.  '2'J(). 
Agnirro,  ,1.    M.,  minister  of  justiee, 

18."»1,  V.  r>'.t7,  010. 
Aguirre,  M.  (I.   dc,  minister  of  jus- 

tico,  1807,  vi.  X\-[. 
Aguirro,   i'>vn.,    migrations  of,    181'J, 

iv.  4ir>,  418   10;  c;a])tun!  of  ( "riiiord, 

1817,  IV.  O.M-;");  cif   Fort  Jaujilla, 

1818,  iv.  OiH-'J. 

Agiurre,    Oidor,    commissioner   from 

junta  of  Si'villi',    1808,  iv.    48-50; 

revolutionary  plot  betrayoil  to,  iv. 

110;  prosecution  of  Dominguc/,  iv. 

114. 
Ah  Kupules,  Yucatec  trihc,  revolt  of, 

ir>4(i,  ii.  447-0. 
Ahuaeatlaii,     natives     of,    enslaved, 

]5.'<8,    ii.    30'.*;  captureil,    1542,    ii. 

.500   10. 
Ahualulco,  Cruz  proclaims  pardon  at, 

1812,    iv.  '-'OJl;  hattlo  of,   18.58,    v. 

747. 
Ahuaxi)itzactsin,  kmg  of  Texcuco,  ii. 

21. 
Aluiitzotl,  predecessor  of  Montezuma, 

i.    97  ;   pyramid  built  by,  i.    278 ; 

death  of,  i.  98. 
Aillon,  L.  V.  de,  Narvaez'a  exped., 

1520,  i.  300,  303;  seizure,  et«,,  of,  i. 

371-2. 
Ake,  Montejo  at,  1527,  ii.  433-5,  bat- 
tle of,  ii.  434-5. 
Alaniau,  L.,  worka  of,  iii.  600,  625, 


07S;  iv.  821^t;  v.  100;  hiog.  iv. 
82;{ ;  cabinet  nnni-iter,  182:i,  v.  •_' ; 
minister  of  ri'latmns,  1s;M(,  \.  05, 
los,  112;  is5;t,  v.  ('.•.'0,  i>:',:,;  ii,,- 
pttachment  of.  v.  KM) ;  riin\ matiuM 
lss\ieil  liy,  ISlCi,  V.  205;  cunserv.i 
tivu  leader,  1851!,  v.  02.5-(i ;  iliar- 
acter,  V.  (i.'tO. 

Alaminos,  A.  de,  pilot  to  < 'linlulia, 
1517,  i,  <> ;  (irijalva's  exped,,  i.  21  ; 
pilot  to  < 'ortes,  1510,  i.  70;  aecoui- 
panie.s  Montejo,  i.  l.TJ;  mission  to 
Spain,  i.  108,  172  3. 

Alamo,  the  capture  of,  bS.'lO,  V.   107  *<. 

Alarcon,  M.  du  las  R,  operatinu.i  oi. 
1812,  iv.  301M00. 

Alas,  I.,  minister  of  the  treasury. 
18;»2,  V.  110. 

Alatorre,  (len.,  operations  of,  ISOli, 
vi.  202;  IS72,  vi.  3.S2 ;  1,S70,  vi. 
420  1  ;  insnrnH'tiim  in  Vucaliii, 
1808,  vi.  305;  defeat  of,  vi.  4'_'0  7. 

Albornoz,  ("ontadiir,  K.  de,  arri\  .il  nt, 
1.521,  ii.  _14:{;  I'ortes  charue^ 
against,  ii.  100;  ipiarrels  vitli 
K-itraila,  ii.  200-7  ;  ucting  gov.,  ii. 
200;  removed,  1524,  ii.  200;  rein- 
•stated,  1525;  ii.  200;  lieiit.  gov., 
1.52(>,  ii.  232  ;  meeting  with  (  orti'^. 
ii.  240-1  ;  intrigues  in  Spain,  ii, 
250  00;  complaints  again.st  Ciirte-, 
ii.  273. 

Albunjnerquo,  Ihnpipde,  (F.  K.  deli 
Cueva),  22ndvicor(iy,  lti5.'<,  iii.  1 12; 
rule,  iii.  142-51  ;  character,  iii. 
142-4.3,  146  ;  quarrel  with  archl>ii  , 
iii.  148;  .attempted  Rs.sassinatimi 
of,  iii.  ]0t)0,  148  .■iO;  transfei'red  to 
Sicily,  1000,  iii.  150  ;  residcuuia,  iii. 
150-1. 

Allmrqucrquo  (Thique  dc),  34th 
viceroy,  1702,  iii.  278;  rule,  i:i. 
278-85;  character,  iii.  278  SO. 

Alburqucrque,  IJ.  A.  de,  bisliop  I't 
Oajaca,  15.54-81,  ii.  004-5. 

Alcalde,  ofRco  of,  iii.  521-2. 

Alcalde  del  Crimen,  olHce  of,  iii.  530- 
40. 

Alcaldes  Mayores,  powers  of,  iii.  520. 

Alcalde  de  niesta,  duties  of,  iii.  522. 
Alcaldes  Ordinaries,  first  appointed, 

1786,  iii.  453. 
Alcaldias  Mayores,  abolished,  1709, 

iii.  451. 
Alcantara,  J.  de,  death  of,  i.  500-10. 
Alcedo,  A.  de,  works  of,  iii.  511-12. 
Aldama,  (Jen.  J.,  revolutionist  leader. 

iv.  102,  107,  127;  operations  at  Las 

Cruces,  iv.  180-2 ;  suspicious  of,  iv. 


IXUKX. 


r.97 


e   tri'a-^urv. 


271 ;  trial,  iv.    277-9 ;   exocntion, 
iv.  279. 

Ald.iMiii,  rJon.  M.,  joins  OHomo,  1811, 
iv.  :u\. 

AM.iiii,  11.  F.,  gov.  of  Yucatan,  etc., 
It>li4,  iii.  Kil. 

AliltMi'to,  t).  (le,  joins  CortrM,  i.  .WU ; 
witgo  of  Mex.,  i.  041),  (i.">8 ;  plots 
iiUiniHt  Cortis,  etc.,  ii.  70-1,  70-7  ; 
(luatli,  ii.  14:i. 

Akfj;io,  F.  J.,  work.-i  of,  iii.  448-9. 

Aldiind,  X.,  laws,  etc.,  ii.  281-2. 

Algu.uil  Mayor,  functions  of,  iii.  522. 

Alhiiiiiliga  do  (iraiiaditiis,  (Uiiiiia- 
jnalo,  descTJpt.  of,  iv.  l.'ltJ-7;  cap- 
tui.xif,  ISIO,  iv.  J3(>-r)4;  ])lan,  iv. 
1 10  ;  KlauglitiT  at,  iv.  14!t  ."lil ;  nack 
of,  iv.  I.") I  ;  iiias.sacro  at,  iv.  222-3. 

AllniM,  Olul's  victory  at,  ii.  50. 

Aliciiilc,  (leiicnilisimo,  biog.,  iv. 
1(»4  (i ;  plain  betrayed,  iv.  110-15; 
Hurreiiilcrs  command,  1810,  iv.  122- 
3;  operations,  etc.,  at  La^  C'ruces, 
iv.  liH  S'J  ;  defeat  at  (Juaiiajuato, 
iv.  2l(i-'J'2;  rejoins  Hidalgo,  iv. 
249;  plan  of,  iv.  2.")0 ;  Hupcrsedes 
Jlidalgo,  ISll,  iv.  2()l);  at  Saltillo, 
iv.  2i)S  ;  capture  of,  iv.  274  ;  trial, 
iv.  277-9  ;  execution,  1811,  iv.  279. 

Alitiolonga,  engagement  at,  182.'5,  iv. 
792. 

Almonte,  (^Jen.  .T.  X.,  rcpt.  on  Texas, 
v.  KiO-l  ;  defenee  of  Mexico,  JSIO, 
v.  220-3;  ni!gotiatious  witli  Santa 
Anna,  ]S4!,  v.  231  ;  minister  of 
war,  i84(>,  v.  294  ;  protest,  etc.,  of, 
V.  3.'{S  ;  minister  to  Paris,  v.  775; 
treaty  witii  Mon.,  v.  775-G ;  arrival 
at  Veia  Cruz,  1802,  vi.  39,  41  ; 
j)ronunciamiento  of,  1SG2,  vi,  4(5 ; 
iiroclamatiou,  vi.  59;  biog.,  vi.  79- 
81 

Alvarado,  Friar  M.  de,  mediation  of, 
lolili,  ii.  (il4-5. 

Aloiiso,  Chief,  battle  of  Teanritc, 
17-M,  iii.  .32;M;  revolt  of,  iii.    3i!9. 

Alpuelie,  J.  M.,  founder  of  York  rite 
lodges,  V.  32-3. 

Altamira,  founded,  1749,  iii.  344. 

Altamirano,  I>r.  H.  C.,  envoy  of 
andieneia,  lt)24,  iii.  70. 

Altamirano,  J.,  Cortes' agent,  1529,  ii. 
2'.H);  exiled,  ii.  291. 

Alva  do  Liste,  Condode,  21st  viceroy, 
KwO,  iii.  139;  nih  of,  iii.  139-42; 
dispute  with  clergy,  iii.  140  ;  trans- 
ferred to  Peru,  l(w3,  iii.  142; 
popularity  of,  iii.  142. 

Alvarado,  Port,  assault  on,  1813,  iv. 
554;  capture  of,  1847,  v.  448. 


Alvarado,  A.  de,  rogidor  of  Veri 
Cvu/,  i.  1.30. 

Alvarado,  I),  do,  mention  of,  i.  "S^. 

Alvarado,  .1.  do,  conspiracy  of,  ii. 
231-4;  Indian  brid.i  of,  i.  230; 
nicgo  of  Mex,,  i.  019;  defeats  In- 
dians, 15-tl,  ii.  .")0'_'. 

Alvarado,  P.  d»^,  expcd.  ofdrijalva, 
i.  2.'),  28,  32;  ciiaract.r,  i.  7;i-5 ; 
expiil.  of  Cortes,  i.  09  70 ;  lorci.'s, 
i.  .378  ;  ponition  in  (\)rtes'  absence, 
i.  407  10;  coiripared  to  Cortes,  i. 
411-12;  massacres  Aztecs,  i.  41'!- 
18;  Aztecs  attack,  i.  419  2:'; 
<'<M'tes  relii^vcs,  i.  '227 -8;  Cortes 
reprimands,  i.  428;  evacuation 
of  Mex.,  i.  471,  474,  477,  479- 
81  ;  La  Nocho  Tristo,  i.  490 ;  at 
Tlascala,  i.  508 ;  the  lake  cam- 
paign, i.  582 ;  plot  to  mui-ilor,  i. 
010;  Bicgo  of  Mex.,  i.  022,  027  9, 
C:«,  Gt4-9,  C54  0,  C.")9-0O,  070  s, 
080;  occupies  Tiitiitepi  .  ii,  40  I  ; 
•'iiief  cucomt.'ndero  at  Tulute[)ec,  ii. 
41-2;  .second  ex[iedition  ugain^t 
Tututei)ec,  ii.  42  ;  pn-pares  to  in- 
vade (inatemala,  lo'jS,  ii.  104  ■' j 
.sent  againstCaray,  l.')23,  ii.  1112; 
captures  Ovalle's  force,  1.")'_'3,  ii. 
112;re-con<)nersSoconusco,  l.'">24,  ii. 
120-7  ;  c.Ki>ed,  to  (iuatemal:i,  l.")24, 
ii.  127  ;  atSeville,  ii.  27C;chaiiipiona 
Cortes,  ii.  i.'85-O  ;  obtains  Honduras, 
ii.  44.') ;  exjied.  to  Zapotlan,  1540, 
ii.  49.J  ;  visits  Mexico,  1540,  ii.  490; 
rashness  of,  ii.  49ii-8;  mareliesoii 
Nochistlan,  1541,  ii.  498  ;  defea  t  of, 
ii.  498-.")(K) ; death,  l.')41,  ii.  499-50-_'. 

Alvarez,  B.,  founds  order  of  Charity, 
iL  709;  biog.,  ii.  709-11  ;  death  of, 
1584,  ii.  711. 

Xlvarez,  raid  on  Colima,  ii.  57-8. 

Alvarez,  J.,  revolt  of,  1830,  v.  95-7. 

Alvarez,  C!en.  J.,  revolt  against  Santa 
Anna,  1S44-5,  v.  275-ti ;  battle  of 
Moliiio  del  Key,  v.  498,  C02  3 ; 
revolution  of,  185-t-5,  v.  047-52, 
654-0,  0(!4-5 ;  president  ad  in- 
terim, v.()(15  ;  biog.,  v.  00(J-7  ;  cabi- 
net, v.  007  ;  rule,  v.  667-73 ;  dcatli, 
V.  074. 

Alvarez,  Padre  J.  F.;  defeat  of,  1811, 
iv.3-J4. 

Alvarez,  Col.  M.,  operations,  etc.,  in 
Oajaca,  1814,  iv.  581-3. 

Alvarez,  Col.,  battle  of  Cinco  do 
Mayo,  1802,  vi.  47-50. 

Alvarez,  Gov.,  defeat  at  Teotitlan, 
1815,  iv.  0:30-1. 


iSf! 


ms 


IXDEX. 


Alzate,  J.  A.,  works  of,  iii.  624 ;  vi.  I 
041. 

Amador,  J.  M.,  defeat,  etc.,  of,  1878, 
vi.  4.^9. 

Amalgamation  Prwess,  discovery  of, 
15.")7,  iii.  582. 

Amaiiuernecan,  Cortes  at,  i.  268. 

Amarillas,  Alaripi's  de  laa,  42d 
viuuroy,  IIm,  iii.  .300;  rule,  iii. 
.300  cliaracter,  iii.  300. 

Aiiuizoiis,  reports  couceming,  ii.  GO ; 
iii.  SO.'i— 4. 

America,  early  exploration  of,  i.  1-2. 

Amnesty,  Law  of  1870,  vi.  374-6. 

Amozcj,  aflair  near,  1847,  v.  401. 

Ampiulia,  (len.,  operations  in  Yuca- 
tan, 184.'},  V.  243;  sulijugation  of 
Taliasco,  v.  245  ;  c;p.,iireof  Texans, 
V.  247  ;  promotion,  etc.,  of,  1840, 
V.  340-50  ;  operations  at  Vulo  Alfcc, 
V.  .3.14-0  ;  the  J'onteruy  campaign, 
V.  370-80,  304;  capitulation,  v. 
300-0  ;  battle  of  Buona  Vista,  v. 
419,  42.3,  426;  operations,  1859.  v. 
750. 

Aiiiuscments,  description  of,  iii.  771-5. 

Aualniac,    description    of,    i.     05-0 , 

io;j-4. 

Analiuao,  City,  a  religious  centre,  1. 
237;  description  of,  1519,  237. 

Anaya,  Col.,  operations  of,  1811,  iv. 
308  ;  death  of,  1812,  iv.  415. 

Anaya,  Gen.  1'.  M.,  defeat  at  Comi- 
tan,  1841,  v.  210;  minister  of  war, 
1845,  V.  200;  1851,  v.  Oil;  hattlo 
.  f  Churulmsco,  V.  480  ;  acting  presi- 
dent, 1847,  V.  'y2l  ;  Inog.,  v.  525; 
president,  1847,  v.  5.'i4. 

Anderson,  A.,  works o',  iii.  o47. 

Aiidraiie,  A.  F.  de,  commander  at 
Isla  <lel  Ciirmen,   1717,  iii.  20,3. 

Andrade,  Col.  J.  A.  dc,  repulse  at 
l/iicar,  1812,  iv.  3(15 ;  defeat  at 
Ori/aba,  1812,  iv.  470-.^O. 

Angeles,  F.  de  los,  privileges  granted 
to  liy  pope,  1521  ii.  ItiO ;  elected 
Franciscan  general,  ii.  102. 

Anglo  Mexican  Mining  Co.,  mention 
of,  vi.  507. 

Angostura,  lu>,ttlo  of,  see  Bucna 
Vista,  I'attleof. 

Aiigulo,  Brigadier,  death  of,  1810,  i'*-. 
038. 

Angulo,  B.  Cr.,  minister  of  relations, 
1;.;;2,  v.  125. 

Angulo  y  Saud(jval,  S.  F.  de,  gov.  of 
Vuc,  1()74,  iii.  101. 

'Anonymous  C(  uqueror,'  the,  remarlu 
on  work  of,  i.  281. 


Anson,  Cr.,  cruise  in  Pacific,  1742-3, 

iii.  355-50. 
Ansoreua,  J.  I.  dc,  flight  of,  iv.  245. 
Ante(|uera,  founding  of,  ii.  30,  r')2-3. 
Antigua,  Kiode  la,  Cortes  reaches,  i. 

143;  Vera  Cruz  located  at,  ii.  140-1. 
AntillciQ  supersedes  Dobla;lo,    1803, 

vi.  72-3. 
Anton  Lizardo,  harbor  of,  iii.  21.3. 
xVntonelli,    victory    at     Puruiindiro, 

1813,  iv.  C17. 
Anzorema,  J.  M.,  gov.  of  Valladolid, 

iv.  17;i-4. 
Apaches,  outrages  of  the,  188."-0,  vi. 

402. 
Apam,  revolution  in,  1811,  iv.  341-2. 
Apa III  Plains,  affair  at,  1813,  iv.  o.'JO. 
Aparicio,  S.  dc,  biog.,  ii.  722  ;  death, 

lOOO,  ii.  722. 
Apat/iu<ran,  constitution  of,  1814,  iv. 

001-5." 
Apodaca,  J.  R.  dc,  filst  viceroy,  1810, 

iv.  048;  rule,  iv.  648-717  ;  cliarac-. 

ter,   iv.  648-0;  biog.,  iv.  64S ;  dci 

posal,  1821,  iv.  717-18;  review  of 

aduiiiustr.,  iv.  71J)-20. 
'Apuntes  para  la  Historia,' v.  302-3 
Aipiiahuateuhtli,  caciipic  of  Huexot- 

zinco,  1534,  ii.  27. 
Arago,  Col.  J.,  supersedes  Torres,  iv. 

003. 
Arana,  Gen.,   execution  of,  1827,   v. 

58. 
Aranda,  Conde   de,    proposes    thrf^" 

kingdoms  for  Am.,  iii.  388-00. 
Ai-aiigru-en,M.  de,  Zuniarraga's  nv  v-r 

doiiio,  ii.  5.jS. 
Araparieuaii),  afifair  at,  1813,  iv.  512. 
Architecture,  description  of,  v  [  64()-8. 
Archives,    uative,  Zumarraga'.-.,    de- 
struction of,  ii.  200-300. 
Ardila,  C.  <!.  de,  campaign  in  Sierra 

Gorda,  1715,  iii.  338-30. 
Arciniega,  G.  de,  cxped.  to  Nayarit, 

iii.  313. 
Ai-elliiuo,  J.  de,  marries  Cortes,  )  520, 

11.  3I4-t). 

Arellano,  Gen.,  siego    A  Queretii.'n, 

,  1807,  vi.  2S0-90  ;  escape  of,  vi.  3(I.J; 

Ultimas  lloras  del  liiiperi;',' vi.  302. 

Arellano,  T.  de,  quells   revtilt,  1548, 

ii.  538. 
Ai-enas,  J.,    plot  of,   1827,   v.    57-8 ; 

execution,  58. 
Argiielles,  M.,  secretary  of  congress, 


1822,  iv.  759. 


Ill 


Arias,  Gen.  J.,  treachery  of,  iv. 

13. 
Arias,  J.  deD.,  'BeseflaHutorica,'  vi. 

328-9. 


INDEX. 


C99 


Arisbalm,  B.,  expci'i.  toNayarit,  1618,  | 

iii.  :hi:v-14. 

Arista,  {'en.,  campaign  of,  1839,  v. 
2l'2-\r,;  promotiiiii  of,  v.  349-50; 
campaign  un  the  Rio  Grande,  v. 
351 -(U;  Aniii.stico  proposed  by,  v. 
365  (i;  retreat  of,  v.  3tJ()-7 ;  trial  of, 
V.  3(>3 ;  minister  of  war,  1848  v. 
5(50;  presidential  election,  1850,  v. 
591-:? ;  presi<lent,  1851,  v.  597  ; 
l)iog.,  etc.,  V.  590-7;  rule,  v.  597- 
614;  caliiucts,  v.  597,599-000,  610- 
11. 

Aristi,  Capt.,  execution  of,  1812,  iv. 
480. 

Ari/niendi,  M.,  alcalde  of  Guana- 
juato, iv.  2-J8. 

Ari/pc,  ]>r.  JNl.  R.,  deputy  to  cortes, 

1810,  iv.  449  ."iO  ;  cabinet  minister, 
18'J5,  V  31  ;  career,  v.  31  ;  niinisKu- 
of  justice,  1832,  V.  125;  1833,  v. 
129. 

Arlegui,  works  of,  iii.  512. 

Armijo,  den.,  district  of,  1813,  iv. 
510-1 1  ;  c;iiiipaigti  in  Tcopan,  1814, 
iv.  575  9;  <i|ieratious,  1M7,  iv. 
(i5.^,  0S9-".i0  ;  victory  at  Alnnilonpa, 
1822,  iv.  792  ;  death  of,  1830,  v.  9*i. 

Arniinan,  Co!.,  operatioaw,  1817,  iv. 
6.52  ;  defeat  at  I'eotillos,  1817,  iv. 
664  G. 

Arinona,  F.,  visitadur  general,  1761, 
iii.  367  ;  death  of,  iii.  307. 

Army,  A/tcc,  i.  4.'>l-2,  45i) ;  organi- 
zatiim  of,  1024,  80  SI  ;  reooustruc- 
tioii  of,  ]7'.I2,  iii.  480;  reorganiza- 
tion of,  18(18,  iv.  69  70;  1822,  iv. 
752-3  ;  royalist,  1705- 1 808,  iii.  402- 
25;  1810,  iv.  19.3-0;  1811,  iv.  242- 
3,  247, 2,52, 202- .3,  317-20  ;  1812,  iv. 
322,  359,  413  ;  1813,  iv.  500-1,  509- 
11  ;  181.''.,  iv.  627-S;  1821,  iv.  711, 
7.38-9,  744  ;  1822,  iv.  7C);\-Cy ;  rcvo- 
lutioiiarv,  1810,  iv.  118-19,  123, 
158-00,  105-6,  172-.'i,  231,  2.35-0; 
1811,  iv.  247-50,  208;  1812,  iv. 
302-3;  1813,  iv.  522-3,  570;  1815, 
iv.  020-7;  dd  Sur,  iv.  711  ;  tri^a- 
rante,  iv.  707-9,  714-17,  731,  797; 
lil'crtador,  iv.  791,  790-7,  801-2; 
protcctiir,  V.  89  ;  rcpuhlican,  1841, 
V.  2:VS  ;  ]844,  V.  203 ;  1846,  v.  3o:i- 
4,319,  3.S2,  414-17;  1S47,  v.  52S; 
1S49,  V.  5(10-75;  1853,  v.  630-3, 
(iOS;  1803,  vi.  116;  1807,  vi.  352- 
3  ;  general  mcntinn,  vi.  498-503. 

.Vrraiigoi/,  F.  do  1'.,  'Mt'jico  desdo 
lS08hasta  1807,' vi.  300. 

.\rn'dond(),  (<en.,  operations,  etc.,  of. 

1811,  iv.  270;  1813,  iv.    626,  513} 


captures  Soto  la  Marina,  1817,  iv. 
072 ;  embarks  for  Habana,  1821, 
iv.  716. 

Arrillaga,  F.  do,  minister  of  treas- 
ury, 1823,  v.  3. 

Arrioja,  M.  M.,  minister  of  relations, 
18.55,  V.  609. 

Arroyave,  Brigadier,  mention  nf,  iv,. 
5S8. 

Arroyo,  T..,  minister  of  relations, 
1800,  vi.  225. 

Arroyoz.irco,  skirmish  at,  1810,  iv. 
198  ;  plan  of,  1853,  v.  019-2rt. 

Artcaga,  Gen.,  J  M.,  supersedes 
.M.iriiuo'/,  1803,  vi.  73;  quarrel 
vitii  Uraga,  vi.  lO.'ir  defeat  of, 
1804,  vi.  K;9;  ]S05,  vi.   186. 

Artisans,  condition,  etc.,  of,  vi.  616- 
17. 

Ar/ola,  r>.  do,  bisliop  of  Nueva  Oali- 
cia,  ii.  684,  091-2 ;  deatli  of,  1590, 
ii.  092. 

Ascona.  M.  L.  de,  archbishr^p,  1052, 
'ii.  140;  death,  ](i54,  140. 

Asosores,  lirst  appointed,  17S(i,  iii. 
453. 

Aspiroz,  M.,  pro.secution  of  Maximil- 
ian, vi.  309-13. 

AsHcii'l.iy  of  XotaMes,  authorized, 
18'j3,  vi.  17;  functions,  vi.  78; 
con.stituted,  vi.  81-5;  sessions,  etc., 
of,  vi.  8.5-6 ;  rt'pt.  of  coiiimittoe, 
.'.  80  ;  address  to  Forcy,  vi.  88. 

Asylums,  orplian,  iii.  700-1  ;  p;iuper, 
in.  70!  ;  general  iiimtion,  ^  i.  606. 

Atiiiip.ui,  phipliuildiiLgat,  i.  502. 

At  ;i[ui/a,  Hacienda,  Hidalgo's  recept. 
at,  1810,  iv.  231-2. 

A(Uhuet./in,  Corti'snt,  i.  225. 

Atotonilco,  massacre  at,  iii.  16-17 ; 
rdairat,  1812,  iv.  421. 

Audiencias,  i>f  Mexico,  ii.  27.3-4,  276- 
99,  318  40,  307-8,  370  7,  .'W.t-l, 
410-2.'!,  520-1,517,  57.3,  570-7,  580, 
005-7,  014-23,  637-8,  601,  710;  iii. 
23,  49-53,  62,  64-70,  74-5,  l.'iS, 
374,391,  39S-9;  iv.  90-2,  4.59-00, 
500,  5119;  lust,  of,  iii.  5:19-42; 
arcldvcs  of,  iii.  543-4;  of  Ciuada- 
lajara,  iv.  234,  2(;0-l,  599. 

Augustiniaus,  lirst  arrival,  1533;  ii. 
ii.  397  ;  eai'y  missions,  151.3-41  ;  ii. 
397--100  ;  at  T'-zcuco,  ii.  524;  sup- 
port Vidasco,  15i!2,  ii.  5"(  7  ;  lui-Mon 
to  tlio  I'hilippin^.s,  15l'4,  ii.  5'.19; 
Quiroga  opposes,  ii.  Oi')'.)-70 ;  prov- 
ince erected,  1543,  ii.  733  ;  .trugglo 
for  tithes,  ii.  733-4;  rcform.s,  ii. 
734;  college  founded,  ii.  735;  ex- 
tent of  uiiasious,  ii.  735-6  j  success 


700 


LVDEX. 


in  Michoacan,    ii.  735  ;    prominent 

friars,    ii.  I'Mi-G ;  progress    of,   iii. 

717- -'0;  disputes,  lii.  718-20;  pun- 
ishment of  friars,  iv.  33S. 
Aury,    Conimoclore,    mention   of,  iv. 

()(!l-2. 
Austin,    Stephen  F.,  colonies   estah- 

lishcd  liy,  V.  \'A  ;  mission  to  Mex., 

100. 
Austin,  Moses,  colonization   schemes 

of,  V.  ]■>;{. 
Austria,  the  empire   of   Maximilian, 

vi.  9(3-8. 
Austrians,  suirenderof  at  Mex.,  18G7, 

vi.  ;U(). 
Auto.s-dc-fe,    early,  157t-0G;  ii.  079- 

81    ;  dcscrii)tion,  ii.  079-81  ;  Morc- 

los",  ISir.,  IV.  ()L'0. 
Au/a,  (!en.,  defence  of  Puebla,  18G.3, 

vi.  00. 
Avalos,  expod.  to  Colima,  ii.  57-8. 
Avalos,  (rov.,    mea.sures  of,   1851,  v. 

001. 
Avendano,  D.  de,  oidor,   1024,  iii.  49. 

Xvila,  Capt.  A.  dc,  joins  Cortus' 
cxped.,  1518,  i.  05  ;  character,  i. 
70;  battle  of  Tabasco,  i.  85;  In- 
dian bride  of,  i.  2.S0  ;  quarrel  witli 
Cortes,  i.  40()-7 ;  evacuation  of 
Mex.,  i.  470-1  ;  return  from  Sto 
Domingo,  1.VJ2,  ii.  79  ;  rewarded  by 
Cortes,  ii.  80  ;  procurador  to  Sjiain, 
1522,  ii.  80  ;  lieu  tenant  to  Montcjo, 
1527,  ii.  4I{1  ;  exped.  toCheiunial, 
152S,  ii.  4155-8;  reaches  Honduras,  ii. 
4IIS  ;  rejoins  Montcjo,  ]5:i2,  ii.  4  W  ; 
occupies  Acalan,  ii.  442-H  ;  trcasiui 
of,  ii.  585;  consjiiracy  of,  1 5(1.5,  ii. 
5()9-i:{;  trial,  etc.,  of,  ii.  OiS-lO; 
execution,  Ol'.l-'JO. 

Avila-Corti's,    conspiracy,  ii.  007-34. 

Xvila,  F.  E.  de,  corregidor   of  Mex., 

iii.  45. 
Avila,  (1.  Cr.  do,  treasonable  conduct 

of,  ii.  5S5  ;  arrest  of,    ii.  018;  trial 

and  execution,  1500,  ii.  01920. 
Av'la,    (t.   J.     do,    alcalde  mayor    of 

Yucatan,  1,552-4,  ii.  (i49. 
Avila,  J.,  wounded  at  Acapulco,  iv. 

517. 
Avda,    fien.  M.   de,  successes,    etc., 

of,  181()  II,  iv.  300-0. 
Avifia,  mines  of,  discovered,  ii.  5i)(). 
Axayacatl,  father  of  M(uite/unia,    i. 

98. 
Axayacatl,    Palace,  Cortes'  quarters 

i.  at,  287  ;  burning  of,  i.  0;!9. 
Axoqucntziu,  Cacique,  uicge  of  Mex., 

i.  077. 


Axotecatl,  Cacique,  execution  of,  ii. 

180. 
Ayala,  T).  O.  de,   escape  of  from  In 

dians,  1540,  ii.  44S. 
Ayala,  P.  de,   bislio])  of  Xueva  (i-d\\- 

cia,  1.5.55  ()9,  ii.  091. 
Ayeta,  F.  de,  work.s  of,  iii.  725. 
Ayotla,  affair  at,  1817,  iv.  051  ;  pn,. 

nnnciamiento  at,  1S5S,  v.  750. 
Ayotochtitlan,  battle  fif,  ii.  97. 
Ayotzinco,  Spaniai'ds  at,  i.  2(i8. 
Ayutla,  ]ilati  of,  18."i4,  v.  048-9,  05>>- 

9,  0(i2-5,  0(i9,  071,  707. 
Azan/a,  M.  J.  de,  54th  viceroy,  179S, 

iii.  490,  rule,  iii.  490-8,  bio'g.,  4'.M.l. 
A/ca])uzalc:(,  Cortes  captures,  i.  5s,"i. 
A/.ciirate,  (!en.  A.,  death  of,  IS.'VJ,  v 

119. 
Azciirraga,    E.   de,  gov.   of  Yucatan, 

1045-48,  iii.  100. 
Aztatlan,  Guzman  in  camp  at,  b'llo, 

ii.  3.59. 
Aztecs,  tripartite  alliance,  i.  23  ;  ein- 

pireof  the,  i.  96-7  ;  superstitious  (I 

the,   i.    101-8;  weakness  of  the,  i. 

141-2;  the  Totonao  revolt,  i.  I  17- 

50,  154-9;  annals,  i.  275-();  dciiir^. 

i.  407;  religi(ms  festivals,  i.  4t)7    111. 

414-15;  nuissacre   of  the,   l.'i'.'O,   i. 

407-18;  n])risiiig  of,  against  Alva  r.i- 

do,    i.    410-30;    armor,    i.    431   •_'; 

human  sacrilioes,  i.  450,  484,  511, 

0,5()-8;  character  of  tl'i",  i.  585,  0'.I2- 

3;  war  symbols,  i.  080;  civilizatimi 

among  the,  i.   09.5-0;    mining,    li. 

579;     land-tenure,    iii.  003  4;  un- 

chanical  ingenuity,  iii.  019-22. 


B 


Babicanora  district,  mining  in,  ls-j;i- 

30,  vi.  5i:V-14. 
Bacalar,  Indians  reviilt  at,   103(»-tl. 

iii.  l.")9;  captured  by  Indians,  IM', 

v.  582;  rccapt\ucd,  etc.,  v.  .">82-3. 
Tiackus,  Capt.,  capture  of  Monteii  .. 

V.  385. 
Badajoz,  (!.  de,  sit;ge  of  Mex.,  i.  liT,. 
Bajio  of  <  Uianajuato,  see  ( Juanajuat-. 
Baker,  Col.,  battle  of  Cerro  Oord",  \ . 

458. 
Ballxia,  Y.  X.  de,  gold  collected  bv.  i,]. 

558-03. 
Balbnena,   Bishop,  works  of   vi.  li'iti. 
Balc;irccl,  B.,    ministci"   of   foincn;i', 

1807,  vi.  3.52;  1872,  vi.  .385. 
Bahleras,  Col.,  battle   of    Molino   ill 

Key,  V.  501-2. 
Banco   do  Avio,   object,    etc.,  of   \  i. 

519-20. 


INDEX. 


701 


Banco  (le  San  Cai'los,  establ.,  iii.  643;  I 

f.iiluro  of,  iii.  ()44. 
B;niiloras,   Itio   do,   flriialva  names,  i 

ir)l8,  i.  'J4.  I 

Baii.lcras,  \'aUcv,  fight  with  iiirates 

at,  KiS,"),  iii.  2()G. 
7$aiikiiig,  vi.  551. 

Biifios,  Con  do  do,  23d  viceroy,  ICGO, 

iii.  143 j^  ride,  iii.    104-7;  diaracttr, 

iii.     105;  dis|mto  witli  archhisiioji, 

iii.   105-00;  iiitrigiKj.s  against  arch- 

liislio]),   iii.    ICiO;  snjicrseded,    lOOi, 

iii;  l()()-07;  uiipii|mlarity,    iii.    KiT; 

rcsidtiixMa,  iii.  107. 
Bapti.siii,  wlu)lt;.sa]o  adiniiii.stratiou  of, 

ii.  174—5;  iin>tiiod  of,  ii.  175-0. 
Bara'ic'iia,    Coiiunander,    trea.iou   of, 

IS.W,  V.  213. 
Bariuida,  M.,    iimiister  of  relations, 

1N47,  V.  524. 
Biiraiida,  ('apt.  P.  S.  de,  capture  of 

Ul.ia,  1825,  V.  03. 
Baratlilo,    dijsci-iptiou    of,    iii.     233; 

alidli.-lied,  lO'.IO,  iii.  249,257. 
Barlia,  I'eilro,  joins  Cortes,  i.  536-7; 

diNith  of,  i.  012. 
liiirlKU-liano,  (l<,v.,  measures  of,  1S4S, 

V.  5s:i-4. 
Barl.addlo.  F.,  rule  in  N.  Leon,  1715, 

iii.  3;!.5-30. 
Bavliart'na,  C'oniand.  f!cn.,  success  at 

C.uiilian,  1.S41,  V.  210. 
Bai'illa.s,     caiitures     (!ov.     Saravia, 

170S,  iii.  2!LM);i. 
Bai'ca,  A.  ( '.  dc  la,  minister  to  Mex., 

IF  J,  V.  182. 
Barcciia,    Jumu   .To.-jc  dc  la,    gov.    of 

Yucatan,  10S8,  iii.  102. 
Baiviiia,   J.    .M.  K.,    'Kecuerdos,'  v. 

4;i;!-4. 
Barcena,  T)r.  M.  de  la,  president  of, 

rc;,'ency,  1821,  iv.  7:;5-0. 
Barley,  cultivation  of,   \[.  568. 
Barlovcnto    Sjuadion,    fcrmatioii  of 

Hi:;5,  iii.  83  4;  loss  <,f.  Kill,  iii.  103; 

reori,'ani/ed,  10S3,  iii.  202. 
Barri.las,    Brigadier   I.,     exped.    of, 

lS2il,  V.  7--4;  .•surri.uilt-r  of,  v.  74-5. 
Barragan,  J.  A.,   revolt  of,    1832,  v. 

111. 
Barragan,  Gen.    M.,  mention  of,  iv. 

5l'1  ;  gov.  of  Vera  Cruz,  v.  02;  vici- 

pre.Mdcnt,    IS.'!,"),    y.   KiS;  president 

ad  interim,   v.    143;  liiog.,   etc.,   v. 

143-4;  rule,  v.  140-78. 
liiirrio,  J.  \'.  de,  conunauder  of  lleet, 

1507,  ii.  024. 
Biisadre,  Col.,    mission  to  IIaji;i,  v. 


Basadre,  Gen.,  minister  of  war,  1844, 
V.  20!>. 

Basch,  8.,  'Erinnerungenaus  Mexico,' 
vi.  328. 

Basterra,  Capt.,  on  Nueces  river, 
1740,  iii.  :U4. 

Battles,  Tahasco,  1519,  i.  S5-6; 
Ceiitla,  1510,  i.  87  00;  Tlascala, 
1510,  i.  202-3;  Nautla,  1510,  i. 
2.")0;  Mexico,  1.520,  i.  403  81; 
Otumba,  1.520,  i.  407-503;  Sangre- 
nial,  1522,  ii.  .540  2;  Las  Cniees, 
1810,  iv.  177  85;  (,»ueri'taro,  1810, 
iv.  10.5-0;  A culco,  1810,  iv.  108;  [.a 
Barca,  1810,  iv.  20.5  0;  Zacoalco, 
1810,  iv.  200;  fJuanajiiato,  IMO, 
iv.  210-28;  real  del  Kosario,  1810, 
iv.  2.38;  San  Ignacio  <le  I'iastla, 
1810,  iv.  238-9;  Aguanueva,  IMI, 
iv.  240;  Unqietiro,  1811,  iv.  247-8; 
Calderon,  ISll,  iv.  240-.58;  S;ilti- 
llo,  1811,  iv.  208;  Sau  I'edro 
I'iedra   (ronla,     1811,    iv.    209-70; 


Valle    del     Mai/,     1811, 


270; 


Tres  I'alos,  1811,  iv.  3(M);  'lix- 
tla,  1811,  iv.  .303  4;  rinon.s,  1811, 
iv.  .307;  <  'erro  d(d  ( IriUo,  IM  1,  iv. 
3()S;  Maguey,  1811,  iv.  311;  Pat/- 
cuaro,  1811,  iv.  312;  Zit:ieuaro, 
1811,  iv.  :w;-8;  Acuit^io.  |:ill,  iv. 
337;  Zipimi  o,  ISll,  iv.  337;  I/iUar, 
1811,  iv.  :CiO;  T.iiancin^'o,  1812, 
iv.  35i>;  Iziicar,  1812,  iv.  3115;  V:iii- 
liuitlan,  1.S12,  iv.  434  0:  S.iuta 
Itosa,  1812,  iv.  470;  San  .\gustia 
del  Palmar,  1812,  iv.  472;  Acid- 
cin;,'o,  1812,  iv.  4S0-I;  Salvatierra, 
1813,  iv.  51.5-10;  Zaca|ioaxtla, 
1813,  IV.  .534;  .lilotepec,  1M.5,  iv. 
012;  Te/iiialae;i,  l'5l5,  iv.  017; 
Aliiiolonga,  1823,  iv.  702;  'i'exca, 
1S30.  V.  0(i;  Chilpancim^o.  Is:;0,  v. 
9l);iolo!]i.",  18.32,  v.  100  10;  I'licrto 
del  Ciliinero,  1>,32,  v.  ll7;S,ui 
Agustji  del  Palmar,  18.32,  v.  IIS- 
10;  I'o.adas,  1832,  v.  120-1;  Sau 
.laeiiito,  1830,  v.  171-3;  Acajete, 
1S30,  V.  211  12;  (•■lo  Alto,  IMO.  v. 
.3.52-04;  P.isaea  de  la  Palma,  1840, 
V.  357  til;  Biiena  \'ista,  1S47,  v. 
420 -.33;  Cerrodordo,  1S47,  v.  45(>- 
0;  Padieiiia.  1847,  v.  475-.S0;  Ciui- 
ruliiiMo,  1847,  V.  4S()  S;  Molino  del 
Bey,  1847,  V.  407-505;  <'iiaiiulte- 
pee,  1817,  V.  500-18;  Salaiuauea, 
18.58,  V.  734;  Aimaluleo,  ]S58,  v. 
747;  l.a  Kstaneia  de  las  Vaeas, 
1850,  V.  771 ;  San  Miguel,  ( 'alpulal- 
pan,  IMIO,  V.  703;  Ciiieo  de  Slayo, 
1802,  vi.  48;  Sau  Lorenzo,  ISOIf,  vi. 


702 


IXDKX. 


OH;     Mojor.ora,      1873,      vi.      400;  I      sor|nostmtocl,  iv.  2S-3?. 

'I'ocniu',  lS7(i,  vi.  427.  I  IV'iiilf/,  ■).,  uiiiii.ster  of  tlie  treasur}', 

IVunliii,  A<liiiiral  ('.,  arriv.-il  at  A'cra         IS7(»,  vi.  4:{I. 

CiMi/,    ISliS,  V.    I'.M);  uliiiiiat\iin  iif.    l?f([iii'st.s,  l.iws  eoncerniiij;,  iii.  "i02. 

V.  I'.M)   I;  I'aistiirc  of  Uliia,  v.    I'.t2      Hcroiificr,   Hrigadier,  <;x]if(l.  i>t',   KSI7, 

0;  a.f.at  at  W'la  ( Vu/,    v.    I'.)7  '.'.        iv.  ti(i2  :{. 
liaiiti  >ta,  I'mIIii'I',  iiiciilioii  of,  ii.  ii-M.    IJcrj^lu's,  < ".  dt;,  '  |)(>scri|Mioii,' iii.  (iO 
r.antista,  I'ilnt,  ( 'orti'.s,  ox|i(m|..  i.  l(iS.     liorgosa,   ArciiKi.siiip])    A.,    lain. is    o 
Ji;i/,  .1.  .1..  j^ov.  ot  Mox.,  ISCl.  vi.   I(>;         ■       ~ 


iiiinist<'r  of  govt.,  1S7('>,  vi.  42"), 

lia/aiiic,  (icii.,  tl<'f('at.s  ("oiiioiifort, 
1S(;:{,  vi.  (i(i;  I'otiimaiiilcr-iii-ciiii'f, 
ISU:!,  vi.  112-K!;  instr\ictioiis  to, 
vi.  1 1;!;  iioliiy,  etc.,  vi.  114;  foircs, 
vi.  ll.'i;  caiitiircs  Oajaca,  IS{i."),  vi. 
IS'.)  IHr;  relatioiiH  witii  Maxiiiiiliau, 
etc.,  vi.  22.S  •);  2()l  (i;  operations 
of,  1S('){(,  vi.  2r)r)  (!;  cliargcs  against, 
vi.  2ii.vr);  (k'parturo  of,  18G7,  vi. 
21)7  8. 

lli'.ui,  F.  do,  pioneer  Jesuit,  1.572,  ii. 
701:  iloalh,  1,".72,  ii.^  702. 

]?a/aii,  l'\  (le,  gov.  of  Yue.,  1055,  iii. 
IC.I. 

IVi-^ancoiirt,  l^aroii  ile,  'TjO  -Moxiipie 
( 'niilciiiiHiraiii,'  V.  800. 

]?a/o('li(',  Ailiiiiral,  Mockado  declanul 

l.y,  is:;s.  V,  1S7-00, 

T.cans,  fiillivation  of,  vi.  olW. 
r.c.ininout,     Friar   1'.,    works   of     ii. 

~S'i;  iii.  72()  7. 
I'.ccfi'ra,  1..,  minister  of  justice,     S40, 

V.  2'.I4. 
F.c.>,    U.  E..  mission  of,  18:!0,   v.  170. 
]5ejan,   alVair    at,     1811,    iv.    274-5; 

revolutionists      captured     at,      iv. 

27;'.  5. 
])t'jar,     l>iike  of,    upholds  Cortes,    ii. 

S,")  f),  201-2. 
l^i'jai',    Town,   counter-revolution  at, 

isil,    iv.    271;  atl'air  at,  18i:i,    iv. 

.i4:{. 
IJclu'iuni,   relations   with  Mex.   1870, 

vi.  441;  treaty  with  Me.x.  188:?,  vi. 

455. 
Beli/<',  m.arauders  at,  v.  83. 
lielknai",  J^icut-col,  eani])aign  on  tlie 

l!io    (Iraude,    v.    :i."):$-0;    hattle  of 

1?uena  A'i4a,  v.  4:!.'?. 
r.eUrauii,  J.  (\,  '  I.e  ^[oxique,'  v.  808 


]i    A.,    lalioi-s    ol, 

iv.  4:t4;  lliglit  of.  iv.   IS.".,   |s7. 
ISeristain,    .1.    .M.,     '  l!il>liole.a    His- 

])an<)-Aniericana  iSeptentiion.il '  \  i. 

(m5. 
IJerlanga,  Friar'!',  de,  actini;  Ooniin- 

ican  provincial,   I5;!2,  ii.  .■{',)5  (>. 
Hernnidcz,  A.,  joins  .Narvai'/'cxped., 

i.  ;i(;2. 

I'crnnnlez,   B. ,  mention  of,  i.  'M'k 
l5iMnai<l,  .1.    F.,  et   al.,    works  com- 
piled hy,  ii.  101. 
l$errio/.:il)aI,  (ien.,  hattle  of   Cinco  ih 

Mayo,  18(12,  vi.  47  50  ;  defence    of 

Tuehla,  ISCi.S,  vi.  (Jti. 
I5er/alial,    .Major   !>.,  exploits  of,    i\-. 

140  ,50;  l.iog.,  iv.   1.50. 
15ctan/os,    Fatlier   D.    de,   Dominican 

]irovincial,  15;!5,  ii.  ;>0(i,  7l-'5  (!. 
l>elhlcliemit<'S    estah.     in    .Mex.,     iii. 

18;!-4;  hospital,  1075,  ]8,'!;  rules  nt, 

184. 
IJiiMivcnida,  Friai-  Loren/.o  de,  in  \u- 

cat;ui,  ii.  •>5I,  720. 
I'liUaidt,  minister,  .speeches  of   ]8I)2. 

vi.  04-05;  08-0. 
151ack,    Consul     .1.,    negotiations    of 

181.5.  v.  ;i40-l. 
V>l,ick  Vomit,  origin  of,  iii.  212. 
r.lancarte,  .1.  M..  )ironn!icianiiento  of. 

1S51,  v.  (!OS-<l. 
I'.lanchard,  ]'.,  M,.tks  of,  v.  204. 
lUaiu'o,  (Ien.,   miniver  of  war,  1S5;>. 

V.   010;    attack  on  Mex.,    1S58,    \. 

748. 
lloacio,  A. ,  condenmeil  l>y  in<|nisitiiin. 

1558,  ii.  07.5  0. 
lloca  do  'lerminos,   Ksecihar  at,  i.  SI. 
Hocanejira,   .F.   M.  de,   e.ihinet  mini  • 

tcr,  1820,  V.  80  2,  80;  president  a^l 

interim,  v.  00;  minister  of  lrea.-iur\ . 

18:i:!,  V.  120;  protests,  etc.,  of,  1M_', 

V.  .'i2s  0.  :i:i:!. 


ISenavcnte,  Father  M.  de,  companion  !  I'.nll,  l'"riar  L.  de,  mention  of,  ii.  71 


if  \'illapan<lo,  ii.  453;  escape  of,  i 

45:i-5. 
r>>navcnte.  Friar  T.  de,  sco  Motolinia 
r.cii.ividcs.  A,,  imposture  of,  1083,  iii 

207. 


I'lolctin     del     Institnto    Xacional 

Ceografia,  vi.  (i.50. 
Bonaparte,    Joseph,    orders  of,    IN'O'^ 

iv.  47-8;  emissaries,  iv.  7t';  prml  , 

niations,  iv.  02. 


-••••  ^ "»  •••  •■*•• 

Benedictines,    arrival    of,     1580,  ii.  '  Bonavia,   ISrigadit^r   B.    Calleja's   in 

712.  structions  to,  iv.  241;  forces  of,  iv. 

Bcin'.--ki,  Tlurhide's  aid,  iv.  807-8.         1      -i;'!!;   tli;rlit   from    (>:ija<'.i.    i\.    lil>; 

liencvoleut    Institutions,   estates  of,  I      execution  of,  ISI2,  iv.  4'>(i. 


rtaiiiicntodt. 


INDEX. 


703 


■Bonilla,  A.   P.   tlo,  cliiof    inquisitor, 

|,")S;{,  ii.    (>7S;  uirliKislii)]),   lolfj,  ii. 

tiS7;  tlf.itli  of,  l."i'.Ki,  ii.  (isT. 
Bonilla,  M.  I>.  (li!,  ininistcr  of  jjjoUi^r- 

nin'ion,    IS.'i.'t,  V.  (5'J7;  of  rulatioiis, 

IS.V.t,  V.  7.'. I. 
Boot,  eni^ini'iT,  niontion  of,  iii.  10,  8(). 
Borja,    I'",   do,   guncral  of  Jesuits,   ii. 

()'.l!>-70(). 
IJorland,   Major,  capture  of,  18-17,  v. 

417-18. 
Boti'Uo,  a-itrologcr,  predictions,  etc., 

of,  i.  4()',t;  death,  4'.tO. 
P.oturini,  works  of,  vi.  (i4'J-:{. 
UoulKon,  Count  U.  do,  exped.  etc.,  of, 

1S."):{-K  V.  (isr)-^G. 
liourKonist  Party  in  t'ongreas,   IS'22, 

iv.  7()()-l. 
liourliinirg,  B.  de,  works  of,  i.  4'.K5; 

ii.  4.VS. 
IJiPuriiouf,  E.,  overtures  to  Diaz,  lS(i7, 

vi.  :as. 

IJraiviinonte,    F.,   death   fif,   1701,   iii. 

Hracainoutc,    F.   ilo,  discovers  indigo 

]il;iut,  I."),")!),  ii.  (i.");{. 
Ilracinioiite,    .1.   de  A.,   fiscal  of   i'a- 

naniii,  iii.  4."). 
Mraclio,  Col,  ciiptures  Terdn,  1817,  iv. 

(\M-\. 
Hiadtmrn,     Lieut,     <lefencc    of     Fort 

Siiiiitin'ro,  1S17,  iv.  ()7.">. 
Uragg,  Capt.,  ca](tMre  of    Monterey, 

V.  ;!S.V4;  hattle  of  IJueua  X'ista,  v. 

4-_"_'  :i,  4'.'7,  4;{i. 

liraneiforte,  Manpu's  de,  53d  viceroy, 
I7'.t4,  iii.  485;  hiog..  iii.  4S5;  ride, 
iii.  4SiWH);  character,  iii.  480-7; 
nialfeasania',  iii.  4'.H). 

Kravo,  L.,  at  Cuautla.  iv.  3r).'l-4;  cap- 
ture, etc.,  of,  iSl'2,  iv.  40i)-IO; 
charaetiM',  iv.  410. 

Hravo,  M.,  at  Cuautla,  iv.  'MM;  oper- 
ations. ISl'J,  iv.  4;VS,  4S!»;  capture 
of,  1S14,  IV.  i'tSO. 

liravo,  <ren.,  ex])Ioit«  at  'I'ixtla,  iv. 
:iO;t  4;  character,  iv.  410  I  I ;  de- 
feats lialiaipii,  ISI'i,  iv.  47-;  re- 
pulse at  .lalaiia,  iv.  47:^-1;  opera- 
ticins  at  San  .luaii  CoseolMatepl'(^ 
iv.  471;  in  \'era  (Vu/,  |S|;!,  iv. 
r).")t;  charges  against,  iv.  ~CC>;  lie- 
sieged  at  ( 'oseoiuatepec,  iv.  ."),').")(); 
defeat  at  Valladolid,  |Si:{,  iv.  570- 
.'(;  at  1\'/nialica,  iv.  ()17;  defense 
of  Cii])oro,  iv.  liSS  '.);  opi'rations, 
1SI7,  iv.  t)S',)-'.)0;  IS-Jl,  iv.  7-M-4; 
capture  of,  iv.  (i'.tO;  pardoneil,  iv. 
(i'.ll;  joins  Iturhide.  ISJI,  iv.  7;!I- 
I:    member   of    regcmy,    IS2-,  iv. 


71)0;  defeat  at  Abnolonga,  1S'2:1, 
iv.  70"_';  oe(^uiiies  (lijaei,  iv.  7'.'">; 
nienilier  of  exeiaitivc,  iv.  .SOi.';  v. 
1."!,  15;  vice-]presiil(Mit,  1S"J4,  v.  17; 
rehellion,  etc.,  of,  18l28,  v.  .S8-I0; 
ai'ting  ])rc;sident,  ISl'i,  v.  1154;  re- 
volt against  Santa  Anna,  1S14-5; 
V.  'J75  (i;  ](r(!sident,  I.S4C>,  v.  2".t8; 
cahinet,  V.  •-".»'.>;  rul^^  v.  •_".)'.):  l.attlo 
of  Chiiruhusco,  v.  4S1;  of  Chapul- 
tepec,  V.  5l)".)-i:{. 
Bravo,  v.,  at  Cuautla,  iv.  .'t(i:i-l; 
oiu^rations,  ISpJ,  iv.  ISK;  defeated 
hy  Aniiijo,  ISIl,  iv.  575. 
Brieeno,  l'\  ]{.,  Capt. -gen.  of  Yucatan, 

1()17,  iii.  I. ").■{. 

IJrigandage,  prcvalenee  of,  iii.  'J7I-4. 

Brineourt,  ( Icn.,  coiiiniandantat  I';ie- 

lija,    ISd.'i,    vi.    70;    oiierations    of, 

lS(i."i,  vi.  'JOl'. 

Bringas,  Caiit.    A.,   o])erations,    etc., 

at  Las  Cruees,  iv.   17'.'-8|. 
Bringas,  K.,  operations  at  Las  Crucu^s, 

iv.  178. 
Brioncs,  Cajit.,  oxped.  against  Zaiio-^ 

tees,  ii.  'X.i-4. 
Bnivvn,  Fort,  see  Texas,  P'ort. 
{{[•own.  Major,  defence  of  Fort  'l\'xas, 

v.  XVi,  .'i(U-5;  (l(M.tli  of,  V.  :iri5. 
Bucareli,    Fri'v  A.    .M.,  4()th  viceroy, 
1771,  iii.  •■!70;  l>iog.,  iii.  ;t70- 1 :  rulf, 
iii.  :{7l-l.';  <leath,  iii.  ;<7-*  :t. 
Buceli,  Col  F.,  niutiiiv  of,    l.s:.'l,    iv. 

717-18;  defeat  of,   l,V_''-',  iv.  7>'(1. 
Buena    Vista,    hattle   of,    v.    4-_'0-:!;5; 

plan,  V.  4'_'l. 
Buguciro,    M.    S.,    arelihishop,    U55(), 
iii.    14S;  ipiarrei   witii  viceroy,   iii. 
118;  recall  of,   IC.liO,   l.'H). 
Bull  lighting  introdneeil,  ii.  1,".");  pi-n. 

Iiil)ited,  IsdO,  iii.  .")00. 

Bui'goa,  I'".  cl('.  Works  of,  iii.  5I'_'-I,'{. 

j  B'.irgos,  .1.  (le,  joins  Cortes,  i.  alili 

i  Burkait,    '.Vufeuthalt    und     Keiseii," 

iii.  (iOO. 

Burnet,     1).   (J.,    pnisident   of  Texas, 

IS:!(i,    V.     I(>7;     tr<Mty,.   etc.,    with 

Santa  .\nna,  v.  17-!  5. 

Bustaniante,    (ten.    A.,    defection  of, 

Is-Jl,    iv.   7i:i   14;  writings  of,    iv. 

7i;!;  V.  55:t,  def,.ats   Bu^'eli,    18-J-_*, 

iv.  7ti(>;  vire-]iresi(li'nt,  ISi'S,  v.  41; 

disallection  of,  v.  8-J  ;{;  plan   of,  v. 

SS;  revolution  of  .lalapa,    1S'_".I,   v. 

SS-tCt;  liiog.,  V.  !K!-t;  assumes  t!io 

oxi'cntive,    1S:!0,    v.   !l4-5;  cahinot, 

V.  115;  rule,   V.  '.15-lL'l:  i>!si,;nat;on 

of    ministry,    v.    IJ'-'-Ji:!;  military 

operations,    |S:!-J,  v.    Ijii-ill;  ne;;i- 

tiations  with  Santa  Anna,   v.  I'JJ- 


704 


INDEX. 


3;  prosi.lcnt,    ISI^T,  v.  170;  rule,  v. 

]80-'-':i5;    cabiiU'tH,   v.    ISO-l,    184; 

arrest,    etc.,    cf,    1S40,    v.    'J;20-l; 

character,  etc.,  v.  2IJ.V6. 
Bustaiiiauto,    C,   Bccrebvry  of    Con- 

gross,   1622,  iv.  759;  works  of,  iv. 

S'.T). 
Bustamante,  C.  M.  do,   works  of,  iii. 

50!»  10:  iv.  37:{;  v.  SO:J-0;  biog.,  v. 

W)2  ;«. 

Busi-imaiite,  F.  do,  alcalde  mayor  of 
'i  lascala,  l()i)2,  iii.  248. 

Bustamaute,  V.,  defeat  at  Sau  Felipe, 
iv.  524;  death,  iv.  524. 

Butler,  iieii.,  capture  of  Monterey, 
V.  ;i77,  .SS4-('>;  f(jrces,  v.  377;  su- 
persedes Scott,  V.  531. 


C'alialloro,   .T.,   donations   of,   iv.    i)0; 

l)io^'.,  iv.  '.19. 
CaKallero,  1'.,  joins  Corto.s,  i.  404. 
C'alxit,   S.,  exped.   to  tlie   Moluccas, 

ir)2(),  ii.  257. 
Calirora,  paintings  of,  vi.  04(5. 
C'alirillo,  J.  K.,  explorations  of,  1542, 

ii.  511-12. 
C;icama,  King  of  Tezcuco,  advice  to 

Montezuma,  i.    125,    2()7;  visit  to 

Corti's,  i.  2(>0-70;  conspires  against 

C'ortt's,  i.  329-34;  Cortes  captures, 

i.  33:{-4;  evacuation  of  Mox.,  i.  471. 
Cacao,    cultivation    of,    iii.    (ilO;    vi. 

5(i9. 
C;U'orcs,  J.  do,  Cortos'  mayordomo,  i. 

08. 
Cadoua,  conde  de  la,  joins  Calleja,  iv. 

19(i. 
Cadoreita,    settlement,    founded,    iii. 

94. 
Cadereita,  Maripu's  de,  Kith  viceroy, 

Hi35,  ii.  94;  rule,  ii.  94  95. 
Cadwalader,  (!eu.,   ati'air  at  Puente 

Nacioiial,    1847,   v.   4(i4;   Iiattle  of 

I'ailiorna,  v.  477-0;  of  Cliuruhusco, 

V.   484-5;   of    Molino  del  Key,  v. 

500  2;  of  Chapultepoc.  v.  512. 
Caicedo,  L.  O.  de,  associate  of  Velaz- 

(juo/,  i.  5. 
'Caid.i  de  Ijueretaro, '  vi.  327-8. 
Caja,  La,  atiair  at,  1817,  iv.  079. 
Cajeiiie,    Chief,    the    'Vaiiui'    war, 

18,1.')  (),  vi.  401  2. 
Calafat,  (tbii.  J.,  operations  of,  1812, 

IV.  415-18. 
Cal  Idas,  gallantry  at    lluajuapan, 

iv.  437-0. 
Caldera,    Capt.    M.,    the    Chiehimco 

treaty,    1591,   ii.   703  4:  exped.    to 


Xayarit,  1G16-18;  iii.  313. 

Caldera,  N.,  the  Nayarit  war,  1721, 
iii.  324-25. 

Calderon,  Bridge,  battle  of,  1811,  iv. 
249  58;  jdan,  251. 

Calderon,  (Ion.,  be.sieges  Vera  Cruz, 
18.32,  V.  110. 

California,  coast  of,  explored,  l.")!t5-7, 
it.  750-1;  1002,  iii.  2-3;  1041,  iii. 
09;  disatrection  in,  v.  40:!;  U.  S. 
Hag  raised  in,  v.  40:^-4;  Kearny's 
exjied.,  v.  403. 

Calit'ornia,  Lower,  expeditions  to,  iii, 
114. 

Calle,  .T.  D.  do  la,  "Mem.  y  Not.' 
iii.  551. 

Calleja,  Gen.  F.  M.,  comandauto  of 
San  Luis  Potosi,  1810,  iv.  135;  aid 
asked  from,  iv.  l.">5;  preparations 
of,  iv.  KiO,  100,  174,  192  4;  biog. 
iv.  19;i-4;  forces  of,  iv.  191);  nmto 
of,  iv.  lOti-8;  proclamation,  iv. 
202;  recaptures  Guanajuato,  1810, 
iv.  219-28;  inarciics  on  Guadala- 
jara, iv.  228-30;  plan  of  campaign, 
1811,  iv.  244;  victory  of  Calderon, 
iv.  240-58;  at  Guadalajara,  iv. 
250-02;  at  Sau  Luis  I'otosi,  iv. 
202-03;  209-70;  organization  of 
forces,  iv.  317-10;  disposition  ot 
forces,  iv.  319-20;  captures  Zita- 
cuaro,  1812,  iv.  352-5;  reco]itiou  in 
Mox.,  iv.  358-9;  relations  witli 
Venegas,  iv  3.")0;  412-1.3,  4!'7:  .ap- 
turo  of  Cuautla,  iv.  300-72;  cruelty 
of,  iv,  372;  rosigiuition  of,  iv.  413; 
OOth  viceroy,  1813,  iv.  491;  cliar- 
acter,  etc.,  iv.  495-7;  rule,  iv.  498- 
047. 

Calouia,  F.,  commands  armada,  159.'), 
ii.  752. 

Caltzontzin,  F.,  king  of  Michoac.in, 
ii.  280;  (iuzman's  treatment  ol,  ii. 
280. 

Calvillo,  D.,  works  of,  iv.  .373-4. 

Calvillo,  Gon.  11.,  operations  of,  1812, 
iv.  415,  418. 

Caniacho,  N.,  attempts  viceroy's  Kic, 
1718,  iii.  291. 

Caniacho,  S.,  cabinet  minister,  IM'"), 
V.  32;  envoy  to  England,  v.  32,  .M. 

Caniaclioy  Avila,  Bishop  J).,  sociilu- 
izes  mLssions  of  N.  Loon,  1712,  iii. 
335. 

Camargo,  Town,  founded,  1740,  iii. 
344. 

Camargo,  D.  de,  exped.  to  Florida, 
1518,  i.  189:  death  of,  i.  .V!9. 

Camariro,  D.  M.,  i>iog.,  i.  200;  work-, 
200-1. 


INDEX. 


705 


Is  armada,  I'lO:), 


.  iv.  37:?-4. 
ratiouiH  of,  ISl'J, 


miuislcr.  IS'J'i, 
rlaiul.  V.  :V-',  M. 
lo\)  !>.,  sci'ul:i|-- 


etl.  to  Floviili, 

of,  i.  .-.:w. 

.,  i.  "200;  work-, 


Caniino,  J.  del,  exped.  ol,  1341,  ii. 

Caiuiilicll,  Consul  Pi;,  li.,  negotiations 

■witii  S;iuta  Anna,  v.  'M'2. 
CainiR'clio,  Town,  foiinilcil,   1"40,  ii. 

4ir>;  ciiiivcrit  f  miuli'd  at,   lol."),  ii. 

4.".'.?;  jpUhkK'i'CcI  liy  pirat(is,  J.")iil,  ii. 

G4t5;  l.V.Ml,  ii.  CJ7-S;  IC:!:*.,   iii.   S:i, 

)!,");  IG.V.t,  iii.    JUi;  107S,   iii.    14(i, 

185;    coiillajiintiou    at,     1082,    iii. 

lU'J;  fortitiu'l,  iii.  H'>2,  410;  iiroiiuu- 

ciaiiiicnto  at,  IS'J'J,  v.  bG;  siego  ol, 

1840.  V.  'J  1 8. 
L'ainimclio,  Statu,  appoiutud,  185S,  vi. 

411. 
CanijiiM-o,   J.,  gov.  of  Yucatan,  ICGO, 

iii.  Kil. 
Canipillii,  Bislui])  .\I.  I.  G.  dul,   luo- 

diatioii  of,    1811,  iv.  liHiS. 
('aiii]Mis,     .\1..    niiiiister    of    linanco, 

18(i(l,  vi.  •_»7tj. 
Caiiali;-',  (nil.   M.  A.,  operations  of, 

18;;',t  40,  V.  •_'()< »,_'_' 14- 1 .">. 
Canali/o,    (ion.    \'.,   ilcftat   at  Tani- 

pico,   ISIJS,  V.  •_'()7-ll;  acting  luvsi- 

dunt,     IS4:i-4.     V.    •J.")8-<l,     L'di.'-:!; 

l)iog.,  etc.,  'jriS;  oxilo   of,   ISto,  v. 

■270;  l)attle  of  Cci'ro  (iordo,  v.  4."4, 

4r)8. 
Cancelada,   .F.  l\,  works,  etc.,  of,  iv. 

01-.-),  4.i0. 
t'andano,  ( 'nl.  J.,  attack  on  Coscoina- 

tcp'JC,     18115,     iv.    ."i.">,V-();    (lefeatcd 

by  -Matainfiros,   ISl.'l,  iv.  557;  exe- 
cution, iv.  557. 
('anilc!.iri:i-  d(!  A/anza,  colony  found- 
ed, iii.  407. 
Canilclaria  Mine,  nioution  of,  vi.  514. 
I'anek,    caciipio,  revolt   of,   1701,   v. 

c>.>. 
Caniego,     ex))loration    of,     1528,    ii. 

2()l>-7;  ini.s.^iou  to  Spain,  ii.  277. 
Cannon  Foundry,  at  Ori/.aha,  iii.  ,'?5(); 

at  .Mex.,  iv.  84;  at  Real  del  Monte, 

iv.  421. 
(^aiio,  S.  di'l,  iiKOtiin  of,  ii.   257. 
Cano  y  Sandoval.   .1.,   l)i.sho|i  of  Yu- 
catan, iii.  Iil2;  (piarrel  with  Soliera- 

uis,  ICO  I,  iii.  I(>2. 
Cansino,  1).,  cruel  death  of,  1540,  ii. 

447  S. 
Cansino,  .T.,  tortured  to  death,  154(), 

ii.  4  17-8. 
Captain  goneralcics,    created,    1821, 

iv.  7^10 ;  reduced  to  comandaucias, 

182:5,  v.  -i. 
Capuchinas,  nunnery  of,  at  Oajaea, 

ii.    7li7;    convent;)   founded  hy,  in 

Mox.,  JGOI),  iii.  710;  ia  Michoacan, 

17;i7,  iii.  710. 

Hist.  Mi:x.  Vol.  VI.    45. 


('aral)ajal,  L.  do,  gov.  N.  Ticoii,    ii. 

777;  settles   N.    Li'on,    l.")S()-5,  ii. 

777-9;  death,  1.505,  ii.  77',t. 
Caravajal,  A.  do,  alcalilo  mayor  Yu- 
catan, 1.5.54-8,  ii.  040. 
Carhajal,  A.,  heads  tunndt,    1544,  ii. 

52:5. 
Carhajal,  .1.  S.,  proclaims  secession, 

1820,  V.  SO. 
Carhajal,  Y.  do  A.,  visitador  to  Yu- 
catan, lO.'iO,  iii.  15.5-0. 
Carhajal,   raids,  etc.,    of,  1S51-2,  v. 

(ilK!  .5,  012. 
Carhonero,  1'.,  fate  of,  i.  218. 
Cardenas,    C.     de,    audicucia    fiscal, 

etc.,  1.500,  ii.  022. 
Cardenas,  IJ.  de,  gov.  o'  Yuc,  l(i21, 

iii.  15;'.;  rule,  1.5;{-54. 
Caidenas,  1).  Z.  de,  see  Santo  Bloro, 

-Mar(pu's  de. 
(Jiirden.is,  .J.,  mention  of,  v.  21.5. 
Ciirdenas    y    Leon,    Astronomer,   J. 

v.,  Jnentiou  of,  vi.  041. 
Cardones,  M.  h\,  gov.  of  Yuc,  1072, 

iii.  101. 
Caridad,  y   San    llipiilito,  1m,  order 

founded,  ii.  700;  sjjread  of,  ii.  700- 

11. 
( 'ailcton,  .1.  II.,  '  The  battle  of  Buena 

Vista,'  V.  4;;4. 
Carlos  H.,  de.'.th    of,   1700,    iii.  201; 

o1ise(]uies  at -Mi'X.,    17<'l,  2(i_'  .'!. 
Carlos  111.,  ascends  throne.  1750,  iii. 

H04;  di-putes  wiiii  pope,  iii.   l;!4-(); 

ohsecpiics  of,   1780,  iii.  -I('8. 
(.'iirios  l\'.,  accession,    1780,  iii.    408; 

ceremonies  and  rejoicings,  iii.   400; 

iihdicMtiou,  1808,  iv.   .'JS-li;  preten- 
sions of,  iv.  71. 
(Jiirlos   v.,   reception  of  Cortes'  uies- 

seugors,    1510,    i.    172-;>;    eiulorses 

Corte.s,    ii.     0O-2;    presents    from 

Cortes,  etc..  ii.   100-7,   202,  22:!-»; 

re(t|itiou  of  Corte.s,   etc.,    1520,  ii. 

:i()7  S;  the  new  laws,  1512,  ii.  510. 
Cai-!iielites,    order    introduei d,    1,58,5, 

ii.  711;  ]irovinee  estahlished,   1.588, 

ii.    711-2;  progress  of,    ii.   712;  iii. 

721;     eouMiit    founded     in    Mex., 

101.5,  iii.  710. 
(Jarnien,  1  l.i  del,   pirate  reniiezvous, 

iii.  202. 
C.irraneo,    Lieut,    captures    .Murelos, 

181.5,  iv.  (117   18. 
Carran/a,    Friar    !>.,    nii.sHioUiiry   la- 
bors "I    ii.  :!00,  7:»o-i. 
Carra  .00,  (J.,  Cort.i's  capturo's,  i.  .'502. 
Carreno,  Oov. ,   defence  ot   Acapulco, 

1811,  iv.  :!0(^1. 
Carrera,    M.,  preaiduut  ad   interim, 


m 


7W 


INDKX. 


1854,  V.  CCO;  biog.,  v.  GCO-1;  rule, 

V.  «()l-4. 
Cirrillo,     L.,     royal     coinnuHsioner, 

I.jG7,    ii.    (5-5;    yutitioiiH    against, 

l,JliS,    ii.  G;!0;   deposed,    ii.    OHO-2; 

dentil  of,  ii.  G:{2. 
('irrillii,   M.  du,  visitador,   1G24,  iii, 

7;<. 

'iirtas  do  ludias,'  ii.  GOG. 


coinimssioner    to 


'(' 

( 'rirvajal,    A.     de, 

.Spain,  ii.  '2i>'), 
('a.>a  do  (.'oii'.iatacioi;,  esfaihl.  ii.  GSO. 
(.'a.-ia  Mata,  I'laii  of,  proclaimed,  1823, 

iv.  liH-o;  aildiitod,  T'.T)-!). 
C'aMafiiorlo,  Manpu's  dc,  .STth  viceroy, 

17:22,  i;i.  ;U'.»;  rule,  .SUt-Sl. 
(_'a.;al,    (.'apt.    A.    (1.    dil,    defeat   at 

Jluamaiitla,  I.S12,  iv.  ;i77-8. 
('anaiiova,  (ion.,  dofoat  at  Laa  Cwe- 

vitas,  l>s.")S,  V.  7-17. 
Ca.sa.s,  15.  do  las,  hco  Las  Casas,  B.  de. 
C'asa.s,  1''.  do  las,  aloaldo  Tiiayor,  hV-'i, 

ii.  '.);  mission,  etc.,  of,  l.VJ.S,  ii.  lO.S; 

Olid's   defuotion,  ii.  20:5—1;   return 

from    llonduias,    IT)'!'),    ii.  212-i:i; 

disarmoil   by   Salaziir,    ii.    21:5-14; 

sentence  of,  ii.  22:5. 
t'asas,    (>.    de  las,  gov.  of  Yucatan, 

1577-S:5,  ii.  GoO. 
Casas,  J.  B.,  exploits  of,  iv.  241, 
fasasola,  11.,  defence  of  Lxmiqiiilpan, 

];-'12,  iv.  429-:50. 
Casoanes,  escape  of,  15'i2,  ii.  TiOO. 
I'm  ,;ilas,   T.    de,  bishop   of   Chiapas, 

ITji")."),  ii.  G7:5. 
Castagny,  (ion.,  operations  of,   18G4, 

vi.  121-5;  1SG5,  vi.  l'.»:5-4;  186G,  vi. 

2,-,(J-7. 
Uastanoda,    .Tndgo    M.,  dismissal  of, 

18r):5,    v.    <i:!8;    minister    of  govt., 

1857,  V.  7i:5. 
CasUifilza,      Bishop,      president      of 

junta,  1822,  iv.  785. 
Castano,  ((iaspar  de),  alcalde  mayor 

San  Luis  I'otosi,    1575,  ii.  77G-7; 

lieut    gov.,    N.  Leon,    ii.  770;  ex- 
plorations of,  1500,  ii.  781. 
Castellanos,  D.,  eiego  of  Mex.,  i.  G75. 
Castelnau,    (!en.,    mission  to    !Mex., 

18GG,    vi.    220-;50;   measures,    2:5:5; 

departure,  18G7,  vi.  2()S. 
Ca-td!il;nico,    Town,    Sandoval    cap- 
tures, l.'iJO,  i.  55G. 
('astilla,  Capt.  .),,  death  of,  iv.  14S. 
Castilla,  L.  de,  expod.  to  Jalisco,  ii. 

:5GO-71. 
Castillo,  Col.  J.  del,  operations,  1811, 

iv.   ;^:5Cv-7;  1812,  iv.  4LH0;  1813, 

iv.  518-21. 


Castillo,  y  Lanzas,  J,,  minister  of  re- 
lations, ISIG,  V.  204. 

Castillo,  F.  F.  del,  minister  of  tlie 
treasury,  LSI,'),  v.  200. 

Castillo,  (1  en.  S.  del,  defence  of  (-nn- 
dalajara,  l.SGO,  v.  700;  soldiirly 
qualities  of,  vi.  275;  sioj,'o  of  (,iui'- 
retaro,  18(17,  vi.  284-;502;  sentence, 
etc.,  of,  vi.  310. 

Castillo  y  lian/as,  .1.,  minister  of  re- 
lations, ]8.kS,  v.  715. 

Castrillo,  (!.  dt^  defeats  Frencli  pi- 
rates, 1571,  ii.  0(7. 

Castro,  A.  M.  de,  minister  f)f  justice, 
18()7,  vi.  ;5."i2. 

Catalina,  Cortes' bride,  i.  Ki.'),  401. 

Catocho  I'unta  de,  name,  i.  8;  Cor- 
doba's afl'ray  at,  i.  0. 
Catorce,    Town,    founded,    1772,    i,i. 

308. 
Catorce  District,  mining  in,  iii.  5s9; 

vi.  5 1:5. 
Cavenilish,  T.,  cmise  in  Pacific,  158ii- 

S,  ii.  744-.">0. 
Cavo,  A.,  works  of,  iii.  50S-9. 
Ceballos,  J.  B.,  president  ad  interim, 

185:i,  V.  015;  cabinet,  v.   Gl(i;  nil>', 

V.  Gl(>-21. 
Ceballos,  (Jen.,    operations,  etc.,    of, 

187:5,  vi.  4(H)-1. 
Cedral,  settlement,  founded  1780,  iii, 

309. 
Celaya,  to'wai,  founded,  etc.,  ii.  ''•"•"i, 

703;  capture    of,    IMO,    iv.    I'-'l-t'i; 

sack  of,  iv,  125-7;  rooaptnrc  of,  iv. 

210;  assault  on,  1S|;>,  iv.  5li;. 
Celis,    H.    de,    defeated    by    Osorno, 

]8i:5,  iv.  5:54. 
Celpaico,   Montezuma's  ashes    buri'.il 

at,  i.  4G5. 
Cempoala,  Cortes' expcd.  to,  i.  1  l'-'-(; 

descript.   of,   i.   144-5;    cliristi  niiiy 

accepted  in,  i.  104-5;  afl'air  at,  15;:0, 

i.  3'J3-8;    conference   at,    1521,    ii. 

71-:5. 
Centipac,  province,  Guzman  conquers, 

15;i0,  ii.  35()-7. 
Centla,  battle  of,  1510,  i.  87-00. 

Central  America,  gold  deposits  of, 
iii.  55:5-70;  indLpondeneo  of,  de- 
clared, 1822,  iv.  751;  union  wuli 
!Mex.  iv.  755;  independence  rcen^. 
nized,  182:5,  v.  47;  claims  of,  10 
Soconusco,  vi.  452-:5. 

Centralists,  party  or;j;;uu/e(l,  etc., 
182:^,  v.  5;  leaders  of,  v.  10-11;  m- 
Ihienco  of,  V.  182. 

Copeda,  ttovernor,  removal,  etc.,  if, 
lt;7;>,  vi.  408-9. 


IXDEX. 


707 


liiucomiuci-^, 


Coi-ilu,  D.  lie  l.i,  alciiMo  mayor  Yuca- 
tan, J.V.I4-f.,  ii.  0."iO. 
Ciiniufio,  ]).,  ciiiisj>irua  against  Cor- 

ti'-i,  i.  177;  oxcHiitidii  of,  17!). 
Cenvilvo,  Marmu's  do,  l.jth  vicoroy, 

KiJl,  iii.  7-;  character,  iii.  7-,  !••!; 

rulo,    7iI-"J4.    ri'storea    Gelvou,    73; 

resigns,  I(i.'15,  y.'J. 
C'urro  ( 'iiloraild.  Fortress,  attack  on, 

IS  14,  iv.  587;  surrender  of,  1817, 

iv.  0.-)!. 
C'orro  Encaiitado,  aflair  at,  1814,  iv. 

Ccrro  (lordo,  battle  of,  1847,  v.  i'lO- 
[);  plan,  v.  454. 

Ci-rro  do  Nado,  armory,  etc.,  de- 
stroy. •(!  at,  1813,  iv.  .Wl. 

C.iro  del  (iallo,  siege  of,  1813,  iv. 
Til  8-21. 

Cetina,  Col,  recapture  of  Bacalar, 
]S4!>,  V.  082. 

Ccyiios,  F.  de,  oidor,  15:50,  ii.  321; 
cliaractur,  ii.  321-2;  resignation, 
etc.,  of,  ii.  380. 

Clialcaus,  join  Cortes,  i.  577. 

(.'luilchimtl,  Indian  name  for  Cortes. 

i.  2-'(>. 
Clial  -o,  town,  capture  of,  1521,  589- 

'Xi. 
Cli.Muotla,  Samaniego  at,  15.30,  ii.  302; 

occupied  l)y  Spaniards,  ii.  54i). 
CliHiiipoton,    Ccirdolia    re])ul.-icd    at, 

1,-)17,  i.  10;  affray  at,  1518,  i.  20-1; 

Moiitcjo  lands    at,    1537,    ii.    442; 

S|)aniards    besieged    at,     1539,    ii. 

44;5-5;  pirates  sack,  1044,  iii.  l-<5- 

0. 
Chan,  J.,  cacique  of  Chancenote,  1597, 

ii.  0.")2. 
Chapala  lake,  plan  of,  iv.  539. 

Chapultepec,  as  a  place  of  resort,  iii. 

472;  palace  at,  iii.  472-3;  battle  of, 

1847,    V.    500-18;   descript.    of,    v. 

."lOS-O;  national  observatory  at,  vi. 

044. 
Chaipictaa,  enrollment  of,   1808,   iv. 

51;    di.sbandment,    iv.    09;    re-em- 

liodicd,  iv,  100. 
Charles  V.,  see  Cdrlos  V. 
Chautla,  capture  of,  1811,  iv.  319. 

Cliavcz,  D.  de,  bishop  of  Miehoaean, 

ii.  01)3. 
Chctumal.  cacique,  harasses  Xvila,  ii, 

4;!(»-8. 
Chctunials,  revolt  of,  15-47,  ii.  449. 
Clif,  caci(iue,  A.,  execution  of,  1597, 

ii.  0.")2-3. 
Chi,  cacique,  C,  sack  of  Tcpich,  1847, 

V.  537. 


Cliiaehacata,  conferonoe  at,  1523,  ii. 
113-14. 

Cliiametla,  Cortes  at,  15.35,  ii.  423—1. 

Chiapas,  revolt  in,  1523,  ii.  127-8; 
1850,  V.  5SiS;  Moutcjo's  cxpcd., 
1540,  ii.  445;  Las  Casas,  bishop  of, 
ii.  553;  union  witli  Mcx.,  |S'_'4,  v. 
23— t;  federalist  invasion  oi',  bS41, 
v.  2 lit;  French  invasion  of,  1804, 
vi.  127-8. 

Chichihualeo,  affair  at,  1S14,  iv. 
57778. 

Chichimecs,  empire  of,  i.  90;  Francis- 
cans visit,  15;!9,  ii.  ;{'.).");  comlition 
of,  1521,  ii.  539—10;  compiest  of, 
1522,  ii.  539-45;  map  of  war,  ii. 
541;  du])rcdationsof,  li.  055-7,  70O- 
1;  iii.  27 1 ;  treaty  with,  1.">'.»|,  ii. 
703—4;  colonies  anionij;,  ii.  704;  siili- 
mission  of,  15'.tS,  iv.  131. 

Chicliiniecatl,  cacique,  siege  of  Me\., 
i.  580,  tilC),  0(10-7. 

Chico,  Col  Ii.,  regiment  of,  iv.  105-0. 

Chico,  F.  A.,  procurador-gen.  of  \'eni 
Cruz,  1519,  i.  i:UJ, 

Chico,  J.  M.,  Hi(hilgfi's  ministiT  of 
justice,  iv.  2.33;  c.Kecution  of,  ISIJ, 
iy.  279-«0. 

Chico,  II.  A.,  accompanies  Montojo, 
i.  132;  messenger  to  Narv.iez,  i. 
387;  captui'o  of  Narvaez,  i.  390. 

Chicomacatl,  cacicpi ;,  intercourse 
with  Corte.s,  etc.,  i.  145-8,  157-01. 

Chicontla,  plan  of,  18.'U,  v.  13(). 

Chihuahua,  city,  court-martial  at, 
1811,  277-«r;  executions  at,  27ii- 
83. 

Chihuahua,  state,  rcvolution.uy  p!;.t 
in,  1814,  iv.  05(i;  Wool's  exped.  to, 
1840,  v.  405-0;  Doniphan's  incur- 
sion, 40(>-.S;  maps,  v.  407;  vi.  201; 
mining  in,  vi.  514. 

Chila,  battles  at,  ii.  97-100. 

Chilapa,  occupied  by  Morelos,  1811, 
iv.  304;  1812,  iv.  408-9;  nvolt  iu, 
1842,  v.  241;  eajitured  by  Indians, 
J  844,  v.  2ti4. 

Chilapan,  convent  founded  at,  ii. 
398-9. 

Chillis,  Lieut-col,  capture  of  Monte- 
rey, v.  391-3;  battle  of  Ce-  ,(  ;oi-.'m, 
V.  455-0;  det'euce  of  l''..el»hi,  I  il'i, 
V.  528,  531. 

Chile,  cidtivation  of,  vi.  508. 

Chilpancingo,  occupation  of,  1811,  iv. 
302;  congress  at,  lHl.3,  iv.  559-()7. 

Chimilpa,  ffirtress,  destruction  of, 
1815,  iv.  01.3. 

Cliinanqianecs  aid  Cortua,  i.  C4.'i-4. 


70S 


INDEX. 


Chiiiaiitcc^-*,  Plzarro  among  tlic,  i. 
;!•_'! -'J;  aiil8  (JorU's,  etc.,  i.  ikSl-2, 
M\;  iiiisiiionai'y  laburti  anioiig  the, 
ii.  7^)1. 

("uiriuds,  11.,  veeilor,  1530,  ii.  iiM. 

C'liii'iiio.s,  J.'.  A.,  aL'i/i)iiiii;iiu(;s  L'dVtt'.s 
to  lli.iiiliir.is,  l.'i'JI,  ii.  •J0r)-7;  m  i- 
cliiii.itiiius  (if,  ii.  'Jv)7-!l,  "JHV-IT; 
liXpi'cl.  t(iU:ijaca,  ii. '_''_'7-''>;  ca|ituiv 
of,  ii.  L'li.'i;  lilitralidii,  ii.  I'lil);  roi- 
tloiuia  (il,  ii.  '2\)'2;  toniiiiot  iit'Niii> 
va  (ialicia,  ii.  .'{47-''^,  .'{■").■{-(!;  as 
(iuziiiaii's  advoL'alu,  ii.  .'iiil);  piMcii- 
railor  lo  Siiain,  l.")4."),  ii,  ril!7. 

Chitd,  \'illagrau,  soc  N'illagrau,  fiuii. 
J.  .M. 

('lu)lula,  iiyramiil  of,  i.  '.UJ;  QiU't.'ul- 
uoatr.s  n'i<'u  at,  i.  101;  .sulijiigaliini 
of,  l.")!!!,  1.  •JI!.V,"il;  (Icscrijit.  of,  i, 
i;i!(J-7;  inassai'ic  at,  i.  "Ji;!-.")!. 

ClioiitJilu.s,  I'oiiuuicaiis,  among  tlio,  ii. 
.•{'.)(),  7;Ht-l. 

Cluivcll,  Cdl  C,  command  of,  iv.  1(1."); 
arrest  of,  iv.  'Jl'4;  e.xuciitiou,  iv. 
2-21. 

('liroiii(.'li.'rs,  revii^v  of  early,  ii.  7*'4-S. 

(.'liuruli,  tirst  in  .Mex.,  ii.  ;!.S7-'S;  ouco- 
miiMidas  of,  aliolisluil,  l."4'J-;!,  ii. 
Sl'O;  cciuncils,  l.")."),1,  ii.  07^^-1;  I'i'ia, 
ii.  G74;  l.-iN."),  ii.  ()84-r);  condition 
of,  ItKM),  ii.  0S7-S;  alia  Irs  of,  in 
Yucatan,  ii.  GSS-'.IO;  jnrisd.  iii. 
4"J.";-4:  l)uildings  in  .Mi'\'.,  iii.  477-S; 
secular  clergy,  iii.  lJ;SI-;i;  prcfcr- 
mcntoi,  iii.  Us;i;  i\'.  l.VUi;  pM-tigc, 
iii.  GS4;  patronage,  i:tc.,  iii.  084— (1; 
royal  iinrogativo,  iii.  OMi;  jurisd. 
iii.  (i^ii-IS;  right  of  sanctiuiry,  iii. 
(iSS-'.l;  archdiocese  of  Mex.,  iii.  (V.N); 
suUVai;an  sees,  iii.  (iilD— 4;  uealth, 
iii.  tJUi)-7;  sei^uestratiou  of  estates, 
iii.  G".l7-8;  revenue,  iii.  G'.KS-i);  vi. 
581,  r>'.):S— 1;  festivals,  iii.  77-;  vi. 
C'J4-7;  huildings,  etc.,  at  (^huretaro, 
iv.  97-0;  at  Ciuanajuato,  iv.  Hi;); 
denounces  revolutiiiu,  IMO,  iv,  100- 
3;  edict  against  clergy,  1S12,  iv. 
4'21~0;  seizure  of  pi-iiperty,  1841,  v. 
'J">8;  oppositioutiKirganiclaw,  l8r)7, 
v.  710-11,  718;  Juarez' enactments, 
ISi")'.),  V.  70S-9;  affairs  of,  187>%  vi. 
404-7;  dioceses,  etc.,  vi.  580-2; 
prelates,  1803,  vi.  387;  superstitions, 
vi.  51)5-0. 

Churuhusco,  battle  of,  1S47,  v.  480-8. 

Ciliola,  preparations  to  coiKiuer,  1539, 
ii.  4ti7-9. 

Cihuacatzin,  cacique,  in  command  at 
Otumlia,  i.  il)7. 

Cinco  de  Mayo,  battle  of,    IS02,  vi. 


47-50;  plan,  vi.  48. 

Ciiuiabar,  discoveries  of,  iii.  584. 

Cisneros,  Friar  (r.  de,  inenlioii  of,  ii. 
](U;  iirst  Franciscan  provinciid, 
1530,  ii.  -.Wi-i. 

Cisneros,  l)r  T.  ]$.  de,  '  l>iacnrs(i,' iv. 
05;  deputy  to  Cortes,  181(J,  iv. 
HH-'X 

C'iudad  Itodrigo,  F'riar  A.  de,  nir  ii- 
tiou  iif,  ii.  nil;  Franciscan  provin- 
cial, 15:;7,  ii.  :'.'.u. 

Clapiun,  l'ii:ir,  .1.,  privileges  granttil 
to,  ii.  100. 

Clara,  J.,  revolt  of,  v.  588-9. 

Clarke,  (ien.,  batlle  of  Churuliuscn, 
V.  4;>1;  of  Cliapultepcc,  v.  510. 

Clavarino,  (ieu.  1>.,  operations  nf, 
1812,  iv.  4JI-2. 

ClaviLTcni,  F.  J.,  bi'>g.,  i.  700;  Wdik-, 
i.  700. 

<'lavig(r(i,  F.  S.,  works  of,  ii.  4S7; 
iii.  77'';  vi.  (!13. 

Clergy,  conllict  among  the,  ii.  004-5; 
secular,  iii.  OSl-3,  0'.)5-0;  as  icvci- 
hitiiiuary  leaders,  iv.  4J2-3;  edict 
against,  1S|2,  iv.  424-0;  measun  ^ 
against,  183.3,  v.  Kd,  134;  fonrd 
l(ians  from,  lSi(>,  v.  2SI7,  304-5; 
sedition,  etc.,  among  tlie,  1850,  v. 
078;  O'.IS-'.I;  opposition  to  organic 
act,  1857,  V.  718;  immorality,  dr., 
of  the,  vi.  582;  power,  58;!-5;  rr- 
formsamong,  58  4-0;  Meahli,  5',i'_'  3. 

Clipperton,  Capt,  exploit  of,  1701,  iii. 
281. 

Co;huila,  floods  in,  1802,  iii.  5o:;; 
coiKjuest  of,  1810-11,  iv.  240;  min- 
ing in,  vi.  514-15;  (listurliance  in, 
1873,  vi.  408-9. 

Coast-guards,  service  organized,  1788, 
iii.  217. 

Coatlan,  temple  of,  dedicateil,  1518,  i. 
112;  siege  of,  ii.  227-8. 

("oats  of  Arms,  repuMic  of  Mexico,  i. 
13;  City  of  Mexico,  i.  13;  Fuel' i 
de  los  Angeles,  ii.  335;  City  of 
(iuadalajara,  ii.  307;  City  of  ^■a!'.  - 
dolid,  ii.  774;  City  of  Tzintzunt  .;!i, 
ii.  775;  iMerida,  iii.  154;  .lal.i)'i. 
iii.  220;  Guanajuato,  iv.  132;  \  ■ 
Uadolid,  iv.  108;  national,  v.  4;  •  i 
the  empire,  vi.  102. 

Colios,  J.  M.,  reactioni.st  leader,  1801, 
vi.  9:1-4. 

Cochineal,  export  etc.,  of,  iii.  620-); 
production,  etc.,  of,  vi.  574. 

Cociyopu,  King,  submission  of,  i.. 
3it-40;  .spoliation  of,  ii.  727-^; 
death,  ii.  728. 


IXUKX. 


709 


Coi.'om,  caciquo,    revolt,    etc.,  of,   ii. 

(.'oU'i'i!,  ciiltiviition  of,  vi.  5('i',)-70. 
('ii:;olhul(i,  1>.  L.  lie,  Works  of,  ii.  GoO. 
C'oliuaiiacocli,    king    of    Ti/.lik'o,     i. 

r>ll{,  ."il.T;  ,sul)iiii.ssiou  of,  i.  570;  us- 

cn\K',  i.  r>71 
C'oiii:iiif,   iiUoyeil  ii'M  foiliiilileii,   ii. 

•JI.Vl);  inciviiso  ill  till!,  iii.  4s;{. 
Coll  ;;io  tie  i'miiaijaiicla  l''iilc,  ineiitioii 

of  tlic,  iii.  711-1''. 
Cnli';j;io    -Miiximo,   eou.socratfd,   ll)0;i, 

iiii  lIS-ll). 
Coliina,  I'l'ovinec,  Alvarez'  r.iiilon,  ii. 

r>7-''^;    Av.ilos  exiiecl.   to,    ii.   r>7-S; 

coii<iuere<[  liy   Oliil,    ii.    .">'.•;  revolt 

in,  ii.  ")'.!;  liist.  of,  iii.  'J'M;  a  fu<lerul 

teir.,    l.vJI!,   V.  S. 
Coliinau,    town,    founded  liy  Olid,  ii. 

Collo,  1).  (1.,  alcalde  mayor  of  Fro.s- 

nillo,  etc.,  ii.  ri',l7. 
C'olciii,    1).,    nientiiMi  'of,    i.    '2,    17">; 

cltini.s,  etc.,  of,  ii.  '_'0|. 
Colonial giivernuient,  division  of,  etc., 

iii,  r)l'.t-'_'l. 
Ciil-miil  policy,  tfl'cct  of,  iii.  77t>-7. 
Colomtian  luptililic,  recognition  of, 

ISi'l?,  V.  41);  ticaty  v  iili,  v.  41. 
Ci'lonies,  military,  v.  r)7''J-.">. 
Columtius,  C,  lu'irn  of,  i.  2-1?;  com- 

jiarL-d  \vitii  Cortes,  (il4. 
Coiiianches,    outl)reaks    of    the,    iii. 

CiiHiandancia  (Jeneral  ilc  Occiilonto, 
or;.;ani/ed,  ]Sl.">,  iv.  oJl. 

Coiiianilancia  (icneral  do  Oriente, 
oru'ani/ctl,  ISKi,  iv.  .")41, 

Comayai^'ua,  seat  of  the  Audiencia  of 
the  ( ':inlines,  ii.  i)^^\. 

Coniitaii,  aUairjit,  IS-U,  v.  '2VX 

Coniiiicrce,  measures  to  develoii,  ii. 
110  '_';  trading  factories  aiithorizeil 
\~i\'\  iii.  i'tiS;  convoys  cstali.  I'nr, 
l."iSl-lli(K),  ii.  ~7)l-l;  cipn>ulail()  e-i- 
"  tal).  ii.  lo'A;  of  Vera  Cru/,  iii.  'JIO; 
of  Jalapa,  iii.  'J'20;  trading  f.iLtn. 
ries  aiUliorizeil,  17n,  iii.  2n7-^S; 
revival  of,  ISO-.'-o,  iii.  ")():{;  iv.  SS; 
restrictions  on,  iii.  0'_'7-;i'i;  deca- 
dence of,  iii.  ().")0-l ;  iv.  741>;  con- 
traliaml,  iii.  t?>S;>,  tL'<J-:}2;  v.  M\, 
tH»,{;  vi.  5.'{S-40;  with  I'liilipiiine 
].-ls,  iii.  CSl-l;  with  I'eru,  iii.  O.U- 
a;  hit.'liways  of,  iii.  G;i.">-S;  internal, 
iii.  (140  2;  Ktatisticsi,  iiL  044-.");  oh- 
struitioii  of,  iSi'i,  iv.  4-"W;  tskcti  h 
of,  vi.  f»!{;i-l),  .')4'j-r)0;  commercial 
trii>unals,  ii.  I^t'.i;  iii.  210,  020;  iv. 
4r);i-5;  vi.  t)50-l. 


Coiiimi-i^ion,  claims,    1S41  -iJ,  v.  '.WJ- 

i>s;  im:;,  ;iJi-L'. 

Comonfort,  (ien.  I.,  cnmandante  of 
Acaiml.o,  l,s:.4,  V.  tJI'.l.  O.VJ;  Alva 
nv's  revohil ion,  v.  (iii'.'-l;  mini.ter 
of  war,  Is.V),  V.  (107;  measures,  etc., 
V.  (i(lS-7"J;  acting  ]ire.sideiit,  iS.'i.">,  v. 
(17;«;  |iresith;nt,  ls.'i7,  v.  7-1:  hinu;. 
etc.,  V.  074  Ii;  mil,  v.  07i>-7-0; 
caliinets,  V.  070,  71.);  cornandante 
jjen.  of  Tamaidipiis,  ISd'J,  vi.  'i2. 
operations,  I'tc,  of,  IMIH,  vi.  (10  !; 
deteat  at  San  J.,(irenzo,  vi.  (1(1;  iTi'ri- 
ister  of  ju-^tice,  \i.  110;  deatli  ni, 
ISti:!,  vi.  ll'.». 

CoMipostela,  founding  of,  ii.  .'lOll;  pro- 
vincial cajiital  of  Xueva  (ialicia, 
etc.,  ii.  547-0. 

Concepcion  Nuus,  arrival  of,  l.").'!0,  ii. 

:io;{. 

CoTulia,  ][.  S.  de  la,  pioneer  .Iisuit, 
l."7'_',  ii.  701;  visits  Zaeatecas,  l.")7t, 
70S. 

CoiH'lia,  ^T.  de  la,  operatiiMis  of  l^l'J, 
iv.  4'J-i-;{;  JS-.'I,  iv.  717,  7-'l;  de- 
feats Morelo,,  IS!,"),  iv.  0111-17; 
opeiations  in  J'u(;lila,  LSlO,  iv.  0;17; 
deatli  of,  IS'Jl,  iv.  741. 

Conde,  Iiiteudente  A.  C,  menti(ai  t'i, 
iv.  LMS. 

Conde,  Col  I).  G.,  comandauto  of 
Valiadoli.l,  1810,  iv.  j(10;  caiiture 
of,  iv.  171;  rcseuo  of,  iv.  L'Ol;  de- 
feats llcrrera,  ISll,  iv.  270;  at 
Zitacuaro,  iv.  o."):!— t;  operations  of, 
lSI-2,  iv.  :iS4-!t;!. 

Conde,  J.  M.,  gov.  of  I'uelila,  l!5.')0, 
V.  O'.tS). 

Condu,  (ten.  ]'.  (r.,  iiiiuister  of  war, 
1S44,  V.  27:1. 

Coiisircgas,  system,  iii.  3.'}4;  abolished, 
1715,  iii.  o.'i"). 

Congre-;-;,  of  ( 'liiliiancingo,  iv.  500-S, 
57(1  S,  5.s.">- 1<,  (101;  of  Apatzingan, 
iv.  (I0I-5,  012-17,  (I.'ll-.'l;  iiitii  ii.il, 
iv.  71t-7,  75S-71,  7^0-1,  70'.t  so:!, 
soil;  V.  2-:i0,  05,  104,  121,  141  5, 
22.S,  2.")2-0(),  271-:?,  2'.).S,  :!05,  :{i5- 
10,  5:!4,  .5:»o-i,  (111,  (i!(i-is,  (jds- 
701,  720;  vi.  12-14,  17- IS,  20-!,  iiO, 
71,  120,  402-7,  41S-11),  47:i-4;  of 
'J'aniaulipas,  iv,  SOW. 

Contiir,  Coiiinioddre,  Mockadu  of 
Mex.  ports,  ]S40,  v.  40'.>   10. 

Connuista,  1 'iKiue  clela,  :{Otli  viceroy, 
1740,  iii.  ;<54;  rnh',  iii.  ;{51  55. 

Conservatives,  polity  fit,  ls5:i,  v.  (Vi.l- 
0;  attitude  of,  1S55,  v.  0(ii:  ls.'i7,  v. 
700;  intrigues,  etc.,  of,  v.  714,  71S; 


' :  i» 


fit) 


INDEX. 


(livi^inn  ammi^',  ISoS,  v.  742;  iwlicy 
(if,  15.VJ,  V.  7iit). 

Cixistihitiim,  fiil.iriil,  acl(p])te(l,  1S'J4, 
V.  J,')  17;  tu.\t,  clc,  V.  17--0. 

{.'(in.slitiition,  iiiitidiial,  ail()i)t<'il  by 
oirti'M,  IS  I '2,  iv.  4.")7-S;  jhiIiUmIumI 
ill  Mcx.,  iv.  4.")S  !i;  Hu.~pi'ii(lccl,  iv. 
4tM  li;  ri't.-'Ulili-ilictl,  ISi:!,  iv.  f)()'J; 
defects  of,  iv.  50(1;  aliolislii'd,  ISI 1, 
iv.  ri'.).">  (1;  ri'est;il)li.-ilK'il,  l.S^'O,  iv. 
007;  JiriKjliiiiiiiMl  in  Mex.,  iv,  GUS-it; 
(ipliDsitioii  t(i,  iv.  701-1*. 

('oiistitutioii,  lluvolutioiiary,  1S14,  iv. 

GOI-5. 
CunstitiitiHiiiilists,  action  of,  IcSoS,  v. 

727  S;  ilufiiit  of,  v.  l-.i-i,  741,  717; 

nttiick  on  Mcx.  v.  74S;  o;iiiii)aigii 

ia  Ycra  Cni/,  IsnO,    v.   7">7-9;  iii 

Mi'x.  7(iO  4,  777  so. 
C'oiili,   Lii!iit-(.-(il,   ri'imlso   at   C'osco- 

matujKJc,  ]Si;{,  iv.  C>'u}. 
Couln.T.i.s,  D,  lie,  riifiiforcea  Moiitujo, 

ii.  44-:. 
Colli riTiis,  raida  Coiitoy  Ihilaiid,  ir)97, 

ii.  ()."■_'. 
C'oiivi'ucioii,      l)epartaiiieiital,      jn-o- 

]iiisc(l,  liSlo,  iv.  G;i2-.'{. 
Coiivcpy.s,  iiii'iitidii  of,  ii.  l!)8-0,  7.">l-*l; 

ollicial,  tanipcriiijj:  witli,  iv.   584-"); 

iusutlicifiuy  of,  JS15,  iv.  GIO. 
C\5]i(irii,   l'"oi-ir(j.s.s,  Bicgo  of,  ISI.',  iv. 

(j'.)f>-ll;  jilaii  of,  iv.  GD'.);  captiiriHl 

liy  i'(i\  ali.st.s,   lSi7,  iv.   G54-5;    by 

^ian^l■ll■z,  1S17,  iv.  G«S-9. 
Ciipiic  1'  iiiiiiua  ill  Miclidacaii,  iii.  {557; 

rcilciiiptiou  of    currency,  1S41,   v. 

C'(i|i[iiiigcr,  .T.,  surrcmler  of,  1825,  v. 

g:{. 

Ciii'ilero,  Col  A.,  ilefi;at,  etc.,  of,  iv. 
2l(t;  iii.structioiiH  to,  iv.  244. 

Conlolia,  City,  fouuiU'd,  IGIS,  iii.  27- 
8,  21S;  po[).  174(i,  iii.  2IS;  deserijit. 
iii.  2 IS;  ••griciiltural  jiroducts,  iii. 
2IS-1!):  faVtliciuakcs  at,  1790,  iii. 
219;  1714,  iii.  2.S(>-7;  iiop.,  ISIO, 
iii.  219;  migar  iiulu.strv,  iii.  219; 
capture  of,  1SI2,  iv.  401;  cciupicd 
by  Spanish  troojis,  1SG2,  vi.  40; 
Frciioii  proohiiiiation  issued  at, 
181)2,  vi.  49. 

CordoUa,  V.  II.  do,  cxped.  to  Yuca- 
tan, 1517,  i.  11;  ii.  4.")0;  death  of, 
i.  II. 

Ciii'dolia,  0(11110/,  do,  bisliop  of  Guate- 
mala, etc.,  ii.  G84;  atteudii  couucil, 
losri,  084. 

Coria.  15.  de,  couspircs  agaiust  C'ortijs, 
i.  177. 


Corona,  Oon.  A.,  mlnlstor  of  vnr, 
etc.,  bS."(0,  V.  7(>7;  r(^vii-.se>4  of,  ]m;i, 
vi.  Ki.S;  n^jiri.iaU  of,  vi.  194;  opcia. 
ticiiiH  of,  18(Ui,  vi.  219;  Hicgo  ot 
(Jiicrtjtaro,  18(17,  vi.  27s!!01;  ap- 
pcaranctJ,  vir.,  vi.  2S1  2;  niarcin  ■, 
on  iMcx.,  vi.  'Mi;  opcratioin  of, 
I.S7.'«,  vi.  400-1. 

Coi'oliado,  Cajit.,  cxiit'd.  of,  l.")20,  i. 
fill;  death,  i.  511. 

Coronado,  F.  V.  do,  gov.  I^iieva 
(ialicia,  15;i9,  ii.  4l>5;  cliaracter,  ii. 
405-G;  fcxpeiL  of,  15;!9,  ii.  4(i(')  7; 
explorations,  1510  2,  ii.  4G7-70; 
tlio  Cuiiaoau  revolt,  ii.  510-1 1. 

Corpus  Cliristi,  (ieii.  Taylor  at,  181(5, 

V.  :{iG. 

Corral,  Alfi'rez,  at  Vera  Cru/,  i.  i;>('p, 

1!07,  59(>-7. 
Corregidorcs,  functions,   ctl^,   of,    ii. 

«2!>-;iO;  iii.  520. 
Corrogimiciitos,  cstablisliiiioiit  of,  ii. 

K29  :iO;  abolished,  17(>9,  iii.  451. 
'Correo  Ali.'reantil,'  iii.  (i4G-7. 
'Correo  del  Siir, '  iv.  4(iG. 
' Corre.spondencia    Diphmiatica,'    vi, 

4(i.{. 
Corro,  .T.  .T.,  •'ctiiig  pn^sideiit,   IH'M, 

V.  178;  rule,  v.  17S-.S0. 
Cortes,  iv.  440-8,  457-8,  475,  595-G, 

G99  7<M),  807. 
CorttJs,  Caciijuo  of  Tlaeopaii,  cto.,  ii. 

7or{. 

Cortes,  F.,  cxped.  to  Jalisco,  1.52 1,  ii. 

G()-:$. 

Cort»^s,  II.,  biog.,  i.  40-7;  coniniaiider- 
in-ehief,  i.  52-.'{;  propaialioiis,  etc., 
i.  5G-G.S;  ovorreachotj  Velu/(|iu/,  i. 
G;5-4;  forces,  etc.,  i.  G9-70;  addie-s 
to  troops,  i.  71;  -at  Cozuiiiol  js.,  i. 
78-84;  on  Yucvcau  coast,  i.  78-9:!; 
battle  of  'I'ahasco,  i.  S.5-();  of  ( 'eiitla, 
i.  87-90;  at  iSaii  Juaii  do  Uhia,  i. 
11G-.30;  character,  etc.,  i.  155-l'i, 
152-a,  374-5,  Gi:!-1.5,  GO;!  4;  ii. 
4S4-G;  receivea  Moiite/uma's  en- 
voys, i.  15G-7;  cxpecl.  to  Tizapaut- 
zini'o,  1.  ]57-liO;  eat  Ceiii|ioala,  i. 
159-(i5;  bids  for  rfiyal  favor,  i.  Iiitl- 
7;i;  Conspiracy  against,  i.  177  9. 
G09  12;  destroys  his  lleet;,  iMt-.'i; 
rineda's  cxped.,  188-90;  defeat  ol 
the  Tlascaltecs,  '201-10;  coiiip:e>t 
of  Tlascala,  i.  211-215;  Moiite/iiiiia's 
envoys  to,  i.  220-4.  Tlascaltec  en- 
voys, 220  1;  at  Tlascala,  i.  225-:;.-.; 
Indian  names  for,  i.  12(1;  a.s  an 
evangelist,  i.  227-8;  subjugation  oi 
Cholula,  i.  2:52-51;  massacre  of  <  Iim- 
lultccs,  i.  S'l^-y;  luarcli  I'roui  Cho- 


ixDrx, 


711 


sidont,   1S3G, 


A'-iiiiaii.sliii>  of,   ii.    i;iO-1;  social 
siiiiiiilu.iiy  liiw.s  of,  l.")'J4-iS,  ii. 


luliv  to  Iztil.il.iiilivii,  i.  2.V2-7.'1; 
eiilcrs  Mi:x.  iriJK,  i.  'JSO;  riKvptioii 
l)y  .Moiiti'/uiiiii,  i.  'J'lT  •'!!;  uriust  of 
Vioiiti'/\iinii,  i.  '_".t'.t-:M)S;  trcatinciit 
of  Moiitc/iim.i,  i.  U(Kt--'J7;  cnislic ; 
Ciif.iiiia'ti  rciii.^iiirac  y,  i.  .'ti!l-4;  at- 
tciiiiit  to  (li'stroy  Miixicaii  idoln,  i. 
.'■I Hi  !l;  ('X](uil.  at,Miii.st  Xarvae/,  oti;., 
i.  ;t7.V4():t;  1 1  iioili.!  tristi',  i.  -iti:;- 
81 ;  retreat  to  '1  lascala,  etc.,  i.  -IM.'- 
MS-  letters  ami  (loe\imeiits,  i,  ft  111 - 
9;  forces,  i.  r>iil-7;  inarelieson 'J'e/- 
cueo,  i.  r)t)7-7l;  siej!(!  of  .\J(xiei>,  i. 
till)  Itl;  allies  desert,  i.  lidl',  (IIm; 
li.ilaeos  of,  ii.  TJ-lIi;  'I'uraseaii  en- 
voys received  l)y,  ii.  is  !t;  altitude 
toward  Taiiia,  ii.  (i'.»-7.'>;  liKli.iii 
plot  against,  ii.  T.'M;  Alt!  '-eteiplots 
against,  ii.  7t)-7;  in  leliinatioiis 
against,  ii.  So-(i;  coninu.^sion  inves- 
tigates conduct  of,  ii.  Mi  '.10;  favor-t 
hIiowu  to,  ii.  'J"_'  .'!;  rivali'y  witli 
Oaray,  ii.  !)4-r);  invades  I'auuco,  ii. 
Uil-lUI;  defeats  lliiastees,  ii.  !)7- 
1(H);  inihience  over  natives,  ii.  101- 
'J;  governor,  lii'2',i,  ii.  10l.*-.'{;  exjied. 
ai;ainst  (Jaray,  l.VJ:!,  ii.  111-l-J; 
s  ite 
:\  id  sillill 
l.lt-(i;  death  of  wife,  ].V_'-J,  ii.  l:W 
I);  niunieiiial  ri'Mdations  of,  ii.  I'A'.)- 
40;  comniereial  measures  of,  ii. 
1  lO-'J;  secret cliarges against,  lo'Jt, 
ii.  nil-.");  rewards  conferred  on,  ii. 
I'.IO-L'OO;  dej)Utie.s  aii[pointed  l)y,  ii. 
'J04:-ri;  starts  for  llnnduras,  ii.  '20't- 
(>;  in  Vera  I'a/,  ii.  'Jll'-i;);  rej)orted 
deatli  of,  ii.  «'l(i,  2l.'0-l;  search  for, 
ii.  "J-O-l;  followers  of,  persecuted, 
ii.  -'"J.'i,  'J".'S-'J;  rising  against  .'5ala- 
zar,  l."i:iti,  ii.  ;iSl-li;  return  to  Me- 
dellin,  l.'i'Jti,  ii.  'ZW;  instructions 
fi'oni,  l.V.'d,  ii.  L';!0-l:  met  liy  Alta- 
nurano,  l.VJtj,  ii.  12;{S-'.);  reception 
of,  ii.  'JIUI— tl;  charges  against,  ii. 
'244-.");  residoncia  of,  proclaimed, 
]")'_'ii,  ii.  "Jl!*;  Molucca's  project,  ii. 
250-',';  Albornoz'  intrigues  against, 
ii.  L'r>!)-00;  nunmioned  to  Spain,  ii- 
•J(l'.t-70;  retinue  of,  ii.  '271-2;  re- 
newed chaiges  against,  ii.  '27-l-o; 
adherents  despoiled,  ii.  2S7-8;  res- 
idiiieia  of,  ITcJ,  iL  'JS!)-'.)1;  arrives 
at  J'alos,  I.VJS,  ii.  303-4;  reception 
in  Siiain,  l.j'29,  ii.  30t]-S;  royal 
grants  to,  ii.  30S-!);  created  mar- 
ques, ii.  310-11;  marriage,  ii,  Hl-i- 
].");  papal  favors,  ii.  315-10;  leaves 
S[iain,  ir>"^  ii.  310-17;  Jiroclaimed 
captain-gtricrul,    1530,   li.    317-lS; 


rpiarrt  's  with  audiencia,  ii.  410-10, 
4IS~l'.l;  HUppressi's  Indian  revolu, 
ir)3!,  ii.  411-15;  feuds  v  uli  Ante- 
(juera,  ii.  410-17;  nhi[)-lmilding  liy, 
il.  41!'  '.'I;  ^nuth  Sea  cxp.ihtion  •, 
I5:>2-'.',  ii.  !lI  4;rece|)tioninSpain, 
l.>10,  ii.  471-");  claims  of,  ignored, 
ii.  475,  470-.S;  goes  to  .Mgiirs  1541, 
ii.  475  0;  Mliipwreckecl,  15(1,  ii. 
475;  deatli  of,  1517,  ii.  47^  '.';  rcst- 
ingplaee,  ii.  47'.*  .SO;  will  of,  ii. 
4;sO-l;  descendant-s  ii.  4.s:{. 

Cortes,  I,.,  arrested,  I5(ili,  ii.  (il.S; 
sentence  of,  15li(l,  ii.  0'J2;  sont  to 
Spain,  I5ti7,  ii.  O'Jl;  fate  of,  ii.  035. 

Cortes,  M.,  early  career  of,  ii.  57!'; 
grants,  etc.,  to,  l.'ti'J,  ii.  580; 
reaches  Canipeehe,  150'J.  ii.  5S0-1; 
rcce[>tion  at  .Mexico,  l,")(i."{,  ii.  5.S|; 
rupture  with  N'elasco,  ii.  5.S3-I; 
charges  against  oihtials,  ii.  5,'<7  S; 
character,  ii.  00."t— ' ;  wtNilth  and 
stiiniling,  ii.  00-1-5;  fi'ud  witli  Val- 
divieso  et  al.,  1505,  ii.  005-0; 
ch.irges  against,  ii.  007;  arre4i.l, 
1500,  ii.  017-18;  exonerateii,  I5t;(l, 
ii.   (i'_'3;    tortured,    1.50S,   ii.    027-8. 

Cortes,  .Martin,  (sou  of  Marina)  fate 
of,  ii.  (i.'>.5. 

Cortes  y  Ksparza,  J.  M.,  minister  of 
goliernacion,  1857,  v.  720. 

C(U'tiu.'i,  comaudanto,  capture  of,  iv. 
212-13. 

Corurta,  Condu  de  la,  fifth  viceroy, 
15S0,  ii.  7.'i8;  character,  ii.  73.S-ii; 
rule,  ii.  730;  death,  1582,  ii.  73'J- 
40. 

Coruna,  Friar  A.  de,  arrival  of,  1533, 
ii.  3'.'7;  hiog.,  ii.  .3!>S. 

Conma,  Friar  M.  du  J.  de  la,  arrival 
of,  l.")24,  ii.  104-5;  mission  to  Mi- 
elioacau,  ii.  34'J. 

Corvalan,  ]'.,  intendeuteof  VeraCniz, 
17S8,  iii.  218. 

Corwin,  T.,  .cVmericaii  minister,  18C1, 
vi.  12. 

Cos,  Dr,  defection  of,  iv.  345-0;  ])lau.4 
of,  iv.  37'.(-81;  operatifnis  of,  1812, 
iv.  3!'.'t-5;  eoniand.-geiiiral.  iv.  5!((l; 
disoliedienci!  of,  iv.  Oil!;  imprison- 
ment, iv.  01.'}-14;  deatli,  181'.),  iv. 
014. 

Cos,  (leu.,  rcversesof,  1839,  v.  '207-10. 

Coscomatepec,  sicgo  of,  1813,  iv. 
555-0. 

Cosio,  (icn.  N.,  operations,  etc.,  of, 
1811,  iv.  301--2. 

Cosmogratia,  i.  '257-S. 

Costa  Cliica,  rtivolutiou  in,  1S13,  iv. 
551-2. 


S 


Ml 
pi 


1|i 


712 


IXDEX. 


C<i.-ta  Rica,  gold  deposits  in,  iii.  5ti8. 

Cotton,  iiiaimfiict.  of,  iii.  ()17-1S;  vi. 
riiiit-."!;  (.•iiltivatiou  of,  vi.  575-0. 

Coiunil  of  tlic  Lidius,  powui'.s  of,  iii. 
5 1  it,  51.-). 

Coiiiitil  of  SUite.  created,  ISI'2,  iv. 
45S;  IS'.''-*,  iv.  77(i;  Amoricau  iiiem- 
liers,  45s. 

Coi'"ts,  Military,  coguizaiice  of,  1823, 
V.  S. 

Coutn,  B.,  miliisttir  of  justice,  liS-lS, 
V.  *J".t<);  uegotiatious  witli  Trist,  v. 
4'.ti2. 

Couto,  J.  F.  de,  wnrk«  of,  v.  808-9. 

Covarruliias,  J.  ]).,  miuister  of  jus- 
tice, IS7(>,  vi.  4l.'5. 

Covarrnbiaii,  Capt.  M.  meutioii  of, 
iv.  •2-2:i 

Covott',  Cliicliiineo  chief,  1522,  ii. 
540. 

C'oyiica,  attack  on,  1S14,  iv.  57!'. 

Coyuliuacan,  Lord  of,  i.  3.'{4;  cap- 
tured liv  Corti's,  i.  (H)7. 

Cozuuicl  Island,  (Srijalva  readies, 
1518,  i.  17;  name,  i.  17;  Cortis' 
cxped.  at,  i.  78-84;  sniall-])ox  at, 
i.  542;  (larcc's  hisliop  of,  ii.  2'.Hi; 
plratiral  y.i'uU  on,  ii.  0-17-8. 

Creoles,  cliaracteristies  of,  iii.  743; 
advaneenient  of,  iii.  744;  status  of, 
iv.  13  14,  18;  carry  elei'tious,  1812, 
iv.   402;  political   asceinlancy,    iv. 


502 


in   council  of    the   Indies, 


1814,  iv.  5118 

Crime,  iuci.'ntives  to,  iii.  540;  pun- 
ishment of,  548-50. 

Cri^tilli.d.  native  protomartyr,  ii, 
17'.)-S0. 

Croix,  Marques  de,  45th  viceroy, 
1700,  iii.  3(i8;  rule,  iii.  308-70; 
character,  iii.  301). 

Cruillas,  .Maniui';;  de,  44th  viceroy, 
1700,  iii.  3(i3;  rule,  iii.  30;i-0S; 
residencia,  iii.  308. 

Cruillas,  Towii,  founded,  1705,  iii. 
347. 

Cniz,  F.  de  la,  procurador  to  Spain, 
1545,  ii.  527. 

Cruz,  Friar  F.  de  la,  arrival  of, 
].-)33,  ii.  397;  death  of,  1530,  ii. 
399;  hiog.,  ii.  399. 

Cruz,  ('•.■n.  J.  de  la,  hint  iv-  242; 
forces,  iv.  242-3;  proceedings  at 
lluicliapan,  iv.  24.3;  Calleja  s  in- 
struct, to,  iv.  244;  recaptures  Va- 
lladolid,  1810,  iv.  245  7;  victory  at 
Uivpetiro,  1811,  iv.  217  8;  joins 
(.'allcja,  iv.  2.59-00;  jiioniotiou  of, 
iv.  202;  defeats  Mercado,  i v.  20.3-4; 
captures  Tepic,  iv.  204-5;  proceed- 


ings at  San  BIa.s,  iv.  205;  disposi- 
tions, iv.  2().->-(i;  o))erations,  etc.,  in 
Niievadalicia,  I8|  1,  iv.  ,323-5:  lfSl3. 
iv.  537-40;  negotiations  vith  Itur- 
hiile,  i\'.  715;  surrender  of,  KS2I,  i\ . 
715-10. 

Cuautla,  dcscript.  of,  iv.  .'iOI :  ilcfeiu'cs, 
iv.  ;!01-2;  plan,  iv.  .302;  si.;.',',  1S12, 
iv.  302  72;  niassane  at,  i\.  372. 

Culia,  appeal  from,  l>^23,  v.  50:  tradi^ 
witli.  V.  50-7;  pro[(osed  invasion  ol, 
V.  70-1. 

CueUar,  Gen.,  conimaiid  of,  1807,  vi. 
337-8;  defeats  !N'c{,'rete,  1809,  vi. 
37.3. 

Cueruavaua,  plan  of,  1834,  v.  137, 
140. 

Cueva,  Capt.  di'  la,  captures  llaycjii, 
1817,  iv.  089. 

Cuevas,  L.  (1.,  minister  of  relations, 
1837,  V.  180;  1844,  v.  273. 

Cuevas  Davalos,  A.  cle,  bishop  of  Oa- 
jaca,  1057,  iii,  105;  archl>i.-hoii, 
1004,  iii.  107;  hiog.,  iii.  108-9; 
death,  It'.fM,  iii.  109. 

Cuicuetzcatl,  kiiij.;  of  Te/.cuco,  i.  335; 
fate  of,  i.  .')09  70. 

Cuitlaliuat/in,  Montezuma  Couns.^ls 
with,  i.  125,  219;  Cacaiua's  con- 
spiracy, i.  329;  ii  lease  of,  i.  429 
30;  defence  of  Mi  .';.,  i.  430,  43.S: 
coronation,  i.  474,  513;  euiliassy  ot, 
i.  514;  death,  i.  543. 

Cuitlalpitoc,  cacique,  mention  of,  i. 
110,  120-2, 

Cuit/.eo,  province,  (iuzniaa  conquers, 
1530,  ii.  348-50. 

CuUiua,  native  name  for  Mo::ieo.  i.  23, 

Curiel,  .1.,  pioneer  Jesuit,  \'<',2,  ii. 
701;  lahors  in  Michoacan.  1573,  ii. 
707;  death  of,  157ii,  ii.  708. 

Curreiu'v,  e<vpper  and  cai.'ao,  iii.  008- 
71;  iv,  594. 

Cuzco,  treasures  of,  iii.  572-5. 

Cjiirey,  llaroii  A.  de,  French  mini.— 
t  r,  1845,  vi.  19-20, 


D 


Dainhrini,  Lieut-col,  defeat  of,  1813, 

'  •.  551. 
Dainpier,    W.,    defeated,     1704,    iii. 

281. 
Darien,  gold  in,  iii.  5.57-tiO. 
'i)!iti.s  Uiogralicc,  del  (leneral  de  Ih- 

vision  ('.  rorOrio  l)iaz,'  vi.  40.3-4. 
Paii/ats,  A.,  vorks  of,  v.  201. 
|)avalos,  ]{.,  exiH'Ution  of,  iv.  22i). 
Diivila,    A.,     accompanies    (.aijalva, 

1518,  i.  10. 


INDEX- 


71.S 


1    I 


I).ivil;i,   r.,    .itti'tiipt    to    assassinate, 

].V-'.-i,  ii.  :i!l. 
l)avil:i,  (I.,  gov.  Ill  ( iuailuliijara,  JS")!, 

V.  ()u>S-'.). 
Davila,  <:.  (i.,  -works,  of,  ii.  l.S'.)-r«l. 
Dtivila,  (iiii.,  ic'tiivs  to  L'liia,  iv.  710; 

countt'i-ruvoliitiou  of,  IS'2'2,  i".  70-t— 

(J. 
J)avila  y  railiccn    K.,  l'ov.  ail  iaterim 

of  Yiicataii,  J(W  ;,  iii.  l.V.Mil);   KUS, 

iii.  KiO. 
T'lviii,  ■Works  ioin|i!li(l  liy,  ii    l!tl-'J. 
I>e   lijiaiit,   I  Mimiaiiilatit,    (li'tV.'t    of, 

lS(;t),  vi.  '_'.-,l. 
Dclit,    iiMiirisoiiiiiciit    for,    iii.    547-^; 

iiatioiuil,  V.  riiiO-.'i,  (jOi;  vi.   17.">-ti, 

4.-.S. 
I)i(laratif)ii    of   ItiiUqH-iKlcnc ,    ISl.S, 

iv.  ."iiiii;   IS'JI,  iv.  7;i"). 
Dofriu c,  incaNUit's  for,  iii.  1>^4-.",  '2]C>- 

17,  •-."-.•i-4,  'J70,  'JM),  .•{().")-(),  Jl.VJI, 

4S',)-<.iL>,  Mr\;  iv.  :u. 

Doliaii'lis,  JViron,  envoy  to  Mi'x.,  v. 

]N7;  tlriiiaiiils  of,  V.  ]S7-'S. 
Dugollado,  (;cii.  S.,  iiiiiii.sti'r  of  go!)- 

eriiauioi),   IS.'iS,  v.  7'Ul;  of  var,  v. 

7"{r>;  t'a[>hiro,  etc.,  of  <  iuulalijara, 

1S,")S,  V.  71S>-!>;  o] "rations,  IS.V.t,  v. 

7l>0  •_>,  771;  victory  of,  1S()!,  vi.  l.'i; 

e.Mcutioii  of,  vi.  l.'i. 
De  llaro,  J>r  A.  X.  ilo,  HOtli  viceroy, 

17S7,  iii.  4.")(;;  liing.  iii.  4.'>l)-7;  aivli- 

liis!io|>,  iii.  4."i7;  adniiiiist.  4.")7-'.'. 
I)'lli.'ricanlt,  (".,  *  .Maxiniilieiiet  .\lex- 

i(iue,' VI.  l.'7".t^S(). 
Delj.'iilillo,   !).,  oiilor,    l.'-.'7,   ii.   274: 

violates   h;anctu.iiy,    l.'iL'll,    ii.    'JtM; 

c'vcoiiinimiicalcd,  ii.  i!".)l ;  cli.iractcr 

of,  ii.  •J'.i_';_ai'rcstc.l,   \Xi\,  ii,  ;«7; 

siiit  to  .Spain,  li}'A2,  ii.  li'iS. 
De!'.;.iililio,   Jl.,    ]i(irt    coninianilant, 

^"erilC'nI/,  J.'ds,  ii.  r>."S. 
Deli.'1'lo,    F.,    jui-A  <li3   rcsiilcncia    in 

I'ucitaii,  lOl*;',  iii.  Hil. 
Delj^ado,    Tri.ir   .!'.,    ])oniinic;in    juo- 

viucial,  ].")HS,  ii.  ;!n(i. 
'T\>ri'clii)    Intel iiacioual     McxicaMo," 

vi.  41).'!. 
DciiTndiniiento  y  Sepnli'ro  do  Cristo, 

lii'otlieriiood    estalilisin.ll,    15S'J,    ii. 

7;{7. 

'  DcspertAclor  .Vniericauo'  periodical, 

iv.  '2X>. 
'  !)iirii>  do  los  Dcliates,'  vi.  .'ViO-fiO. 
'I'iario  do  .Mexico,'  ustal).,  1805,  iv. 

'l)iario  Olicial,' mention  of,  iii.    500. 

Dia/,  1).,  vounileil  at  I'otnnclian, 
1.")I7,  i.  Kt;  fortes'  exiied.,  i.  KU, 
141;    evacuation  of    .Mex.,   i.   47'*; 


.'.iege  of  ^[ex.,  i.  G."5,  GOT;  works 
of,  i.  t)"7-7<H). 

I'hi/.,  fill  F.,  Iiattloof  Cinco  do  Mayo, 
ISli'i,  vi.  4(1;  coinniandaiitof  (lajaea, 
1807,  vi.  ."tliS;  inaiciies  in  .Mex.,  vi. 
344-5;  death  of,  1.s7-',  vi.  ;iS-_>. 

l)ia/,  I.,  niini-tcr  of  jn  itice,  1S5(I,  v. 
7t''7;  Kentemo  of,  vi.  4. 

]>iaz,  Father.).,  ])r!est  to  flrijal-a,  i. 
1(1;  <  Jrijalva's  e.\ped.,  i.  ]8;  t'oriis' 
expeil.,  i.  (i'.t;  conspires  aj;aiiist 
fortes,  i.  177;  iirst  jiari^h  priest  in 
Mex.,  ii.  l."S. 

l)ia/,  M.,  (Xplorer,  l.">;i'.*,  ii.  407-S. 

i>ia/,  (ieil.  ]'.,  hat  lit!  of  fineo  do 
Mayo,  ISi'iJ,  vi.  47  •">(!;  tleierico  of 
l'\ielila,  ]5(i.'{,  vi.  (j!i~8;  cinipaign 
of,  ]Mi4,  vi.  rjO-7;  deienco  of 
Oajaca,  )8(i5,  vi.  JsS  '.1(1;  opera- 
tions of,  LSliCi,  vi.  '25s  (11;  capture 
of  l'ne!.la,  etc.,  lS(i7,  vi.  :i.!j-4l; 
IJourni'uf's  overtures  to,  vi.  H.'JS; 
defeats  Maripnz,  vi.  HI! ;  .sie^e  of 
Mex.,  vi.  H4i.'  7;  r-'volt  of,  Lsri-l', 
vi.  37'.1-S4;  reviilution  of,  1875-7, 
vi.  41',I-L'7;  lle^'oliations  Mith  J:;le- 
sias,  vi.  42',t-;(;{:  ociiipas  J'uelila, 
vi.  4.'!();  enters  .Mex.,  vi.  41)0-1;  as- 
.^uines  the  executive,  vi.  4;;i;  calii- 
lut,  vi.  4:!l;polay  of,  vi.  4;;5-S; 
441;  address  to  eoniiress,  vi.  4'M~~, 
jiresideiit,  1877,  vi.  4;i7;  Ih.il'.,  etc., 
vi.  4:i7-  X;  rule,  vi.  4:iS-tS,  45!>-0;{, 
477,  41)0,  4li:)-5(K),  51(i-8;  reeoir- 
nizeilliy  forei::tipii\>ers,  vi.  441,4-Ki; 
review  of  adniinistr.,  4  tS-5();  re- 
elected, 18s(.,  vi,  4.")8;  attemjiteil 
assassina''!  n  of,  vi,  458. 

'  l>ie('ioMaiii>  L'iii\er<.il,'  \  i.  GoO-dO. 

l)rei;o,  .1.,  alhtreil  naraeulous  vi-,ion 
(lit,  15:il,  ii.  4(»;m;. 

])iez  y  Jionilla,  minister  of  relations, 
18.;:{,  y.  ti.<7. 

l^ipiitacimi  Anu'ricana,  deniands  of 
Iniiaci.rtcs  IMi*.  iv.  44;{  .S. 

Diputacion  J'riivincial,  I'leetions  for, 
I8'J0.  iv.  fi'.ll). 

l)iseaMS,  <lescript.  of.  iii.  755-7. 

Disloyalty,   eau-es  of,   iii.    ,")(>^-5;  iv. 

'  Ihsturhios   do  I'railes,"  mention  of, 

iii.  7-4-5. 
Dohlado,     M.,     the    I'.iredes    revolt, 

18 IS,  V.  f)4»J-.50;  re\olt  of,   hS."i."),  \. 

ti7-;  league  of,  ISJS,  v.  7<!o;  nnnis- 
ter  of  relations,  l.stll,  vi.  '_'(>  7; 
confert^ieo  vith  ]'rini,  vi.  .'V.t-10; 
di]iloniacy  of,  vi.  4l>;  ])rote>t  of, 
18(i'J,  vi.  4'2;  jmliey,  vi.  4.'!;  sui>er- 
seded  hy  .^ntillon,   l8tj;(,   vi.  7--3; 


l>'\  ^ 


:ii 


INDEX. 


inii'.i.-iior  f'"  vir,  ISHS,  vi.  110;  op- 
fiMtii'in  oi',  ISiS:),  vi.  1-20-1;  IStU, 
vi.  l--'.'i;  death,  v.  I'J.'). 

Doolriiias,  Franciscans  cstalilisli,  iii. 
]7^>;  iirci.'iilar  adnuuistratioii  (if, 
iii.  ]0()-lbl;  J'alat'ox'H  reforms,  iii. 
101. 

'IJdctrina  Cliristiana, '  vi.  049. 

'  l)i>('iiinent(>.s  ]iai'a  lii  llistoriii  dv, 
Alcxii'o, '  iiicutidii  of,  iii.  aO'.K 

Ddlmcs,  'I'lnvii,  (liscri])t.  nf,  iv.  KVJ- 
.'5:  iwdliitiiiii  ai,  115-18;  cry  "I, 
117    10. 

DiiiiuMiccli,  K.,  '  1 1  i>(.i)rio  du  Mcxiijuc,' 
vi.  ;iC)0. 

Diiiiu'iiccli,  .T.  v.,  'li'Kiiipire  Mcxi- 
cain,'  vi.  '2M). 

Di>iiiiii;^i>,  A.  do  Santo,  Jcroniiuito 
father,  i.    •_'. 

Doiiiiiimu/,  Corrcg.,  coip.iilicit}',  etc., 
of,  iv.  II-.' -14;  Liol;.,  114-1."). 

I)oiiiiii)iUcz,  M.,  iiiciiilur  of  exec, 
1>S'J:J  4,  V.  'J,  8,  1-J,  13,  1.1;  cliiof- 
jiistiie,  1.S-J4,  v.  .SO. 

lJoiniiiie:iin,  ileeomiMliy  roiice,  152(1, 
ii.  "ilii;  lihirtality  aiiiiiiig,  ii.  301; 
rclalidim  vith  I'ranciseau-J,  ii.  30'_'; 
early  luissioiis,  ii.  ;-iO"J  .'{,  3i).")-7; 
|ir.'viiuo  of  Santiago  created,  \'t'<i'2, 
ii.  .■{',),")'>;  ]>etau/.o,s  elocietl  pi'oviii- 
eial,  i,").'!."),  ii.  ;>'.>(!;  Ikdgado,  pro- 
vincial, l."))!S,  ii.  :!'.»(•;  Hiieeess  of 
missions,  ii.  4()S;  ii|ilioI(l  V'elaseo, 
li">i)"_',  ii.  577;  ]irovinee^,  ii.  7-1,  7v.'t»; 
nih's,  ii.  7-4  •");  goveriinient,  J")U'li- 
'.•'.•,  ii.  7'-'"'  l';  leading  friars,  ii. 
7-i>  7,  73"J  3;  missioim  in  Oajaoa. 
ii.  7-7  3'-';  coiivcnti  in  Oajaea,  ii. 
7J>  ;iO;  nunnery  at  Valladohd,  ii. 
7;{7;  rivalry  v  ith  i''raiui-iians,  ii. 
1,")S;  iirovincial-i,  ld'_'ii-I.V,)U,  ii.  7-."> 
(!;  |)roviiiii,il^  in  Oajaea.  l."i'»-  8, 
ii.  730;  susl.iin  .It^suits  ag.iiiist  i'ala- 
fox,  llil7,  iii.  1-3;  i'ni>furo  \\illi 
Jesuits,  iii.  131;  in  Sierra.  (Sorda, 
iii.  3.18;  progress  of,  iii.  7-(t   I. 

Donallo,  <ieu.  >!.,  ilefeats  ]\osains, 
181"),  iv.  (i'_'8-0;  oporatioiis  iu  I'ue- 
Ma,  I81(i.  iv.  (J37;  in  A'cia  (.'nu, 
iv.  (>43,  (;,VJ. 

l)iiir[ilian,  t'ol,  oxpe'.  of,  1S4(»,  v. 
41».)  !). 

I)"0-.niont,  den.,  minister  of  war, 
18(it),  vi.  '_'•_'.">. 

l)onav,  (ieii..  operations  of,  18(i4,  vi. 
I'J'i  4.  IliO. 

Drako,  F.,  exploits  of,  i:)()8-80,  ii. 
ti4.")-(). 

I>r,iinage,  mention  of,  l.'iSO,  ii.  (i,")f(- 
00;    measures   proposed,    lliiil,    iii. 


8!)-00;  v,-nY]iH  executed,  00  1;  px- 
penditnres  for,  Stl;  of  .Lako  Zuni- 
pango,  ll)l>4-7."),  iii.  l(il>-70;  (ialve's 
measures  regarding,  KiSO,  iii.  '2'2S. 

Drama,  uucouragcnicnt  of  the,  iii. 
774. 

Dress,  cxtraviiL'anee  in,  clieeke.l, 
10-4-8,  ii.  13.")-(i;  distinotioiis  in. 
iii.  7lit  ">;  limry  in,  iii.  70.");  oi 
men,  iii.  76();  of  women,  iii.  7lii)-7; 
general  iniMition  of,  vi.  (i'JO   1. 

Duelling,  olliciah  punished  for,  iii. 
140  7;  Viceroy  Osorio  discourages, 
lOlil,  iii.  107-8. 

I'liero,  A.  de,  Vela/(|Uo/.'  secre- 
tary,!. .37;  snpjiorts  <  'ortes,  i.  03-4, 
370,  388,  3!)0,  400;  join.s  jNarvaez' 
ex])cd.,  i.  302;  Cortes  ri'scues,  i. 
434. 

Duncan,  Capt.,  campaign  on  the  Ilin 
(iraiidc,  V.  3.")3-".t;  captiiro  of  Mon- 
turev.  V.  388- it,  3113;  luittlu  of 
l^loUnodel  JUy,  v.  fi02  3. 

Dnnhip,  Conniiodore,  )ileni[iotentiai y 
to  .Mex.,  J8(i2,  vi.  32. 

Diiport,  'Mtitunx  IVccicux,'  iii.  hO\). 

Dnran,  Father  D.,  works  of,  i.  4t)0-l; 
vi.  042,  00.3. 

Durango,  diocese  of,  iii.  13,  002;  majis 
of,  vi.  10.3,  248;  minii.g  in,  vi.  iii  I. 

Durango,  City,  ffTinding  of,  iii.  l.'i; 
catiu'dral  of,  iii.  002-3;  capitula- 
tion of,  1821,  iv.  7lo-l(). 

Dwellings,  consliaictiuu  of,  iii.  770; 
fui-uiturc  of,  770-1. 


E 


Eai.iiqnakcs,  l."SO,  ii.  T.'.";  1018,  iii. 

27;  10.">.3,  iii.  141-2;  10(!7-.8.  iu.  ISO; 

17iK),   iii.   210;  1007,   iii.   2,')0,    20."i; 

1711,  iii.  2si  0;  1714,  iii.  280  7; 

1740  ;.0,  iii.  3.-.0;  1787,  iii.  400-2; 

18(H>-1,  iii.    408;  ]7r)0,   iv.   100  70; 
^  184."),  v.  282  3;  ]S()7,  1870,  vi.  307. 
l']astern  districts,  map  of,  iv.  34(). 
J'jcclesiastical  courts,   eogniAin<'e,  iii 

087;   units  in,  iii.   087;  iiaini  s,   iii. 

()88;  jHisoiuicI,  iii.  088;  privileges, 

iii.  08()  8. 
Kcluivarri,  F.  de,  ])resideutof  andien- 

eia,    iii.    300;  govern.-i   ail    inleriiu, 

1700.  .300. 
Kehavarri,  llrig.idier  J.  A.,  re]iiilsont 

Uliia.,  IS22,  iv.  780  7:  defection  of, 

iv.  703  4;  resigns,  182,3,  iv.   700-7: 

exiled,  I8J7,  v.  ;i8. 
I'.chave,  Ualtasar,  artist,  nu^ntion  of, 
vi.  045. 


INDEX. 


715 


Ecli 


fagaray,      prninuu'iaiiiiouto      oi, 


l^.'"*,  V. 


r>o. 


IvlicagiiiMy,  <  111,  l);itllo  of  M(ilini>  iKl 
Eolievorri,  J.  M.  do,  no  v.  of  Yucatan, 


V.  Sl- 


c.  1  •    rria,  J.,  iniuistcr  of  tivnsury, 
llSIU,  V".  HI;  acting  j)rc.si(loiit,  1841, 


Slian.-Amor.  roimMici,  v.  ."O;  rcla- 


timis  AVI 


th. 


r>0-l:  vi.  41." 

f,    Lsns, 


liitcrvciitiou  o 
ISC)!,  vi.  '21-'_';  -Mux.  l.cmil.-,  v.  •j:;S- 
It;  claims  of,  V.  *J18  '.1;  V.ui  Tcxaii 
iliicstioii,  V.  Ji'J.'?,  ;5;>i-l;  .M.\-.  (Ic'it, 
V.  "liKt-l;  vi.  4.-iS;  thrcalw  of,  IS,!;), 
V.  777;  <1illiculty  with,  vi.  10-11; 
iiivasioii  of  Mcx.  \HC'2,  vi.  ."-'-II!. 


Euliovorria,   V.,  miiii.stcr  of   (iiiaiicc,    Kiul([iu/,  Col,  operations  of,  181'J,  iv. 


E.liicu.tion,  proinoti'il  liy  Vclasco,  ii 
o'.U;  c  illcj,'cs  fonnJcil  liy  .Irsiiit.s 
iii.  117-11);  lack  of,  iii.  47  (-■">;  con 


(litiii 


^.f. 


IS: 


:iit; 


ITS',  VI.  oi).'!- 


C:{' 


( ;    uav; 
1 


504.    ( 


).>/;    m 


viccrcjjal  iicnoi 


111,  vi.  ():i0-4; 


.  .      -      1" 
sitics    u.staMil.,    ir),"):)--!  ('.)!,    (iii."!— I; 


]in.grcs.-<. 


cU 


of,     LsiO-Si! 


o;i(i 


ipliroiniatiouH 


fii 


lS.S.")-(),   (»;iC.;  lucdicil 
GtO;  law  ct'lKM'i;,    (i.T 


srlKHils, 

■-040;  St 


18s;m, 

.Is 


hoiil 
)f   lino   a''ts,  0157;   cmscivatoiy  of 


imisic,   01)7-8;  .schoi 


<U   £ 


0:{8;  noiiual 


)ls,  0;>S; 


or  woiiif.n, 
acailcmics 


of  .Scil'llCC 

vi.  0!.'). 


04;$ -4;  academy  of  arts 


Edwards,   H.,  coll 


ir)S. 


my  fouiii 


led  1. 


II,    '  liililiotcca  Mcxi 


caii.i. 


El 


.Ihuyar, 
07!). 


VI.  O."!.'). 
1''.  do 


'liid; 


iiCaiMoiics. 


a: 

i/out 


lo,    Licut-i'ol  I.,   trcaclii 


,,.y 


IV.   -i^-it;  captures    revolutiouisl 


1811, 


IV. 


'2i:i-i>;  defeat  of,  ]S|: 


>,    IV. 


Elii-i,  Envoy  1'.,  <leinands,  vtr.,  of,  v. 


41.'),  418-19. 
uriiiuoz    dc 


Alt 


M.,    fo 


viceroy,  IHtJS,  ii.  0">'.l;  character,  ii. 
().'!!);   iKijioliatcs  wiih  llauUins,  ii. 


0:;'.)-10;  del'eits  Hawk 


i.  010-1 ; 


orji;aMi/c.s  military,  etc.,  ii.  (i.")-!-,''); 
tho  C'hichinici.!  oiithreak-i,  ii.  0.".'>-7; 
benevolence  of,  ii.  0."S  i);lran  iferreil 
to  Tern,   l.")80,   ii.  Oi'iO;  in.;tructinnH 

ii.  o.;i-'j;  death,  iri:;:?. 


o  s"''ccssor, 


t 

ii.  00-J. 


Eliide 


uics,  i.   .'">41-1;  ii.   5-_':);  iii.    1()0, 


;!.");{,  4.')7,  400;  iv.  50.");  vi.  00_'-4. 


'  Ivscala  E 


itual, 


VI.  01'.). 


I'.scalada,  (liu.   I.,    j 


ii'ouuuiMamu'ULO 


of,  is:!:;,  v.  i: 

)ico,  v.  -Ji:!-!!. 


surreniler 


ler  at  T,-: 


,1 
l''srilante, 

l")l'.i.  i. 


.1.     dc,    Ci 
70;  .all 


irte 


captain. 


niacu  iiiav..r  o 


I  era 


t'ru/,  i.    ]'.'X);  dcstr 


■I,   I.    18! 


m  coniman 
liattlo  of  iN'antla, 


I  at  \'illa  l;i:vi,  i.  18;!-y 


-00;  death. 


Ivscal 


L'OO. 
era. 


E 


':\i. 


scnptivo,   V.  80;). 


JlCl 


Hi.,t.; 


-De 


Escah 


Father  A.  de,   la'onrs,  etc. 


liOS-l." 


nip.uan,  ».icu. 


juato,  iv 


atta 


if,  at  (iuan 


211); 


operations  a 


t  (,'ah 


i.'i  4;  victory  at  Ma 


1811,  iv.  ;U1;  repulse  at  Zitacuaro, 

iv  :;28-:;o;  dcaiii,  a;ii. 

Eiicomiendas,  cll'ort.'l  to  n'forni  evil  : 
of,  ii.  l.")l  '_';  TlascaUec.^  exempted 
from,  ii.  HI  I;  reforms  in,  ii.  .■{•_'vS-,!l ; 
system  maintaine(l,ii.  ;{:>0  8;al>uses, 
ii.  r)l7-18;  rcgukited,  l.")!'-'-!),  ii. 
■"I'.l  "JO;     ec'ledaiitical     almlislicil, 


of,  1544,  ii.  72'J-:<. 
Escaloiia,,    l)n(iiu!    dc,    17ili    viceroy, 
1010,  iii.  1)8;  rule,  iii.  Iii)- 108;  ra]ia- 
city  of,  iii.   101-4;  diii'eicuco.s  willi 
I'a'laf.ix,  iii.   l<);!-7;   d 


iii.  108-10;  rt 


epoMfKill    ' 

■ncia,  iii.  J 10-1 1 


I'IsC 


I'la,  alVair  at,  l!>; 


Ivsi.'anilou,    J.     de,     cniipur.s     Sierra 
Cuirda,   17."$4,   iii.    S^f')   ti);  occu^jies 
'j'amanlipus,  17  K!,  iii.  ."I'l). 
Ivscaudon,    I'ean,   rece[it.   of    lliilalj,'i> 

l.y,  iv.  l.':iL'. 
i;...c.jliar,    A.  do,    rejudsu    of,    •     415; 
ovac\iatioii  of  Mex.,  i.  47i). 
I5r_'  ;l,    ii.    520;    ch  rgy   advocate,  j  I'lscohedi),  l'\  ]■'.  dc,  j^'ov.  of  Yucatan, 
15U,    ii.    o'j;!  5;  laws   a^^aiiist,   re-         1070,  iii.  llil. 

v.)k  'd,  1515,  ii.  r)"J7;  duration  lim-  ;  Escolieilo,  ('a]it.  N.,  the  I'.'ayaril  war, 
itcl,    15..L',   ii.   571,  ij'^^i;  appeal  of         IT'-'I,  iii.  oJl-7. 
cucomenderos,  1504,  ii.  C85-0.  Escohcdo,  (ien.,  defeat  of,   1801.   vi. 

Kuj;la.id,  war  A\  ith,  177})-^>;'>,  iii.  .'ISl'-  14;  ls77,  vi.  4"!);  operations  of, 
.'I;  IT'.Ui,  iii.  4811;  180.5.  iv.  31-5;  in-  IS(i5,  vi.  lD8-'200;  LSOii,  vi.  'JMW; 
ilomniiy  paid  to,   1800,  iv.  7'.)-Mi;        181)7,   vi.   '271;  nie^^o  of  Querctaro, 


mediation  of,    ISI'2,   iv.  450;  loans 
obtaiued  in,  ISl'.'l,  v.  4;  recognizes 


vi.    'J78-.'«V1;    bioi'.,    etc.,    vi.    ^81; 
minister  of  Avar,  1'70,  vi.  I'J5. 


ill! 


'H, 


^1  *» 

.10 


INDEX. 


Escocoses  (Tnoml)crs  of  Scottish  rito 
Idcli^os),  ell'iirts  of,  V.  ;^7;  jilan  of 
^Idiitauo,  1&-1,  V.  .ST-S;  duteat  of, 
V.  ;i'.i-ll;  cliai'j:;f;>i  agiuiist,  IS'J7,  v, 
i)'J;  iiitiigUL'S  of,  lS;Jt,  V.  1-41. 

Kscmleni,  J.,  c'fiiispires against  Cortus, 
i.  177;  exociitiou  of,  i.  17'.'. 

Espaiva,  .M.,  luiuister  of  finance,  ISol, 

V.  mo. 

Espt'jd,  A.  dv',  Lxpeil.  to  New  Mex., 

loii-2,  ii.  7wl. 
E.*[)iniisa,    A.    do,    the    Avil.i-Corti's 

conspiracy,  loOa,  ii.  C0i»-10,  (J! 7. 
Esiiiiiii.a,    .),    J.,    cabinet    minister, 

]8l'.">,  v.  ^'2;  inipeacliod,  V.  ]0(). 
Espiritu  Santo,  founding  of,  l.j^I,  ii. 

.'ij;  early  Kcttlurs  of,  ii.  S.VG;  duca- 

dunce  of,  ii.  30;  miuo  discovered  at, 

K,i:i,  ii.  rir.i-'j. 

Ivspiritu  Santo  IViy,  expeditions  to, 
ItiSt-Dl,  iii.  '-"J.vt. 

Esunivcl,  F.  do,  gov.  of  Yucatan, 
li)li:>,  iii.  li;i. 

E.cancia  do  la.s\'acas,  liattloof,  18,j!), 
V.  771. 

Estatuto  Orgiinico,  framed,  IS."."),  v. 
()i)7,  t)7l;  provisions,  etc.,  of,  v. 
GS3-0,  (iS)l5;  ado|ile(l,  v.  G'Jo-7;  op- 
position to,  V.  71)!*- 10,  7  IS. 

Esteva,  .).  I.,  minister  of  treasury, 
ISlH,  V.  i."). 

lOstrada,  Treasun^r  A.  <\o,  arrival  of, 
1.")"_'4,  ii.  ll'J-.'i;  ruLr  ad  interim,  ii. 
'2i)i-'>;  jealousy  of,  ii.  *200;  (juarrel 
•with  Alliornoz,  ii.  i2()()-7;  remnvcMl, 
ii.  •_'()•);  llent-gov.,  15l20,  ii.  'i.TJ;  gov., 
].")ii7i  ii.  S.TJ-OO;  exiles  Cortes,  ii. 
"■261;  censure<],  ii.  i2(il2;  jeconciled  to 
Cortes,  ii.  'JiJ'J-;!;  o]ipositionto<  lu/.- 
inan,  ii  '^^(^-(i;  resideiicia  of,  ii.  21)1- 
2;  death,  ii.  2i)L'. 

Estrada,  C  de,  plan  of,  1840,  v.  22t- 
."). 

Estrada,  M.  de,  evacuation  of  Mox., 
i.  -478;  liattlo  of  Oluml)a,  i.  4!)'.»;  at 
'rezcuco,  l.'')21,  i.  573. 

Estrada   y  Zeiiea,   L,    'Manual,'  vi. 

4:;4. 

Europe,  condition  o',   17'.)3-1S20,   iv. 

i-;t. 

Ex-Acordada,  revolution  of  the,  1828- 
y,  v.  42-4. 

Ex^iinnnnnication,  Moico  laid  under, 
ii.  22S-'.);  lai.l  on  oiuores,  l.V»»-;((>, 
ii.  2'.n ;  I'al.ifox  Liunclies  against 
.Jesuits,  1047,  iii.  12U,  125;  revoked, 
iii.  127. 

Exhibiticms,  national,  vi.  530;  local, 
vi.  531. 


'Extracto  Historial,'  mention  of,  iii. 
040. 

P 

Fahre,  J.  A.,  works  of,  iii.  COO-1. 
Facio,  ,1.  A.,  hiog.,  v.  88-!);  minister 

of  war,   1830,   v.   i)5;  liargaiu  Milli 

I'iealuga,    V.    9(>-7;    imiuaelRMl,   v. 

101);  defeat  at  San  Agustin  del  Pal- 

niar,  1832,  v.  118-1!). 
Fagoaga,    F.,    ministiu-   of   relations, 

18:;2,  V.  lie. 

Fairs,  annual,  transferred  to  Vera 
Cruz,  1()8;{,  iii.  203;  at  .Jalapa, 
1720  77;  iii.  2ll)-20;  deseript.  of,  iii. 
GtO-2;  luitional,  vi.  5.')0;  local,  vi. 
531. 

Falees,  Marques  de,  thii'il  viceroy, 
l.">(i(i,  ii.  (J2I;  rule,  ii.  021-4;  do- 
posed,  15l)7,  ii.  024-5;  trial  of, 
J50S,  ii.  02!);  reception  at  court,  ii. 
0:!2. 

Fannin,  Col  J.  W.,  operations  in  Tex- 
as, 1830,  V.  lOl). 

Fari'an,  1'.  S.,  at  Xarvae/,'  cajiture,  i. 
3!)0;  at  Tezcuco,  i.  573;  siege  of 
^lex.,  i.  000. 

Farias,  V.  U.,  minister  of  tieasury, 
1832,  V.  125;  vice-president,  v.  12,  ; 
acting  president,  ]8.")3,  v.  12'.l;  ]S;7, 
V.  3U4;  cahinet.  v.  12!);  liioi;.,  etc., 
V.  12!.)-:;0,  i:i7-8,  .SHO;  rule,' v.  120- 
.')8,  .304-0;  leader  of  nvolt,  ISK),  v. 
221;  minister  of  relations,  1840,  v. 
3!  12. 

F(;aL!ier-work,  Aztec,  iii.  021. 

Federalists,  party  organized,  etc., 
1823,  V.  5;  leailers  of  the,  v.  ID; 
inlhu'uce  of,  v.  1S2;  revolt  of, 
1838-10;  V.  200-25;  ]S4."),  v.  2St-5. 

Felipe  1\'.,  exactions  of,  iii.  84-5. 

Felipe  de  Jesus,  San,  protomartyi',  iii. 
',)|;  hiog.,  iii.  !)l-2;  canonization  oi, 
iii.  U2. 

Feruanilez,  A.,  works  of,  ii.  ]<,I0. 

Fernandez,  F.  W,  revolt  of,   l>'',',2,  \. 

m. 

Fernandez,  Col,  capitid.ition  at   I'ue- 

bla,  18,50,  V.  702  .3. 
rcrnamh'Z  do  Santa  Cruz,  M.,  hiiliop 

of    I'liiibla,    iii.    25(1;  declines    vice- 
royalty,  10!)0,  iii.  25(i. 
Fernando  VIL,   loyalty  to,  iv.  40-8; 

arbitrary  measures  of,  iv.  5'.C)-0(),). 
IVrnanda,  Poua  ^I.  C.  .1.,  pretensions 

of,  180<),  iv.  74. 
Ferrer,  1).,  mission  to  Spain,  1504,  ii. 

580;  M.  Cortes' agent,  ii.  01'). 
Ferrer,    Ca]it.    }■[.,    capture,    etc.,   <if, 

1812,  iv   428. 


IKDFA'. 


717 


etc., 

V 
•  > 

ot, 
Si-.-). 

t\ 

r,  iii. 

'i'( 

Ill  ul, 

0. 

_',    V. 

It 

I'lU- 

lf<     VU-l'- 

iv.  4(i-S; 

■i:i,">-i;(),). 
'ti'ii.-iiiMi-, 

■)i'(4,  ii. 
1. 
L'tc,   «'t, 


Fe.slivals,    itiligiou.s,    eU;.,   vi.   D04-7, 

(J-Jl-:!. 
Fi;,'uoi'(i;i,    A.   do,   gov.    of  Yucatiui, 

KiiL'.  iii.  ira 

FigiU'111,1,  1).  (](!,  j'xjicd.  to  Z:i]u>i(ic;i- 
l)aii,  1.">'J7,  ii.  -.")4-.";  shipwretkcil, 
li.  '2"i. 

Fi^,'^lC'l•ll;l,  Miir'scal  A.  ilo,  gov.  of  Yu- 
catan, IT'Jo -.".;{,  V.  Sl>. 

Fi'^ucroa,  Col  .F.,  eajiturfs  T'/huacau, 
1  <\'2,  iv.  .T.)S;  iu;gotiatiou.s  wiili 
Itiu'Iiido,  iv.  708. 

Figucri'a,  '!ou.,  opi'nitioiis  of,  ISOO, 
vi.  'J.'i'.M;--'. 

Fi;fiK'r'ia,  Liccnciado  R.  do,  eiiiis.-;ai'y 
of  (.'ortJs,  i.  T)."!. 

Filisola,  ]{ri,i,tad;t'r  V.,  iiu'utioii  of,  iv. 
5Jl;  expcd.  to  Ciiit.  Aiiicr.,  IS'1'2, 
iv.  7">"). 

Fiiv-eiii^ines,    introduced.,     1790,    iii. 

Fischer,  Fatlici,  c'ncf  of  Maximilian':) 
cal)iiicl-,  ]S()i;,  vi.  tZL'.Vd;  liiog.  cU'., 
vi.  *J'_'")-r>;  jicr.siia.sioiis  of,  vi.  '2"S. 

Fi;liories,  marine,  vi.  5i27-t>;  Jicarl,  vi. 
r)l2S-',». 

Fl:'.;,',  national,  v.  4. 

I'lax,  culhirc,  etc.,  of,  iii.  (518. 

Flint,  U.  M.,  'Mexico  under  Maxi- 
milian,' vi.  55. 

Floatini^  gardens  of  Cnitlaluiao,  i. 
"270;  of  Xoiliimilco,  i.  002. 

H'ln,  <li'n.  M.,  ooniinand  of,  iv.  ITiO- 
(irt;  victory  of,  IMO,  iv.  ]'.)'>;  oji!  ra- 
tions at  (luanajualo,  iv.  2.:0,  '22\: 
ilt  Cildci-on,  iv.  'J."i-J  (i;  death,  iv. 
25o;  liio^r.,  etc.,  iv.  2ri!>-7. 

I'lorciicia,  F.  ile,  vork.-i  of,  iii.  417-S. 

Flore.-i,  M.,  intend,  of  Sau  Lni.s, 
.L'oto;i,  ISIO,  iv.  'Ji:?-14. 

Flores  de  ^^an  rcdro,  J.,  gov.  of  Xa- 
yarit,  17-1,  iii.  SlT);  campaign  of, 
17--,  r»-.')-'-'S;  suhdvies  Ahiiiso,  :'i'_".l. 

Florc-i  y  Teran,  J,  M.,  gov.  of  fed. 
di.trict,  1848,  V.  54:i. 

Flu'c/,  M.  A.,  5Ist  viceroy,  1787,  iii. 
4>;i;  rnlc,  4l;5-7. 

Florida,,  cxiH'd.  to,  1559,  ii.  5',)  1-5. 

Foniento  I'cjiartinent,  created,  1851$, 
V.  li-li;  liciielilHof,  v.  (i;i,'!-4. 

Foiueca,  liishop,  opjKtsition  to  Cortes, 
etc.,  i.  ]71-.'i;  ii.  ()l)-7;  ciiargt  , 
against,  i'.  8l)-'.10;  policy,  etc.,  ii. 
!»1   -2. 

Fonsica,  U.,  niiuisterof  justice,  IS.'I, 
V.  1)00. 

Fonsecii,  and  Urrutia,  'llistoria  (ie- 
licral.'iii.  (')<K),  (>-'.-.,  1)78- <». 

Foreiirner^:,  jealousy,  etc.,  of,  v.  54; 
vi.  0-.:7-9. 


Forc-it.-",  destruction  of,  iii.  47-;  vi. 
577-8. 

Forey,  Crcn.,  French  connnander-in- 
chief,  18(U,  vi.  55;  forces,  etc.,  vi. 
55-1);  proclamations,  vi.  5(>-7;  75- 
(!;  polu'y,  vi.  57;  corre-pon<h'nio 
witii  Ortega,  vi.  58;  capture  of  I'ue- 
lila,  ]8():i,  vi.  G'J  8;  occr.iiatioii  of 
Mix.,  vi.  74;  recall  of,  vi.  11'-'. 

Forsyth,  Secretary,  c!;iim-*  tigaiust 
^Mex.,  v.  ;W,l-i;{,  ;{!(>;  the  'i  exau 
question,  V.  .'ii'll. 

Fossey,  M.  do,  'Le  Mexii[ur,'  v.  808. 

Foster,  iliiiister,  J.  ^\.,  demands, 
etc.,  of,  vi.  4t5-('). 

France,  agent.-;  of,  ]S2.'l,  v.  5"-";  rela- 
tions Mitli  Mex.,  182:!,  V.  52-3; 
U;7'.),  vi.  441;  -w  lr^vith  Mex.,  ]S:?8- 
9,  V.  180-205;  ]S(i2-7,  vi.  :i2-2(iS; 
intervention  of,  1801,  vi.  21-2; 
claims  on  ^Fcx.,  vi.  )$7;  designs  on 
Mex.,  vi.  9:'. -9. 

Franciscair!,  rivalry  Avith  Dominicans, 
ii.  158;  Flenii  li,  ii.  MI-2;  \'alen- 
cia's  party,  ii.  102-8;  e,.t:aMi-:li  con- 
vent <,  ii.  108-9;  policy  to  natives  ii. 
170;  decep! ion])racLici'd  on,  ii.  170- 
1;  labors,  ii  IVO-l;  Avhole  ale  hap- 
ti;nis  liy,  ii.  174-0;  estaMisli  doc- 
trinas,  ii.  178;  de.troy  idols,  ii. 
178-9;  caiiii's  of  .sticce  s,  ii.  181-5; 
virtues  of,  ii.  184—5;  relat  ons  with 
l)o7a'nicans,  ii.  S()2;  vi;it  Miclioa- 
can,  ii.  ;?  12-11;  M'clioacan,  i  ciisto- 
d'a,  15!)."),  ii.  I19."!;  provinci  of  Sco 
l^vangcl.i),  created,  15IU),  ii.  I}'.);(— t; 
provincials,  ]5;)l>-4(),  ii.  ."'.i:!-4; 
growth  of  missions,  ii.  .'{91!- 5,  712- 
1.'!;  popidariiy,  ii.  714;  rtdes,  ii. 
714-5;  comi.  ario  general  appointed, 
ii.  710;  conllict  with  vicer  v,  1578, 
ii.  710-7;  Fonce's  visit,  1581-8,  ii. 
717-8;  Mi 'liiKKaii province,  ii.  71''''- 
9;  Zacatcca.s  enstoilia  created,  719; 
martyr.s,  ii.  719-20;  lahor.s  in  Yu- 
catan, etc.,  ]5;!l!--(;7;  ii.  720-1  ;dl;- 
tinguished  mcniheri,  ii.  721-2;  re- 
f.irni  movement,  1,")41,  ii.  722-;i; 
harefoo'^ 'il,  ii.  72.'!-4;  in  Xuevo 
l.cou,  15S0,  ii.  770;  ]5',).'{,  ii.  779, 
7il;  i't  Xavarit,  11)18,  1007,  iii. 
:il4,  ■:  5;  1711,  :!10;  inXiievoSan- 
tander,  1719,  iii.  .'il  1-5;  later  mis- 
sions of,  iii.  712  17;  convents  at 
(^Micrctaro,  iv.  97-9;  arnst,  etc., 
of,  1S5(),  V.  098-9. 

Frank,  S.,  '  Welthiieh,' i.  2.")0-l. 

Freemasons,  as  revolutioai  Is,  iv. 
098;  intrigues  against  Iturhidu, 
1822,  iv.  79:1-4. 


718 


INDEX. 


French,  raid*  of  fililmstcrs,  ii.  84;  ili. 
l.i'J-i;;)!;  t!'j;i-i;  liatreil  of  the,   iv. 
;i7,  41-0;  iutriguoa  of  thu,  iv.  47-*i; 
,  TO,  112. 

Fruucli   (iiiiuiia  Coiupaiiy,  permitted 

to  .sliip  Kliivfs  to  Amor.;  1702,  iii. 

i2SS;  cdiue.s.sioii  transferred  to  Eng- 

^  land,  17i:{,  iii.  2;>8. 

French  llevolutiou,   effect  of  the,  iii. 

4S2  ;{. 

Fresnillo,  mines  discovered,  ii.  597; 
condiiion  of,  \10i,  iii.  o07;  occu- 
pied by  Sotdiiiayor,    ISII,  iv.   'MS. 

Friant,  Jnteiulant-^ciu^ral,  minister 
of  linanc'c,  ]8()(i,  vi.  '2'-o. 

Friars,  need  of,  ii.  ]d(J-7;  mendicant, 
ii.  100-1;  coullict  viih  clerg",  ii. 
004-5;  -wil-li  civil  power,  ii.  OtiG-7; 
oppo.^ition  to,  ii.  009-71 ;  grievances 
of,  ii.  070-1  ;]'iunV.  sintains,  ii.  071; 
rown  siippo'-ts,  ii.  072-:!;  laxity  of, 
ii.  147-fS,  va;,'aliond,  iii.  708;  vici- 
ous, iii.  708-",»;  nundier,  iii.  709; 
exc'iution  of,  IS  11,  iv.  280. 

Fry,  J.  11.,  'A  Life  of  lieu.  Z.  Tay- 
l.r.'v.  4;;4. 

Fucnclara  (C'ondo  de),  40th  viceroy, 
1742,  iii.  li.w;  rule,  iii.  Soo-oS. 

Fuenlcil,  S.  1\.  dj,  president  2il 
andientia,  I'l'M),  ii.  ^21;  resigna- 
tion, etc.,  of,  ii.  .'teO. 

I^uen:<alida,  I'riar  L.  do,  arrival  of, 
1524,  ii.  101-5;  preaclie.i  in  A/too, 
ii.  174;  Franciscan  custodian,  ii. 
3;)3. 

Fuente,  .T.  A.  do  la,  mini:<tcr  of  rela- 
tione, lS."i:{,  V.  010;  la&2,  vi.  5;{. 

Fuentes,  Capt.  A.,  coniand.  of  Tec- 
pan,  iv.  2SVJ;  operations,  ISll, 
300-4. 

FiirUer,  Tr.  C,  Works  of,  v.  552. 

Fu-iiiini;ts,  Tarty,  principles  of,  185S, 
V.  742. 

G. 

Gadjdcn  Treaty,  lS5t,  v.  0.-)2-3. 

Gage,  T.,  '^'cw  Survey,'  id.  778. 

Gaines,  Gen.,  measures  of,  1840,  v. 
372. 

Galcana,  Mariscal  11.,  mention  of, 
iv.  2;l8-<);  operation!,  1811,  .'501-4; 
captures  Taseo,  iv.  3."0;  atCuautla, 
iv.  3.il!-70;  at  Hnajuapan,  1812, 
iv.  4I!8;  rejud  e  at  San. lose  Cliiapa, 
iv.  478-9;  at  Aeulciugo,  iv.  481;  at 
Oajaca,  48;>— 1;  at  Aeapuleo,  1;!13, 
iv.  547-9;  at  V'alladoll.l,  iv.  571-.'!; 
defoat  at  Kl  Veladero,  1814,  iv. 
679;  execution,  1814,  579. 


Gali,    P.    de,   voyage  to  Pldlippines, 

1582-4,  ii.  741. 
Galindo,  aO'air  at,  1.S13,  iv.  524. 
(ralindo,  L.,  chief-justico  N.  (lalieia, 

ii.  405. 
Galindo,  Gen.,  defection  of,  1841,  v. 
23'2-3;  marches  on  Mcx.,  1S;;7,  vi. 
314. 
Gallardo,  11.  P.,  works  of,  v.  097;  vi. 

348. 
(lallegos,  B.  de,  expedition  toTahaaeo, 
ii.    220;  alcalde-mayor,  1.545-8,  ii. 
547. 
Cialve,  Condo  do,  30th  vicorey,  108S, 
iii.    2'22;    rule,    iii.  222-52;    return 
to  Spain,  109(),  25'2. 
Galve/,  Gonde  IJ.   de,  49tli    viceroy, 
1785,  iii.  391;  hiog.,  iii.  .'i'.)2-:!;  rul,', 
iii.     394-8;    charges     of      trcasi  a 
against,  iii.  395-7;  deatli,  1780,  iii. 
398. 
fralvez,  J.  do,  visitador-general,  17i'>l- 

7,  iii.  307-9,  445. 

Galvez,   L.  de,  murder  of,  1792,  v.  St. 

(lalvez,    M.  de,  4Sth  viceroy,   1783, 

iii.  385;  character,  iii.   HM'i;   rule, 

iii.  3n7;  funeral  cerem.,  iii.  3S7-8. 

GaiiiMing,  elTortsto  .suppi-ess,  1.524,  ii. 

134  5;    restrictions    on,    iii.    77!!; 

prevalence,  etc.,  of,  vi.  0'2.'!   t. 

Gauto,  1  riar  P.  de,  arrival  at  Villa 

Rica,  ii.  102;  labors  of,  ii.   174-5, 

181;  refuses  see  of  Mex.,    1548,  ii. 

297-8,  658;   petitions  in   favor   of 

natives,  1552,  ii.  572;  intlueiiec  ot, 

ii.  675. 

Gaona,    Gen.,  defeat   at   Uliia,  183S, 

v.  192-0. 
Garay,  A.,  minister  of  the  treasury, 

1810,  V.  299. 
Garay,  F.  de,  mention  of,  i.  2;  plans, 
etc.,  of,  i.  188-9;  expeditions  of,  i. 
5:iS;    ii.    91-5,    105-17;    d.ath    of, 
1523,  ii.   110-17;  forces  of,  ii.  117 
18,  123. 
Garay,    Engineer    F,     de,     drainage 

plan  of,  vi.  505-7. 
(larces,  J.,  hisliop  of  Cuba,  i.  105; 
of  Cozumel,  i.  lOii;  ii.  2.)!i;  ot 
TIaseala,  ii.  203,  290-7,  088;  of 
Vucatan,  ii.  038;  reconciles  C'nrt's 
andE;trada,  1.527,  ii.  2l'>'2-3;  ciiar- 
acter,  ii.  297;  dcatli,  1512,  ii.  (i97. 
'iarce.i  y  Egufa,  J.,  'Nueva  Te(ir:ca, ' 

iii.  001. 
Garcia,  A.,  guerrilla  chief,  1811,  iv. 
3:0;  defeat  of,  ]811,iv.  323;  attack 
on  (luanajuato,  iv.  338;  operatioiis 
of,  1S12,  iv.  384—90;  capture,  etc., 
of,  391-2. 


DTDEX. 


719 


Ciarcia,  Ocu.  A.,  inini.iter  of  justice, 
liSoT,  V.  ll'.'t;  giiv.  f)f  Oajaca,  1S07, 
vi.  3;{7;  (if  Vera  Cnu,  vi.  'A::H. 

Gari'ia,  C,  iiiinistur  of  relations, 
kS";j,  V.  112!). 

•  laroia,  Friar  .T.,  'Jlijtoria  Botlc- 
hfiiiltica,'  ii.  1',;). 

tJai'cia,  (^eii.  J.  M.,  minister  of  war, 
l6oS,  V.  I't'r,  llWo,  vi.  '22'). 

<  Garcia,  <  'nl  S.,  lioail.i  revolution,  IS'JS, 
V.  4-J-:i. 

ilardncr,  Lieut,  bcattlc  of  Cerro 
(ionlo,  V.  -l','}. 

tlaribay,  1'.,  vieeroy  ad  interim,  ISOS, 
iv.  i)~'>;  rule,  alJ-Tu,  l)i<ig.,  OS. 

(iarluuil,  (ion.,  eampaigii  on  the  Rio 
tlrautle,  v,  .'iiir;  ea]ituro  of  Mon- 
terey, v.  ;W;{-();  battle  of  Cluiru- 
liu^eo,  v.  4St;  of  Molino  del  Key, 
v.  uUO-1;  of  (.'haiiuUepee,  v.  510. 

fjlarnicr,  Col,  oiKTation.s  of,  ISli."),  vi. 
l'.).j. 

(Jar/a,  Brigadier  V.  de  la,  protest  of, 
iv.  ISA;  seizure  of  Iturhidc,  iv. 
Sl)7-S;  duiilicity  of,  SOS-<J. 

<Iar/a  y  Jiallestero.s,  Arehliisliop  J,, 
do  la,  iiietroiiolitan  of  Jlexico,  v. 
01)0;  liiojf.,  v.  O'JU;  adniiuist.,  O'.tO- 
1,  004. 

Ciasi-iCt,  Cen.,  oeeupatioii  of  Vera 
Cru/,  IStll,  vi.  '2'.);  manifesto,  ete., 
of,  vi.  'jy. 

Oaviria,     Oidor,     eliaracter,    iii.    40; 
arre  t    of,     iii.    41;    overthrow    of 
tiilves,  10-_'4,  iii.  (iJ-4. 
'Ca/etas  do  Mexieo,'  mention  of,  iii, 
510. 

Gelvts,  Marc|Ues  do,  14th  viceroy, 
lOJl,  iii.  15.!;  character,  iii.  IilJ— !; 
rule,  iii.  ;K-74;  ipiarrel  witli  Areli- 
bi^hop  Seiua,  iii.  4;!-d7;  excomnui- 
niealiil,  iii.  47,  5.S-',);  overllirow  of, 
iii.  00-;{;  negotiations  with  audi- 
eucia,  iii.  00-70;  charges  again  ;t, 
iii.  70-1;  restored  by  L'urralvo,  iii. 
7.'?;  residi'tu'ia  of,  iii.  75-7. 
Germany,  treaty  with  Mex.,  188.S,  vi. 

455. 
Goazacoaleo,  Province,  map  of,  ii.  X); 
Sandoval's  exiied.  to,  ii.  ;;5;  apolit- 
ical division,  15,'!4,  ii.  ;5',)1. 
Goazaco.ilro,  lliver,  Ordaz  ex])lores, 
i,  S2:)-4;  pirates  land  at,  10/2,   iii. 
172. 
Gobernaeion     l>epartmeut,     created, 

lM5;i,  v.  0-JO. 
(biliernaciones,  definition  of,  iii.  520; 

repl.iued  by  intendeneias,  iii.  520. 
Go'uriiidor     Intendeuto    power    of, 
iii.  452. 


Godincs,    A.,    jucz    conacrvador,    iii. 

12:;;  deatlio'f,  iii.  i;U. 
Godoy,  1).  de,  notary  to  Grijalva,  i. 

10;  Jjattle  of  T.iliasco,    151'J,   i.   85; 

cscribano   of    Vera    Cniz,    i.    l"(i; 

Cortes,  expc'd.,  i.   151;    at  Kspiritu 

Santo,  ii.  ;{5. 
Godoy,    J,    I.,    minister    of    justice, 

l'S.1'2,  v.  110. 
Godoy,  M.,  do\vnifall  of,  iv.  ;!5-0. 
Gold,  tirst  coined,  1070,   iii.    b'i'.i;  dis- 

coveries,   etc.   in  Cent.   Aiuer,,  iii. 

55;!-70;  in  I'eru,  iii.  570-8;  mining, 

iii.  o70-!;0. 
Goiiuira,    V.   L.  de,   'NVorks  of,  i.  0'.i7; 

ii.  4o7. 
(Jomez,  C,  defection  of,  LSI!!,  iv.  5.11. 
Gomez,  Intendente,    execution     f,  iv. 

2:0. 
Gouiez,  J.,  ']-)iario,'  iii.  510. 
Gomez,  N.,   episcopal  delegate,  1047, 

iii.  127. 
(biuioz,  v.,  death  of,  ISIO,  iv.  0!!S. 
(ionzalez,   Falher  A.,    C.Jrdnba's   ex- 

Jied.,   i.  0,  0,   1";  lir  t  to  celebrate 

Christian  riti!s,  ii.  I."S. 
Gouzalez,  A.  11.,  'llistoria,' vi.  401. 
Gonzalez,  15.,  bravery  of,  ii.  4  H. 
Gonzalez,  K.,  arrest  of,  iv.  112. 
(Toiizalez,  C'ol  F.,  operations  at  Aca- 

pidco,  l.Si;i,  iv.  5i7-0. 
(biu/alez,  (!-.,  returns  frciin  Honduras, 

1525,  ii.  212-1.'!;  sentence,  ete.  of,  ii. 

22:5. 
Gonzalez,  Gen.  M.,  defence  of  ruebla, 

l;j;i:),  vi.  Ol;  revolution  of,  b' 75-7, 

vi.     421-27;    pre.ident,     biSO,    vi. 

418;  biog.,  vi.  450-2;  rule,  vi.  4."2- 

1);  attempted  prosecution  <jf,  lii>i'), 

vi.  400. 
(rorostiza,     P.,     intendente    of    ^'(.•ra 

Cruz,  1702,  iii.  21 8. 
(rorostiza,    ^lini^ter,  neg<itiations  of, 

V.    ](i4;    deniandi   pa;-[iorts,    cti;., 

18:!0,  V.  m:'>. 

Gorreta,  P.  de  la,  guv.   <if  Acapuleo, 

1()24,  iii.  05-0. 
Government,  i'rovision.al,  cal/i;iet  of, 

V.  2-.'{;  intNi.sures,  1S2.'!,   v.  2-S,  2  )- 

1;  [ilot  against,  v.  8-0;  end  of  ad- 

luinist.  1824,  20-1. 
Grailo,   A.   de,   coniandaiite  of  N'illa 

Kica,  1520,   i.   ;i24-5;  eharacti-r,   i. 

.■i25;  misrule,  i.  'A-^;  puuiibnu  ut,  i. 

o20;  .«etlles   at  K  pii'itu    SauLo,    .[, 

;i;j;    inspector-general   of    Indian -i, 

1520,  ii.  241-2;  marriage  of.  ii.  242. 
Grammont,    M.,    pirate    cqitain,   iii. 

]'.'/J;  at  sack  of  Vera  Cruz,   lOoiJ, 

iii.  rJl-2Jl. 


720 


INDKX. 


Clroat  Britain,  soo  England. _ 

(irijahii,  J.  <lc,  l^\p(•<l.  ct,  I.'IS,  i. 
\:)-'M);  nt\iiii  to  Ciilia,  i.  HO;  roccii- 
tioii,  eti:.,  i.  ;;i-'2;  dLsiuissar  of,  i. 
32;  cliaraiU:!',  i.  S:J-4;  coiiiiiariil 
with  Ccirtis,  i.  ").">-();  iiiccttl  Mdiite- 
zimia's  siTvaiit-i,  i.  lll'-K?;  Mniito- 
zuiiia  liiars   of,     i.     1  K'.-l  I;     coifi- 

.  iiiauil*  <  iaray'x  llcut,  ].">•_:{,  ii.  IC  >; 
Hurrciidurs  (iaray's  ilfct,  ii.  H2-lli; 
Works  (it,  ii.  l(So-0. 

(h-illo,  I'l^rro  ilcl,  I'li^'agoiiiciit  at, 
ISll,  iv.  :«)8. 

(Jiiadalajara,  City,  fouuiling  of,  ii. 
31)0-7;  anus  of,  ii.  iJOT;  Alvarailo 
dies  at,  ].')!!,  ii.  .'OI-'J;  fortilicd, 
l.VU,  ii.  r)OL.'-:i;  liisiu{'c<l,  l.'il!,  ii. 
ri()2  4;  situ  of,  dianged,  ]."»11-'J,  ii. 
oOt,  "j-Ki-T;  capital  of  Xiiuva  (lali- 
cia,  ii.  r)4.S;  seo  of,  ii.  (iDI;  iii.  G'.l'-'; 
auditiiK-ia  of,  iii.  itV.);  catlic^ilral  of, 
iii.  (i'.t"_';  iai>tur('d  liy  'J  oirus,  iv. 
207;  ll:dalgo"s  roi'iitiou  at,  ISIO, 
iv.  2i>l-2;  aiidiciaia  roorgaT'',/!';!, 
iv.  2IU;  Hidal:,M's  c<liot.s  at,  iv. 
2;!4;  iiriiitiiig-iircss,  etc.,  at,  iv. 
2:{.');  military  lufii.iratioiis,  iv.  2"."<- 
(i;  rci;optiiiii  of  I'allija  and  Cruz, 
ISll,  iv.  "-'.'lO;  pri.i  laniatious  at,  iv. 
21)0;  action  of  au<iii'Ui.ia,  iv,  21)0-!; 
of  'jculi!s.  cliaiitur,  iv.  201;  of  uni- 
vcr-sity,  iv.  L'.il;  juuta  do  sugur- 
ridad,'  iv.  21)2;  juuta  do  caridad, 
etc.,  iv.  202;  luiut  at,  ISKJ,  iv. 
5.'57;  ruvolutioii  at,  1821,  iv.  Tl's 
di.saflViotiou  in,  KSull,  V.  G-S,  l."-l!; 
jirotniiK'iamic  iito  at,  1840,  v.  20/; 
ruvolt  at,  IS.'il,  V.  (iJ7-0,  (iKl;  plan 
of,  v.  000;  inulitiy  at,  1858,  v.  7."!")- 
0;  eaptund  l>y  I'lgollado,  IS.IS,  v. 
748;  cvatuatod,  v.  7^0;  Uraga'.-i 
attack  on,  ISCO,  v.  782;  capturoil 
liy  Ortega,  ISOO,  v.  700;  l.y  Ba- 
zaino,  ISO.'i,  vi.  122;  aliaudoucil  liy 
imperialists,  ]S(iO,  vi.  2.")7;  univer- 
sity founded  at,  1701,  vi.  0;)4. 
(iuailalijara,     Intendeiicia,     map  of, 

iv.  •Mr.i. 
(iuadalupe  do  los  Eeycs,  mine,  yield 

of,  vi.  Til 4. 
Ouadalupo     Hidalgo,     treaty     of,    v. 

r):!0~4:{. 

(luadalnpo,  Xuestra  .Seuora  do,  ap- 
parition of,  I'j'.il,  ii.  40:5-8,  chureli 
erected,  ii.  400;  jiaiutiug  of,  ii. 
400-8;  baniKT  of,  iv.  Hi). 

(iuadalupe,  Order,  iv.  770-80;  v. 
0:<7-8;  007. 

Guadalupe,  Society,  ovcrturos  to 
Calleja,  iv.  407. 


Ciuadalcazar,  Manpu's  de,  inth  vice- 
roy, l(il2,  iii.  21;  rule,  iii.  21-f>; 
transferred  to  I'erii,  id.  2;>;  char- 
acter, iii.  2S. 

( iuadalcazar,  Town,  nanu!,  iii.  27-8. 

(iuajlcar,  (.'aeiipio,  revolt  of,  15;!8,  ii. 
4(i:{-4. 

(tuan.ijuato,  maps  of,  iii.  4i:';  iv. 
121;  luiniiig  in,  iii.  i)S8-0;  vi.  ."i;)7, 
.512;  revoluLion   in,    I'ill,    iv.  I!'-")!; 

loi;^,  iv.  r)i.")-i7,  r>2-'-,-.;  ]m,-)-1(;, 

iv.  OjO-7;  1821,  iv.  7I.'>-14;  insur- 
gtnit  movemcntH  in,  LSI  I,  iv.  .'l.'!S-'.i; 
camiiaigiis  iu  hajio  <if,  1812,  iv. 
;WI-0,  ;!0:'.-l;  m-ip'  of  hajiO.  iv. 
."n\");  Iturhido'.s  canipaign  in,  181 1, 
iv.  ijOl. 

(luanajuato,  City,  foundci],  l,".'>4,  ii. 
500,  70'-';  San  Ignaeio  de  hi  yula 
patron  saint  of,  iii.  117-8;  Jctiit 
coUigc  at,  iii.  427;  hi-it.  of,  iv.  1..,)- 
3;  Coat  of  arms,  iv.  1112;  capture  of, 
ISIO,  iv.  ll>:{-,")7;  <lescript.  of,  iv. 
1;>8— tO;  sacii  of,  iv.  ].">.")-7;  ayun- 
tamiento,  iv.  104-.");  mint,  estalMl. 
iv.  1(;0;  recaptured,  LilO,  iv.  21(')- 
28;  i)Iai)  of,  iv.  218;  ]ir'!clainali  in 
at,  iv,  22o;  execu'.inu!  at,  iv. 
22.">-S;  anniusty  at,  iv.  227-8; 
govt.  reorganized,  iv.  228;  de- 
population of,  iv.  220;  (^arcia'.s  at- 
tack oil,  ISll,  iv.  .■).')8;  raid  ou, 
I'll."),  iv.  (m7;  Miua's  attack  oa, 
1  d7,  iv.  070-80;  occupiiil  liy  Itur- 
l.idc,  1821,  iv.  7i;!  14;  till)  I'arod.s 
revolt,  1S4S,  V.  r)40-."iO;  jirominci  i- 
mientos  at,  IS.')0-1,  v.  002;  l''renc!i 
occu[)ation  of,  1803,  vi.  ]I0. 

(iuateniala,  einl)assy  from  vi  its  Cor- 
tes, ii.  103-4;  Alvarado's  inva-i  .a 
fif,  ii.  lot-"),  127;  claims  on  Ciiia- 
]ias  and  Soconusco,  vi.  4r.4-r). 

(luatulco,  (fuerrero  captured  at,  IS.'JO, 
V.  07-8, 

(hiayaugarci),  see  Valladolid. 

(iuaymas,  Ilaousset's  attack  on,  \'-',i, 

v.'csr). 

(Uicro,  (I^.  lie,  gov.   of  Yucatan,  1();!3, 

iii.   ir)0-7. 
(lucrra,  A.  do,  hishop  of  Miohoaean, 

1501-"),  ii.  003. 
(luerra,  (I.,  hiog.,  iii.  20;  archhishop, 

1007,  iii.  20;  12tli  viceroy,  1011,  iii. 

20-21;  death  of,  1012,  iii.  2I-2;{. 
(iuorra,  J.,  '  llistoria, '  iv.  05-0. 
(luerrero,    maps  of,    iii.  403;  v.  520; 

vi.  101;  statu  of,  organized,  1847,  \'. 

520-7;  revolt  in,    1854,    v.  040-52; 

lo77,  vi.  438. 


INlJKX. 


''''jorrc.ro,0.ea,tiv;<^a,no„gl„,,ians, 
''{:";-■'■<'/    ^^I.ip.    capture   of,    ,s,s, 


721 

^:^f  trvvltnry,   ii.   2,;   'V  '  t"  ,^'''- 
Jii'liaiis,    ii      ..,;-  ^.    "'  '..^''^'-ivi's 

<-ni>liVMm;  ii    'n:V     '"'•■1"'''"t    of 


^'f  ""'""'•' ^•^^•"^toU8o6.v.  077- 

'  a 


;;::;[?;:"'^i!?  'v'^i- v^.  iii-  i^i. 


'•«t..™».  J.,lot.L,j,fa,t,,,_,,,     Ih™,  '•■  E.  ,1„.  ,1.,,,,,  ,„;   I,,..    .; 

.._•^,i^(>;I,m^sMo^  U.Spain,  loiy.r^;,^;'^'  ^•^Pt"ro   of  .MoatJ.e""  v 
''S";i^■5.'"•"''^^^^'^f    -lation..    S^'*'^^-  -T'-"f.  ii.  UH). 


I.. 

'  l-l  ■ 

,'  ' '' 

"  1 

^liiill 


722 


INI^EX. 


I  i 


IIcniuisiDo,    J.    M,    (i,,    exped.    of, 

Is  10  II,  iv.  l!:!:-'). 
Hiiiii.iiich'/,  ]?.,  lu:nii.-tm   of,   ir)4l,  ii. 

"lU!   t. 

Urnifiiulcz,  ]).,  sir;,'!'  of   Mcx.,  i.  (i;!0. 

lli'iiiiiiiilcz,  (ii!ii.  K.,  iiroiiiitKiiaiiiii'iitii 

of,   IS7(),  vi.  -Jl!*;  ]il;in  of  Tuxtfjiri', 

■1  i'.t-'_';i;  ocoiipics  Oiijaca,  etc,  4I',». 

IlcniiiiKJo/,    J.    E.,    'Cok'coiou,'   iv. 

tWl. 
Hcrrera,  l^ieiit-col  S.,  (•aiituro  <if,  iv. 

•J»l. 
lIciriTa,  ])r,  iiiinistor  to  U.  S.,  l.sl.'i, 

iv.  (iU(>-7. 
llonvra,  ]''i'iar,  victory  "car  San  Liiii 
]'(.tosi,    ISII,   iv.  '.',!'.>  70;  (li'lVat  at 
Vallc!  (Ill  Alaiz,   iv    ;'T0;  u.xcciitioa 
f.f,  iv.  270. 
Herrcra,   (o'H.   J    J.    ,lu,   ojicratioiis, 
J^-'I,  iv.  7-- -^i;  calMU't  mini.-iti'r, 
IS'S.i,   V.  H;  lii'Misiur  of  M-ar,    1!S;{;!, 
IL'O;     |S;U,     V.    141;    ].icsi(laut, 
1S44,  v.  •J7:!;   i.S4S,  v.  ."),')( I;  .al.iiiots, 
V.   27.;t,  -'DO;  rule,   V.  •J7.'Mli',  T)."- 
'.'."i;  liio^'.,  v.  'JM';  III  ;i;iitiatioiis  with 
Tiist,  1S47,  V.  4'.)'J;  iloatli,  v.  .")!).".. 
llcirrra,  J.    M.,  iiiiai.stur  of  justico, 

l.S-.".»,  V.  80. 
HitTiira,  L.  de,  plot,  etc.,  of,  iv.  'Jl'J- 

15. 
Herrora,  ^NF.,  oa1>iiiL't  iiiiiiistitr,   ISu'l, 

iv.  7-)li. 
Ili'iTcra,  ]'.  <i.   (Ic,  siilnhius  negro  re- 
volt, JC.U'.t,  iii.  II-  l-J. 
IltMicra,    S.    (Ic,    uoimiiaiicls   convoy, 

l.VJl  .-),  ii.  l!l!». 
Ilcrrcra,  Col  S.  dc,  oxcciition  of,  ISK?, 

iv.  .54-J. 

Ilcrrcra,   oju'ratious  in  Xiicvo  Leon, 

l.Si;5,  iv.  .")44;  execution  of,  iv.  oik 

lli'via.   Col,   ojioratiiins   of,    1SI4,   iv. 

."mI,  r).S(>-7;  KSK),  iv.  (mO-'J;  victory 

at   Tciiiaca,   iv.   "-■'>;    ileath,    1S2I, 

7-J3. 

Ilcvne,  ]'.,  take-i  trcasurc-tleet,  IGiS, 

iii.  S-_'-3. 
Hilm;'ras,  coast,  rival   claims  to,   ii. 

104  5. 
Iliil.ilgo,    statu    of,     organi/cil,     etc., 
]H(i'.>,  vi.  3ii'.)-70;  mining  iu,  vi.  iii."). 
TTidalgo,  C.,  l)iog.,  iv.  lOS. 
Hidalgo,  .Mariano,  exccutioa  of,  1811, 

iv.  ■27X 
llidnlgo,  Generalissimo  Migm>l,  bing., 
iv.  lOS^l,  107-10;  character,  iv. 
10',)-10,  l'_'l-'_>,  171,  'JS4  (1;  plans  he- 
tr,i\cd,  iv.  H()-l.">;  incites  revolt, 
ISl'O.  iv.  II.VIS;  forces  of,  iv.  IIK- 
10,  I-_':i,  l(),")-(;,  17-J  ").  ■24!t,  L'liS;  at 
teau  Miguel,   iv.  118-20;  eaters  Ce- 


liya,  IV.  1'24-r.;  captaing(!iieral,  iv. 
1.'7;  captures  (!uanajnai(  ,  iv.  IJI  - 
r)7;  eitcd  liy  inipiisitinn,  iv.  Ifil-It, 
l(i.'{-();  prodainatinn,  i\-.  ll'rj-l!; 
edii'ls,  iv.  l(i.'l  4;  cajitur.' s  N'.illadn- 
lid,  iv.  170  ■_';  apiirnac  Ills  .Mrx.,  iv. 
17''  s.'i;  victory  of  J,a<  Ciuccs,  i\'. 
177  St;  inactivity  of,  iv.  IS.S-'.I;  lue- 
tic it,  iv.  I'.tS;  defeat  at  .\cnJco,  iv. 
lOS  I'Dl;  reccptiiin,  etc.,  at  (luada- 
lajara,  iv.  •Jlil-ti;  defeat  at  Calleron, 
IMI,  iv.  'J(!l  ."8;  resignatimi,  etc., 
iv.  MM  M;  rejects  pardiin,  iv.  'Jii'.l; 
c.iptnre  of,  iv.  1274;  trial,  iv.  •_'7I)-.Sl'; 
execntinii,  iv.  '2S'2  'A. 

'  ■  li  itoria  rarlannntai-ia,' vi.  .'i.i'.l. 

llojacastro,  .M.  S.  dc,  hishnp  «f  'i  las- 
eala,  ii.  (17;!;  of  I'lichla,  ii.  tl'.)7. 

lliilgiiin,  (!.  lie,  .siege  of  Mcx.,  i.  (i.Sli. 

'  llondire  Lilire,'  Kl,  suppressed,  ISi'-J, 
iv.  7^1. 

llondura-i,  Cortes' expcd.  to,  l,"i-JI,  ii. 
]'_'7,  144,  'JOJ-7;  gold-mining  in, 
l.')'_'8-:!S,  iii.  .-)i;7-8. 

Horcasitas,  citv,  foundeil  174!*,  iii. 
•M  1. 

Hospitals,  ii.  ](;;»;  iii.  |S:i-l,  7.-,!)-(i(); 
vi.  ")Oti. 

IIoUMj  of  liirds,  Mexii'ip,  loirned,  i. 
»■..'■•>. 

Houston,  fleii.  S.,  Texan  coiiiinander- 
in-ihief.  is;;,"),  v.  ]&2,  li>7;  vietoi-y 
of  San  daeinto,  v.  171  -■'>. 

lliiahiiapan,  siege  of,  IM'J,  iv.  4;!ii— tO; 
.\lorelin'  licadiiiiarters,    170. 

Iluuilio!  It,    1'".    II.    A.  Von,   v.irks  of, 

iii.  .")i;{~i."),  .">'.hm;ou,  u-j."),  oiii,  77s: 

visit  of,  iv.  .SI. 
Hunt,  envoy,  the  Texan    i[uestiiin,  v. 

Hunucma,  Hacked  liy  pirate.s,  1.j71,  ii. 
()40-7. 


H)arra,  Capt.,  ilercatlo'.s  instructions 
to,  iv.  i'li.S. 

lliarra,  F.  de,  mines  discovered  li\. 
I."),")!,  ii.  .")'.l(;-7;  gov.  fif  ^siuva  \'i/- 
caya,  ii.  ")0S;  expeditions  ef,  ii.  .")'.IS: 
iii.  |;!;  founds  Nondire  de  I'ios,  etc., 
ii.  ,")'.);i;  di^ath  of,  ii.  ,"i'.IS  '.). 

Ibarra,  .F.,  paintings  of.  vi.  (il(>. 

lliarr.i,  J.  de,  oidor,  ICrJl.  iii.  40. 

Jliaria,  M.  de,  defeated,  1,")41,  ii. 
4!»:{-4. 

Iharra,  Treasurer  H.  tie,  mention  of. 

ii.  ,")8:i,  (;•_':{. 

Il)erri,  (ieu.  .F.  I.,  minister  of  war, 
1832,  V.  110. 


1X1  )KX. 


jiioral,  iv. 
,.  iv.  Ml- 

iv.  if.i-:<. 

(Valhi.l..- 
;  Mcx.,  iv. 
'i-ui'i's,  iv. 
l.SS-'.t;  IV. 
Nculco,  iv. 
at  ( lii.iilii- 
;«'al  Iltcii, 

iticUl,    C't.'., 

1,   iv.  •:M; 
iv.  'iTO-V-'; 

i.  :;.>'.!. 

ii.  Ci'.);. 

K.'X.,  i.  l'>-'^''>. 
imscmI,  IS-J'J, 

ti>,  l.":-M,  ii. 
miuiii\^    ill. 

1    ITI'.t,    iii. 

>,-{,  7.-,<.»-i;o; 

Imnii'il,  i. 

ii;iiiilcr- 
)f>7;  viit'>ry 

, .  t:li;-4(); 

70. 

voi'ks  of. 
llKi,  77>--. 

[Ili'-itiiiU,  v. 

tu(?,  loTl,  ii. 


instructions 

i-iiviTod  l)y, 
Nuiva  Viz- 
is (if,  ii.  .')'.'S: 

■  i  lios,  etc., 

'.t. 
i.  (itl>. 

iii.  -to. 
;,     ir.41,     ii. 

nicutiou  ol. 

-tor  of  w^iv. 


I.lr,1,<,  i.  ,S-  !1,  27,  SO,   ir,r?-i,  200,  2.".><, 


'J  17 


H, 


•-.".•.V7.  .si")-i«,  :«(>- 


rut.  ;t.-):J  4,  40S,  WX  5:27,  CSj,  o;w-4, 


*!.")( ;  u. 


w- 


17!S-'>. 
.J.  M., 


works  o 


f.  vi.  71--J 


4:!t;  iniiiistiT  of  justice,  lMtl\,  vi. 
J  It);  minister  (if  j;ovt,  jNtlS,  vi.  H{'i7; 
jiianift.'sto,  etc.,  of,  vi.  4l!."»;  a.ssunu'.-i 
tlie  cMiCUtivo,  hS7t>,  \'L  42');  iicgo- 
ti.itioiiM  \vitli  Diaz,  vi.  42!(-:{;?;  rcc- 
(ignizcilasiircsidciit,  vi.  4.'{| ;  func^, 
ii'u;.,    of,   vi.   4.'{2:   sclf-liaiii.slinicnt, 


i;>: 


4,    VI 


4;i:{. 


iiala.  111  in  of,  iirocl:iitiiccl,  IS'JI,  iv. 


]li 


1' 
7(1'.)   1(1; 

UTrL,'Mi, 


.1.  S. 


1 

Mlion  to,  i,s22,  7(J'.>. 
coniisario  of  Yucatan, 


etc.,  INCil,  vi.  410. 
ILirri'gui,  S.,  minister  of  golieruauion, 

iSCCi,  vi.  2-jr). 
2Ihi''.a,   .1.    I.    C,    caliint.t   minister, 

KS2:{.  V.  X 
'Jill -t tailor    Amcricino,'    jmblishcil. 


'lO-l;  cKpinpt  from  trilmto,  ISIl,  iv 
."I'.W-'.t;  lucsent  eouiUtion,  etc.,  of 
vi.  tJO!l  i;i. 

luilia.s   Occiilcntale.i,  titlo  to,  iii.  ."il7 

Iml 


KM  I, 


:!4(i, 


Jmrnaciilate  Concejition,  ln'otlierlioo.l 

of,  C'stalilislicd,  'ii.  ];<.■»-(). 
Immigration,  p.-trictions  on,  iii.  7l.">. 
'Imiiiiio  y  la  Int'.:rv(  nciim,'  vi.  27'.>. 
I;n[iilcingo,  Oliil.s  o.vpeil.  to,  ii.  58-0, 
f,  iii.  r>71-4. 

ciicral,  miscon- 


nc:i,  llie.  ran.soin  t» 


Ini'I.ui,  C'liman 


ila.,h 


(II 


let    of,    IMK),      .    l(K"i;   defence   of 


J'u.liI.T,  184."),  V.  27.">-0. 


ndciicuiU'nce, 


liiithof.iu>[e.\..1810, 


11.V18. 


I.iilia  council,  Lnai.sa,  president  of,  ii. 

■J.'i'.l;  ju'oiiiliits  wluvei-y  in  Yucatan, 
l."}',t,  ii.  4."i();  (luzMi.in  a|ipealstii,  ii. 
4')i);  n.'stricts  encoiiiichil.is,  ]."i(i(i,  ii. 


(■)17;    1- 
HI. 


onscca  .s   adMiLiiistration,    u. 


Indians,    epidemics  among,  i.  541-2; 
it;    aptness   to  le  irn,    ii.   171; 
acMuire 


il    t.ileiit,   ii.     171- 


mechaiiiea 
aliility, 


1    ni'ts 


171'; 


artistic 


17."t;  catholic  rites,  eti. 


ii.    174-S);   iiispi'ctor-giU' 
eral    appointed,     l-'i'JIi,    ii.    241-2 
liranding    of,    ii.    287;    reforms   in 
treatment  of,   l.'il'O,    ii.  ;iH(»-.";    on- 
ulas    reL'ulated,     l.")42-;<,     ii. 


igo,  production,  etc.,  of,  ui.  &^l); 
vi.  ."»74 -■"). 

Indiilgi'nces,  s.ilo  of,  iii.  .'lO.'J. 

Inga,  A.,  *  W'est-lndiscliu  .Spiegliel,' 
i.  !H)  1. 

Innocent  X.,  Palafox'.s  appeal  t.i, 
1(147,  iii,  12.")-(;,  12y-:i2. 

In(piisiti(iu,  cst.ilild.  I."i71,  ii  (i7">-8; 
early  acts,  ii.  ()7."i-ri;  f„in.,as  cruel- 
ties, ii.  (i7(i-7;  inrisdietion,  ii.  t)7f<; 
autos-de-fe,  ii.  (i7'.'-81;  iv.  IW; 
evils  of  tlie,  ii.  (i.Sl;  iii.  700-1; 
.su[iiiressed,  )81.'t,  iii.  70l ;  iv.  TiOl!  • 
4;  ollicial.s,    iv.   .'{'.»;  restored,    18]  t, 

iv.  no:  1-4. 

Insurance,    regulitidiis    fur,    iii.  OKI; 


eiimiMiiies  esti'.lild.,  iii.  04.'!, 


liiti 


1 


iiil(  inias,    n  ime 


17^ 


i>'i,    HI.  4."i'.'; 
iigani/ation,     iii. 


1N(I4, 

4.">2  '<i;  olijections  to,  iii.  4."ilh-4; 
I' 


liiilirieiit  ;,  iii.  4."i"i;  area,    iii.  4."^^ 


jiopiilation,  iii.  4.'».";  cliani^es  in,  iii. 

4S-J. 
Iiit(;iidentes,  jiiris(L  of,  iii.  4."i.");  po\v> 

ers,  iii.  ij'-'O. 
Jntcrnational  Houndary  Coninii     ion, 

I.ss.'{,  vi.  447. 
Iriarte.    h\    S.,    ininLster    of   justice, 

isn,  V.  524. 
Iriarti:,  11.,   King.,  iv.  'JIO;  treaelii  ry 

of,  214-15. 


Iril. 


n,  .1.  M.,  niini.ster  of  foimiili 


181)7,  vi.  :i;!4. 
Jri-ini,  liiii'.idier  S.,   mint 


ion  oi,  IV. 


ii ;  cumam 


1.  of    I'ncKl.i,    IS!-' 


deft 


Zacati 


I8i:i, 


ML 


Iron,  maiiufact.  of,  iii.  (i:.'0. 


li'iin-mines, 


locat 


ion  ol,  HI.  ii80 


tiimiei 
51U-20;    e 


lUditi 


lietteied,     l.Vil, 


ii.  504-72,  574;  trilmto  douliied, 
1501!,  ii.  5.U)-7;  decline  of  popula- 
tion, ii.  707;  .siioliatiou  of,  /  07-71; 
intcrniarr}  wiLli  negroes,  772;  puU- 
lic  liiring  of,  iii.  17-18;  decree  con- 
cerning, lOO'J,  iii,  18-1'.);  manage- 
ment of,  iii.  524—0;  plly^iiljue,  iii. 
7i"i;  oppri;ssiiin  of,  740-8;  race 
stigma,  75J-lj  rights   ignored,    iv. 


liM'i;;ati<in,    iKcesMity     lor,    etc.,    \  i. 

50H-4. 
Isabel,   Pointy    Taylfir'd  lid(p"s.   l.sli'i, 

V.  :!40-,S. 
Isec  i  y    Alvarado,  A.   de  la,  gov.    of 

Y'ui.itaii,  1077,  iii.  102. 
Tsia  lilanea,  (irijalva  n.imes,  i.  2li, 


do      Vi 


Corte:*'     tlag->l 


stranded  upon,  i.  07. 
Isla   J^lce.iga,    capt'Tu    of,    1812,    iv. 

.•!'.):!-l. 
Isla  de  Sacrificios,  (.Irijalva  name  ;,  i. 

21). 
Isla  Tri.4e,  .see  Isla  del  (.';irmeu. 
I-;Ia  Verde,  (Irijalva  Jianies,  i.  21). 
Italy,  the  empire  of  M  Lxim''.'..:i,   \  i. 

'Jij-7;  rehitioas  v/ith  Mex.,  l'.i;8,  \\. 


I      I 


ill 


:-2i 


INDKX, 


;i.'iS;    trofitv    with,    1ST4,    vi.  4I.">; 
I^.SM.  vi.  4.M. 
llmln',    Lifut-i'dl    M.  (Ill,    ri/trt'.it  oi, 

IV.  '.':!!». 

llurl)!',    Miiii.stc.T,  iriea.suniM  (if,  iNlt), 

V.  '-".»:. 

]turliiiU',  llinjicrdr,  A.,  liinj;.,  iv.  ITtI; 
(i|n'r.il  iiiiiH  at  List  j•Ul;^^^,  IV.  IM  '_'; 
(ipi'iiiliiiiis  of,  l,S|'.i,  iv.  ;{i>l-4;  vio- 
tiny  lit  S:ilv;iti»rrii,  ISIH,  iv.  "il.")- 
Jt);  diM  ration.-*  in  Salvaticrra  tli.-i- 
iii.t,  |S|:l,  iv.  f>'.'»  .">;  gallantry  Mt 
\'allail(>liil,  iv.  57-  •'<;  opuiMtimis 
in  (liiauajuato,  ISI4,  iv.  511(1  I; 
LiMcltiis  of,  iv.  al'l;  (Icfi'ut  at  Ml. 
('(iporii,  |s|,"),  iv,  (')1(>  II;  (ii)iia- 
tions,  IM."),  iv.  (»1"2-K{;  arriiii.'n- 
nicnt  of,  IMtt,  IV.  (il(>,  G.")7;  jhu- 
ji'cts,  oti\,  of,  iv.  7<>ii  ;f;  ci>niiiian>l 
of,  ISJO,  iv.  7lU  7;  (luiilivily,  iv. 
7(».')  ;•;  ]ilan  of  l;;iiala,  iv.  7()'.l  I  I: 
<Hii'rations,  lis:il,  iv.  71-  -•>;  tnaly 
of,  C'linlolia,  iv.  7-^>;  tnlry  iriio 
Mi'.x.,  iv.  7oi-'J;  jii-f-iiliiit  of 
iv^ii^ncy,  iv.  7''i"i;  gcniTalissimo,  iv. 
7;i.S;  tlcctioa  of  coiijii-css,  iv.  744-7; 
jijots  ,i;,'aiiist,  iv.  Hl-X,  7.Sl^i;  ili-i- 
jiiili'S  w  illi  congress,  iv.  7t>--'.',  7,s((- 
4;  cliargi.'s  against,  iv.  7li7-''>;  ino 
I'lainicd  cnijiiTor,  iv.  770-;{;  oalli 
ailMiini.stcri:il  to,  iv.  774-");  honors 
iiaid  to,  iv.  77');  coronation,  IS'J"-', 
IV.  777-''';  revolt  against,  iv.  V^''^- 
801;  al.ilication,  iv.  «()(»  1;  f.\iU', 
iv.  .SUi,'-();  -writings  of,  iv.  8(».'>  (i; 
rctnrn  to  Mcx.,  iv.  fiOl)  7;  execu- 
tion, 1S'_>;<,  iv.  SO'J-10;  character, 
etc.,  iv.  Ml- 1--'. 

Itiirliidists,  in. congress,  IS'J'J,  iv. 
7(!<»  1;  revolt  oi;  l.vj;{,  V.  7-«. 

linn  igara\',  .1.  de,  odtli  viceroy,  IMK!, 
iv.  '2-2:  iiiog.,  iv.  IJ:.';  rule,  iv.  'Si- 
[ht;  Venality,  iv.  li.'i-ti;  extortions, 
iv.  .SO  ■_';  consjiiracy  against,  iv. 
f>'_'-."i;  (Icjiosal,  iv.  r)4-();  cliaractii', 
iv.  .").");  ini])risonnient,  iv.  58;  trial. 
nS-dO;  resideiiuia,  IJO-'-';  policy, 
(iu'-t. 

Itzoc:«i,  descri))tion,  i.  filil-i;  C'orte.s 
cajitures,  i.  o.il-o. 

Itzi|uintej)ec  surrenders  to  Spaniards, 

ii.  :w. 

]\niii|uiliian,    attack    on,     li>\'2,    iv. 

4--'.i-:;o. 

l/iiuicrdo.     .1.,     lii.liop    of     Yucatan, 

I.V.II-lliO'J.  ii.  (UK). 
I/i|uicrdo,   J'.    S.,    gov.    of    Yucatan, 

Km!!,  iii.  l()l. 
Ixllilxochitl,    caci(jue,  reliels  against 

^lontezuuui,    i,  '-'ol,    meeting  with 


Corte.-i,    i.  271-'-';  aids  Cacanm,    1. 

:t;ti. 

IxtlilxochitI,   K.  de,  A.  C,  Works  of, 
i.  :i:{'.»    10;  01>7:  ii.  '-'4;  ni.U  L'ortc-. 

i.  rid'.i,  .".71,  ")!•.'),  (;i.s,  (;:;7;  kum-of 

'I'c/iuco,  ii.   'Jl;  character,  ii.  '-I   •-'; 

defeats   Ciicama,    ]."'17.  ii.  -•'!;  dc 

signs  of,   ii.  •-';i-4;  Cortes  rcwar'l', 

ii.  '-'4  '>;    kingiloni    of    divideil,    ji. 

'J();  palaces    sacked,    ii.   '-'-.">;  rec -p- 

tii>n  of,  l.")'_'l),  ii.  •-•;o  1. 
I/ta]iala]ian,  di'seriptioii  of,  i.  'J7"_'  .''; 

Cortes  reiluces,   i.   .'J74 -.">;  Sandov,il 

captures,  i.  (!•_'."). 
l/fli,   native  wca[ions  ui,   i.    ,S.S,    '.\>2, 

401,  o,".l. 
1/iicar,  attack  on,    Isll,   iv.    .'DO  ."0; 

engagement  at,  [S\2,  iv.  lit..'). 


J. 


Tackaon,   President  .\.,    ^li-x.  policy, 

in;!(>,  v.  :<i:!  i."i.  ;i--t-7. 

Jalincingo,  (jiptured  hy  Nando\:ii, 
l.V.'O,  vi.  .').")7. 

.Talapa,  Curies  rcichcji,  l.")10,  i.  I'.l.'!; 
annual  fair  at,  17-0-77,  iii.  -'l!t-vlu; 
tradt^  of,  iii.  'JL'O;  luxury  of,  iii. 
•J:.:0;  .ledarcla  city,  I7!I4,  iii.  •-'•JO; 
c:iat  of  arms,  iii.  -"JO;  lieset  hy 
revolutionists,  ISI'J,  iv.  404; 
JSiavo's  attack  on,  iv.  47-"l-4;  con- 
stitution of  IM'J  ]iroclaimed  at,  iv. 
(i'.IS;  occupied  hy  Santa  Anna, 
ISlil,  iv.  ~:r,i\  Satit.i  Anna's  defeat 
at,  \S2'2,  iv.  701--;  revolution  of, 
IS-Ji),  V.  S8-'J:{;  cai-tured  hy  il.e 
rrencli,  ISlJ:?,  vi.  117;  surrendered 
hy  imperialists,  ISlKi,  v.  •Jti'-'. 

Jalisco,  Francisco  Cortes  visits,  l.'iL't, 
ii.  (10-.'!;  Cuzniaii  prciiares  to  in- 
vade, ii.  2'.K{-4;  expediUoiis  again  (, 
].");!(),  ii.  .'{.").")-();  ro\alist  can 'o  in. 
iv.  L'(),">;  revolt  in,  I'si;--',  v.  1  1  I.  Ill; 
map  of,  V.  '-'.")0;  revolt  at,  I>S44.  v. 
li(M;  rejmhlicau operations  in,  iSiiii, 
vi.  •J.")()-7, 

.Talon,  Col  .r,,  command  of,  iv.  ]"i'.'; 
opeiations  at  C.ildcroii,  iv.  '_'."il{-4. 

.lamaica,  ]'lnglish  c.:ptui'e,  Ki.'i."),  iii. 
141!;  uttem[)t  to  rcvake,  1057,  iii. 
14:!. 

.Tanicho,  Fortress,  capture  of,  1SI7, 
iv.  (J.-)4. 

Japan,  emhassy  from,  vis.'ts  Me.\,  iii. 
;i;  Vizcaino  visits.  Kill,  4. 

.Faral,  ihinpies  de,  treasure  of.  cap- 
tured, iv.  ()7(). 

Jaramillo,  Capt.,  evacuation  of  Mex., 


rXDKX. 


r.-> 


i.  477,  470,   n.".";  NK^'o  of  MfX.,  i. 

Jiii.iiit.i,  I'uiliv  «'..  th.'  I'ailns  IV- 
Vdlt,  IM*',  \.  r)li>ll;  cxouutinn  ti!, 
V.  ".4it. 

JMujilU,  jimtii  iif,  iv.  (mI. 

.iMiiiill.i,    Knit,   i;i|itiii'u  ol,    1^!';,  iv. 


Ci'.ll 


(il:ill,   IV.  (>'.••-'. 


Jaiiiri|iii,  M.  I'.   (Ic,  iniiiistcr  of  ^u\)- 


t'l'llllrloli, 


l.s.'p.s,  V.  7t." 


.Icri'cuiiri),  <',i|itiii't)  111',  |sl'_*.  iv.  -I'js. 
■li'ii'Z,  jii'isidio  Idiiihlcil,  ir>7i),  ii.  <>.">.">. 
•K^i'iiiiiiiiiti',    Fiitlit'i's,    iMoiitiiiu   III',    i. 

•-'  :t,  Ki. 

•Io-iiit.<,    arrival,     l.'iT'.', 


Iiaililnll 


11 


ii.     ()'.>•»  TO'J; 
i.       O'.l'.l-Tiii): 


iiiiiiii'iT     infiiilii'i'i,     11. 


701: 


,1- 


L  iV"  ''staMM  !)>,  ii.  "O;!  4;  iii.  117- 
r.l.  III.");  vi.  (».'>:!;  iiiivifialr,  ii.  701- 
T);  ]ii(ii;ii.ss  (if,  ii.  ti'.i'.l  7iMl;  iii.  i;i(>, 
421  :«l;  ill  fci-lni;.;  tciuani,  lIllS, 
if,  iii.  I'.';  liri.l 
7;   wt'ahii,   iii. 


.•!()-!; 


iiitrij^iu 


«.f  lalidi-.s,    iii.    I  l(»-l 

I  I'.l  -JO;    <lis}iutc,s  villi,    iii.    i'JH 

4-S-:fl;  «)uan'il  willi    Talafiix,    iii. 


llM 

iii. 


(Il'c)iI 


t,  l(J4S, 


l^^  .'iji;:iiii,-- 
r(!.si.-it     ii.niiHiit     lit 


tiliic-i,  iii.  llVt-.";  {■stalili -lud  lu'otli- 
fl'liOKil  (.  till)  iimii  Kiilato  I'diiiiji- 
tiiMi,  iii.  i;;.")  ;i(>;  in  LdWcr  Cal  fnr- 
jiia,  iii.  'Ji).")  7;  in  Nayaiit,  iii.  Siji) - 
;tl;  titlu-i,  iii.  4-6  '.'<];  I'dyal  ihiTci- 
a;,Miii--t,  I7<)7,  iii.  4.'!l.'  ";  fXiiiilsidii, 
iii.  4:iS-»'J;  vcHdH  ,1,   l,sl<>,  iii.   Hii- 


( ;    aijalil    vxy 


■llr.l,    I.S-Jl,    4  17 


•lis  df. 


111.  4  Ki  '.>. 


■Ti^wclry,    iiiauulact.,  etc.,  nf,  iii.  (i'J'J 


ll   \\S,    l.'.\IlL'lil.l 


ii.  :i:{:i. 


J.ldU'iJoc,   ougagoiiiuiit   at,    ISl.'i,    iv. 


(il-J. 


Ji 


Fath 


ival  df,  l.V.M, 


ii.    lOl-;] 
174. 


1 


iruaolics    m 


Aztd 


JiniPiu'Z,   J.   M.,    ininistur  of  jiistirc, 

KSIC,  V.  -.".Ml. 
Jiiiioiiu/,  (icii.  M.,  ailvanfo  on  Valla- 

ildliil,   iv.    l(i(i;  fdiniiiaiuls  artilliry 

at  has  Cniio.s,  iv.    1M»;  vii'tury  df, 

ISIO,  iv.  "JIO;  caiitiiiT.-i   .Saltill.'i,  iv. 

•JIO;   victdi-y  at  .Saltilld,    ISII,   iv. 

tiiiS;  capture  of,   iv.   '^74;  trial,  iv. 

*J77-'.t;  oxt'ciitidn,  iv.  'Jl'.K 
Joodtitlan,   sulijiigatioa  of,  181 1,    iv. 

■ToLdilan,   Men'add  ooi'iipics,    ii.  .")4'.)- 

r>i);  raiils  iijid'i,  ii.  .ViK-l. 
Jorriii,    1'.,  iiiiiii-stur  of  the  trea.«ury, 

1S.-)S,  V.  74."). 
Journals,  iv.  ."UC),  4()4-6,  7S1;  v.  ."),  (i, 

;«,  SO,  10;J,  5'M,  557,  C'.il,  70tJ,  7112, 


•If.  r 


VI. 


70,  n.M,  :t:.o.  lO'j,  II •; 


I"*,  iin  •_',  ()."io. 


Inarc/, 


H.    I' 

V.  (It  17 


nillll>tlT    dl      inline, 


'1. 


y,    v.   OVo  I:  u'dv. 


i<\   O.ijiia,    I.S,')(i,  V.  7lti.  7*1;   rliitf- 

justice,   |N.'i7,  v.  7-1;  arrest,  iti.,  df, 

v.  J-'4,_7'J 

v.  7''ti  7;  Ii  dg.,  V.  V 

tidii  df,  liy  U.  S.,  V. 

ivv,»,  ■,.  ;i;7  s,  7'.io;  isui,  vi.  i^'.t  :;(i; 
I'lii'J  4,  vi.  y.i,  i<{y^\,  71-2,   ItW-'.t, 


.■(.Vdj^  j.'dVt  of,  l,S.')\ 
'M  41;  r.Tdj,'iii. 
7ii.'i;   iiM'a>iiri  •<, 


"lO  Ii;  yrcsiilcnt,    IJSlil,    V. 


i:!0 

7'i">;  vi.  17;  ri-'i'dgiiition  of  liy 
allu'il  ]ilfiii|idtc'i  Sarii'.s,  vi.  40;  mit- 
I  ly  .iiiiiili^l,  |S(U,  vi.  I'-S  •!;  Ijijilit 
to  (iiijiualina,  vi.  ItJ.'i  7;  lid.-itidii 
7,  i^iitry  into  .Mrx. 


of,  ISti."),  vi.  I'tCJ 


vi.  .'M.S  1>;  iiiaiiifi.-ito,  VI.  .'I4!l;  imlit. 


iii'''aiii/atiiiiis. 


eti 


llLMlll.-lt,       Tl. 


:{.'il  'i,  rci'lnted  prr^iili'iit,  lS(i7, 
vi.  ;ij(j;  1S7I,  vi.  ;i7<i-.S;  fmii^'i 
jidliuy,  vi.  ;t."(i  !(;  ia.^tiriTitidii 
a;;ainst,  vi.  'M)')  (i;  jmlit.  o|i]i(i.-.iiii.i 


tiiii  S;  ileal li    df,   I- 


;t.sr.-();  ol 


lIl.^i'llUR'.S,      dti 


VI.    .iS()-.S; 


wntiiij.'.-!   ol,    VI.    .»)? 


^N  !l;   n  viiw 


ut 


•an'ff,  VI.  Ilsit. 
liiaii/,  .1.,  ilr: 
liianz,  I'riar 


ILJ-l  df, 


vi.  C. I.'i. 
il  df,  I.':.'!, 


ICil 


111.')  () 


]j.,  )Kiiiiling<  df,  vi.  III."), 
ilicii    It.,    jiaiiitiiiL'.s     iif,    \i 


.Tiiiiicial    sy.stuni,   ili.'sci  i|ition    ol 


;!>    III. 


•  hnliiiary,  cdiriiiitidn  df  tin-,  v.  1<M. 


lU'ces    Cdliscrvaildrcs,     hiiictidii-i    ui. 


111. 


VS.] 


(.•dtiiliinii 


I'aiaf. 


1 1 11 7 


iii.    Il'1-5;  arrive  at   I'liiMa,   lihl, 
iii.  I-J7. 


.Tiiiita 
*_'.")() 


4(U.')1,  7-2-:i, 


-'(/ 


U-i 


>t-t),  .IL'l 


HO.  M  ;». 
.•i."i4,  41, 


lit,  4. .4,  400-1,  4i;.'..   r.ii,  Ii."):,  i, 
■    ri'.tl-'J,     (l!i7,    OO'.i,    7-U  ."),    7I.-I  .-(i, 

',>'<;  v.    7i")--:i,    7n"),    7'.U,    7'.lil;   VI. 

77  ;>,  >S4. 
.riiriiii,    Aili'iiral,    jileiiipoteiitiary   to 

.Mix.,    I.^iL',    vi.  ;!l',    ;;.")-ll;  insinir- 

tidllS,    ',i',',. 

•lustire,     eiuilts     of,    iii.     .") I  !-■_';     ail- 
iiiinist.   of,   iii.   5-i7;  iv,   ."iO;i-r);    vi. 

4i>;;-7. 

Kearny,    flen.,     oxjie'l.     to    Cal.,    v. 

4(U;   liallle   of  Churiilmseo,  v.  4N7. 
Kiratry,  K.  <!.,  ■vvurks  ui,  vi.  "Jrs- !•. 
Kini;,  ]ireriij;a fives  nf  tl:r,  iii.  .")I7-I"^; 

head  df  church,  iii.  (isi-ii. 


7'ia 


INDEX. 


King,  Capt.,  eaptnro  of,  \S"C>,  v.  IfiO. 
Kill};,  1".,  (leaili  cif,  ii.  •.'()-!. 
Kolldiiit/,  t'(iiiiit('-.s  1'.,  '  'ilic  court  of 
Muxito,'  vi.  14S. 


La  Baica,  conflicts  at,  ISIO,  iv.  20.>- 

(5. 
La  Colcta,  affair  at,  KS.'JC,  v.  ICO. 
Lago<,  C  (Ic,  giiariU  ('ortc.-i,  i.  4',). 
La    Llave,    (Icii.,    Uctciice   of  PiU'bla, 

l.s,;;5,  vi.  fiO. 
La  Madiiil,  lien.,  ojicratious  of,  1817, 

iv.  6:i3 
La  Solcdail,   couveiitioii  of,  l^tW,  vi. 

La.s  C'nu'c-,    battle   of,  1810,   iv.  177- 

S.");  jilaii,  177. 
Las  Cucvita^,  affair  at,  18.")8,  v.  747. 
La,s   (iuasaliiLiks  affair  al,    18lil,    vi. 

15. 
La.s  Mcwio,  afrair  at,  18);!,  iv.  ."i.'iC). 
Lal)a(£iii,   (,'a})i..    J.,    iluleac   of,  ISll?, 

iv.  47:2. 
Lal)a«tiita,  Arclil'isliop,  exile  of,  ISHd, 

V.  (177,    '  oil;  liio'j;.,  vi.  81    ;>;  ivliini 

to  -Mtx.,  etc.,  I8(;;i,  vi.  Ill)  11. 
Lil>ay.aiu5,  (i.  dc,  King's  factor,  ir)()-l, 

ii.  riU'.l. 
Lacim/a,  J.  ^L,  iiiinisti^r  of  relations, 

1848,  v.  ri(i(>;  ]>r('ii(leiit of  Maximil- 
ian's f  ibiuet,  18t)(i,  vi.  'J'J"). 
Lafragr.a,   J.    ^I.,   iniiii.ster  of  goIuT- 

n  icioii,   183."),   V.  i)7'>;  i>(  relaiious, 

187-',  vi.  :{8.">. 
l^.igos,  town,  foiliiileil,  1570,  ii.  <"'."."). 
Lagrauila,  1'.,  writing!,  etc.,  of,  18'21, 

iv.  7J-. 
J^aguua,  ( 'oiule,  in  N.iyarit  war,  17-1, 

iii.  oi'J. 
l^agiiia,   t'oiidi!  S,   lie,   inten<l('tile  of 

Zacitecas,  iv.    207-JO;    disloyalty, 

iv.  211. 
L'lguiia,  Mar([in.'M  «le  la.  28t!i  vici  roy, 

1>)80,   iii.    11).>;    rule,   l,»O-207:  resi- 


la,  ICSl),  207. 
s,    .hum     T( 


fl, 


'aiiist  C'liichiriiecs,  ii.  (i."i 


L'Xp 


C(i. 


.iiiiii-lemiri 


u 


Azli 


iii.  (;o:i 


al,  iii.  G05-7,  ti2.'l;  repuhlie: 


5(;2-:i 

Lanila,  Father  1).  de,  cruelties  of,  ii. 
070-7;  lii.^ioji  of  Yucatan,  ir>7i>-lt, 
()8!);  death,  l.')7'.),  (iWt;  character, 
t;8i). 

Laiida,  Licut-col,  mutiny  of,  18.18,  v. 


Li 


/.i.i  ((. 


ri,       Comandante 


defeat* 


Ua 


18i: 


IV.   o2;>;    dotencc    ot 


Valladolid,  ]8i;!,  iv.  ."O-!. 
Laiulei'us  lie,  \'ioitador  \'.,  arrival  of, 

li;  I'ccall,  0-7. 
Landcro,    tieii.    .T.    ,1.,    surrender    of 

\'era  Cruz,  1847,  v.  -Jl.'i-li. 
Lane,  (icn.,  hattle  of  liiiena  Vista,  v. 

42.')-!>;    affair  at   Hu.iiuantla,    1.^47, 

V.  52S-<». 
Liiuglieig,   (len.,   defeat  of,    18(iO,    vi. 

2t7. 
La  I'ledid,  liayoii  ;it,  181 1,  iv.  312. 
Lara,  lieriiardoCiome/.  de,  defeat,  etc., 

at  .Matehuala,  lMl,iv.  ;i22;  death, 

.■!22. 
Liira,  Bernardo  taitieiTc/  de,  raids  of, 

1813,  iv.  r.42-3, 
Jj;udi/.al>al,  J.  A.  do,  hisliop  of  ''uelilri 

declines    archl>i>liopr  c.     17-'.l,    ii. 

;c>i. 

Lares,  Confador  A.  do,  inlluMice  with 
\'elazijue/,  etc.,  i.  37;  nqniorts 
{'ortcs,  i.  53,  (i;>— 4;  death  of,  i.  4!ii). 

lilies,  T.,  mini  ter  of  jU'li<  e,  185;!,  v. 
t)2();  ISOO,  vi.  2'_5;  pre  >ident  of  a,- 
seinlily  of  notalles,  1803,  vl.  84; 
advice  to  .Maximilian,  vi.  2i(^  1. 

Larrain/ar,  M.,  works  of,  v.  8;i.i. 

Lirrain/ar,  I.  T.,  minister  of  tiuaiice, 
18(i(),  vi.  22(>. 

Las  Casas,  H.  dc,  witli  Velaz(jiiez, 
1511,  i.  4;  remoiistranco,  cUu,  of,  i. 
lOii;  visits  Cimpeche,  l-it5,  ii.  453; 
])Uails  cause  of  Indian^',  15  .'.1-41,  ii. 
518;  Loai^a  upliolds,  ;i.  518;  anti- 
slavery  v'ews,  ii.  518-1'.);  (.'orlc.^ 
o[)]io..cs,  ii.  ;")!!!;  e.xi  oiiimunicate.4 
Ml  :;do/,a,  ii.  533;  hislu  puf  <_'!iiapas, 
ii.  533. 

Lavallcii,  J.  de,  surrender  of,  iv. 
207-8. 

La/arin,  Dofia  M.  K.  de,  plot  of,  1811, 


II 
■laV 


154(1 


,  reveals  conspirac}'. 


Le    ( Irand    I'icire,   ])irate    leader, 


11)1 ;  captiin-  tn 


-Ik 


l'.;,»   I. 


Lebr' ju,  luinLstor  of  the  treasury. 


J81. 


L.'dt 


la..    Father    B.    de,    Moiit;ifar's 


ad  VI, 


('.84,  01)5. 


icr,    ii.   (i75;  l>i,.ho[>  of  (Jajaca, 


Leilesma  y  Itolilc.;,  M.,  attemptsvii. 

rov'slife,  1000,  iii.  148-'.l;  executii 

of,'  150. 
Le<lo    M.,  '1! 


posicii; 

:rea;-.ur 

Leilo,  0.  M.,  minister  of  fomeuto,  etc. 


ister 


>f  thi 


1!..'.0,  V.  Oo 


1850,  V. 


Lefe 


V. 


irks  of,  vi.  3i;!l. 


Lega/[(i,   Mig.  tiomez  de,  commands 


i 


INDEX. 


727 


riiilijipine  expeil.,   ir)G4-5,  ii.  ")!){)- 

(J'M;  found.*  jMiiikIh,  1."o.j,  ii.  (J!)(). 
Legi.ilatures,  uoustituuiit,  oatab.  1824, 

V.  L'l. 
Logitiinists,    party,    v.    112;   project, 

111-12. 
Leixa,  L.  do,  founds  San  Luia  I'otosf, 

IT)?*!,  ii.  703. 
Lejdii,  (leu.,  defeat  of,   ISd.'l,  vi.  107. 
Lcuiaur,    Brigadier   1'.,    treachery  nf, 

iv.  7!>0;  boiii1)ard.i  Vera  Cruz,  1823, 

\-.  ()2. 
Leiuus,  capture,  etc.,  of,  1839,  v.  209, 

214. 
Leon,  A.,   occu2)iea  Oajaca,   1821,  iv. 

725. 
Leon,  A.  do.  gov.   of  C'oahuilii,  1089, 

ill.  22(1. 
Lcoii  IJroi,  sedition  of,  1824,  v.  ,")."). 
Loon,  city,    founded,   l.")84,  ii.  777-8; 

renamed  Monteri  y,  l.")it(),  780. 
Leon,    ¥.    A.   de,   Franoisean,  ii.  779; 

nii.-isi(in<  in  X.  Leon,  ]')'.)'.',,  779;  cu- 
rate of  Monterey  (l.')9(i),  780. 
Leon,  V.  L  de,  at  Kiego  of  Mexieo,  ii. 

I. -.7. 
Leon,  (leu.,  battle  of  Molino  del  lloy, 

v.  498,  501. 
Loon,  J.  y.  <le,  Corto.s'  captain,  i.  70; 

character,  etc.,  i.  77-8;  partiuui  of 

A'elaziiue/,  i.  1".9;  at  Monte/unia'H 

seizure,    i.    HO.'J-C);  death   of,    i.  497; 

'Conientarioo,'  MS.,  iii.  (iOO. 
Leon,    M.    de,    'Manual    Breve,'   iii. 

725. 
Leon,  M.  V.  de,  member  of  regency, 

1.S21,  iv.  7:51). 
Loon,  Xucvo  Keino  de,  settlomeut  of, 

1.575-1003,  ii.  770-81. 
Leon,    V.    de,    miuistcr  of    foniu.ito, 

1853,  v.  027. 
Locju  y  (iania,   astn  nomer,    mention 

of,  vi.  Oil. 
Leporos,  do.-ieript.  of,  iii.  754;  vi.  013- 

14. 
Lenna  I'iver,  Spanisli  cro.s.s,  1530,  ii. 

:U4  5. 
Lornia,  lown,   /oujid(>(l,    1014,   iii.  28; 

allai--  at,  1812,  i.-.  414. 
A.'rdo,  M.,  minister  of  foniento,  18.55, 

V.   OC'7;    of    tlio    treii»Ui\),    1850,    v. 

087;  death  of,  1801,  vi.  9;  works  of, 

iii.  04();  vi.  0(il. 
'.  ■n-tlo,   S. ,  minister  of  ju.stiee,    18ti3, 

vi.    110;   cliiif   justice    ad    intci-ini, 

I8()7,    vi.     .353;    acting     pri'sident, 

IS72.  vi.  38(i;  biog.,  etc.,  \  i.  391   2; 

rule,   vi.    .392-427;    ])residont-oloct, 

vi.  .390;  revolution  ag.iinst,  419-27; 

flight,  1870,  427-b;  review  vi  aJ- 


ministr.  428-9. 

Lerdo  J^aw,  the,  v.  GV-l-i;  vi.  471  2. 

Le  Saint,  L.,  'tiuerre  du  .Me.xiijue,' 
vL  364. 

Letona,  P.,  envoy  to  U.  S.,  iv.  234; 
J"i:th,  2:54. 

Letters  of  marque  issued,  1S2»  •',  v. 
02,  05. 

L'lleremite,  J.,  Dutch  admiral,  l(i23, 
iii.  81;  deatli  of,  81. 

Liberals,  dissensions  among,  v.  072, 
090,  740;  .  ttitu.b  of,  1857,  v.  727; 
1858,  712-3,  (  r  tos,  v.  734;  cam- 
paign in  V'.r:),  (  v\i/.,  18.59,  v.  758-9; 
in  jNEox  ,  V,  700-2;  disasters,  v. 
770-'-',  Jcfeiiee  of  Vera  C'ruz,  v. 
777-80;  operations,   1800,  v.  781-3. 

'Libro  di  Benedetto  Bordone,'  i. 
280-1. 

Liceaga,  ("ron.  J.  ^I.  do,  'Adicionos  y 
Kectilicacione.s, '  iv.  150;  atduana- 
jiiato,  iv.  22.3;  operations  of,  1S12, 
iv.  3934;  distriec  of,  iv.  417;  quar- 
rel ■<  vjth  Ilayon,  iv.  514-17;  defeat 
at  Puruandiro,  1813,  5J7;  death  of, 
1818,  iv.  094. 

Lieber,  Dr,  arbiter  ou  U.  S.  claims, 
1870,  vi.  443. 

Lin.ige,  ,].  de  V.,  'Norte  de  la  con- 
tratacion,'  iii.  045. 

Linan,  Mariscal,  ojjorations,  1817,  iv. 
071-7;  inactivity  of,  1821,  iv,  712- 
1.3. 

Linares,  Col  A.,  defeats  insurgents,  iv. 
19.5-0;  attack  of,  at  <  in.uiaiuato, 
iv.  219;  roenforces  Vallaijolid,  iv. 
313;  defeats  Verdusco,  1S|;1,  iv. 
512  13;  o[)erations  at  Mescala, 
1813,  iv,  539-40;  defence  of  (iuana- 
juato,  1817,  iv.  07!). 

Linares,  Dmpie  de,  35tli  viceroy,  1711, 
iii.  2.S5:  rule,  iii.  285-90;  cliarityof, 
iii,  28t),  21H). 

Linaz,  A.,  founds  apostolio  college, 
10.S2.  iv.  97;  biog.,  97-8. 

Literature,  vi.  ((49  58. 

Litigation,  cost  of,  iii.  545-6. 

Liverniori},  A.  .A.,  'The  War  with 
Mcxic.i  l^ioviewed,'  v.  548. 

Li/ana,  F.  .1.  do  .58th  viceroy,  1809, 
iv.  7ti;  rule,  iv.  70-90;  ih;i.aeLi;i, 
iv.  77;  removal,  iv.  89  90. 

Liana,  M.  (1.,  '  Mcjico  llisto'rieo-Dos- 
crii)tivo,'  V.  8((9. 

Llano,  Col,  oxped.  of,  1811,  iv.  311; 
coiTiand.  of  ruibi.i,  iv.  249  ,5(»;  re- 
pulse at  I/iicai',  1812,  iv.  3()5;  o])er- 
ations  at  l^iautla,  iv.  3()5  71;  oper- 
ations of,  1812,  iv.  401-5;  relieves 
Vdlladolid,  1813,  iv.  571-2j  victory 


i^ 


M. 
I  <{ '  t 


728 


INDEX. 


at  I'uriKir.ui,  1814,  iv.  'u'V-i;  Kiogc 

of  .Mt  (.'.  [Mini,  LSI. J,  iv.  (JOl)-]];  sur- 

ruiidcr  ot,  1S21,  iv.  7-i. 
Llave,  J',  ilu  la,  iiiunticiu  of,   iv.  451; 

caliiiut  iiiiiiistui',  l^'2'.\  v.  '2-'.]. 
LIcra,  town,   t'dnnilud,  1748,  iii.  .'UlJ. 
Lleiviia,  (1.  (If,  (lefoiids  L'oi'ti's,  ]'J"J!t, 

ii.  L'UU-I;  xci/ud  by  Uclgalddlo,   ii. 

2S)I. 
Lldi'cutc,  operations  in  I'licLla,  ]Si;{, 

iv.  o'M't. 
Loans,    ii.    Tlit-G;    iii.   ()70-7;  iv.   7'.>. 

.S8-!),  ;<7<i,  4'.!<.»- .")()(),  4'.):'^1,  7."l,  77'>, 

7n';  v.  4,  ;i5-r.,  L'co,  '_n;4,  •Ji>7,  .'ii»t- 

5,  :ij(),  ;{;;;>,  5:24, 791;  vi.  5'J,  r.io-c, 

4'.)."-(;. 

Lobato,  <'iuii.  .r.  ^I.,  opnrations  at  Ix- 

ini(|uil;ian,  1S|'_',  iv.   4'2'.t-:5{);  revolt 

of,    ]8'_'4,    V.    I'J-i;^;    revolution  of 

1S12S,  V.  rj. 
Lobo,  Chichiniec  cliief,  ir)22,  ii.  540. 
Lonibariliiii,   (rtii.    M.    M.,   battle    of 

Biuiia  N'i.la,  v.  4l'.t,  425-0;  prc.u- 

dent,    IS,"):!,    v.    (521;    biog.,  v.   021; 

rule,  V.  021-8. 
Loinbardo,   F.   M.,  minister   of   rela- 
tions, I8;U,  V.  i:ili. 
Lonia  Alta,  aliair  at,  1800,  v.  781. 
Loju'^;,  1).,  exi'eiltion  of,  1817,  iv.  OSS. 
Lope/,  ( u'n^ninio,  procuradortoSpain, 

1515,  ii.  527. 
Lo[)('/,   (lonzalo,   niaestre    de    oanipo, 

15:!(),    ii.    .'<5',l;    sent   to    ^Miolinaean, 

].5:!(),  ii.  802. 
Liipe;',  .1.  T.,  gov.  of  Yucatan,  v.  80. 
L(>[ie/,  .M.,  ship-biulding,   i.   IWO,  .■!55, 

502,   57'.);    la    noelie   triste,   i.    41)0; 

siege  of  Mex.,  i.  074-5. 
Lope/,  t'dl  M.,   appenraiiee,   vi.    200; 

jealniisy    against,    200;    preiiiotion, 

IICM);  eliai-aeter,  300;  betrays  !Maxi- 

luilian,  .'iflO  .'!. 
L(i[)e/,  (JiddiT.,  visitador  to  Yucatan, 

1.5,)2,  ii.  051;  ordinances  of,  1552,  ii. 

05 1- 2. 
Lorcni'e/,  (leii.,  arrival  of,   1802,  vi. 

41;  liaitlc-  df  C'ineo  de  .Mayo,  1802, 

vi.  47-50. 
Loveneillo,  pirate  leader,  iii.  104;  t:ack 

of  V.  (.'ill/,  lOs:!,  104-202. 
Loretizana,   l>r  F.   A.,  arciibisliop  of 

,Vlrx.,    177(i,    iii.    .'177-8;    admini-it. 

;!7S:  ])id.t;.,  .■177-0;  writings,  .'170-80. 
Lds  (Uiadaliipcs,  secret  cluli,  1812,  iv. 

;177. 
'Lds  I'ueblos  del  Estado  do  Nayarit,' 

vi.  002. 
Los  Itcimdios,  Fo''t,  siege  of,  1SI7,  iv. 

070  s,  OS.')  5;  plan  of,  077;  uiassa- 

ci'u  at,  Obi-o. 


Lower  California,  Cortes'  visits,  ii. 
424;  t  ettlement  of,  ill.  2;l."-7;  ^\'alk- 
cr's  r.iiiL  iu,  LS5;?,  v.  OSO;  revolution 
in,  1875,  vi,  413. 

Lo/ada.  iL,  defeat  of,  ISOl,  vi.  15; 
revolt  of,  1872-3,  vL  000-701 ;  exe- 
cution, 701-2. 

Lugo,  F.  de,  battle  of  C.^iilln,  i.  S7: 
aids  Cortes,  i.  I'.'A;  at  Mdiite/unia's 
seizure,  i.  M03. 

Luna  y  Arellano,  C.  de,  gov.  tif  Yu- 
catan, l(i!)4,  iii.  152  Ii. 

Luna  y  Arellaiid,  T.,  coiiimands  Flo- 
rida (jxpcd.,  1550,  ii,  504. 


M 


Macgregor,  .T.,  Morks  of,  iii.  048. 

'Macliete  C.insjjiraey, '  aecouut  of, 
17'.)0,  iii.  404-,5. 

Maelure,  W.,  'Ojiinions  tin  ^'al■idus 
Subjects,' vi.  OOU-1. 

^laepherscin,  1).,  '  Auna'.o  if  Coin- 
nierce,"  etc.,  iii.  047. 

Mailera,  defence  of  I'acliiica,  1812, 
iv.  405-0;  joins  Clavariiid,  iv.  421. 

Madera,  ]'.,  crimes  of,  iii.  470;  exe- 
cution, iii.  470. 

Madrejiorc  Stone,  \u;ed  at  V.  Cru/, 
iii.   210-11. 

Magai-ino  Capt.,  evacuation  of  .Mex., 
i.  471,  474. 

Magnus,  llardii,  iiiterceiles  fur  Maxi- 
nnlian,  vi.  .'115   ](i. 

Maguey,  uses  of  the,  iii.  (iOO-10;  cul- 
tivation of  the,  vi.  570-0. 

Maguey,  liacienda  de,  engagement  at, 

1811,  iv.  :m. 

Mails,  iii.  0:!0-40;  vi.  551-2. 

Mai/.e,  yield,  iii.  U07;  cultivation  of, 

vi,  507. 
Malddiiado,  A.,   oidor,    ]5.'!0,   ii.   .'521. 
.Maldoiiado,  F.,    oidor,    1527,   ii.   274; 

death  of,  ii.  282. 
Maldonailo,  F.  ('.,  gov.  ad  interna  of 

Yucatan,    lOIU,    iii.   150;   10.'!5,   iii. 

157;   liulian  jioliey,  iii.    1,58-0. 
MaMdiiadd,  .1.   M.,    gov.    of   Oajaca, 

1S07,  vi.  ;i;is. 
.Maldonado,    K.  V.,  cabinet  minister, 

IS21.  iv.  7:i(). 
Maldonado,    Col.    X.,    operations  of, 

1812,  iv.  400  70. 
Mabuche,  Indian  name  for  Cortes,  i. 

220. 
Malo,  T.  R.,  writings  of,  iv.  804. 
.Malo,  L.,  command  of,  at  Las  Ciuces, 

iv    180-1. 
.Manccra,    Mai'iiucs  de,   25th  \i(erciy, 

1004,  iii.    100;  rule,  iii.   100-81;  re- 


INDEX. 


729 


port  of,    ISO;  ' Proviilencias   sobre 

A.-;()gui;.s, '  iii.  (i(K). 
Miiiii'iii,  \'.  E.,  '  Docuineiitos  Interea- 

uiitcs  .solii'L'  ('dloiii/aciciii.' 
Wiiiigiuo,  picsiduiit  lit  iiiiigress,  18"J2, 

iv.  77S;  cruwn.s  Jtuilmli',  iv.  ~~S. 
Mangino,    F.,    Mijifi'liitiinliiito    dclu- 

gado  do  hauioiida,  iii.   4(ir). 
Miiiigiuo,  iv.,  tit;..-.uiy  iiiiuister,  1S30, 

V.  i)5. 
Mani,  hospital  !it,  l.'SS,  ii.  VM. 
]Maiula,  E('giz])i  fmuids,  I,")',;."),  ii.  (500; 

tradi:  witii,  ii.  (JOl. 
Manila,  ('(iiidiic'ta,  treasure  of,   ap])ro- 

priated,  LV.'I,  iv.  TO'.I;  repaid,  IM'S, 

V.  4. 
Maiiiiialco,  affair  at,  iv.  '2().'?-4. 
Maudsca  y  Zainora,  J.  <le,  arcliliishop, 

1()4",     iii.      108;     sustains    Jesuits, 

1(>47,  iii.  ]-'4;  death,    KmO,  iii.  140. 
Maiisticld,   Major,  E.   D.,  capture  of 

Monterey,    v.  383-4;  works   of,  v. 

"Manual  de  Adultos,'  vi.  (j.")(). 

A'^amifactures,  fo;ti:red,  ii.  rwili.  7")S- 
0;  hist,  of,  iii.  (lOS,  li  I  :?-•_>•_';  eotton, 
vi.  520-3;  wooli'u  goods,  vi.  iV_'3  4: 
bilk,  vi.  r)24-."i;  jiaper,  vi.  rvj."); 
eroekery,  etc.,  vi.,  rrJ.'MJ;  toliacco, 
vi.  .")•_'()  -7. 

Manzii,  ,1,  .M.,  cabinet  iniiiister,  1821, 
iv.  73(). 

Maps,  sectional  of  the  eoncpiest,  i.  1, 
IS,  1!I2,  322,  .'i'.)S,  4'.I2;  Valley  of 
Mex.,  i.  583;  V.  470;  Mi/.teeapan 
aud  ( loa»leoak'o,  ii.  ;{3;  exped.  of 
!Moiitano,  ii.  411;  I'ajiueo,  ii.  '.IS; 
Miehoacau  and  (,'olinia,  ii.  343; 
Isr.cva  (ialieia.,  ii.  3.V2,  (iHO;  Yuca- 
tan, iii.  l.'iS;  v.  243,  .VSO;  vi.  371; 
Mixton  War,  ii.  4'.I2;  Chichinu'c 
AN'ar,  ii.  511;  .Mexico,  ii.  555; 
Michoaean,  ii.  ()'.I2;  v.  2(>4;  Oajacaf 
ii.    ti'.U;    iii.    4li2;  iv.    482;  vi.    12(); 

Tlascala,  ii.  (I'.tii;  Tran.sfcr  of  Epi  ^co- 

1)al  Seat,  ii.  773;  Kingdom  of  New 
jcou,  ii.  77S;  (iulf  of  -Mexico,  iii. 
151;  Vera  Cruz,  iii.  210;  Zacatecas, 
y\guas  Calicutes,  San  Luis  I'otosi, 
iii.  307;  Nayarit,  iii.  311,  318; 
Sierr;i  (iorda,  iii.  ;(37;  <  iuanajuato, 
(.lueretaro  and  Mexico,  iii.  443; 
^liclioac;m  and  fiuerrero,  iii.  403; 
llu.uiajuato,  iv.  124;  Hidalgo's 
route,  iv.  174;  fiuadala  jara,  iv. 
203;  lli.lalgo's  tiight,  iv.  207; 
Morilos'  lirst  campaign,  iv.  208; 
Eastern  districts,  iv.  .340;  .Morclos' 
second  campaign,  iv.  34S;  Hajio  of 
Cluauajuiitu,  iv.    385;    I'ucbla  and 


Southern  Vera  Cruz,  iv.  300;  Seat 
of  War,  iv.  431;  .Mi/tcea,  iv.  4.S5; 
(.'auipaign.s  in  I'uebia  and  Vera 
Cruz,  iv.  477;  The  lic\oluti<in,  iv. 
5(1'.);  opciatioiis  in  .Michoaean,  iv. 
51  I;  eainpaiglis  in  the  t;ast,  iv.  52S, 
020;  Miiia'.s  ojieraiions,  iv.  (108; 
'J'lxas.  V.  157:  v.  347;  Taih|iico 
caiiiiiaigii,'  V.  20.S;  .la!i-co,  v.  230; 
Santa  Anna's  movements,  v.  270; 
'laylor's  camjiaigu,  v.  378;  .Scott's 
march  to  I'ucbla,  v.  4.50;  (iucrrero, 
V.  520;  vi.  101;  I'arcdcs"  caiii]iaign, 
V.  .540;  Sierra  (idida  caijipaigii,  v. 
577;  camjiaign  against  Alvarez,  v. 
047;  operations  against  I'liehla,  v. 
702;  Salaivanca  camjiaign,  v.  733; 
Miramon's  <■,  mpaign,  v.  75(!;  Vera 
Cruz  to  I'm  Ilia,  vi.  30;  campaign 
in  .Michoaean,  vi.  117;  French 
operations  in  Jalisco,  vi.  123; 
Nuevo  Eeoii,  vi.  K'.O;  operations  in 
the  north-east,  n.  I(i4;  l>urani;oan(l 
Siualoa,  vi.  lO."'.  248;  Chihuahua, 
vi.  201;  camjiaigu  in  the  north- 
east, vi.  2.50;  March  of  Diaz  to 
Mex.,  vi.  342. 

Maranon,  F.  P.,  iuteiul.  of  Cuana- 
jiiato,  iv.  228. 

Maravatio,  Ca.itillo's  headiiuarters 
at,  1813,  iv.  .V21. 

Maraver,  P.  (!.,  lii-ho|i  of  Nueva, 
(i.ilicia,  ii.  .52.5,  540,  (iOl;  dealli  of, 
15.52,  ii.  001. 

Maicy,  Secretary  A\'.  1,.,  vaiiaiiie 
with  Scott,   1840,  V.  300  71. 

Mai'til,  real  do  miuas,  cs'^abl'd.  at, 
15.54,  iv.  i:!l. 

Margil,  Padre,  mission  to  Jiayarit, 
I7H,  iii.  310. 

Maria,  M.  S.,  gov.  of  iS'uevo  Leon, 
iv. 240-1;  cxceutioiiof,  I8l  1.  iv.  279. 

Mariano,  conspiracy  of.  iii.  40.5-7. 

Marin,  Commander,  s(|uadrou  of,  v. 
770-8;  capture,    etc.,    18(10,   778  0. 

Marin,  Ji.,  joins  Cortes,  i.  105;  at 
Ei]i'ritu  Santo,  ii.  35;  defeat  of. 
1.521,  ii.  12S. 

Mariii,  1".,  minister  of  gobernaiuon, 
ISOO,  vi.  220. 

Marina,  biog.,  etc.,  of,  i.  117  0;  Mith 
Cortes  expcd.,  i.  107,  203,  228,  230- 
40,  .300,  400. 

Marino,  Maiiscal,  P.,  reception  of 
.Mina,  iv.  liOii. 

Mariscal,  1.,  minister  of  justii'c.  h^iiS, 
vi.  .■!07. 

Markets  of  .Mex.,  i.  277,  201;  i-egu- 
latioiis  for.  ii.  141-2;  where  hclil, 
etc.,  iii.  041. 


730 


INDEX. 


Marriiuz,  Capt.,  cxpcd.  to  Tlascala, 
i.  (ICT. 

Miiri|iii'Z,  Col.,  captures  (.'ciporo,  1817, 
iv.  tiSS-S). 

Marrpicz,  (ien.  L.,  pnmuuciamiuuto 
(if,  IM',1,  V.  5r)S-l);  atl'air  at  Au;iiii- 
baro,  JiSriS,  S-.  747;  l>attle  of  Alma- 
luleo,  V.  717;  oin'ratioiis,  l,S."il(,  v. 
7r)!)  (;;»,  77«t;  ImID,  v.  7'.K)-1;  oitt- 
raj;;' :  of,  v.  7li.'J— 1;  ilcfoats,  of  ISdl, 
vi.  !.")   17;  revolt  of,  vi.   10:  lU'fi'ats 

C'oliiollloit,       IM).'!,      vi.     CBr     Slipri- 
SCI  It'll   liy   Arttaga,    vi.    715;  doleats 
Aid  i;;a,      1S()-1,    vi.     KiO;  ciippoH.s 
ilaxiniilian,  vi.  '_';{!);  army  of,  l^SCili, 
vi.    •_'•!  1 ;  appcai-aiu'c,    etc.,    of,    vi. 
27-";  .  ii'go  of   (('lUMrtaro,   |.Sti7,    vi. 
'JSI  S;  caMpi!  from  (iMiiri'taro,    vi. 
oil.'!;    (.■oii.-iirin.'tH    I'aliiiiet,    utc,    vi. 
o.'il:  attriii|it.s  ruliuf  of  riiulila,  vi 
;{:>(i  7;  ('.if.atuil  liy    Diaz,  vi.    'Ml; 
Ui^'ht  to  .Mt'X.,  vi.  oil;  oxtortioius, 
etc.,  of,  vi.   ',W,\;  (K'funcii  of  .Mcx., 
vi.  ;{H!-();  rosigiiatioii,  etc.,  vi.  .'WO; 
e.icaiH',  vi.  .'{-HI  .")(). 
Marqui/,  Jlarlior,  allair  at,  1810,  iv. 

Man(iiiiia,    F.    B.    do,    HMx  victM'oy, 

IN(!il,    iii.    4'J!);    mil',    ill.  4!);»  .")04; 

cajituri',     iii.    'M);    resignation,    iii. 

.■)()l. 
Man(ii|\iin,   Jli.shop,   uiciliatioii  of,   ii. 

■t!C). 
Mar.:li:ill,     (_'ol.,     battle     of     liueiia 

\i  ,ta,  v.  4::;!. 
iMartiiiia,  .).  M.  do,  vvoi-ks  of,  iv,  (i(i. 
Alartiii,    15.,    mission    tn  S|iain,  i.  ;!•_'; 

recei\i^i    bcni'lice  of    I'l.a,    i.     Iii,"); 

procei'iliiigs  at  .ScvilU',   l,"ilO,  i.   171. 
Martin,    Col.    M.,  dcinity    to  oortes, 

IN-_'i),  iv.  (i'.t'.t. 
Martin,    K.,  witii  Narvae/' ex[ieil.,  i. 

:!'il. 
Martin,  iJr.  8aii,  caitture  of,  ISIS,  iv. 

ti'.t.-i. 
Martinez,    K,,     eoustruets    ihainage 

eaiial,     l(i()7 -S;    iii.    '.'-10;  drainage 

selunie  of,  iii.    SiMtO;  deatli  of,  iii. 

•to. 

.Martiiu'/,,  F.  1'.,  minister  to  U.  S.,  v. 

:i!(i. 
.Muitiiu'/,  (loll,  operatiou.s  of,  IStiU,  vi. 

•-17. 
.Martinez,  J.  A.,  revolutionist  loader, 

iv.  ."lSO. 
Maitimz,  Capt.  M.,  joins  Morelos,  iv. 

M.issera.s,  E.,  works  of,  vi.  .'!."',). 
Mata,  .).  11.,  niiiiister  of  the  treasury, 
vi.  10. 


Matiinoros,  City,  spiziiro  of,  by  ^fej;a, 
1S:V2,  V.  114;  revolt  at,  ISXit.  v, 
120*.);  eaptiire,  ete.,  of,  by  'laylor, 
IS4(),  V.  .■>47  07;  plans  of,  v.  Xt\;  vi. 
lilit;  raid  mi,  ]«.")!,  v.  tiO-i;  sieg.' of, 
Ibiii),  vi.  nil);  eaptiired  liy  reiiuMi- 
eaiis,  iStJt),  vi.  '_*.')'_';  evaiiiated  by 
tlie  Fri'iieli,  KStiiJ,  vi.  "J.")!  ."i;  eap- 
tnred  li;,   Diiiz,   I.S70,   vi.  4'j;f. 

Mat.imdios,  ('lira,  at  '.Juautla,  iv. 
;!().'{  4. 

.Matamoros,  (!cn.  organizes  furet's,  iv. 
471;  at  Oajaea,  iv.  IM!  .">;  defe.Us 
l>ainliiiiii,  IMH,  iv.  ").")1;  vii'tory  ,it 
San  .\giistin  del  Palmar,  iv.  ■").")7; 
district  of,  IMI'i,  iv.  ."ili.'i;  del'e,-it  at 
X'alladolid,  iv.  .■'>70  "_';  at  ruriiaiin, 
iv.  .")7.!  4;  execution,    ISI4,  iv.  .")74. 

Matanzas,  V'ulazipuv.  founds,  b'lll, 
i.  4. 

Matcliuala,  engagement;!  at,  181],  iv, 
.S-Jl   -J. 

Matieiiz<i,  .T.  O.  de,  oidor,  l.'"-'_'7,  ii. 
■J7I;  exconininnii'ated,  ii.  "ilU ;  ar- 
retid,  l.".;;i,  ii.  .'tl.'7;  sent  to  .Spain, 
l,Vi'.>,  ii.  ;i-JS. 

.Matlalziiieas,  Sandoval  eliastisesi,  i. 
01)4  ,■). 

Mallazaliiiatl,  Kiiidemic,  ravages  of 
I.". I."i,  ii.  .">'_",);  1,17,")  7,  ii.  '(;.')7-i); 
17.")l)-7,  iii.  .'{.'ili;  descript.  of,  iii. 
7.''ui. 

.May,  ('apt.,  eliarge  of  at  Iteseea  do 
la  I'al.ua,  v.  ;C)!». 

Maxinidian,  Kmpcror  F.,  crown  of 
.Mc\.  dliered  tn,  KSti;},  vi.  Sli;  biog. 
vi.  SS  '.III;  vMiiks  of,  vi.  ',)();  crown 
of  Mc\.  accepted  by,  vi.  'X>.  llll  ,"), 
lot)  S;  appearance,  vi.  Itl,"i  ti;  re- 
sign; claim  to  tlirone  of  Ail  iria, 
vi.  l!)l)  7:  eonvciitioii  witb  Napo- 
leon, \  i.  l.'iS  40;  arrival  at  N'cr.i. 
Cniz,  vi.  14l>  4;  reccptiun  at  I'lie- 
l)la,  vi.  14.'>-0;  at  .Mex.,  vi.  140  S; 
measures,  vi.  147  oS,  'J'J4  7,  -41  •-'; 
eabincts,  vi.  U^),  177,  -'•-.">  O,  '.VM; 
opii.idtioll  to,  vi.  ir)'.)-OI;  collstitu- 
tioo  cif  tlio  empire,  vi.  171  't;  de- 
cree of,  ISiw,  vi.  I8;<  .");  witb- 
drawal  of  I'lencii  troojis,  vi.  1207-0, 
'2bi,  '-'()7  S;  ap[it.al  to  ><apoleiiii, 
vi.  "iOlt  1(»;  I'oree.s,  etc.,  vi.  'Jb")  10; 
residence.,  vi.  2bS-121;  inndi^  of 
life,  vi.  '-'•Jl;  dre.ss,  vi.  '2'2'2;  amiisi^- 
meiils,  vi.  '2'2'2  ,'l;  religious  obser- 
vances, vi.  '2'2'i;  jiropose'l  abdica- 
tion in,  IStiO,  vi.  '-'liO-'J;  vaeillaiiou 
of,  \i.  -I'll)  7;  advice  ofl'ered  to,  vi. 
il'.lS  40;  assumes  cninmand,  vi.  -'71- 
2;  besieged  at  IJiieretaro,   iSGi,  vi. 


IXDEX. 


781 


'JT7  "01;    lictraj-i'il    liy    lxi]«'/,  vi. 
•JD'.l  no.;;  .siinviulir  <M,"   vi.   ."iut;  ill- 

tl'tatlllOllt      lit,       vi.      nod    7;     JIl'dlMISLMl 


es(-;iiii',    VI.    .i()( 


107  S.  -M 


tri 


'.ays   I  I;  iiiU-rccs  iidi  fur,  vi.  .'ll.'i   1" 


CMiclltloll,    vi. 


■Jd;  iX'iM.ii  k^  (111 


th 


:m 


IIMIIII 


Clllll 

vi.  .H-.':i  (I 
ili.'iii,    Ki 


vi.   :\\1'2~:\:  d 


laractiT, 


i[)i 


.M. 


ch.iractor,    etc.,    vi.    ll)li-7;  iii>|i(,'iil 
to  NiH)«ilu<)ii,   1S()(>,  vi.  "Jil    l'_;  iii- 
siuilty   of,  vi.  '2\'2  ]'.\;  oi'ciiii:il'i>m, 
vi. -JIS-JI; 

iiiioiis 


uto.,  vi.  '-MS;  ru.iiili'ii 


mIo   of    life,    vi.    '2-2\--2;   ivl 


ol)si'rviiiK'os. 


vi.  ^-SX 


Alaxixcat/in,    J).,    gov.    of    Tlasuula, 

\:>:n,  ii.  27. 

Maxixcat/iu,    •!.,    crowiiotl,    etc.,    ]>y 

('ill  tcs,  i.  TmiS. 
Maxi\iMt/in,    Jjoril,    nilur   of   Ocote- 

luliMi,    i.  1!)1»:  Ifii'iully  to  (.'oriLi,  i. 

'Jll    l'2;  lios]iilalily  to  Spaiiiaii!  <,  i. 

;")(),;  S;  fealty    of,  "i.   .")17-i'.l;    ilcatii 

of,  i.  ii-i'i. 
!M  ixorra,  C-'aoii[iii!,  ilolcat,  etc.,  of,  ii. 

Mav,    Col,  liattje   of   ijueiia  Vista.,  v. 

■i-ZH. 
Mayas,  i.  Ill,  SI,  <M. 
JJayir,  U.,  Morks  of,  v.  ')^)'2-3. 
•Mayo,  coii.-ijiiracy  of,  iv.  ."0(i. 
Maynrj^a,  Al.   ile,  47l1i  \  iruroy,  1779, 

iii.  lis  I ;  "iile,  iii.  liS."!  •">. 
Ma/a;iil  District,  iiiiuiii^  in,  \i.  ."ill!. 
Mazallaii,  ujirisiiii;    in,    l.S.'il,   v.    ()()7; 

ii'. tackuil  lpy  i'c[iulilicaii.s,    LSIiii,  vi. 

•2  lit. 
Mcliiti  sli,  battle  of  Moliiio  del  Key, 


Mejia.  ("! 

tie.i.iiicr,  i.  i-j;i,  !:;(•),  ;{4l; 


joins  Cortes   evpeil..  i.  (i.) 


((.Kin 


A 


M 


wiJi  \'elaz(|iie/,    i.  ."44;  evaeiiatioii 
if   M 


ex.,  i.  471). 


ejia, 

:i,s.-.. 


.i. 


iiiiuister  of  war,  IS'; 


-Mejia,  .1.  A.,  revolt  of,  IS",.",  v.    14G; 

(Iclt-at  at  Aeajetc,   v.  •_'!  1    li';  exe- 

ciitidii,  V.  '21'2. 
Mi'jia,    Cell,   'j.,  tlie  Monterey  cam- 

]iaij,'ii,  V.  :t7!l;  liatile  of   Alai.ilulco, 

IS.'i.S,    V.    747;  flei'eat  of,    !f-iil,    vi. 


i; 


mation-s  of,  |,S(i:{,  vi.  1  IS- 10. 


l-Jl;    ISiid,  vi.  •_'.")!    •'  'J,"),);  fon 


i.f. 


l.Sdl),  'JI4;  a])])earauco,  etc.,  of, 
vi.  •_'7.">;  .sieL,'e  of  (^huM'l''aro,  l.Sii7, 
vi.  •JS4  :U»-lS^  tri;;I  of,  vi.  'M)'.):  exe- 
cution, vi.  ;il7  •_'(). 


Mel 


elmr, 


Jndi 
i.    <.):    in    (n 


in  caiitiv  e,   luentlnn 


iiiter(iieter,  i.  7 


Mehia'-ejo,     1' 

ii.  (lit.' 
Mel;.^  uej  )  ile  L'l'l 


V.i  s    eXJii  <l. 
1»:    .lealli  of. 


liar,   mi.s.sioii  to  Ta)iia, 


■ea,  ims.sio'.i  to  .'^iiain. 


Meli 


i(;i:( 


F.     N., 

!.  iii.  l.V.t. 


i,f    V 


ucatau. 


V.  .">();)  -2. 


MeL 


iiie. 


II.    M.,  U.    S.   minister,   v. 


treaty  of  KS.".".»,  v.  77:5- 


Meilal.  of  A]iatzilij.fan  Ciiligress,  1814, 

iv.  (i;)l. 
Medellin,   town,  .Sainl.ival  founds,  ii. 


Melian,  I'.,  fiscal,  1(M7,  iii.  I'J'. 

Mende/.,  (leii.,  a]i|»'arance,  ele. ,  of, 
vi.  l!7.">;  siej^e  of  (,>iieritaio,  lSii7, 
vi.  "JS,"!  IIS;  execution  of,  vi.  :>l)."i  ii, 

Meiidez,  S.,  gov.  of  Vucataii,  IS4(), 
V.  -J IS. 

.Mciidiet<i,  (J.  de,  liiog. ,  ii.  (ili7:  de- 
fends friavs,  ii.  (UiS  it;  \v<nks  of, 
ii.  titiS,  7So, 

Meiidiola,  (i.  de,  liislioj)  of  Nueva 
(ialicia,  ir.7l    '.»,  ii.  li'.ll. 

.Mcndiola,  (i.  M.  d(^  ex])ed.  t(i  Naya- 

rit,  I7i.")-i(i,  iii.  .sn;  17. 

Meudiola,    M.    de,    deputy   to   edl'tci, 


;U-.");  ndocated.  ii.   111. 
ediana,  A.  de  \'.,  yov.  of   Vu.atan, 
l.'uSC)  ".i:{,  ii.  (i.")();    hid.  polu  y,  li.  Cm."!. 
eilicine,  iiractici',  eLc,  of,  iii.  7r)S-',l; 
iHcdieal  iioaril,  ~'ti^. 
Medina,    A.,    eaiunet   minister,   ISlil, 


M 

Ml 


iv.  7:fi>. 

Medina,  B.  de,  w.nks  of,  iii. 


M 


edilia, 
Zacatec 


M. 


<l",    eomnuind 
IMl.  iv.  -Ml. 


etc.,   of 


Meglia,    \uncio,    iveeptiou,    etc.     if, 


VI.  ."iSN 


Medrii/Mo,    P.    tk',    siigti    of   Mex.,    i. 


M 


li")(j. 

ejia.     iiiini>Ter 


.>!      the     tl 
iiili,  vi.  3t>oi  1S7G,  vi.  4-'j. 


IS  10,  iv.  44() 


MelKlivil.    .1. 


( 'nil 


i\.  17S  S-J. 


ii[)erati( 


It    L; 


Meiidivil,  .1.  M.,>,'i.v.  of  fell,  district, 
IS-_'4,  v.  '.'.Vi;;  -lireM'  Itesena  Jlis- 
toriea,'  V.  4,"(. 

Meiidii/a,  Aloiisodf,  mission  toN'iain, 


-.1. 


Ml 


Icndoza,  Antonio  de,  viceroy,  l.">;!(), 
ii.  ;{7.">  t!;  character,  ii.  I'7<i;  <itiiccs 
and  iireriigati\  t!.-^,  ii.  ;{7()  7;  iiistruc- 
tioiis   to,    ii.    ;{77  S;    reception,    ii. 


:!7S  it;  rid. 


II.  ..^ 


i.'i'.l;   residcneia. 


1' 


•i:i'J 


excommunicated,    ii.    .vJ.'): 


rcsignatiiiii   of,  ii.  ,Vi!l;   iiuli  iiction.s 
to     \  liasi'ii,      ii.     .'ilHV-l;    piogre.sa 
uiidcr,  ii.  .">lj|;  death  of,  ii.  .Vil. 
Meiido/a,   i'.   de,   iiieiitiuu  of,  ii.  537, 
501). 


!!'!:■ 


732 


INDEX. 


Jtlercado,  G.  V.,  do,  exped.  of,  l.w'J, 
ii.  M'.t-  :.0. 

Mcruiiilii.  J.  >f.,  optriitiona  of,  IMO, 
iv.  •J07->;  di'i'.it  <ii,  lisll,  iv.  2(i:}- 
4;  dc;itii  of,  iv.  'JO-t. 

Moireiuiiiii-:,  introduced  l>y  Corti'.s, 
I.IHO,  ii.  ;!(•:!;  e  tulitl,  ].kS!>,  ii.  T.'iU; 
iiii»sion-",  ii.  I'M;  iirogif-s,   iii.  7-1. 

M-Jrida,  foundid,  l.Vl'J,  ii.  -UT;  tjiis- 
oopal  siH',  ]."i(>l,  ii.  (J!SS;  dcilared  a 
lity,  1()1S,  iii.  l.'>4;  coat  oi  anus, 
l.")4;  si'ccs.-iiou  dcclarcil  at,  1.n'.'!>,  v. 
Si!;  revolt  iu,  ISttt,  v.  'JIS;  pm. 
■ii\uici;imicuto,  vt>'.,  at,  ISd'.t,  vi. 
;{7 1 ;  disturliancL's,  etc.,  in,  1S7.'{, 
VI.   411;  .ic-uit  colicgo  at,  vi.  ():>4. 

Merino  ^^.,  intcndeutc  of  Valladolid; 
iv.  HiO;  capture  of,  171;  rescue  of, 
•_'ul. 

JMeilo,  J.  dc,  suspends  Jesuits' 
liceu.si'.s,  UI47,  iii.  1~;  lii:<liop'.s 
delej^ate,  l!il>:  fievcrity  of,  I'J'.I. 

Mecal,  di;tdlatiou  ot,  i\i.  (il)".l. 

Jleieala  liock,  .sieyo  of,  Ksl.S,  iv. 
5;W— tO;  tiUiTenikr  fif,  IS  Id,  iv.  iio'i. 

Me^^tizo:^,  expelled  ffoui  Iiniiau  towns, 
ii.  57;i-4;  charaetcri-tics,  iii.  7."{;5; 
disaliilities,  iii.  7."i".!- 4;  intermar- 
riage, iii.  7o"J  •'(;  conditiou,  itc,  of, 
V.  .")70-7;  general  nicutiou,  vi. 
ti(l7-!>. 

Mexican  (ieoirrapliieal  nnd  Stati:tical 
iSoeiety,  mention  of,  vi.  (J44. 

Jlexieini  Provincial  Council,  I'l'ilulas 
coiu'eruiii'4.  i7(i'.t,  iii.  .'574  "i;  in  ial- 
lation,  1771,  iii.  o7"';  personml,  iii. 
.S7ti;  acts  ii'-  ■^~•''• 

Mexico,  i.anit .  i.  I'J -14;  anus  of  the 
repul>.,  i.  K<;  early  civili/ation,  i. 
iM— 7;  compiest  of,  i.  lUJ-O'.tl;  au- 
thorities ou  the  coiKjuest,  i.  (')'.I4- 
70'J:  divitled  into  provinces,  ir);!4, 
ii.  '.V.H;  diocese  of,  ii.  .'?'.M,  .'oO;  iii. 
()'.)!);  mail  of,  iii.  ^i-l'^•,  population  of 
infendcncia  of,  17!H),  iii.  470;  limits, 
iii.  ri.Sl  "2;  ]>olitical  divisions,  ."».'VJ; 
c.indition  of,  ISOS.  iv.  40  -J;  pi-o- 
]ioseil  in(lepen<leuce,  iv.  4'_'-."),  ~',i-'); 
loVaUy  ti)  S|  111,  iv.  4(')- S;  war  of 
hrdependeuee,  IMO  --'l.iv.  lO'J-7:?:!; 
deputies  to  c.irtes,  IMO.  iv.  441-L>; 
eipiality  with  Spain,  iv.  44:i-4, 
447;  eti'ect  of  Fernando  ^■[[  meas- 
ures, 1S14,  iv.  i'liK)  (iOO;  revolution- 
ary tendencies  in,  ISl'O,  iv.  700- 
4;  tinaiuial  conditiou,  l.Sl."J,  iv. 
748  "rj;  Iturliiile's  em]iire,  lS'_''2-.'{, 
iv.  770  SOI;  states  ami  territories, 


ISiU. 


21- 


foreik'u     relati 


liJl'3-S4,  v.  40-5S;  vi.  487-!S;  Span- 


i.sh  invasion  of,  1820-.W.  v.  71  t'>; 
Texan  illairs,  v.  l.")()-M',  'J4C>  7, 
■-.'li;!;  iiiiKpcndiiice  recognized  hy 
pope,  is;!7,  v.  17'.';  hy  Spain,  ]K\i'>, 
v.  IM-'J;  war  with  France,  ls;W-'.», 
V.  !S(>-'JO.";  accession  of  Socouusco, 
1S4'_',  V.  '240-1;  causes  of  war  with 
U.  S.,  V.  S07-4t:  claiius  p:\iil  hy,  v. 
;<'J0;  war  jircparations,  ls4."i,  v. 
;{;!'.l;  war  with  U.  S.,  v.  :M(i  rCll; 
treaty  of  (luailahipe  llidalL^o,  v. 
5;5!l— i;{;  review  of  rrpulijicau  era, 
v.  7'.ll>-S(iJ:  the  McLaue-()c:uiipo 
treaty,  KS.'iit,  v.  77'<-r>;  for^■i;,'u  in- 
tervention, IStiO,  v.  7'vS"0;  l.vdl,  vi. 
l.'l-4;  national  deht,  vi.  IS-IO,  ."'S, 
I7r)-(),  4."iS;  invasion  hy  Kuropcaii 
jiowers,  JhOl-L',  vi.  '2V4:'k  internal 
disseiisiou.v.  vi.  ',\\-2:  war  witli 
France,  lSli'2-7,  vi.  4.">-'_'liS;  distaste 
for  monarchy,  vi.  'JO-1;  coloni/atioii 
schemes,  vi.  170—1;  losses  in  war  of 
intervention,  l,S(i:V7,  vi.  'MS;  n  la- 
tions  with  IJ.  S.,  etc.,  lS."i4-8;!,  vi. 
o.'ii;  7,  442-7;  with  Italy,  L^CN.  vi. 
.TiS:  treaty  with  l'ru.ssi"a.  iMi'.t.  vi. 
.S.")S;  relations  reestalil.  with  ."-pain, 
1S71,  VI.  ;i"S;  famine  in,  ISii'.l.  \i. 
87i.';  relation-i  with  Knyland,  vi. 
4l."i.  4.").V('>;  relations  rciewel  wiih 
I'orfUjTid,  KS7!),  vi.  441;  witli  J5cl- 
giuiii,  lt>7!t,  vi.  441;  with  France, 
ISSO,  vi.  441;  U.  S.  claims,  vi.  44l'- 
4;  tre.ity  with  U.  S.,  ]>>y.\  vi.  447; 
IS.S4,  vi.  4."(1;  Cent.  Amer.  allairs, 
ISl'4  ,S-_',  vi.  4rc2-r);  treaty  wi.h 
(ieriiuuiy,  1SS8,  vi.  4.Vi;  with  Italy, 
ISs;!.  vi.  -I."!.");  with  Bcl;_nuiu,  ISJi:), 
vi.  4.m;  with  S]iaiu,  l6Ni,  vi.  4.""; 
party  spirit,  etc.,  iu,  vi.  Kifi  70; 
congri'ss,  vi.  47"^ — 1:  tlio  executive, 
vi.  474  S;  muiiieip;il  ailministr.,  vi. 
470,  481;  territorial  divisi<ins,  vi. 
480;  state  govt,  vi.  4SI;  the  suf- 
frage, vi.  4M  2;  elections,  vi. 
48-'-:{;  admini.-t.  of  justice,  vi. 
481!  7;  naturalization,  vi.  48S-ii; 
eoloni/atiou,  vi.  4S!l  i)l2;  revenue 
and  taxarion,  vi.  40'2  7,  't'M;  loans, 
etc.,  18_':!  SO,  vi.  4!i.'i  Ii;  ;irmy,  vi. 
4ilS-.";i;!;  navy.  vi.  ."0:>  4:  mining, 
vi.  oO.'i  17;  mints,  vi.  ."iJS;  coinage, 
vi.  ."IS-  HI.  ■".")•_'  .'{;  manufactures.  vL 
Ti'-'O  7;  lisheries.  vi.  ."•_'7-lt;  fairs,  vi. 
fioO-'i;  exhihitions,  vi.  .'.^-l;  .-om- 
inerce.  vi.  ."i.SUCi,  ,">l'.i-riO;  eustoiiis, 
vi.  5:<()-S:  mercantile  marine,  vi. 
540;  eai'rying  trade,  vi.  ,"i41  4;  tar- 
iffs, etc.,  vi.  .")45-S;  roads,  vi.  .vlS- 
9;  hanking,  vi.  ijol;  mails,  vi.  ."i.'il- 


INDEX. 


:« 


2;  railnuuls,  vi.  ,".'.')-0;  tt-lcgraiilw. 
vi.  uri'J-Cid;  ajiriiulairu  and  stock- 
ry.isiiiL',  vi.  i")!)!-!'.';  I'liurcli  atl.iii-s, 
vi.  oM>-",l7;  society,  etc.,  vi.  u(»6- 
ii'2'.);  iihicatioii,  vi.  tsiO-'.l;  sciciicu, 
vi.  iVlU-.'i;  autic|iiitie.s,  vi  ('A'2-'.i; 
arts,  vi.  045-11;  literature,  vi.  G4"J- 

r.is. 

Mexico,  eity,  ancient  arms  of,  i.  ]o; 
A/tec  capital,  i.  IHI-T;  Ccirte^' 
march  to,  i.  li)l-'2S7;  "leseriiitinn  <  f, 
l,")!'.!,  i.  lllo-'.);  ]f>(IO,  iii.  47:U^; 
plans  of,  i.  '2Xi);  ii.  14;  v.  4!i;>: 
vi.  21'.);  la  noclie  triste,  i.  4('i:i-M  : 
sici!e  of,  1521,  i.  (iKi-SS;  re- 
buiUlini.',  etc..  of,  ii.  J>-lN;  iii']iul  i- 
tion,  1524- lOUO,  ii.  17,  75!i;  17'.:i). 
iii.  470;  ])riviligeii,  ii.  17-1*^;  civil 
coinnioliiius  at,  1525.  ii.  211-14; 
inijiiMvciiients  in,  ii.  ;<N2-;{;  iii.  S,S- 
!•,  IMi,  :i.'.0:  tirst  cliurcli  in,  ii.  :?S7- 
8;  catheilial  of,  ii.  ii'iU;  iii.  17;>-^; 
map  of  ai'cliiliiicese,  ii.  5.55;  inuii- 
(lat'jcl,  155:!,  ii.  5;i2-:!;  dike  con- 
strncted,  15,5;-t,  ii.  5!to:  factions 
liraulj  in,  15(i5,  ii.  ()0.5-(i;  tloodcd, 
l.'uS'.t,  ii.    Im;I  (;0;   l(i()7,  id.  S;   1027- 

.  it,  iii.  S5  7:  lOSO,  iii.  227  N;  ^'e- 
lasco  e.idullisiies,  ii.  75!1;  i)foi)osed 
removal  of  site,  iii.  7,  ^>7-S;  ai|ue- 
dnct  ef>nii>leted,  iii.  2N;  under  inter- 
dict, 1024,  iii.  5S^!l:  revolt  against 
( reives,  iii.  .5!(  04;  interdict  removed, 
iii.  M;  |iuui.'lnnent  of  rioters,  iii. 
75-  (i;  condition,  etc.,  of,  l(ii»2,  iii. 
2:'.2  5;  corn  riot  in,  l()'.t2,  iii.  2."!2- 
4.S;  earthquakes  in,  1711,  iii.  2.S5  0; 
17.S7.  iii.  40tl;  l.soo,  iii.  4".tS:  |,S4.5, 
V.  2S2-;>;  famine,  etc.,  in.  1714,  iii. 
2S0;  distniliances  in,  I8(IS,  iv.  5S: 
garrison,  etc.,  of,  lsl(t,  iv.  100,  ISO; 
alarm  in,  is.  1S5  7:  eonditmu  of, 
1S12,  iv.  .SOO:  mutiny  at,  1>S21,  iv. 
717  l"^:  occupieil  hy  revolutionists, 
1.^21.  iv.  7:>I  2;  Loliat'>".s  revolt, 
l.v_'4.  V.  12  i:t;  a  federal  district, 
1.S24.  V.  25  2i'>:  pdlatre  in,  1N2S,  v. 
4:5;  revolt  in.  KvjII.  v.  1>1;  inve.->ted 
by  Santa  Anna,  IS.S2,  v.  ll',»  20; 
martial  law  in.  1n:«,  v.  ll',>,  \:VA; 
1N47,  V.  .525,  .52<.l;  l.soo,  v.  7'.t2; 
lSO;i,  vi.  71;  federalist  revolt  in, 
1840,  v.  220  3;  occupied  hy  Santa 
Aiif-i,  liS41,  V.  2:!4-0;  revolt  against 
Sa,  Anna.  I.S44-  5.  v.  272  7;  re- 
volts in.  |s4ti,  v.  2!>!1.  305:  lefflRes 
of.  V.  472;  oceuiiatioii  liy  Scott, 
1N47,  V.  5111  21:  industrial  evliilii- 
tiou  in,  1S4!'.  v.  5!l.'l;  oceujMtioii. 
etc.,  by  ManiUez,   IbOy,   v.   701-i; 


by  Onega.  1800,  v.  7'.»5;  by  tho 
I'lencli,  l.sO:t.  vi.  71;  siege  <if,  ly 
jej.ulplicans,  ]>S07,  vi.  .'W2-7. 

Mexico,  jitiitc  of,  coiiLtressof,  installed, 
KS24,  v,  22;  revolt  in,  1  ;:;0,  v.  KCi; 
nimlilican  opiTations  in,  bsOO,  vi. 
202-o;  eurtaihntut  of  terr.,  etc.,  vi. 
.-{70. 

Mexico,  valley  of,  early  eivili/atioii 
in,  i.  yj:-,':  location,  i.  115:  map  of, 
i.  5nM;  l.ike.s  of,  described,  iii.  h; 
ilr.ainage  of,  iii.  ti-11;  vi.  504-7. 

Mc/titlan,  revolt  at,  .su[ipressed,  ii. 
(4. 

Miehelcna,  .T.  M.  de.  plot  of.  iv.  (02- 
.'i;  nieiiilii  r  of  the  executive,  l.>L':t- 
4.  V.  2,  h,  12;  minister  of  var,  \!>'.', 
v.   1S|. 

Mielieltor.Mia,  (ten.,  battle  of  ]>ur:ia 
^  i  ta.  V.  425:  c  amiiaign  in  Yucatan, 
1S5()  1,  V.  5;.(;. 

Miehoaean,  vi-ited  by  I'ariillas  "• 
44-5;  majw  of,  ii.  ;u:i,  i;'.'2:  iii.  40:<; 
iv.  51 1 ;  V.  2l'.4;  invaded  by  ( iu/man, 
1521»,  ii.  ;!44-5il:iirovineeof,  created, 
15;!4,  li.  Ii'.d  ;  ilioeese  of,  establi  !'e<l, 
1.5:50,  ii.  ;iill-:!;  condition  of,  15:'.'J, 
ii.  470-1;  (,!iiiroga's  reforns  in, 
1.5;).'{,  ii.  471-2:  churcii  aii'airs  in, 
1. "Km- 1002,  ii.  0:12-4;  .lesuits  enter. 
157:i,  ii.  707-S;  Franciscan  province 
founded,  etc.,  in,  ii.  7b'>-l!l;  \'alia- 
dolid  tiie  capital  of,  l.'.SO,  ii.  774; 
niininu  in,  iii.  5112;  bisluipric  of,  iv. 
107:  extent  of,  iv.  170;  revulu'iieu 
in,  ISll  y.l  iv.  .S2:?,  422  :{.  511  |:5, 
5bs  21,  ,5:i.s  40;  campaign  in,  lsi2, 
iv.  ;i>Vt-0;  1.S17,  iv.  05:b5;  reVoU  in, 
1S:!(),  V.  10.'!:  bs:!:{,  v.  \:i-2  5;  fa.'- 
tions,  etc.,  in.  1S5I.  v.  0(17:  re[iub- 
lieiin  operations  in,  iMiii.  vi.  •_'5S- 
(i!,  insurrection     i,  1S74~5,  \  i.  412- 

i:{. 
Mier,  t'ol  R..  defeat  f>f,  at  I'lejietiro, 

ISll.    IV.   247   S:  oiH'ialions  at  (»a- 

■aca.  ISbJ,  iv.  4.s;f -4. 
i  Mier.    l)r   S.    T.    de,    biog.,    iv.  451: 

writing.s,  451-2:  return  fr(  in  exile, 

iv.    780;    inipri.soned   in    L'bia,    iv. 

780    I;    opposition    to   Iturbide,    iv. 

7M  ;  opposes  fedenition,  v.  11    12. 
j  Military  eominissions,  createil,  ISIH, 
i      i\'.  401;  esjiiiuiage,  iv,  .501   2. 
:  Militia,  iii.  2,50,   102-14.  487-0. 
'  ^finliahuapan,  aflair  at,  \S]'A.  iv.  5;U. 
I  Miiia.    F.    .1.,  biog.,    iv.  050  00;   ex- 

jied.,    1817.    iv.    0.50-80:  character, 

iv.  ()07:  capture,  iv.  O'SO-'     exeiu- 
'      rion.   iv.  081-2;    causes  of    failure, 

IV.  0&2-3. 


734 


INDEX. 


Milling,  (llHonverioM,  ii.  m\-2,  nfl.V?; 
ill.  r)7'S~'S();  j't";iil;itiou.<,  iii.  580-2, 
r-iVrJ-l;  vi.  ."»(li)-.S;  jumccss,  iii.  aS'J, 
fi'.)7;  vi.  500-10;  .li;trirt.s,  iii.  5.S.S- 
1)2;  lii  .t.  of,  iii.  ■").">:!  '.)'.»;  vi.  505-17; 
iuitliiifitius  on,  iii.  ."".t'.MiOl. 

Alindii,  (iun.,  caiituro  of  IJorlaiid, 
1.S47,  V.  417  If?;  battle  of  Ihionii 
\i.;ta,  V.  4:52. 

Mint,  u.ital)!.,  15o5,  iii.  (!!>0;  regula- 
tion;, iii.  ()70;  coiniigo,  iii.  (i(0-5; 
oliicial  i.  iii.  072-4;  Imildint;-!,  iii. 
Gl'.i;  triimual,  iii.  ti7.'{— 1;  atOuaiia- 
jiiato,  I'MO,  iv.  lOl'i;  at  Ciiadala- 
jara,  l.SK^,  iv.  T'.\i;  general  mention, 
vi.  51 7-1. S. 

Mioia,  Cajit.  .T.  B.,  defeats  Ojcda, 
1S|:i,  iv.  .-,-)2  :!. 

']\liianiar  a  Mexicf),'  vi.  148. 

Minnnon,  (!en.  M.,  liattle  of  Aliua- 
lulco,  1858,  V.  747;  provi.s.  iiren- 
deut,  KS5'.),  V.  75:i;  ealiiuets,  v.  754, 
7l>ii-7,  785;  biog.,  v.  754-5;  rule,  v. 
7."l)-!>4;  1'  ^'ht  of,  V,  71>4;  l.atlle  <if 
S,i!i  Migue'  .al]ml;npan,  ]8(i0.  v. 
~'Xi;  iirreHtot,  ]8()2.  vi.  -j'-' \  sii[iiir  -Is 
M;;xiiiiilian,  vi.  2:!!);  aniiyof,  If-fld, 
vi.  214;  oi'cratious  (if,  18()7,  vi.  270; 
aiipearaiieo,  etc.,  'f,  vi.  275;  siege 
of  (i>ueriHai'o,  ]8()7,  vi.  28.5-:i()4; 
trial  of  ..  80(1;  interecs.sion  for, 
vi.  ."IHI-n;  execution,  v.  ;{17-20. 

Miranda,  I'adre  F.  J.,  minister  of 
jusliee,  1858,  v.  745;  designs  of,  v. 
7()(). 

Mi;  ions,  royal  encouragement  to,  ii. 
4;)'.>;  in  N'ucatan,  ii.  451-5;  in  Na- 
yarit,  iii.  220  '.U;  in  Sierra  (iorda, 
iii.  .S,'i8;  in  Xucvo  Santander,  iii. 
344-8;  sceularizatioii  ot,  iii.  712-1;). 

Mixton  war,  ii.  402-51 1. 

Miyares,  ISriyadicr,  services  in  Vera 
(■'ru/,  18l(i','iv.  (140  1. 

Mi/teca,  insurrection  in,  1812,  iv.  :<08; 
revolution  in,  1811-12,  iv.  4;i:{-40; 
1814.  iv.  58:{;  181t!,  iv.  042;  map 
(if,  iv.  485;  campaign  in,    1817,  iv. 

(,3:?. 

M'/tecapan,  Cortes  exjilores,  i.  .S20} 
iai]>  of,  ii.  :^3;  province  of,  created, 
15:14,  ii.  301. 

Mi/tcc  monarchies,  brief  account  of, 
ii.  30-7. 

iMi/tees,  earlv  campaigns  against,  ii. 
37-8. 

Mocte/.uma,  F.,  minister  of  war,  1820, 
\.  80:  revolt  ot.  18:i2,  v.  Ill;  ot.rn- 
pics  San  Luis  Totosi,  v.  114-15;  de- 
fi;it  at  Fuerte  del  <  lallinero,  v.  117. 

Mojoncra,  battle  of,  1S73,  vi.  400. 


Moledor,  Arroyn,  nflfair  at,  1810,  iv. 
20!  ►-;m). 

.Molino  del  Rcy,  battle  of,  ]8'17,  v. 
407-O0.'). 

Moluei^a  Islands,  Cortes'  offer  to  oon- 
(pier,  ]82(i,  ii.  2.50;  Loaiia's  cxpcd., 
1.525,  ii.  257;  Caliot's  expcil.,  J52!>, 
ii.  257;  jirojKi-eil  search  for,  ii. 
25(!-0;  late  of  Sajivedra's  e.xpeil.,  ii. 

257-  y. 

Mon,  ambasan  W,  treaty  witli  Al- 
monte. 1850,  V.  775-0. 

Monarcliist.s,  p;irty,  v.  283. 

Monasterio,  minist<  r,  rcjily  to  U.  S. 
envoy,  18;t(;,  v.  312-13;  tiiu  Texan 
'pie.siion,  V.  .'{2(i. 

Monclova,  conspiracy  at,  isil,  iv. 
272-.'!;  govt  council  at,  iv.  272;  re- 
volt at,  1830,  V.  200. 

Monclova,  Condo  de,  20th  viceroy, 
1080,  iii.  221-2. 

Monopolies,  eonmicrcial,  effect  of,  iv. 
10. 

Alonopolics,  government,  (|uicl<silv(T, 
iii.  583-4,  002;  salt,  iii.  5,s7;  jinhpic, 
iii.  OUO;  toliacc'o,  iii.  013-14,  I.O:!; 
iv.  740;  gunpowder,  iii.  ()02;  paiicr, 
iii.  003;  ice,  iii.  003;  cards,  etc.,  iii. 
003-1. 

Monsalve,  (ien.  P.,  ca]>tnres  Huicha- 
pan,  1813,  iv.  527-0;  takes  Zima- 
]ian,  iv.  520-30. 

Montalvo,  (i.  de,  bisliop  of  Yucatan, 
1570,  ii.  084;  transferred  to  Cu/co, 
1.587,  ii.  080;  death,  l.")03.  ii.  080. 

Montane/,  .1.  de  O.^  31st  viceroy, 
lOiiO,  iii.  25(i;  1)iiig.,  etc.,  iii.  250; 
rule,  iii.  250-0:  iiiappointed,  1701. 
iii.  2()S;  I'ulo,  iii.  208-78;  arcbbislio|i, 
KiOO,  ui.  270-7;  deatii  of,  iii.  277  8. 

iMontafio,  F.,  ascends  l'o)>ocatcpctl, 
1.521,  ii.  20-31;  exjied.  to  .Miclioa- 
can,  ii.  -15  8;  map  of  exped.,  ii.  40. 

Montano,  Lieut -col,  plan  of,  1827,  v. 
.37  S. 

iMonteagiulo,  Br  M.,  mention  of,  iv. 
701-2. 

iMontt^blanco,  Fort,  capture  of,  1810, 
iv.  (>4l. 

Monte  de  I'iedad,  foimded,  1775,  iii. 
7()1. 

Montejo,  P.  de,  (irijalvaV  exped.,  i. 
10,  25;  Cortes'  captain,  i.  70;  cliar- 
acter,  etc.,  i.  75-():  ii.  430,  435; 
mission  to  Spain,  i.  108-72:  gov.  of 
Yucatan,  1520,  ji.  430;  grants  to,  ii. 
431;  instnicti(M\.s,  ii.  4.31;  expcd.  to 
Yucatan,  1.527,  ii  431-41;  1537,  ii. 
442  5;  to  Taha^c'o,  ii.  441-2;  gov. 
of  Honduras,  1535,  ii.  441;  deiiarts 


INDEX. 


735 


catan, 

'W/Cii, 

G8S>. 
icemv, 

1701. 

•J77-S. 

1  pi'll, 
lulina- 

li.  415. 

y.'7,  V. 

..f,   iv. 

181(3, 

( 7"),  iii. 

pod.,  i. 

cliav- 

),    4:i.'): 

gov.    lit 

s  to,  ii. 

1H(1.  to 

■■).'{7,  ii. 
Ic'ijai't-i 


for  riiiapa«,  etc.,  ii.  44.':  rcsiileiu'ia 
of,  1  Vl.-),  I,")4S,  ii.  44i»-.JU;  .ii'alli  nl, 
ii.  4.'..»  1.^ 

Moiitojo,  F.  i\v.,  jr.  (.'NiM'd.  to  Yucatan, 
l.')l()-7,  ii.  44.")  il;  t'ouinl .  t'aiiiii.(  he, 
].'>4t),  ii.  44.'>;  fouii.U  M.'iiila.  l.'.f.', 
ii.  447;  fouiul.-i  ^'allall(lli(l,  l.'i!.'!,  ii. 
417. 

Miiiitomayor,  D.  do,  scttlu-i  in  Xncvo 
Li  iM,  l.".s4,  ii.  770  7;  grants  to, 
coiilinncil,  ]'iy.'t,  ii,  77S  '.I;  capt.- 
gcn.  X.  Lvon,  I.V.k;,  ii.  77'.>-S(). 

Montcniayor,  oidor,  Avoiks  of,  iii.  .")."0. 

Monfcpio    Militar,    founding   of,    iii. 

4-_'-j  ;{. 

Monterey,  fcMindcd,  l.";'.M),  ii.  ~S();  lir.-it 
catliedr;..'  in,  iii.  {>'X\;  junta  ol,  v. 
5  Ii;  captuix'il  liy  fcileralists,  ]S'V.), 
V.  -J;)!);  liy'laylor,  iSKi,  v.  .Y/d-tO'J; 
fortilicatioiiH,  v.  ;{S()-lJ;  plan,  v. 
381. 

Monterey,  Coiidc  rle,  i)tli  vieeroy, 
l.V.t.'i,  ii.  7i,(l;  eliaractor,  ii.  707; 
iii.  1-2;  rule,  707  84;  transferred  to 
Poni,  iii.  '2;  death  of,  KiOO,  iii.  2; 
re  ii<hjneia,  iii.  "). 

Monte !,  K.,  minister  of  justice,  18S."), 
V.  t)7(J. 

Moiitus-elaros,  Marcjucs  de,  10th  viee- 
roy, l(i(l3,  iii,  "), 

Mout-eri'at,  hrotlicrlK'od  of,organi/cd, 
l.'vSO,  ii,  7.">(i-7. 

Mnnt  ifar,  A.  de,  arehliisiiop,  l.").")l,  ii. 
(ill:?;  deatli  of,  \tU'2,  ii.  (i74;  charac- 
ter, ii.  (174"."). 

Monte;nun!i  11.,  descent,  i.  OS;  ch;ir- 
aeier,  i.  i'S  '.I,  4."i.")-8;  rule,  i.  !t'.t-l(M); 
supei'4itiou  of,  1.  100-14,  'J(>(i-7; 
(irij'ilva's  exped.,  etc.,  i.  II.VI."); 
envoys  .and  ])resents  to  fortes,  i. 
lM-:iO,  l.-iO,  L'-Ji)  4,  -2:51,  •_'.•!<.»,  '2V.\ 
2.")!;  vacillation  of,  i.  rj.")-(i;  tax- 
colle<'tors  seized  hy  Cortes,  i.  14(i- 
51;  pei'iilexity  of,  i.  ].">.");  efl'eet  of 
CortJ.-i' victories  on,  i.  210  "iO,  l>-_':!; 
invites  Cortes  to  ^lex.,  i.  2.'il,  'J.'i.'i; 
siiliterfuge,  etc.,  of,  i.  2<i."');  meeting 
vith  Cortes,  i.  280  (i;  rece])tiou  of 
Ci>rtes,  i.  287-91';  palace  of,  i.  ]'.(2; 
pei/uro  of,  i.  liOli  8;  captivity  of,  i. 
3()'.>-27;  treatment  as  captive,  i. 
328-.")2;  o])po<e.i  Cacama's  conspir- 
acy, i.  330-4;  sM'cars  allegiani'o  to 
Cortes,  i.  33()-7;  oppfnes  destrue- 
tion  of  idols,  i.  ;i4(i-!t;  aids  Alva- 
rado,  i.  422;  fealty  to  Cortes,  i.  42(i: 
cireet  of  Cortes'  nnleness  on,  i. 
428  i);  speech  tolas  eountrynieii,  i. 
410  1;  (1.  ath  of,  i.  4."2-.";  v.  iv,  ,,  i. 
4o8-9;  deHcendanta,  i.  4J8-(i0j  ob- 


Kequics,  i.  404  .';  Indian   claimant 
to  tin-one  of,   I.SdS,  iv.  I'.i    I. 
Monte/iinia,    Col    ,).,    operaliou.i    of, 

1812,  iv.  4(M>-I. 
Monte/.unia,    Conde   de,  32d   viceroy, 

Ki'.tii,  iii.  2>V.»;  rule,  iii.  2.V.K  (i,'>;  loy- 

aUy    siispeetrd,    iii.   'Jli;!  4;   I'cturn.-i 

to  Spain,  1702,  iii.  2(14. 
Moi'a,  I.,  divulges  plot,  v.  .17;  ininis- 

tiir  of   var,    f837,   v.    184;  I84(i,   v. 

2110. 
^lora,  J.  M.  L.,  works  of,  iv,  824, 
Mfira  y  \'illaniil,  ( Jen,.  Iiatile  of  ISnetia 

\'ista,   v.  42^7,  4:.0:   negotiations 

with  Tri-t,  18^17,  v.  402. 
}dor.iles,  (ien.,  eampaiirn  in  Y\ieatan, 

1812  3,   V.   242  3;  delemc  of  Vera 

Cruz.  1847,  v.  442-5, 
.Morales  y  Molina,    A.    1\.  de,   liidiop 

of    dielioae.in,    l."i(l.")-72;   ii.  (103;  of 

TueMa,  ii.  (107. 
Moran,  victory  at  San  Andres,  ISK!, 

iv.  (130. 
Morante,  C,  treachery  of,  iv.  332. 
Morelos,  (Jen.   .J.  M.,  Pientioii  of,   iv. 

202;  hiog.,  iv.  203-4;  eliaracter,  iv. 

20(11;    meeting   with   liidalgo,    iv. 

2011  7;  tirst  campaign,  IM  i,  iv.  207- 

.SOil;    plan    of    eampai:,'u,    iv.    208; 

plot.s    again4,     iv.     3().-)-0,    ,344  ."; 

meaairi'-i,   iv.    343-4;    second  cam- 
paign, 1811-12.  iv.  .348  .-,|-  plan  of 

eanqiaign,  iv.  3!8;  defiai;   I'orlier, 

iv.  3."iil  7;  defence  of  Cu.inila,  1812, 

iv.     3(12-72;    relieves     lluijuapan, 

1812,    i.'.   4iS    10;    third   lanipaign, 

lsl2,  iv.  408  00;  plans,   iv.  480  '.!(); 

captures  Aeapul'j.t,  1813,  iv.  ."4.")  ."'1; 

convcil.-.es  congr(.'ss,   iv.    ."i.'iO-OO;  dc- 

^i';n<  of,  iv,   ri,")0  (1.");  dei'rci'S  of,  iv. 

,"IU  7;  defeat  at  Valladolid,    1813, 

iv.  ."i00-73;  re  i','nation  of,  iv.  r)70-7; 

ea]ituro,   iv,   (11.")   18;  tiiil,   etc.,  iv. 

(HO  21:    execution,    181.5,    iv.    (122; 

eliaracter,  iv.  022  5. 
Moiehis,   state,  org;ini/.ed,  etc.,  1SI^>0, 

vi.  3(10. 
Mi>relos,  towni,  affair  at,  1840,  v.  21."). 
Moreno,  M.,  {>ptrations  of,   1812,  iv. 

.300  401. 
Moreno,  (Jen.  T.,  capture  of  I'uoMa, 

}8,"i(l,  V.  701-.3. 
floret,  (ien.,  mention  of,  vi.  202-3. 
Morla,  F.  de,   (Jortes'  capiaiii,   i.    70; 

evacuation  of  Mex.,   i.   471;  death 

of,  i.  481. 
Moroncs,  I'h*,  jnez  de  rc^ideiicia,  ]."."7, 

ii.  .548-0. 
Mnr.ite,  C,,  jucz  du  resideucia,  IdiJl, 

iii.  luO. 


''  1 


I     il 


730 


INDEX. 


Mcpic|iic(lin,  T).  N.  do,  gov.  cf  Nuevii 

(lali.iii,  iii.  L".W. 
Miirriur,  M.,  (.'iivdy  to  M(tx.,  v.  ."1. 
Mdtii,  A.  ill-' la,  liislicpp  (it  -\,i(^va(Ja- 

licia,  I.V.m;,  ii.  ('.'.fj. 
Miita,  1.  ili^  la,  l)i.>li(ip  (if  Tiielila,   iii. 

ll'.i. 
Muta  I'aililla,  M.  do  la,  Wdrku  tif,  ii. 

jMdtiiliiiia,  Fatlu'i'  T.  do,  works,  etc., 
df,  ii.  IsT-iS,  7S."). 

M(iya  y  ('diitrcra.s,  1*.  do,  t:dadiutdr 
dt'  ai'clilii.-ilid]i,  1.7-,  ii.  tiT.'i;  c-liiof 
iii(|iiisitdr,  I."i71,  ii.  <>7'S;  ai'c'lilii.slid]i, 
l.'i/'J,  ii.  (iS'J  I!;  bidg,,  ii.  (iSJ;  riip- 
tiirt^  \\itli  vi(-eroy,  ii.  (iS.'t;  crown 
sustains,  ii.  (is;{_4;  isuninions  coim- 
cil,  l.")S4,  ii.  (iS-J;  rdyal  visitaddr, 
].")iS  {,  ii.  7-4I);  sixth  vioiroy,  i.'i;'>4,  ii. 
7-K);  rule,  l.".St  .">,  ii.  740  'i;  oiiar.as 
against,  ii.  741;  n^turns  to  .'^)iaiu, 
ii.  74'_';  |u\'si(li'Mt  India  Council,  ii. 
74'-';  (Icatli.  Kill],  ii.  7I'.'. 

^!uui('i|ial  gdvcrnniunt,  ii.  IMO—IO;  iii, 
.VJI-;il;  iv.  .•■)()•_>. 

^iufii/,  Ocn.  M.,  in  MidioacaTi,  iv. 
.M'J-IH;  reiudu  at  Valladdlid,  iv. 
;^I4;  dcf(.at  at  Acuitzid,  IMII,  iv. 
;^:!7;  district  of,  1613,  iv.  oil."); 
trcacliei-y  of,  iv.    '..")0. 

Mun  I/.,  A.,  royal  coniinissioncr,  l"i(i7, 
ii.  (iL'."i;  cliaractcr,  ii.  ()'J."i;  tyranny 
of,  ii.  (i-Jd-'t:  (lc]insc(I,  l.'idS,  "ii.  (i;JO- 
•_';  death,  l.'idS,  ii.  (i:{-.>. 

^lunnic,  Majdr,  capture  of  Monterey, 

v.  ;v,)ti. 

Muustci-,  S.,  voi'ks  fif,  i.  'J."7-S. 

M\uguia,  .1.  ,M.,  inlcnd.  of  Oajaca, 
LSI:.',  iv.  4SS,  ,")(L'-:i. 

?»1  Uriel,  \),,  'Viisii  Novi  Orliif,'  iii. 
7-.'4. 

Murpliy,  T.,  minister  of  foreign  af- 
fairs, tS()7,  vi.  H'M. 

Mu;^ijuiz,  (Jen.  i^^.,  president  ad  inte- 
riui,  lii:V2,  v.  ]lu;  biog.,  v.  110-lU; 
cabinet,  v.  110. 


N 


Nalma  civilizati'in,  i.  94-7,  639. 

Napdleon  I.,  ci'.rei'r  of,  iv.  1-3. 

Naji  ileou  IJI.,  instructions  to  Gen. 
Forey,  etc..  1  S()-2,  vi.  51-.");  viUi- 
di-awal  of  French  troops,  vi.  '2t)S, 
•243. 

Narvacz,  P.  do,  Volazqiioj;'  lieut,  l.'ill, 
i.  ';  character,  etc.,  i.  3.")iS-'.);  ex- 
pod.  tojMex.,  ].")'20,  i.  3G1-3;  sum- 
mons Villa  Rica  to  surrender,  i. 
0-1-5;    proceeds  against  Cortes,    i. 


370-2;  Hclzea  Cort(.'s'  trea.snros,  i. 

37--3;    estrangits    liis    followers,    i. 

37-;    pnipdsals    td    Corti's,    i.    MS'J; 

treatment  dt  ( 'drtt'.s' messengers,  i. 

3.S4  .'>;    (lefeati'(l    at    Cempoala,    i. 

3'.>3-7;  capture  of,  i.  3i»7-N;  iuijiri  i- 

diiinent,  i.  405;  release,  etc.,  ii.  77- 

S. 
Nautla,  liattlo  of,   1519,  i.  2.50;  sack 

of,  i.  •_'(;(). 
Navarro  y  Ivodrigiiez,  C,  'Iturbide,' 

iv.  ii'2o. 
Navidad,  I'hilijipuio  fleet  at,  l')Ct'.\-  4, 

ii.  (lOO;  Inirned,  15^7,  ii.  74(1. 
Xav.nl  de|iartment,  San  Jiias,  iii.  4'_'()-  1. 
Navigation,  internal,  facilities  for,  iii. 

(;:>.s. 

Navy,  V.  G."j-0,  ."70-1,  7-14,  770-9;  vi. 
4.>;{-4. 

Xayarit,  province,  extent,  iii.  310-11; 
inlialpitants.  iii.  311-13;  map-i  ol, 
iii.  311,  ;!IS;  expeditions  td,  iii. 
31.317;  chief  vi.Mts  Mex.,  ]7-'0  I, 
iii.  3I7-'_M;  edn(|uest  of.  17-1  -,  iii. 
321-.S;  uauied  Xuevo  Jtcino  de  1d- 
ledd,  iii.  I'rJS;  missions,  etc.,  found- 
ed, iii.  3-.'",l;  revolts,  17-Jl'-3,  iii. 
3"_".l  ."lO;  Franciscans  in,  17(17.  iii. 
3:il;  cdudilidn,    ]7(i7  N!»,    iii.  :i30   I. 

Xayarit,  tdwn,  surrendered  hy  impe- 
rialists, KS()7,  vi.  .'i.'i'i. 

Negri^te,  E.  del  C,  works  of,  iv. 
(ii.'4-5. 

Negrete,  f!en.  M.,  battle  of  Cinco  do 
^Slavo,  liSCi'i,  vi.  47-50;  operation-i 
of, 'hSiJ.'i,  vi.  IL'I;  l.S(i.'),  vi.  I'.Hi  S; 
pronuneiaiuieuto  of,  IS(i!),  vi.  37-  3; 
defeat  of,  vi.  373;  insurrection  of, 
]S(iS,  vi.  3(i0. 

Nogretc,  (rou.  P.  C,  mention  of,  iv. 
245;  operations  at  Un^petiro,  ISIO, 
iv.  '218;  operations  of,  bSJl,  iv. 
3-24-5;  181-2,  iv.  3S7  90;  defeat-i 
Vcrdusco,  181.3,  iv.  51-2;  repulse  at 
Meseala,  1S13,  iv.  540;  captun^  of 
IMescal.i,  1810,  iv.  0.55;  captures 
Uurango,  18-21,  iv.  7irv-l(i;  declares 
against  Iturbide,  18-23,  iv.  79(); 
mendter  of  executive,  182.3,  iv,  802; 
exiled,  1827,  v.  58. 

Negroeti,  cons]iirac.y  of,  1537,  ii.  384— 
5;  1540,  ii.  5.'{7-8;  number,  ii.  575; 
intermarry  with  Indians,  ii.  772; 
nivolt  of,  ■]()()!»,  iii.  11-12;  KKiO,  iii. 
172;  1735,  iii.  3,5-2-3;  emancipation 
of,  iii.  751-2;  protection  of,  iii.  751  - 
2;  restrictidiis,  iii.  753. 

Nevares,  A.  O.  do,  gov.  of  Yucatan, 
],5i):!-l,  ii.  (;50. 

New  Laws,  the,  passed,  ii.   510;  Las 


INDEX. 


787 


of,    iv. 

/inco  do 
■liitioii-i 
I'.M)  S; 

;li()ll   of, 

of,  iv. 
o,  ISIO, 
Ml,  iv. 
(lufi'atH 
nilsu  .'it 
itliH!  of 
•aptiin'^ 
U'L'liinv! 
V.  T'.xi; 
iv.  802; 

|ii.  884- 
ii>  oT."); 

jii.   ri'2; 

IWJO,  iii. 

l;ii)!itioii 
il.  7i51- 

lucatau, 

0;  Las 


f'a<a:i'  cfTort^  in  liclialf  of,  ii.  .'IS  | 
1'.);  aiipiovcd  hy  tlic  ciiiiii'i-or,  l.'vJ'J.  i 
ii.  ."I'.i;  aiiiiililifil,  ii.  .'illt;  |irovi.sioiis  ' 
of  till',  ii.  ."il!(-'_M;  jiroi-laiiiicil,  etc.,  ' 
ii.  r)2l{;  inoililicatioii  of,  l."»4."),  ii.  j 
527;  (lirii'f^'ai'iloil,  ii.  t'i27;  rt^volts 
(•au.-tud  liy,  ii.  .")27-S;  (.'iiforcuiueut 
of,  ii.  r)().">-(>.  I 

TsiiW  Mexico,  fX[)t'ilitiou,s  to,  l.")K)-'.IS, 
ii.  7>Si-'J;  S|Miiiaril.s  driven  fnun, 
KWO,  iii.  L',")l;  rtcoiiiinci'cd,  I0".>2, 
2.')1-'J;  rcv(jlt  in,  lO'.MJ,  2.")2. 

Nuw  Leon,  map,  ii.  778. 

Kow  S|)ain  (icu  ali^o  Mexico),  name,  i. 
•20;  iii.  :{72.  j 

Nezalmaliiilli,  a^ttrologer,   divination.s  | 
of,  i.  :-0:i-7;  deatli,  iVMl  | 

Nieuragna,   tlie  Coiitreras   revolt,   ii.  ' 
o27;  gold-gathering  in,  iii.  .")l'i(J-l).       I 

Niza,  jM.  (Iu,  ex[)lorations  of,  l.'iHO,  ii.  | 
4(>7.  i 

Noliility,  local,  iii.  7.").'>;  iv.  01—5.  j 

Kocho  Trintu,  la,  i.  4(J:{-JS1.  | 

Nochiatlau,  Imrned,  Ut'M),  ii.  352-.3; 
capture  of,  1")41,  ii.  ")07. 

Nochistoiigo,  tunnel  of,  completed, 
UIOS,  iii.  0-10;  cutting  of,  vi.  ."lUo. 

Nolan,  ]'liilip,  raid  of,  iv.  Xl 

Noriega,  (ten.  -M.,  defence  of  I'uehla, 
LSG7,  vi.  :«,')(!. 

Novella,  Mariscal  ¥.,  ()2d  viceroy, 
1S2I,  iv.  71S  20;  rule,  720-:JI. 

Novenariiis,  name,  v.  ,S7. 

'XovusOrl.i.s,'  i.  28 1 -2. 

Nuestra  Sciiora  de  la  Asuncion,  city, 
.see  C'hilpancingo. 

Nuestra  .Sefior.'i  dc  los  Kemediod,  im- 
age of,  iii.  478;  iv.  01,  180-7;  ban- 
ner of,  iv.  187. 

Nueva  ( ralicia,  descript.  of,  ii.  59-GO; 
(Juzman's  con(piest  of,  IjjI^O,  ii.  ;{44- 
05;  maps  of,  ii.  352,  402;  condition' 
of,  15.S7,  ii.  402;  15;!8-41,  ii.  400-2; 
Indian  revolt  in,  1538,  ii.  403-1; 
1541,  ii.  403-4;  oppression  of  ua- 
tivea,  ii.  538-0;  govt,  etc.,  of,  l.")48, 
ii.  ri47-8;  iii.  200-301;  (luadalajara, 
capital  of,  ii,  548;  see  of,  estalil'd, 
1544,  ii.  .")49;  mineral  discoveries,  ii. 
551-2;  loss  of  population,  ii.  552-3; 
map  of  ''isliopric,  ii.  000;  prelates, 
1548-90,  ii.  091-2;  .Jesuits  visit, 
1574,  ii.  708-9;  extent,  iii.  290; 
jfovcrnors,  iii.  297-8;  industrial  con- 
dition, iii.  303— t;  population,  iii. 
304;  revolution  in,  1810,  iv.  202- 
8;  1821,  iv.  715;  royalist  operations 
in,  1811,  iv.  322-5;  royalist  meas- 
ures, iv.  339. 

His.  Mex.  Vol,  VI,    47 


Xuevo  Loon,  governor  (,  iii.  .13.3-4; 
Indian  trouliles  in,  .'134  5;  t'Xtcnt, 
etc.,  ISIO,  .3.'J7  fS;  piipiilalion,  3.'{.S; 
defiance  if,  iii.  412-13;  .'ce  of,  iii. 
093;  revolt  in,  ISll,  iv.  2»0  I;  1.S13, 
i\.  .")4-l;  sulijugatiiin  of,  i\ .  (J.'iO; 
map  of,  vi,  l.'io. 

\uevo  Santander,  rcvcilt  in,  IMO,  iv, 
'_'.'!0;  insurnction  .Miiiprc.s.sed  in, 
isll,  iv.  .321  2;  increase  of  ttrr., 
LSll,  322;  denion.stratiiiu  against 
Iturliide,  iv,  78.3. 

Nueva  Vizcaya,  rcino  cstaMislied,  ii. 
50S;  revolution  in,  1S21,  iv.  710. 

Xunr/,  .V,,  mention  of,  i.  .320,  35.5, 
070,  075. 

Nunez,  minister  ui  tlie  treasurv,  KS0.3, 

vi.  no. 

Nunneries,  numtur  of,  15S!S,  ii.  737: 
mention  of,  iii.  710   11. 


O 


Oajaca,  Cortes  reserves  grant  in,  ii, 
3iS  9;  settlement  of,  ii,  42;  re\iilt 
ill.  l,")2i;,  ii.  227- S;  l.V!!,  ii.  415; 
diocese  estaltlislied,  15,35,  ii.  .391  2; 
slow  growth  of,  ii.  417  IS;  maii  of 
liishopric,  ii.  (;04;  church  allairs, 
I.5.".4-1G04,  (i94  5;  .lesiiits  enter, 
1575,  ii.  700;  condition  of,  I5."i0,  ii. 
728-9;  maps  of,  iii,  402;  iv,  4S'J;  vi. 
12(i;  see  of,  iii  tl'.M ;  reV(jlutioii  in, 
181 1- 12,  iv.  433  40,  4S1-0;  KS21,  iv. 
725;  royalist  reaction  in,  iv.  55S; 
reconipiest  of,  1.S14,  iv.  580  3; 
earthijuakes  in,  1807,  IS70,  vi.  307; 
mining  regulations  in,  1873,  vi. 
508. 

Oajaca,  city,  eartlnjuake  at,  1787,  iii. 
4G1-2;  1801,  iii.  49S;  cathedral  ,,f, 
iii.  091;  captured  l>y  Morclos,  1SI2, 
iv.  481-5;  plans  of,  iv.  4.S4;  vi.  189; 
sack  of,  iv.  485;  executions  at,  iv. 
480;  prisoners  released  at,  iv,  487- 
8;  govt  organized,  iv.  488;  royalest 
occupation  of,  1814,  iv.  581-2;  Al- 
varez' measures  in,  iv,  .582;  occupicil 
hy  Leon,  1821,  iv.  725;  hy  Bravo, 
182.3,  iv.  795-0;  siege  of,  18()5,  vi. 
188-90;  capitulatit)!!  of,  180(),  vi. 
2G1;  occupied  hy  Alatorre,  1872,  vi. 
.382;  l.y  Hernandez,   187(),  vi.  419. 

Oheso,  defeat  at  Ayotla,  1817,  iv. 
050. 

O'Brien,  Lieut,  battle  of  Buena  Vista, 
V.  424-0,  431. 

Ocampo,  1).  de,  alcalde  mayor,  1523. 
ii.  111-12;  negotiations,  etc.,  witl 
Garay,  ii.  113  15;  royal  notary,  ii, 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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1.4    11.6 


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Sciences 

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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MS80 

(716)  873-4S03 


% 


788 


INDEX. 


•JKi;  CorUs"  agfiit,  inSO,  ii.  VM). 
4)oiiiii|iii,  <i.  lie,  i-fgiiiiir,  I.VJI,  ii.  '.(. 
()o.'iiii[i<i,  M.,  gov.  (i|  Mu-liiiiicaii,  I.S.">I, 

V.  (i()7;  iniiiisti'r  of  rclatioiiH,  IM.">, 

V.  (MiT;  l»"lioy,  V.  t>(hS  i». 
(k'liiia,    ,\li-iil<lc   .1.    lie,    ivvdlutioni.-it 

plot  <livulK.'il  to,  ISM),  iv.  Ill;  Mc- 

tioiiof,  iv.  Ii:(  l4;tK'fi.;itiit  I'iftoiu's, 

LSI  I.  iv.  :ill7. 
(.K'otlan,  iiU'.iir  at.  IS.Vi,  v.  (iHI. 
Ociiituco,  .\\igu.stiiiiaiis  I'oiiiiil  coiivt'tit 

at.  ii.  .•«»:  S. 
Otioarilo,  .1.  II.,  iirosidciit  of  coiigro^x, 

IS'_'-_',  iv    7.V.». 
O'Monoju,  .!.,  vii'oroy  of  New  .Spain, 

hS'JI,   iv.   7'2(>;   l»io){.,   iv.  7-<>;  |>ro- 

couiliiigs,  iv.  7-7  >S;  treaty  <>f  f.ii- 

•lolia,  iv.  7'iS;  rt'cogiiition  of,  iv.  I'M; 

inoiiiltor  of  rcm-m-y,  iv.  IXi;  ili'ath, 

I.S'JI,    iv.    I'M;  fliaractcr,    i-tc,   iv. 

7:«^-7. 

DtKi'o-hoUliiig.  rapacity,  tftc,  of  olli- 
cials.  ii.  I'M:  iii.  'M).  I.")4  .">;  Hale  i.f 
otIifi'H,  iii.  :<.">(>,  rc'.t  HI;  oaj^criu.Hs 
for,  iii.  .">-(>;  I'aiuliilato.s,  iii.  ")27; 
iliialitifation-t,  iii.  .VJ7  S;  pay,  iii. 
.V_*S;  pi'iisiont,  iii.  ;V2t<--!t;  ]>ri'i'eil(!iu'<!, 
111.  .VII. 

()j?a/oii.  1'.,  niiiiisti'r  of  war,  187(5,  vi. 
4'M. 

Oidores,  jiiri.Hilictioii  of,  ii.  '21S;  iii- 
stnictioiis  to.  I.VJS,  ii.  •J7'.)  .SI;  ve- 
il,.     »    of.  iii.  'JS  il;  (liitios,  etc.,  iii. 

.■>:(!»  i:^. 

Ojcila,  (',i]it.,  iiiciitioii  of.  i  '  HW  I; 
at   tt'iiiplr    (iylit,    I."  147;  at 

captiiiv    of     /,ii',itr|  ."riti;    at 

'I'l'/ciu'cp.  i.  (il(i:  cxp.  1  riascala, 
i.  (1(17. 

Ojcda,  Liciit  imI,  (U'ftat  at  I'iaxtla, 
|Si:(.  iv.  .Vrj  ;{. 

Ol.iv  irricta.  .1.  A..  auto-<lc-fc  of,   iv. 

:;s. 

()l,i/.alial.    convoy,    cti'.,    of,    ISI.S,   iv. 

."m4. 
Oliil,    ('.    lie.    Hcarcli    fur   (irijalva,   i. 

;{|   "J;  Willi  Cortes'  cxpcil.,  i.  (1.'),  70, 

\'M,  i:tii,  'S.M.  :(!•-•,  ;{.">4,  :{Sit.  :\\h. 

:t".Kl.  I(H>.  171.  I7.'>.  I'.K).  .V.'it,  .■)Sl', 
(lid,  (ll.S,  (IJI  •_',  (l'.':  ;•,  i'l'M;  ciiaiac- 
tvr,  I'tc,  i.  7i!:  J^ciit  to  Miclioacan, 
I.V_»'.»,  ii.  ."il  H;  pillage  of  'I'/int/un- 
t/.aii,  ii.  ."•-  ;{;  oiiiipus  Zacatiila,  ii. 
X\;  v\]H'i\.  to  InipiiciiiLjo.  I.V.'l,  ii. 
."iS  '.t;  coii'inrrs  ( 'oliiiia.  ii.  .V.t;  foniuls 
( '.ill ma  11,  il.  .V.t;  oiilcrcil  to  llilnicras, 
I.V.M,  ii.  KH  .■>:  defection  of,  ii.  •.tCI; 
ioiuhU  Vail.idolid.  iv.  I(>7. 
Olivc-eiiUurc,  restrictions  on.  iii.  (illt; 
ciiiditiiiii  of,  VI.  ."7U. 


(llinodo,  Fatlicr  H.  dc,  with  Cortes' 
exped.,  i.  (i!».  !»•.»,  I'_':<,  \'J>.),  \M,  l'.>7, 

•Jis,  '2is,  -jiMi,  :(i(i,  :w(i,  :»7(>  i,  :<7."), 
:is(),  ;wj,  ;«»2,  47i',  r)ir>;  ii.  si,  i,"  • 

S;  cimraeter,  i.  l'*JS-',t;  deatii  of,  ii. 
I.V,I. 

Olvcra,  (Jen.,  defeat  of,  IS(i(V  vi. 
■.">l   'J;  finrreiidcr  of,  I.St»7,  vi.  ;{.">l. 

Oiiiitlan,  (iiuinan  eiioainpitil  at,  \.VM), 
ii.  :VtS  it. 

Oftatc,  C.  do,  »!xped.  to  Miclioacan,  ii, 
;M8  !»;  to  Jalisco,  \:,'M),  ii.  'X'ht  (i; 
ill  cliarj<c  of  Niieva  Calicia,  ii.  .'(7-, 
4(>!>;  the  Mixtoii  war,  ii.  4<J(!-S,  ."lOi"- 
:»,  Ml. 

Ofiatc,  C.  de,  jr.  coiHpiracy  of,  l")(>5, 
ii.  (HMI;  tortiircil,  ii.  (125;  turns  i)i- 
foriucr,  ii.  i'i'2'i;  exonerates  M.  Cor- 
tes, ii.  ()l!(J  7;  exei'iited,  ITUIS,  ii. 
(•2(>-7. 

Ordaz,  I),  ile,  with   Cortes'  exped.,  i. 

(il,  (>(>  7,  70.  7!t  SO,  8S,  i:u.  i:«», 
'.".II,  '.M,  :iio,  :v2'.i  4,  :UH),  4(k»  i, 

407.  4*JH,  4:W  4,  471.  4.S(;,  .V2<»,  r^S; 
character,  etc..  i.  7S;  scarcii  for 
Cortes,  I  ■»'.'."»,  ii.  '2'2i)  I;  alguacil 
mayor,  ii.  '2'2\. 

Oftatc,  J.  de,  founds  (iiiadalajara,  ii. 
:t(i(>  7;  c  inipicrs  Ni'w  .\lex.,  I.V.(7  S, 
,ii.  7SI   •_>. 

'Ordencs  de  la  Corona,"  iii.  .''mI. 

Ordofli^/.  Col  C..  operations  of,  ISI.'I, 
iv.  ,V27-.'{0;  ISI7,  iv.  (»."»7;  defeated 
liy  Miiia,  iv.  (J(i7  S. 

Ori/alia,  city,  location,  iii.  '_»'J0;  popu- 
lation, 1777,  iii.  -"JO;  capture  and 
recapture,  ISI'J.  iv.  4(H)  I,  47'.»  .SO; 
plan  of,  IS.SI,  v.  1:57;  occiiiiied  Ky 
Spanish  troops,  ISli'i,  vi.  40;  con- 
ference at,  IS(J-.»,  vi.  4l». 

Oro/.co,  K.  de,  with  Cortes'  exped.,  i. 
(')'.);  regidor,  i.  .Vm,  .V)7. 

Oro/.co  y  Herra,  M.,  works  of,  ii.  fi.'l,')- 
(i. 

Orrantia,  (Jt'ii.,  mention  of,  iv.  iVJ.'i; 
victory  at  La  Caja,  LSI7,  iv.  (i7'.t; 
captures  .Mina.  iv.  (ISO  |. 

Ortega,  (ieii.,  liattle  of  Kiieni  N'isla, 
V.  41!),  4'2,")  S;  operation.--,  ISdO,  v, 
7SI,  7S!i;  concentration  at  (,'  i  re- 
taro,  \.  7S7,  I'Xi;  victory  ,vt  Sui 
Migiul  (  .Ipuliilpaii,  IS(1(),  \.  7'.»:t; 
occupation  of  NL\.,  v.  71)1  ">;  min- 
ister of  justice,  ISCiJ,  vi.  IS;  defeat 
of,  LS(1"J,  vi.,')'J;  correspouiU'iice  with 
Korey,  vi.  ."iS;  defence  of  rnclila, 
IS(J;!,"  vi.  (>•.»  S;  caiitivity  of,  (H);  es- 
ca;'e,  (ii);  operations,  ISdS,  vi.  \'2'2; 
ISiU,  vi.  \'2't;  retirciiienl  of,  \  i. 
'JO.l  4;    candid.itc    for    presidency, 


INDEX. 


739 


\mC>,   vi.   233-4;  dofoiice   of    Miixi- 

iiiiliiiii,    vi.  \M)H;  l•lailn^<   tliu   pruMi- 

(loiicy,  IStiT,  vi.  :»()S. 
Ortiz,  M.,  victory  lit  Sun  Fulijns,  1813, 

iv.  r)24. 
Ortiz,  T.,  (txootitioii  of,  ISII,  iv.  351. 
Orti/.,  Kiitlu'r  T.,  iiii'iitioii  of,  ii.  '2Mi 

t),  :toi. 

OmoIIo,  (!o1,  oiiuration.'*,  uti'.,  of,  isr»(!, 
V.  C.TS,  701,  703,  70."). 

0.4orio  <lo  Kscohiiry  Ll.'uiias,  1).,  iiri-ii- 
biHlio]),  \{HyA,  iii.  Km;  ili.s|iutu  witii 
vicoroy,  iii.  1(m  (i;  'J4tli  viceroy, 
m'A,  iii.  I()(i-,S;  rule,  iii.  I(W;  rcsi- 
ilciiciii,    iii.    108;   death,    107.3,    iii. 

nw. 

Osoriio,  ( rcii.  .1.  F.,  operations  of,  ISII, 
iv.  :M1  2;  ISi:«,  iv.  ■):»  (i;  l,SI4,  iv. 
r»8S  0;  1810,  iv.  0:«)  !»;  joins 'I'cr.in, 
iv.  030;  attjick  on  vii'croy,  iv.  048. 

OstotoctlieotI,  temple  of,  ii.  40). 

Otoniis,  suhniit  to  Cortes,  i.  (>37;  aid 
CorlcM,  i.  (XU-.'i;  Aii^nstiniimM 
preach  to,  ii.  400;ilefeat('liiitliinieeH, 
ii.  .')tO  2;  tlepredatious  of,  iii.  271. 

()tnnii)a,  hattli;  at,  i.  407  .'>04;  sniiinits 
to  < 'ortes,  i.  .'i70;  plan  of  .MontaAo, 
1827,  V.  :<7  8. 

Ovalle,  <  i.  dt!,  raids  of,  in  I'anueo,  etc., 
I.Vj:»,  ii.  112. 

Oviedo,  (J.  F.,  works  of,  ii.  487. 

Oviedo,  L.  ('.  de,  lirst  j»ov.  of  Yuca- 
tan. I.'»0j-71.  ii.  0.")0. 


Paohcco,  (rcn.,  hattlo  of  Bucna  Vista, 
V.  410.  425-0;  exiled,    \HM,  v.  70.3. 

I'acheco,  <•.,  sulnlnes  liacalur,  etc.  ii., 
447;  founds  Villa  Alta,  ii.  731. 

I'acheco,  .F.  F.,  Spanish  anihassador, 
I8(i0,  V.  7.SO-7. 

I'.icheco,  .1.  II.,  works  of,  iv.  725. 

I'aeluicii,  capture  of,    1812,  iv.  40.V(i; 

retiiken,    1812,    iv.    421;  capital  of 

Hidalgo,  etc..  18G0,  vi.  :»70. 

Pachuca,  district,  mining  in,  iii.  .501- 
>> 

I'ackenham,  inini.ster.  interi'essioii  of, 

|s;{S,  v.  202-:t. 
Padierna,  battle  of,  1847,  v.  475  80. 
I'adilla,  A.  I).,  works  of.  iii.  723-1. 
I'.iililla,  town,  foiiiidod,  1710,  iii.  .3t:t. 
I'.lgola.  .1.  M.,  execution  of,  1818,  iv. 

003. 
Paintings.    Aztec,   i.   ii:!,    121  5,   'Mu, 

413,    410.    44S,  40:{,  .V.t.-.;   .Mexican, 

vi.  045- (!. 
I'.tl.iec,  .Miiutezuina's,  i.  202. 
i'alacc,    vicurcgil.    plan    of,    iii.   234; 


Imnied.  1002.  iii.  240;  rohuilt,  1003- 
1702,  iii.  250;  duHcription,  iii.  2.')0- 
1,  174. 

Paliuiio,  F.  (}.  del,  minister  of  gnlier- 
nacion,  IS72,  vi.  :t8.'>;  commissi) mer 
on  U.  S.  claims,  1800,  vi.  443;  min- 
ister to  U.  S.,  1871,  443. 

Palacio,  M.  H.,  defence  of  Maximilian, 
vi.  3(W. 

Palaeio,  (Jen.  V.  H.,  minister  of  jus- 
tice,     18-14,    v.    273. 

Palacio,  <len.  U.,  o|ii'ratioiis  of,  1800, 
vi.  2(53;  siege  of  (^ueretiiro,  ISt}7, 
vi.  278  8!>;  eharaeter.  vi.  282j 
marches  on  Mex.,  vi.  ;t44;  banish. 
ment,  etc.,  of,  1875,  vi.  417;  minis- 
ter of  fomento.  187(5,  vi.  4;{|;  '  His- 
toria,'  vi.  432  4. 

I'alaf<ix  y  .Mendo/a,  .1.  de.  bishop  of 
Pueida,  iii.  OS  it;  iiiog..  iii.  «.t!»  1(H); 
ciiaracti^r,  iii.  UN);  dit^erenc(^■'  with 
viceroy,  iii.  I(>:t  7;  appointed  I8tli 
viceroy,  l(H2.  iii.  IDS;  riile,  iii. 
110-12;  (inarrel  with  .lesnits,  iii. 
121  .32;  llight  from  Puebla,  |(U7, 
iii.  120;  return,  iii.  127;  recalh;d  to 
Spain,  10-18,  iii.  120;  )>op(!  HU.stJiiu.s, 
iii.  120  30;  bishoji  of  (jsnia,  10.~>ll, 
iii.  132;  povt^rty  of.  iii.  I.'{2;  death, 
l().'>0,  iii.  \',\'J  It;  propiist^d  uaiioniza- 
tioii  of,  iii.  i:i:<;  writiiig-i  of,  iii.  |:{.'), 

Panes,  l>.,  works  of,  iii.  ."»08. 

Pamts,  Lieut-col  .1.  M.,  operations  of, 
1812,  iv.  400   I. 

Pah)  Alto,  battle  of.  1840,  v.  XVJ  (i4; 
plan  of,  V.  :t.~>l. 

Piiniico,  province,  proposed  expeil.  to, 
I.VJI,  ii.  (i5;  I.V22,  ii.  04  5;  dt!scri|)t. 
of,  ii.  01;  ( 'ortes' claims  to,  ii.  ',15  0; 
Cortes  invades,  ii.  '.Mi  101;  map  of, 
ii.  OS;  garrison  left  in,  ii.  KHl;  sup- 
ply vessel  wrecked,  ii.  I(N>  I;  result 
of  exj)c<l. ,  ii.  101;  (laray  invades, 
1.523,  ii.  105-17;  Indian  revolt  in, 
1.523,  ii.  117-22;  prnviru'c  reorgan- 
ized, Ii.  123  4;  (ill/man  gov.  of, 
1.520,  ii.  20:{;  boiinilarv  dispiiti^s,  ii. 
205  (i;  Soto's  partv  risichi's,  ii.  5i:{- 
II. 

■  P;ipi'li!s  Franciscauo.-i, '  MS.,  meiitio'i 

of,  iii.   725. 

■  Papeli^s  N'ariiis,'  vi.  tiCiO. 

'  Papi'lcs  y  ( 'orrespoiiiiciii'ia  de  la  K.i- 

iiiilia  Inipi'i'ial,'  vi.  ;ili2. 
Paper,  iii.iiiufacture  of,  vi.  .525. 
Paiada,    .\.    de.   oi.lor,    1.527.   ii.   271; 

dcilli  of,  ii.  2S2. 
Parada,  .1.  (!.,  bi-^lmp  o(    N'licalaii,  v, 

85. 
Parcdcs  (jcu.,  operations  ot,  is.'W  '.I, 


710 


INDEX. 


V.  200;  revolution  of  1841,  v.  228- 
.•{1;  1844-5,  V.  2(»5-77;  IM.'>-(i,  v. 
2'.H»  ;{;  I84S,  V.  r48-r)(>;  ini'siiU'iit. 
184(5,  V.  21W;  hiog..  etc..  v.  2!t:<  4; 
oiil.iiuit,  V.  2<.t4;  nilf,  v.  2!t4-".t;  i)liiii 
(if  oaiii]>aign,  184.S,  v.  r>4i). 
l';ire(lt!«,  J.  tic,  alciildi^  mayor  Y\io!i- 
taii,   ii.  (U'.l;  jncz  ftrnMon  ador,    iii. 

Parian,  Mt!.xico  ("itv,  iTci'tuti  nf  tin- 
I.!'.).")   I7(>:i,  iii.  •J4l"l -.")();  sacii  (.f  tlif, 

IS28,  V.  a:i 

I'.iris.  (ten.  K.,  oi'orationH  of,  IHIO.  iv. 
•_''.n>  :«K»;  J812,  iv.  K)7  It.  4(i.S  ".», 
4S!>:  death  of,  |,Si:<.  iv.  .mL'. 

I'ariier,  t'apt.  \V.,  rciiul.-u'il  at  Caui- 
lii'flu.',  l.V.Mi,  ii.  (547  N. 

I'arra,  V.  di-  la,  mention  of,  iv.  'J.'{7~S; 
(■ai>tnre  of.  '2'M). 

I':irral  District,  7niniiij;  in,  vi.  .")I4. 

I'arral,  iire-iidio,  estalilM,  Ki.'ll,  iii. 
14. 

I'arra.s,  town,  founded,  l.'iitS,  iii.   |4. 

I'arri's,  ,1.,  mini.stcr  of  war,  INIW,  v. 
12.'). 

I'arrt'.s,  Ij.,  minister  of  the  tn.'asurv, 
18K5,  V.  2<.I4. 

I'ari'odi,  (len.,  'Nit'moria.'  v.  4.'U;  op- 
erations of,  I8r)7,  V.  70");  surrender 
of,  |8")S,  V.  7;i(5. 

I'aseo-,  descript.  of,  iii.  477. 

Pastimes,  tlescript.  of,  vi.  (524-('>. 

Pastry  war.  the,  18:{S  '.»,  v.  IS(5  2()."). 

Patt(  ■  iin,  ( ieri.,  iiattleof  ( 'crroi  lonlo, 
V.  4.')2. 

Piitzcnani,  eiiiseopal  .seat,  l.'i.Vi,  ii. 
774;  .le-iuit  eoUegi'  at,  iii.  IIS;  en- 
j;aj{enient  at,  LSI  I,  iv.  ■■{!2. 

Pavno,  Minister  M.,  linaneial  niuas- 
ur«M.  ISISt,  V.  r)(»l   2. 

I'a/.,  R.  de,  rej^idor,  l."»24,  ii.  it;  ( 'or- 
ti-'H*  mayordomo  mayor,  ii.  2((.">;  ai'- 
rc4t,  etc.,  of,  ii.  20!l-l((;  joins  .'<ala- 
/ar,  ii.  210  14;  Sala/ar  plots 
against,  ii.  21.")  17;  tortnred,  ii. 
218  10;  execnted,  ii.  2I<.>. 

pearls,  ahiindaneu  of,  iii.  ;")(>()"  1. 

IV'arl  fisheries,  nientiotiof,  iii.  (510;  vi. 
.")28  0. 

I'earl  Inlands,  tirst  visited,  iii.  .')(5,")-(5. 

J'edraza,  (ien.  .M.  ().,  eoniand.  of 
Mex.,  182;i,  iv.  8(H)  2;  gov.  of  Mex., 
1824,  V.  22;  eal)inct  nunister,  182."), 
V.  31  2;  pi-csident  elect,  1828,  v.  41; 
lliglit  of,  V.  4;*-4;  return  of,  I8:i2, 
V.  120;  negotiations  with  Rustii- 
maute,  v.  122-.'l;  president,  18112,  v. 
12:i;  rule,  v.  prv  7;  cahinet,  v.  12.'); 
hiog.,  etc.,  V.  125-tf,  128;  death,  v. 
129. 


Pedro,  Prince  Don,  regency  demanded 
for,  1812,  iv.  4.")(5. 

Pena,  t).  de  la,  defeat  of,  18(5(5,  vi. 
2(5:«. 

Perta  y  Barragan,  (!en.,  campaign  in 
Yucatan,  184:1,  v.  24:1;  l.attlo  of 
('hapultei>ec,  v.  514. 

Pefla  y  Peua,  M.  de  la,  minister  of 
justice,  etc.,  |.S;{7,  v.  l.SO  1;  of  re- 
lations, 1815,  V.  21M>;  negotiations 
of,  V.  .■{40-2;  provis.  president,  1S47, 
V.  .")27;  l.iog.,5;il-2, .").")();  rnh-,  .").*12- 
.")(». 

Pcfialva,  Count  de,  gov.  of  YiK'alan, 
1(510,  iii.  100;  assassination  of,  Ki.VJ, 
1(50. 

Pc'fiate,  A.,  conspires  against  Cortes, 
etc.,  i.  177-0. 

Pensaeola  Hay,  exjied.  to,  KSOS,  iii. 
227;  Santa  Nlariafounde.l  at,  1(504- 
(5,  iii.  227. 

Pefiuelas,  atlairat,  IStit),  v.  78;i. 

PeoliUos,  atl'air  at,  IS17,  iv.  (5(54-0. 

Peralta,  .1.  S.,  works  of,  ii.  00(5. 

Pcralta,  .M.  de,  senior  oiilor,  1(540,  iii. 
i;i.S;  acting i)resident,  1(540  .")(>,  i:t,S- 
i». 

Pereda,  .1.  \.,  mini.ster  of  relations, 
LSI 5(5,  vi.  22(1. 

Pcregrino,  atl'air  ;it,  1S.")4,  v.  (5.52. 

Perez,  ,\.  .1.,  deputy  to  t'llrtes,  ISlO, 
iv.  44.5-(5. 

Perez,  Itishop,  inOiU'iu'e  over  Iturltide, 
iv.  725. 

Perez,  C.,  jilotof,  iv.  402-:{. 

Perez,  (!en.  P.,  liattle  of  Huena  Vista, 
V.  4:50;  of  Molino  dt  1  Hey,  v.  40.S, 
502;  of  Chapultepci',  v.  511. 

Perote,  Portress,  liuilding  of,  iii.  215, 
417;  jilot  at,  1812,  iv.  4();i;  surren- 
der of,  1821,  iv.  7:iO;  revolt  at.  1828, 
V.  12;  Santa  Anna  imiirisoneil  at, 
184."),  \-.  277  H;  plan  of,  v.  27'S;  ca])- 
ture  of,  V.  4.")0  (50;  surrendered  liy 
imperialists,  IS(5«5,  vi.  2(52. 

Perry,  Col,  defeat  of,  1817,  iv.  0(5:t. 

Perry,  Commodore,  operations  of, 
1840,  V.  410  II;  siege  of  Vera  Cruz, 
v., 444;  capture  of  Tal)a.sco,  v.  44!>. 

Peru,  rehellion  in,  ii.  .528;  audiencia 
of,  esfcilil'il,  ii.  .521;  troop.<  raised 
for,  ii.  ,5117;  tniasures  of,  iii.  .570-8; 
gold-mining  in,  iii.  570-8;  commerce 
witli,  iii.  (5:14-5. 

Petiitlan,  capture  of,  1810,  iv.  208. 

IVsado,  .1.  .1.,  '  El  lihertfidor  de  Mexi- 
co,' iv.  825;  minister  of  relation-*, 
184(5,  v.  200. 

Pe.stpiera,  Capt.  J.,  mention  of,  iv. 
422-3. 


INDEX. 


741 


10, 

.1... 


m, 

ri'ii- 

i-JS, 

l.V 


;:i. 


of, 
i-u/., 
44'.t. 
IK' ill 
isi'd 
O-S; 
crco 


exi- 


Peza,   C.   (i.   do   la,    minister  of    the 

treasury,  185!l,  v.  "WJT. 
Pe/.a,    I.    (le    la,    '  Maximiliaiio,'   vi. 

327. 
Pezuela,  <Juu.    R.,   ininistrr   of   war, 

1851,  V.  r)it7;  iilan  of,  IHoS,  v.  7.">0- 

2;  l)iog. ,  V.  7r>l. 
Philippiau  IslaiuU  naiiiod,  ii.  iy\'2;  <!X- 

I)im1.  to,  ir)(»4-r>,  ii.  5'.«»  ()()l;  .li!siiit< 

tocatu    in,    l.W,"),    ii.  7fM(;  comnieroe 

M-ilii,  ii.  74:?-4;  iii.  C>:V2  4. 
Philil>i>im.-!,    Friar    U.,    works   of,    ii. 

1HI». 
Piaxtli,  atVuirat,  ISia,  iv.  ."i.VJ  :i. 

Picaliiga,  iilot  of,  \s:.\),  V.  '.Mi  S. 

Pio    ill!    Palo,    jiirato   IraiK-r,    iii.   s;{, 

14.-). 
Pioi'i'o,  (Jen.,  Iiattlu  of  L'liurnlui.sco,  v. 

4.S4  .');  of  < 'hapnlteiRM'.  v.  .■)!.■). 


battle  of  Miahuatlan,  vi.  '2't\);  Q\U)- 
rt'taro,  vi.  27:1;  I'ueMa.  vi.  .Tli). 

I'oin.sctt,  .1.  H.,  Aniuricau  niinii)ter, 
182.'>,  V.  .-{2  :i,  48;  I'liargo  against. 
v.  ;W;  c'liaraotiT,  ('to.,  v.  48;  writ- 
ings, V.  4S;  rt'iall  of.  |.S2'.»,  v.  SI- 2; 
till!  Texas  (|nestioii.  v.  .".22  'J. 

Polk,  President.  Mex.  jioliey  of,  v. 
:VM  S,  :«(>,  :UJ8;  Me\.  war,  V.  .-)4()- 
8. 

Polygamy,  diHieiilties  in  .sii|i|>ressing, 
ii.  i7<>  7. 

Ponee,  Kriar  A.,  mission  to  Mexico, 
I."i84,  ii.  717;  eoiillii  t  witii  i>rovui- 
cial,  ii.  717    IS. 

Ponee  do  Leon,  1-.,  a|i|iciiiited  jliili;e, 
l."»2o,  ii.  2i:!  1;  royal  instrneti.ins 
to,  l.VJ.'i,  ii.  214  I'l;  siisjii  lids  < 'ortes. 
etc.,  l.VJd,  ii.  2»'.l;  deatli  of,  l.V.M, 
ii.  24! t  .")!. 


Pillow,  (ten.,   I)attle  ot   t  erro  < lordo,  ,,  ,.        ,i 

,-,.  o       s  I,    1-  ,-,.  -       .■  1  niioeateiietl,   nanii.    i.    J.i.i;   axiiits 

V.  4.)(»  t>;  ot    I'adierna,  v.  4,1)  ,;  el  ,       '.    .    ,,1,.  _     ..     .,,;  .,,  '   ^  . 

J  ,1  1 ,1-.,    -  r     M    I'  ot,  1.    L.',)(>    I  ;    II.    ■_".»   .>!;    cnilitloll   ot, 

{  liiiriiluisi'o,    V.    4.S.t  .»;    ot    .Molino         ,....-    ■       ,-,,  ' 

I   I   i>  -<\i       r  /  <i  Ii.  Itrii.i,  111.    1)!'. 

del  Key,  v.  .)()4;  of  (  liaiiulteiiee,  v.  ,,        ,  '  .  ,    ,,         ,,  , ... 

-,y   ■/  lojmlatioii,    of    \  era  (  ru/,    ],i,,  iii. 

•n;'    V,     "v     .        ..     I    4     V  ...V.,.;.,          '-'•••';    "'    Vera    < 'rii/    iiit«Mideneia, 
iine<la,  A.  A.,  exiieil.  to  .New  Siiain.  '       ,...,/»  .n,.       .•  ,  •  •    i   i       ■- 


^]ieil.   to    >ew  >| 

i.   l.S'.»  IN);   to   Paiiiieo,    i.  .ViS;  death 

of,  i.  .-):!S. 
Pino,  t'apt.,  gallantry  at  Las  Cruees, 

iv.   1 78. 
PiAones,     Itelile    of,    engagenielit    at, 

1811,  iv.  :m»7. 
Pinos,    town,    eajillire     nf,     1817,     iv. 

(i(Ui. 
Pinotl,  caeii|iie,  meeting  with  (irijal- 

va,  etc.,  I.  112   i:«.  , 

Pizjirro,  v.,  trca.sure  ohtained  liy,  iii. 

.■)70  .■). 
Plans,  Mexico,  ii.  14;  v.  4<H»;  vi.  21'.> 


18(K),  iii.  21S;  of  t'or.lolia,  I7»('>,  iii. 
218;  1S1(».  iii.  2I'.»:  of  .Mex.  Citv, 
l(i!)2,  iii.  2:U;  I7'.»(>,  iii.  470  1;  of 
Nueva  Caliiia.  I7.")0  iStKI,  iii.  .•!04; 
of  /aeatiM'as,  iii.  .'{(Hi;  of  .\giiasea- 
lielltl^s,  17'.>4,  iii.  .■{1)7;  of  Kresnillo, 
17'.»4,  iii.  :{07;  of  San  Luis  Potosi, 
iii.  'MS;  of  Niievo  Leon,  ISIO,  etc., 
iii.  .'i;{8;  of  Niievo  Santainler,  iii. 
.•{4(i;  of  inteiideiieia  of  .\le\.,  17'.)0, 
iii.  470;  estimates  of,  iii.  I'M  (i; 
census,  17!»:M,  iii.  7:14;  IS|(».  iii. 
7;<7;  decrease  in,  iii.  7;W-;i;  distri- 
tiition  of,  iii.  7'!!*  40. 


]>ort  of  Acajiuleo,  ii.  2.->;  N'l'ra  ( 'ru/,  Porlier,  <  'omandaiite  K.,  coinmand  of, 

iii.  1!».'$;  V.    I'.tS,   44:{;  San  .liiaii  dc  iv.  ICiO;  oi.erations  of.  ISl  I,  iv.  :!2:t 

Uliia,  iii.  2l:t;  i.aiace  of  Mexico,  ii'.  1,  X\~  S;   Ispi,  iv.  :t.V>  (i,  41:!,   I7S 

2;U;    city    of    /aealeeas,     iii.    ;t().';  !». 

(Jiierotiiro,    iv.    !*7;    Alhdiidiga    de  Porter,  < 'oiiiniod.  I  >.  I ».,  operations  of, 

iiranaditas,  iv.  140;   Las  < 'rnces,  iv.  I,vj,"i  (i,  \.  (i.">, 

177;   Aeiili'o,   iv.     lit!*;  ( inanaiiiato,  Portilla,    ( leii.    \.  ilc    1 1.    laiiiiitcr  of 

iv.  218;  ( 'alderon,  iv.  2.-11 ;  Ciiaiitlu,  ]       war,     I.St)7,    vi.    H'M;     •  Ki\}.if:.i    en 

iv.  'M't'2;  Oajaea,  iv.  484;  MtCilporo,  .Mexico,'  iii.  778. 

iv.  (■>()'.>;   Fort  .lanjilla,  iv.  )>it2;  \  er."  Portillo,  (Jox,,  ii]irising  ai;ainst,  |S."i|, 

rm/  harlior,  v.  <»4;   Ptielila,  v.  121;  v.  (i07  M. 

San  .laeinlo,  v.    172;  San   .luaii   di;  Portugal,    pcaee  with.    ISil),    in.   ."ilKl; 

riiia,  V.  I!t;t:  Taiuiiii'o,  v.  2i:t;   Pc-  ;       relations  with.   |N7'.>,  •\  i.    III. 

rote,    V.    278;   M.itamoros,    v.    ',i'}\;  Portugal,  ( i.,  mention  of,  iv.  2.'i7. 

Palo  Alto,  V.  .T)4;  .Monterey,  v.  .'{81 ;  Portugal,    Hisliop   .1.   «'.,    minister    of 

Hue)'.::   Vistii,  v.  421;  « 'erro  (iordo,  justice,  1S,'{4,  v.  111. 


IV. 


V.  4.-)4;  Puelila,  v.  (>80;  Cineo  de 
Mayo  liattle-groiind,  vi.  48;  Vera 
Cruz  and  harhor,  vi.  \4'.\;  <)ajaca 
(.'ity,    vi.    18!l;  Matiimoro.i   and   vi- 


Portuguese,    persecution    of,    ii.    tiSI; 

I'-sealona'.s  partiality  to,   iii.   104  .■>; 

feeling  against,  iii.  I0.">  Ii. 
Posada,  l)r  .M.,   archhisiiop   of   .Mex., 


cinity,    vi,    I'JO;  Tiuapico,   vi,   2JU:        v.  21)1;  l>iog.,  etc.,  v.  2'.H. 


INDEX. 


PoMatlas,  cnganjcmunt  at,  18.t'2,  v. 
\'M  I. 

Potior,  i'(>\,  oiKirutious  of,  18tM,  vi. 
IS.-). 

Po/.o  (lu  lo.s  I'iirmclos,  atliiir  at,  1832, 
V.  in. 

Pratlillo.  A.,  '  Maxiiniliaiio.' vi.  .'VJT. 

Piiiilt,  .M.  ilo,  '  Hi.-<toiia  tlo  la  llcvo- 
hu.ioii,'  iv.  S'.Mi. 

Pnivia,  Pedro  iK-,  j^iivenisari'li(liofc.-(i', 
l.\S(>-lt.  ii.  ChSCi-T;  (liath  of,  loS'.t, 
ii.  ()S7;  liioj{.,  ii.  T'-MJ  7. 

Pre.Hfott.  W.  II.,  Works  of,  i.  7,  17, 
(i'M!,  701  •_';  ii.  4.s,s  it. 

Presi(lio,<,  estJiMM,  I. " 70,  ii.  *'»."»;  iiuiu- 
l»er  of,  iii.  410;  regulations,  iii.  41 1- 
Pi. 

Press,  condition  iif  the,  1 804 -7.  iv. 
',VJ;  liltcrty  of,  iv.  AM  I;  Keditions, 
iv.  4tJ;{;  restrictions  f>n,  I8I'J,  iv. 
404  .->;  almse  of  Snaniards,  cto., 
18'JI  -,  iv.  74"J— 4;  edicts  against,  iv. 
74'_':  iiitluoni'o,  etc.,   of,  v.  '_".C)  (J. 

Prieto,  (1.,  niiniHtcr  of  tlie  trea.siiry, 
IS.V),  v.  iW/i. 

Prim,  (icn.  .f.,  the  SpaiiiHli  invasion, 
I8(j|  -2,  vi.  3'_';  cliaracter,  vi.  :!'J  :<; 
instructions  to,  vi.  .'U;  manifesto  of, 
vi.  3.-);  confcrenc(!  witli  Iiolilailo,  vi. 
:«»40;  .lespatches  of,  vi.  41. 

Procuiadores,  clnties  of,  iii.  .V2t?. 

Proaiinciamiento-i.  jilan  dc  (,>iiintanar, 
18L'".t,  V.  <M;  at  Vera  Cm/,  |.s:f_>,  v. 
107,  114;  Kscaladas,  KSICi,  v.  i;V_': 
Urrea's,  18:W,  v.  '207;  J'aredes'. 
1841,  V.  '.W;  1>S44,  V.  '2Cu;  at  llue- 
jot/inj^o,  iSl'J,  V.  "i.V);  at  .San  Luis 
Potosi.  IS^l.->.  V.  'M\;  at  (Jiiadala- 
jara,  18K1,  v.  l!'.t7;  at  Mexico,  184ti, 
V.  :«Ci;  Maniue/'.  184!'.  v.  ."t.^S  '.»;  at 
Cuanajuato.  1S,">()  I,  v.  (!<V_';  Hlan- 
cartu's,  l.S.')l,  V.  (kt8  0:  llaro  y  Ta- 
mariz',  l.S.-»4.  v.  (JCI  -J;  at  Ayotla, 
18.\S,  V.  ~M;  Almonte's,  |S('ii»,  vi. 
4(i;  at  Meriila,  ISO!!,  vi.  :<7I:  Ne- 
gretes,  ISliit.  vi.  :<7-'  'A;  Hernandi-z", 
187(>,  vi.  4 lit;  at  Tapacluda,  1824. 
vi.  4.V2. 

Protestants,  pursecution  of,  1874-."), 
vi.  414. 

'Providencias  Diocesauas,"  M.S.,  men- 
tion of,  iii.  72.">. 

Provincias  Inturnas,  attitude  nf,  184<i, 
v.  405;  extent,  iii.  4.-)0-l;  reorgani- 
sation, IIK,  4M;  division  of,  |S!,'{, 
iv.  .-^l;  mining  in,  iii.  55(0-1;  revo- 
lution in,  1821,  iv.  71(i. 

Prussia,   treaty  with  Mex.,    \Sti9,  vi. 

;r>8. 

Puubla,  church  affairs  in,  1542-l((0(i, 


li.09.V8;  iii.  COl;  map  of  ItLshopric, 
I      ii.  U'.Ht;  .lesuit  growth  in,  ii.  704>-7; 
:      revolution  in.  1812,  iv.  .'182  II,  47(»- 
;      8;  I8i:<,  iv.  .VM  C;   1H2I.  iv.  722  .■>; 
;       18:K),  v.  10:{;  maps  of,  iv.  'AW,  477. 
Puelila,    city,    founding   of,    l.-);iO,  ii. 
I      ;W."V  (!;  arms  of,  lo'A'2,  ii.  'A'A^i;  growth 
!      of,   ii.   (i'.C)  'i;  cathedral  completed, 
I       \M'A,  fii.    IIH;  religious  tumult    in, 
l(i4T.  iii.  12.-);  see  ilcclared  vacant, 
iii.  127;  I'alafox   restorcil,    iii.    128; 
dan.aged  liy  eartliipiake,   1711.  iii. 
28.V(»;  captured  1)V  Iturl.ide.  1S21, 
iv.    724  .'i;  surrender   of,    I.S.'L'.    v. 
119;    revolt   agamst   S;i  ita    Anna, 
1S44-.').  v.  272,'  27.V(;;  ^.ccupied  liy 
.Scott.  IM7,  V.  4C.I  4;  .^'atita  A'.iia  s 
attack  on,  1847,  v.  ."t2,S;  revolts   in, 
|,S.-)(i,  v.  t>77  82,  r.98-70:<;  plan*  of, 
V.  (ISO;  vi.  ;<|{9;  conspiracy  at,  IS.">7, 
V.  721;  fortilications  of,  vi.  (Jl;  cap- 
tured   l.y  the    French,    KSIi.'J,   (;2  S; 
siege    of,    18(17,    vi.    :W5  7,     IWO   I; 
pronunciamieuto  at,    18(i9,  vi.  I!72- 
'A;  occupied  l»y  Diaz,  187(>,  vi.  4;M). 
Puente    del    Key,    fort   of,    1S1.'>,    iv. 

(>41. 
Puente  Nacional,  aB'air  at,    1S47.   v. 

4(>4. 
PiU'rta,  .1.  de  la,  hishop  of   'S'ucaUui. 

l.'dl,  ii.  ()88. 
Puerta  del  (iallinero,  l.attlc  of,  |S:i2, 

V.  117. 
Pucrtodel  Principe,  Velaz(|Uez founds, 

l.51l,i.  4. 
Puertocarrcro,   H.,    with    fortes'   ex- 

ped.,  i.  »M,  70,  'Xi,  117,  i:u,  i;ui, 

1C.8,  172. 
Puga,    V,    de,    oidor,    l.-)(>4,    ii.     (KW; 

l.-|(>8,  ii.  ();10;  works  of,  iii.  .V>0. 
Pulijue,   .sale  of,    restricted,    l.-)4."i,    ii. 

'i'Mi;  sale  forlnilden,    1(192,   iii.  24'.'; 

manufact.    of,    iii.   (}08;    monopolv, 

iii.  (!0H-9. 
Puruaudiro,   affair   at,   1813,  iv.   ."117: 

Kayon  at,  iv.  .-)22;  capture  of,  1S14, 

iv.  r>ito. 

Piiruaran,    engagement   at,   1814.   iv. 

o7:m. 


Q 


Quaulinahuac,      stronghold,      fortes 

captures,  i.  o99-(>02. 
Quauhpopooa,  Caeifjue,  attacks  Esca- 

lante,  i.  2.">9 -(50;  accused  of  treacii- 

ery,    i.    :»24;    trial,     i.     :»()  17: 

burned,    i.  317-18. 
Quauhtemotxin,  Emperor,  liigh-pricst, 

i.   513;  biog.,  etc.,  i.  544-5;  uostil- 


INDKX. 


r4:{ 


ity  to  Spanianls,  i.   ."TS,   .WS;  ;it-        caiiturc  of  Mnntonv.  v.  .184-5,  3't4; 
tJiuk  on  (  lialcaiLs,   i.    "KH'l-Jk'J;  lu-acc  i      liattli'     ol     Cliunir 


ils 


jirojii 


to. 


f  M. 


i.     :m  :>,     «)71l  S-J;       of    ('liaimlt.|.. 


.')<»7-IS; 


i.  (•.•.>.•{--.,  fi-iS,  (!.•{■ 


f  Ml 


1S47 


4h:<: 
gov. 


tun;    ot,    11. 


iMpturu   ot,    1.   (iSO;    tor- 


3  4; 


fiiiliracc'.s 


Cli 


tiariitv,  ii.    ISO  1;  (■ortt'"<  f.\i>e<l.  to 


llniiilui"i.s,  ii.  IM.'M). 


fr( 


i'IioIIm 


.\zto( 


RaoioiiaU's  <  ',il>all 
70. 


ITOH,    HOC'ie 


ty  of, 


'OIIl, 


i,   "):<().■{:  aiil  from,  to  Clial-    ivaila,  A.  ilc.  .Ic-mit  lu'oviiu'ial.  Iti40, 


i-r.-y  witli 


I'alaf. 


cans,  1.  ofS'.l  'Mi.  iii.  l.'M:  finitrov 

r^»ui'(liola<',  .•julijiinatioii  ,if.  i.  ."iIU.  i      iii.  I'M. 

(^Ufjo,  .J.   B.   (Ic,  mission  ot,  ii.  74  .").  I  Uaiia,  .T.  >\v,  Corti's'  convoy  to  \uii<i 
t^iiiit  taro,  nia|i  ot,  iii.  44li;  insurgent  i      ii.  ;{!,">  Ill 


niovruicn 


ts  in,    ISII,  iv.  :m  40. 


(,»u«n'taro.   City,    foun.lfil,   ii.   ."»+;-.");'      H'.KI.  (ilCJ. 

a.|\uilui-t  at,  iii.  :f."i(>;  iv.   100;  liist. 

of,  iv.    !M;   101;  iiliMU,  of,  iv.   '.)7;  vi. 

'Jl'.i,     revolutionary    meetings     at, 

ISIO,  iv.  llfJ:  proteetiou  of,  iv.  I.V.) 

tiO;    enjjagciiient   near,    iv.     I'.l.")-*!; 

attiiek  (111,   IJSIO,  iv.    I'.»7:  lapliireil 

liy   IturliiiK-,    IVJI,    iv.   7lt)-17;  re- 

ceiition  of  Santi  .\iuia,  etc.,  1S44,  v. 

'Jli'.t  70,    •_'74;    capture.l    liy    reKels, 

1S.')7,  v.  C>W:  Frcneh  occuj)ation  of, 

IS(i:{,  vi.  IIS;  ilescrilit.  of,  vi.    •J74; 

siej'e  of,    |.S(')7,   vi.   'J77  304;  fortili- 

cations,   vi.  •J8-  3. 
(,>ue.sa(la.    Bros.,  cons])iracy  of,    l.'iti."), 

ii.  (itMl;  execution  of,    l.'itJS,  ii.  ()'27. 
(,iurt/.alcoatl,    uiytli,  etc.,    of,   101  4. 

•JS'.t,  33ti,    .V.lt;'  teniiile   <if,    i.    '_'32, 

■j:ii;  7,  244  ."),  --M.S. 
Quiihiiit/.lan,  Mmitejo  at,   i.    13'J;  lo- 
cation, i.  147;  Cortes  at,  i.    14S  ")|. 
Quicksilver,  scarcity  of,  1(;'.)7,  iii.  'Jlil; 

"•xtraetion  of,   forliidilen,   1730,  iii. 

3()'J;  nKPiioiPoly,    iii.   ;J0*J  3;  su]iiily, 

etc.,  iii.  r>S3-4;  triliunal  <le  a/ot'uc<, 

iii.   fiS'A;  exempt  from   <luty,    \S'2'2, 

iv.  7.')0. 
Quijada,  I).  <le,  alcalilo  mayor,  Yuca- 

f m,  l.')(>2-5,  ii.  040. 
(I'liinones,  A.  do,  with  ( 'orti's' e\]ied., 

i.    47"),    Ol'J,    O.VJ;    i>ri'<urador    to 

Sjiain,  l.Vil',  ii.  .sO;  death  ot,  ii.  M. 
Qiiintaiiar,  Comainlantc,  detection  of. 

IS-_M,  iv.  714;  i-lan  of,    IS-JO,  v.  ■t|: 

•  lefeatat   I'osadas,    l.S3;_»,  v.    l'_'0-l. 
tiV.iiutanilla,  Capt.  !•'.,  joins  Ittirbide, 

Iv.  70«». 
(^uiroga,  V.   de,   oidor,  l.'i30,  ii.   3'_*l; 

character,  ii.  3'J'J;  resideneia,  l.")3('), 

ii.  .38(1;  l)i.sliop  of  Michoaeaii,  l.")37, 

ii.  30'J-3;   a.lministr.,  ii.  393,  471- 

3;  oj([Mnitioii  to  friars,    ii.   t')lJ!t-70; 

lielievolenoe,    etc.,    of,  ii.    G'.I'J,  77.">-- 

0;  death,  l.">(i.").  ii.  t;!)3. 
Quitman,  Geu.  .1.    .\..   forces,  v.   377; 


Hadieals,   attitude,   etc.,   of,  |S.">ti, 


Uailro.iils,  Mexican,  vi.  .">33  (i;   Mcxi 
'      can    Central,    vi.     .V)t'>-7;    Mi'xieah 
j      National,    vi.     ").'>7;    International, 
,      V.  .m7  8;  Sonora,  vi.  5.")8;  iirojecteil, 
I      vi.  ."i8-0. 

I  Ilaniire/,    F.,    minister   of    relations, 
i       |S,"i|,  V.  ,V.»0;  measures,  v.  (iOI. 
I  Ham  ire/.  I.,  minister  of  justice,  I8(!l, 
,      vi.  (i;  187t;,  vi.  431. 
'  Ramirez   de    I'railo,     M.,     liisiiDp   of 
Michoaean,    iii.    IS'J  3;  arciiliislioi>. 
1      1(500-7,  iii.  183;  character,  iii.  18'J 
3. 
Ramon,  R.,  defeat  atCerro  del  fiallo, 
1S13,  iv.  ."»l.S-'_»l;eomand.  del  Norte, 
iv.   .VJ'2;    retreat  from    Zacapo,   iv. 
i      r)-.>3. 

I  Uamu^io,  (i.,  '.vorks  uf,  i.  I'M'  3. 
Rancheros,    (•ondition,    etc,     of,    vi. 

j    r,i7. 

."anjiel,  (!en.,  revolt,  etc.,  of,  ISl.'i. 
V.  'JS.';  hattle  of  ( 'lia]ndti'[iec,  v. 
.-.14   !.■.. 

Mangel,  R.,  with  ( 'nriiM"  cxiiid.,  i. 
;  (>8,  3-_'4,  304,  .37!>,  4-.'3,  .■.:!(;-7;  con- 
quers /aiiotecs,  ii.   I'_'"S  ".I. 

Raynal,  <;.  T.,  works  ..t,  in.  (Us-O. 

Ruyon,  R,  success  at  (ialiudo,  1S13, 
iv.  r)-J4. 

Rayon,  <  leu.  I.  L.,  Kiog.,  iv.  2.3.3-4; 
in  command  at  Saliillo,  iv.  273; 
operations,  |s|l,  iv.  .'ftKi-KJ,  337; 
estahlishes  junbl,  iv.  333-4. 

Ituyon,  <;cn.  1.,  att.ick  on  'I'oluca, 
ISl'J,  iv.  41.3;  alj'air  at  l.erma,  iv. 
414;  I'.i  fe.it  at 'renango,  iv.  414-1.-; 
at  Tl:ilimj-ihua,  iv.  4'-'0,  42(;,  42S; 
'Uiario,'  iv.  42t>;  nianifcslo  at 
Huichajian,  iv.  427  ■'>;  defeat  at 
Ixmici'.iiliian,  iv.  42".l-3();  mutiny 
against,  iv.  4:>(V-1;  negotiations 
with  viceroy,  iv.  432-3;  jirocccding.H 
iuOajaca,  iv.  .■>l3-l,-i,  .->^1;  charges, 
etc.,    against,    iv.    ."ill;    defeat    at 


( 


744 


INDEX. 


Siilviiticrra.,  1S13,  iv.  r)ir»-ir>;  con-  '  Hcpartiinii'titoH,  rogiilatinnH  for,  \Ti'2\, 
HtitutioiiH  (Ir.'ittrd  liy,  iv.  '>li(>-*2;  at'  ii.  I.'ll  '.';  crown  continue,  ii.  I  l.'i; 
conji;ri;Ms  it'  4 'liil|iai>i'iiigi>,  iv,  ."!)(>;'  Workings  ol'  .sysU'iii.i,  ii.  Il.'i  ."il; 
tliHpiitc  witli  Jtcwai  '^,  iv.  .").H,'>-7;  re-  odicial  i>1(\i.s«!h,  ii.  14(1  7;  crown  for- 
verges,  !.'■  I  J,  iv.  .>M(>  il;  claiiiiH  nt,  1  liiil.t,  I.V.'.S,  ii.  |.J7  N;  jiroliiliitimi 
1.SI7,  iv.  i..'»4;  caittnro  of,  iv.  «>S'.»;  witlnlrawii,  ii.  I4M;  ciiiiilitious  of 
pardoiu'il,  iv    O'.M)   I.  '      grant,    ii.    14H_<,(;    rcgiilatioii.s    vio- 

Hayoii,  l:.    L.,    nimtioii    of,    iv.    :(.'.:»;  I       latnl.  ii.  •_'.S4. 

o|ii'ratioiis  of,  |H|'.',  iv.  4'JM;  |S|4,  lt(|inlilicaiis  in  congriis.i,  iv.  7<il)  I, 
i\-.  .V.KI;  ilcfcaU'il  liy  Llano,  l^l.'t,  j  7<i'.*  7<l;  ilivi.iiun  ainnng,  v.  4  .'; 
iv.  ,">7I ;  ili'li'ni'o  at  Nlt( 'liiioro,  IM."),  ;  ili'tVattnl  liy  rcai'tioniHts,  IMtil',  vi. 
iv.    CilLS    II,  (I. ■feat,  at,  .lilott'l ,  iv    '       "•' 


fil'J;  Murn'Oilcr  ot,  INI7,  iv.  <!."i4  5. 
Kc.iftionist.i,      ]>art,v,     ii|i|Misit,iiin     to 
.'\lvaro/.,     |H."i."i,    V.    ('ili."i;   ilissciiMiiMH 


l>i'i|iit'n.'t,  (Irn.,  ncgotiatiijis  of,  |H4(i, 

vi.  ;«;.')<;. 

Ucxaca   >lc  111    I'ahni,  !i;ittlc  <<>',  \^U\, 


among,    v.  ((7'.>;    nvolu  of,    |H."((i-7,        v.  ;C(7-<»4. 

\.     Ii7'.l  SI,     ti'.Kt  7<)(>;    at.tituilt!    of,     lit;.HcaUi<lorcs,  Imsiiui.M.H  of,  iii.  .")'.ll 

IU--       ..      -I-.    .  •  .1.,  „;.    _        f     i,^-.u     ..        II 1 II       ,1     ;:      i -.,     , 


|H,">7,    V.   717;  victorii'M  of,  l.s.'iS,  \ 

Titt,  TM,  74;»,  747;  IN.".!),  v.  77(»-:i; 

ISC.'i,    vi.    .".•_•;   ilflu.it-i  of,   l.S.-)H  •»,  V. 

7.">7  'S;  fani|i.iiu'nM  in  \  t.-ra  tin/,  v. 

7"i'.l;  ill   .\I(X.,    \.    7(f()  4;    intrl^^l^^M, 

irt.;.,  of,  ISC.I,  vi.  !i:t. 
KralcM  lie  .\liiia'<,  Hprc.'ul  of,  iii.  .')70. 
'  ilialcH   Onliiian/as    tie   la  .Miiierfa,' 

Miirition  III,  iii.  .V.C.I, 
licliollo,   (iiM..   opcratioiiM,    I.S|:{,    iv. 

.VJC. 

Hcc.icliii,  Olilnr,  defeat,  of,   iv.   l!0.">   (>. 

'  llei'iipilaeiou  do  lieyes,'  mention  of, 
iii.  ."i.'iO. 

Uei!<'ni  y,  ostalil'd  in  New  .S|i;iin,  IS'21, 
iv.  7i'{o  <•;  ediel,  of,  iv.  74-;  reorga- 
nized, IS--".',  iv.  7(l'.t. 

Itegente,  flUietions  of,  iii.  .TIO. 
Regidor,  olliie  of,  iii.  iVJI   •_'. 
Uegnera,    <ien.,    operation.s    in    Costa 

("liica,  |Si:i,  iv.  .")•_'. 
lv(''gide.-(,  (!en.,  oiieralions  of   ISti."),  vi. 


Itevenne,  Imw  eullirted,  ii.  l.'i'J  i;  ni- 
form  measures,  I.">:t0,  ii.  :{o."i;  eollee- 
tors'  fr-ailiU,  ii.  .">(),S-',(;  elleet  of  hivv 
lau>t   on,    ii.    ")70  4;   detleit,    etc.,  ill, 

I7.S7,  iii.  4117;  l.s|-_>,  iv.  474  .1;  IV.n, 
v.   744  ."«;    I.M:t,    iv.   4".l'.l  .")(>l;    l>'A'. 

iv.  74S  it;   1.S-J7,  V.  :{(:;  i,s:i7  s,  .-. 

I7it,  l.s:{  4:  IS4I,  V.  •J-_'(l  7;  ISol,  v. 
•V.tS  it;  ISoU,  V.  tl;{4;  from  mining, 
iii.  .")!!!(;  triliilte  money,  iii.  (l."."i; 
royal  tilth,  iii.  (l.'.'i  (1;  Indian  trilmle, 
iii.  (l.")tl  S;  e\ii<e,  iii.  (>."iS  '.);  tianiit 
dneH,  iii.  (i.'iil  <10;  eu.ntoinx,  iii.  (i(i(l- 
'2;  tJi.M'H,  iii.  (1(14;  titlies,  iii.  (Kill  "•; 
eeiitralizj'tioii  of,  v.  (J.'U;  genervij 
mention  of,  vi.  4!t'J  .'),  ."iMll. 

KeveniM!  ollii.'ials,  arrival,  ete.,  ot, 
l.")"J4,  ii.  142  :{;  relation.s  with  Cortes, 
ii.  l4n-4. 

'  KevistJi  i'ilosdliea,'  \i.  "Ji"!!. 

Kevilla  t  iige'do,  Condi!  de,  -tlst  vico 
roy,    I74tl,    iii.  .'{■"(S;  rule,  iii.  ;{.")S-ii; 


IS.-.;    ISdd,    vi.    'J.'iS,    •_'(i;i;    siege    of        eliaraeter,  iii.  .TiS  !». 
tjlneretaro,  |N(17.  vi.  'J7.S.  i  Uevilla   (Jigedo,    Comle   de,    jr,     ."•'Jd 

H<'gnle^,  .1.  M.  I'e,  \iitory  al  Yanlinit- I  viceroy,  I7sit.  iii.  47S;  rule,  iii. 
liin,  1S|'_»,  iv.  4.'U  (1;  ilelr;il,s  Holia-  474-S4;  esitionage,  iii.  4S1;  leside'i- 
dilla,  iv.  4:*-!  .->;  siege  ef  lluainapan,  !  eia,  iii.  4S.i;  wurk.s  of,  iii.  TmI,  li'J.", 
iv.    4:!il  4(t;  exiiiillon  ol,    ISll',    iv.         (14.-). 

4S.->-(i.  Revolt  (se»!    also   rcvohitioli.s),  negro, 

1(1(111,  iii.  172. 
Uevolntions,    of    ISlO-'-M,     iv.    I   -JJ, 

71  .'i,  «()-.'{,  101  7:n,  si'_>-'_M;  v.  rt; 

against    Itnrliide,  IS2'_'  'A,   iv.    7m» 

SOI;       Lolmto'.s,       |S-_>»,      V.       ]'2    1.".; 

Hravo's,  |S'J7  S,  V.  :{7  40;  in  Vmi- 
tan.  l,S2!t,  v  ."'l^;  'S.'IO  41,  217-  I'.'; 
|SH-:»,  241  -  ;  of  thoe.x-aeordaila, 
IS2H,  V.  42  ;.  at  .I.ilai.a,  |S2it,  v. 
8S  it|;  Santa  Anna's,  |S:<2,  v.  I(l7 - 
24;  in  'lexa.^  IS27-4I,  v.  I.^'i  7S; 
fcderaii-!t,  I.S'tS  40,  v.  2(M1  2.">; 
Taredes'.  1S4I,  v.  22S-^:W;  1844  .'i, 
v.   2G5-7;    184.')  (i,    v.   21K)-:};  184S, 


Reiiiosa,  town,  lonnded,  17411.  iii.  .'M4. 
Reji'ii,  minister   of  )>'l.itiiins,   IS44,  v. 

2(10. 
'Itelatione  d'alevnu  eiwe  dell.l  N'uona 

Sp.ign.i,'  i.  2S|. 
lluligions  Orders,  nplmld  eneomiendas, 

|."14,    ii.   .".2:1  .".;    aid  tn.    iii.  702  :{; 

ji.ipal  coneessiiin  » fii,  iii.  70^!;  \Ne;iltli 

of,  iii.   70'l  4;  authority,   iii.   70.">  tl; 

dissensions  among,    iii.    7(N}-7;    «le- 

erei:    against,   iii.   70!';  missions,  iii. 

7ii-:»l. 

Rendon,     Intuudcnte    V.,  capturi!    of, 
iv.  208-10. 


INDKX. 


743 


V.    MS-.'O:   SiuitaniHtM',   IMC.-T,  v. 

•J'M-MWk  Xlviii.^/',  |sr4,  V.  (HT  .">•-', 

(;."»4  (■»,   (M;i'  .'i;    at   I'llcrl.la.  i.s.'m;,    v. 

cm  M'J;  at  Sail   I.uIh   IV.toKl,    IMHl, 

vi.    :<7:«  4;    of  IS71  'J,    vi.   :{7l»-H-»; 

i.f  I  ST.-,  7.  vi.  4I!>  '-'7. 
Kcviilutiiiiiary    .limt;i    Sii|irriiia,    muo 

Junta,  Sii|ir(.'iiii:  Natimial. 
Ufyos,   <iuii.,  iiiiiii.ster  i>f  war,    IMt, 

V.  •>'»•. I. 
l{i!y<;H,    p.,  1)isli<i|>  (if  Yucatan,  v.  M. 
UiaO",   (!.    lie,    cxiilditu   of,    iv.    I J4, 

I4'.», 
KiaAo,     InUnihiitt',    |iiiii'i'i  i|iii)^s     i>I, 

iv.  Ill,  I'J't;  lit  Icnic  iii  ( iuanajiiato, 

JSIO,   iv.    i:t:(  4l'>;   itisitll    of,  iv.    I4(>; 

liiarartcr,  iv.  14(1-7. 
Uiliailrniiyra,     A.     ■!.     ids     '  Manii.il 

( 'iini|M'iiilio,'  iii.  7-'">. 
Uilirra,  .1.  ilr,  niisHion  (i>  S|),uii,  i  li'., 

|.V_"_»,  ii.  h'J  ;{;  unlaitlitiil  to  (  urtri, 

ii.  100. 
Hirr,  cnltivation  of,  vi.  .'(i.S. 
itii^litliolVn,   K.  K.  II.    K.  Villi,  work.-i 

of,  V.  8(»7  S. 
Uiilgfly,  Lieut,  capture  of   Moiilcrey, 

V.  :{s(i-7. 

Uiglit  of  winutuary,  limitation  of,  iii. 
()H8  -1). 

ililey,   <!i)n.,  liattle  of  ( Vrm  (ioriln. 
V.   4">7;  of    I'ailii'iiia,   v.    470-!);    of  , 
( 'liaiiiiltc[M'c,  V    r)07. 

Uiiii'oii,  .1.  lie  .M.,  Iiisliop  of  Miuhoa- 
laii,  l.")74-.S.S,  ii.  (IM,  (il>:». 

Kiiu'oii,  (;eii.  M.,  at.lalaj.a,  ISI'i,  iv. 
47H  4;  o|ii'i'ations  in  Vi-vn,  rm/, 
18i;i,  iv.  'i:\2;  ili.s[mt(!Mitli  Aguilar, 
iv.  ."iS.'i  (i;  ill  siiliorilinatioiMif,  IH'27, 
V.  ;{(>  7;  negotiatioiiH  wit.li  Sunt;i 
.\nna,  I8:!'2,v.  ll.S;  Iwttlo  of  Cliurii- 
lius.-o,  V.  482,  48(J. 

Itinj^Holil,  Cell.  .J.,  operation.i  at  I'alo 

.\lto,  V. ;].-.:{-(;. 

liio,    A.    ilcl,   ilejiuty   to  eiirtes,    IS-JO, 

iv.  (i'.IO. 
iUo  (Irainie,  ('aiii|iaign  on   tlie.,  184(i, 

V.  :{-Ki  (17. 
Rioja,  ('apt.  S..  in  X.iyarit  «.ir,  I7'-M     ' 

'2,  iii.  Hl'.t,  ;t-'l,  .'{J'.!.  I 

liidliila,    (ieli.,     ilufeal :      .Malilmitilo,  ' 

18I'J,  iv.  470.  I 

Kio.s,      (i.,    UXeeutioll     of,       ISII,      iv. 

Uij[)ley,  R.  S.,  'Tlie  war  with  .Mex- 
ico, V.  n.-^m. 

Rivera,  (!eii.  A.,  oporationu  of,  180(i, 

vi.  M't-i;   I,S(1S,  vi.  .'{(1(1. 
Kiveni,  L.  M.  ilel,  '  Mexioo  en  1842,' 

v.  807. 
Rivera,  M.,  works  of,  v.  800. 


Rivera,  Fray  P.  K.  ile,  ilinpntc-H  with 
viceroy,  iii.  170;  27th  viceroy,  Ill7."<, 
iii.  182;  hio^.,  iii.  182;  anhhiHliop, 
KMiS,  iii.  182;  rule,  iii.  |s:i  7;  iiMi- 
ileiiuia,  IU8!,  I8«i~7;  death,  KIM, 
1H7. 

Uoat^iii  iHlanil,  pirat<!H  rundvxvoiiM  at, 
l(is:t,  iii.  102. 

Uoiiinsoii,  \V.  1).,  aiil  otl'creil  to  rev- 
ohitioiii.ttM  liy.  181(1,  iv.  ii'M;  writ- 
iii^.s  of,  iv.  (18.'">  (1. 

ItoMeM,  A.  lie,  iliary  of,  iii.  .'.00. 

liiilili'M,  <ieii.  .M.,  iiiiiiirtler  of  war, 
IS."i|,  V.  (MH»;  •■xecutioii  ol,  Isilj, 
vi.  44  .I. 

jlorh.i,    (on.,     operatiolH    of,     l'S7l    2, 

vi.  .-{74,  :!.s|   ;i. 
I'oiliij^iii/,    .M.,    nvoll,    111,    |S8."i,    vi. 

4(10   I. 
Ko^il,     Oiilor,     t.lKe<    .\lolitejo  .s    re.sl- 

ilihcia,   l.'i4."),  ii.  HO  .'.(». 

lio^lTH,   ('apt.    \\  .,  CIUI<e  (if,    I70H    10, 

iii.  281    Ki. 
Roja;*,  .1.,  anto-<le-fe  of,  iv.  ;iS. 
itoiiiano,  |).,  Iiisliop  of   ruelil.i,  I,'i7(i- 

1(10(1,  ii.  (l,S-»,  (107   8;  ileath  of,  IlKMl, 

ii.  (108. 
Koinaiio,   ItiHliop   r.,  taken  N'ill.'iinan- 

riipie'.M    resiileiuia,     l.'iS'.l,  li.    7"i">  d. 
Iioiiiero,    ( 'oiiiainlaiite,    ileath   of,    iv. 

204. 
Koincro,    Cell.,    operations   of,    1817, 

V.  4'M   S. 
Romero,  il.  A.,  minister  of  rel.itioni, 

|s:{7,  V.   IS4. 

Koiiiero,     .\1.,     works  of,     v  i.     20,  .'td-l; 

minister  of  the   treasury,    18118,  vi. 

It(17;  nej^otiation  (  witli   Scuanl,  vi. 

442. 
Roiiilero,  .1.,  iniiii.ster  of  the  tnasiiry, 

1847,  V.  .-.24. 
Roaa,  Ij.  lie  la,  minister   of  relations, 

18.1.".,  V.  (17(1. 
llosains,   ,).    N.,  joins  revolutionists, 

1811,   iv.    .'iSI-.'J;  eomaiiil.   jicneral, 

iv.    58.");    ilispute   witii    Uayon,    iv. 

r»S,"i-7;  att.iikiil  l.y    llivi:i,  iv.  .">n7; 

ilefeat  at  Soltepee,  ISI.",,    iv.  (128-0; 

outrages  of,  iv.   i't'M);  tieaiiiery,  iv. 

c.ao. 

l!os:ih;.s,  (leii.  V.,  Hul.inissioii  of,  iv. 
;tll;  .ittiiik  on    /acatccas,  I8I.'I,  iv, 

RoHariii,  ( 'ofrailia  ilil,   foiiiiileil,   1.-.84, 

ii.  7:i7. 

Rosario,  Ri;al  ih'l,  engajjeineiit  at, 
1810,  iv.  2:J8. 

Ruliio,  M.  R.,  minister  of  rekitioiiM, 
1870,  vi.  425. 


746 


INDKX. 


Hultio  y  S.iliiiJn,    M.   .1,,   ari'li)>iHlif)ii,  , 

I74!t,  iii.  :i.-,:t  M.  I 

Ulii/.  Cdl.,  opfriitioilM,    1817,  iv.  (i.VJ; 

clct'f,iti<Jiit'rr<Tii,    IHIS,   iv.  (•>;»■».         ' 
Kill/,  •).,  iniiiiMtor  of  juMticu,  I8(il,  vi.  i 

i:i. 

Unix,  .Tiiil^'c  M.,  retirement  of,  18(i.'.  ' 

vi.  'JO*  .">. 
Kill,  Cdiiilo  (Ic,  eaiiturc  "f,   ISIO,  iv. 

171 ;  rescuo  of,  iv.  'J(H. 
KuHsia,  wurwitli,  I7!H>,  iii.  492. 


Saavolra,     U.    <li',    foundH    I'wcMii, 

l.-i:«>,  ii.  .Tin. 
Saavcilra    ('croii,    A.    ili',    operations 

against   Saia/ar,     I.VJtJ,     ii.    '_»:V_'-4; 

ciinmiaiidM    .Molucca    licet,    ii,   -•")'S; 

(loath  of,  l.'d'll,  11.  :.'.')'.». 
Saliailios,  r(!Volt  of  tlic,    KiOl,  iii.    1.'); 
Sa!)aii.i,   till.'  allair  at,    IM<>,  iv.    ;«K); 

ISII,  iv    :{()l   •->. 
Saliiiic  KivLT,  iMHiiiilary  line,  v.  48-!). 
Saliino,  miiie.s  <li.scovcrcil,  ii.  'M' 
Sacramento  1'a.sK,  atlair  at,   1817,   v. 

K)S. 
Sacrilice.s,  Human,  mention  of,   i.  10, 

'-'l)-7,    KM),  lU,    iiw:»,   I '.»:»(•>,  •_".'."., 

•_»-_»<.i,  ivi:!,  •-".•.".  7,  :n(i.  :u7,  4(»'.»  lo, 

4S7,  477,484,  .")l()-i:{,  ti'_'4,  «:?7,  »).")(>- 
f^,  tl(i(). 

Sacriticial  Stone,  i.  101),  '202,  •-'5:?. 

Sacrilii;i(M,  I.slauil,  Hci/ed  liy  llaw- 
kiiw,  ITiliS,  ii,  ti;i7-8;  jiiratc  lleet 
.It,  l(iS:{,  iii.  I<,»8-'200. 

Saliajiuii,  15.,  work.s  of,  i.  49,  4!K{, 
(i'.tti  7;  vi,  M'2. 

Salamanca,  Guanajuato,  hattle  of, 
I8.')S,  v.  7M. 

Salamanca,  Yucatan,  founding  of,  ii. 
4:t.">,  447;  saeked,  1048,  IG.Vi,  iii. 
140. 

Salamanca  de,  battle  of  Otumba,  i. 
.■)01. 

Salas,  fren.  J.  M.  de,  in  charge  of 
e.\eeuti\e,  I84(i,  v.  iM);  hiog.,  v.. 
:UK»;  rule,  v.  :UX)-4. 

Salcedo,  F.  dc,  Velazr|ue/.  ea|>tain,  i. 
78;  joins  Cortes,  l.'tlO,  i.  I(ir>;  death 
of,  \'r20,  i.  480, 

Salazjir,  Q.  de,  bishop  of  Yucatan, 
\Ct'M,  iii.  15G. 

SalaZiir,  Factor,  (1,  dc,  accompanies 
{'ortesto  Honduras,  ii,  *20(>-7;  com- 
mission from  Cortes,  ii.  208;  in- 
trigues agaiiist  Estratla  and  Albor- 
noz,  ii.  200-11;  disarms  Ca.sas,  ii. 
213-14;  usurps  lieiit-governorshi]), 
ii.    217;   rule,    1525-0,    ii.    217-;W; 


i;onspiracy  against,  ii.  220-,'l0:  re- 
volt against,  I.VJO,  ii.  2:<l-ri;  leni- 
ency of  (,'ortes,  ii.  242;  eomandaiitu 
of  Mt!x.,  ii,  244;  residencia,  ii,  202. 

Salaxur,  (ion.,  defeat,  etc.,  of,  ]8(!.*>, 
vi.  180. 

Sida/ar,  .1,  de,  death  of,  i.  47.'>-0. 

Salcedo,  ('apt.,  e.\[ied.,  etc.,  of,  ii. 
(KM). 

Salcedo,  f!ov,  .\I.  de,  capture  of,  iv, 
241, 

Salcedo,  Brigadier  N,  comand.-gen. 
of  prov.  intcriiaM,  1811,  iv.  27(!  7. 

Saldivar,  J.  de,  exiieil,  of,  l."i,'{0,  ii, 
4r)7-8. 

Saligny,  Cointo  I),  de,  envoy  to 
Mcx,,  v.  H27;  French  minister,  v. 
780;  vi,  1 1 ;  jilenipoteiitiary,  1802, 
vi.  ;{2,  .'<,■>-<;  director  r)f  policy, 
IS(i:{,  vi.  50, 

Salm-Halm,  I'rinee,  mention  of,  vi. 
202-3;  'My  diary  iu  .Mexico,'  vi, 
327. 

Salmeron,  ./,  de,  oidor,  l.">,'tt),  ii.  321; 
character,  ii.  321;  resigns,  ii,    380. 

Salt,  production  of,  i.  283;  iii.  ,'587. 

Saltillo,  town,  founded  l.">8(i,  iii.  14; 
capture  of,  1811,  iv.  240;  engage- 
ment at,  1811,  iv,  208;  Taylors  oc- 
cupation of,  184ti,  V.  411. 

Salto,  .1.  (i.,  execution  of,  iv.  42,S, 

Salvatierr.-i,  Coiide  de,  lOth  viceroy, 
1(^12,  iii.  114;  rule,  iii,  I  I4-I,-);  pro- 
nioted,  Mi4S,  iii.  114,  120;  resideu- 
cia,  iii.  1 14. 

iSalvatierra,  i)istrict,  royalist  opera- 
tions in,  1813,  iv,  .")2.">, 

Salvatierra,  Town,  engagement  at, 
18i:{,  iv,  51.-)  Hi, 

Salvatierra,  Yeedor,  with  jNarvai'/" 
cxped.,  i,  .SC5,  3(J8,  .307,  405, 

Samanicgo,  L,  de,  mention  of,  ii. 
244;  at  Chametla,  1.5;U),  ii.  .31)2. 

Samanicgo,  Lieut. -col.,  defeats  Tru- 
jaiio,  1812,  iv.  470-7;  operations, 
1817,  iv.  (m3. 

Samano,  .1.  dc,  factor,  l.-)30,  ii.  3.->0; 
high-sherirt',  15(i5,  ii.  (iOO. 

Siiinano  y  (ihlifloiies,  C.  de,  governor 
of  Y'ucatiin,  1500  7;  ii,  050. 

San  Agustin  del  Palmar,  eugagemcnt 
at,  1812,  iv.  472;  1832,  v.  118-10; 
afi'air  at,  1813,  iv.  .">7. 

San  Andres,  affair  at,    1810,  iv.  030. 

Sau  Aiitonio  do  Bejar,  captured  by 
Casas,  1811,  iv.  241;  by  WoU, 
1842,  V.  24t}-7, 

San  lienito,  Mcrida,  citadel  of,  iii. 
410. 

San  Bias,  naval   department  at,    iii. 


INDEX. 


747 


4510-1;  <lofcnp»!  of,  17%,  iii.  48J); 
oipturi'  of,  IHIO.  iv.  '.t)7  8;  antoaiil 
III,  iv.  .'{;Ci;  ruciiiitiiri!  of,  1811,  iv. 
'J(M),  2(>4  .">;  Cruz'  iiroi'tciliii^s  at, 
iv.  '2i'hi;  ViiUMiln  Imilt  iit,  IHI.'J,  iv. 
.'iH'.MO;  (ittack,  etc.,  on,  l!<i(K>,  v. 
78-.'. 

Sail  CVirlon,  foiiiiclf)!,  MM,  iii.  'Ml. 

8ai»  Cri.-itfilial  I'^'atriici',  rxcculioii  of 
Moroldi  at,    lisl."i,  iv.  \i'2'2. 

San  Mstt'tvaii,  liitliaM.ibu.Hitigt',  I.VJ^i,  °i. 
Il!i-li);  riliuvi'd  Ity  .Saii.lov.vl, 
1.VJ:<,  ii.    \'2\. 

Sail  Estcvaii  <li-l  I'uerf'-,  foumliug  of, 
ii.  KM). 

San  Eustii(|iiio,  affair  at,  iS||,  iv. 
:«)8. 

San    Kolipe,    affair  at,   ISi:{,   iv.   .'•.'I. 

Salt  Ft.'lipu  (lol  Agiia,  affair  at,  187»>, 
vi.  4I!>. 

San  llip()lito  ilc  Oujaca,  l>oniiaicau 
prnvinuu,  ii.  7-4;  niiMxioiiH  in,  ii. 
i'21  -'A'2;  convcnt.-i  in,  ii.  7'28-;W; 
friars,  ii.  T,\'2-'A. 

San  Ignauio  du  i'iastla,  ungaguniout 
at,  1810,  iv.  '.':W  It. 

Salt  .faointo,  I  tattle  of,  18;{(',  v.  171-U; 
plan,  v.  172. 

S.iii.losc  (lut'liiapa,  affair  at,  1812,  .'v. 
478  '.}. 

Sail  Juan  do    l>io.s,  ordtr  of,   iii.  7'-2. 

Sail  .luaii  df  los  Llanos,  affair  at, 
IHI7,  iv.  (i(i7  !». 

San  .luan  d(!  Uliia,  Fort,  name,  i.  27; 
(_'ort»'-H  at,  i.  set,  ll<>  42;  plans  of, 
iii.  2i:i;  v.  '2'Xi;  iii^t.  t;to.,  of,  iii. 
214  hi;  cost,  iii.  217;  fortiliuations 
of,  I7!M>,  iii.  4S«.I;  plot  at,  1SI2,  iv. 
4(h.'  H;  attick  on,  1822,  iv.  7S(»-7; 
fall  of,  182.'.,  V.  62-4;  captured  by 
the  Fronoli,  |8.t8,  v.  ll>2-»;;re.storc(l, 
V.  204;  Hurrentler  of,  1847,  v.  44iJ. 

Sail  .luaiiico  Tuposcolula,  affair  at, 
1S12,  iv.  4;U-.5. 

Sail  Lucas,  niinos  discovered,   ii.  ."lOU. 

San  Luis,  X.  de,  Otoiiil  caciipie,  men- 
tion of,  ii.  .'UO,  .")42,  .")44  ."). 

San  Luia  «lo  la  Paz,  founded,  ii.  7l>4: 
atlair  at,  1811,  iv.  .S2:}. 

San  Luis  Potosi,  intendencia  of,  iii. 
482;  miiicit  discovered,  l.">4.S,  iii. 
579-80;  mining  in,  iii.  i'lSit;  vi.  .")):<; 
revolution  in,  1810,  iv.  202;  counter- 
revolution ill,  1811,  iv.  270;  insur- 
gent raiils  in,  iv.  .^05-6;  sultjugatioii 
of,  iv.  (»')<);  (lisaffection  in,  182:1,  v. 
7;  revolt  in,  1830,  v.  103;  sedition 
in,  1848,  V.  5.%. 

San  Luis  Potosf,  city,  founded,  1570, 
ii.  703;   plot  in,   1810,  iv.   195;  re- 


volt in.   1810,   iv.  212-l.-»:  IS.-fi,  v. 

t>!tH,  704  ."•:  ifcaifturo  of,    \H\\,  iv. 

2(12  3;     occupied     liy     .NIiKitti/uiiia, 

18.32.   V.    114   I.-.;    declarer    for    P.-- 

dra/a.   v.    11.");  recaptured,   v.    118; 

proiiunciamieiito  at,  1.S4.'),  v.  201   2; 

Santa  .\inia  at,   IS-17,  v.  4I.')-I)i;  as- 

Hault   on,    ISt;:<,  vi.    121;  revolution 

at,  ISCi'.l,  VI.  373  4. 
San  Loicii/.o,  treaty  of,  170."»,  iii.  4S8; 

iiattlt!  of,  |S(J:{,  vi.  (iCi. 
San  .Martin,  .liraldia  mayor,   ii.  7t;i  - 

San  .Miguel,  founded,  ii.  Ci,').");  capture 

of,   |S|(»,  iv.   12(1;  pillage,  iv.   121. 
San    Miguel    ('al[iulalpaii,    hattlc    of, 

I8(M),  v.  7*.t.3. 
San  Miguel  cl  (ir.indc,  founded,  I.V>!», 

ii.  5-ir»,  702;  Lara  ciiiitured  at,    iv. 

322. 
San    Paldo   (iuelatao,    .liiare/'   liirtli- 

place,  V.  73S  0. 
San  Pedro,  founded,  iii.  .321*. 
San   Pedro   liatopilas  district,  mining 

ill,  vi.  ,")i4. 
San  reilrodu.lorilllo,  llaciiiida,  larth- 

i|iiai<('  at,  I7.V.I,  iv.  Itis  70. 
San  IV^Iro  Picdra  (Jorda,  engagement 

at,  iSII,  iv.  2C.!t-7(l. 
San  Uaiiiiin,  Fri;ir  .1.  de,  Iting.,  ii.  :1<IS; 

tirst  Augiistiniaii   provincial.    I.'il.'t, 

ii.  733. 
San    Roman,    F.    d",    procuracldr    to 

Spain,  154."),  ii.  527. 
San    Salvador     el     Verde,     ]in'siiliii, 

founiled,  1722,  iii.  32'.t. 
San   Sebastian,  capture  of,    l>>l(),  iv. 

2:«. 

San  Vicente  de  ( 'liiapas  y  ( Miatemala, 

Dominican  jproviiicc,  l.ViO,  ii.  7'-'(i. 
Sanclui/,  Brigadier  E.,  death  of.  |yj;t, 

iv.  7!I2. 
Saiicliiv,  .T.,  jiioiieer  .Jesuit,    1572,   ii. 

701;  visits  Z,ieatei;as,  1574,  ii.  7(»8. 
Sanchez,  .1.  M.,  defeat  at  lluaju.ijian, 

IS  12,  iv.  4.37  S. 
Sanchi'Z,  Dr  P.,  lirst  .fe-<uit  pi-ov  iiicial, 

ii.  700;  resigns,  157'.*,  ii.  705  (i. 
Sanchez,    Paclre,    victory   at    1/iicar, 

1812,  iv.  3(1.5. 
.Sandoval,  <1.  de,  Mitli  Cortes'  e\pc<l., 

i.  (;5.  i3i;,  iss,  L>:to,  2111.  .'{(ii,  30.3, 

325  ().  ;iftll,  471,  47(1,  4110,  4'.»;».  .578- 
81,  (118,  025,  (12S,  (US  <».  (1.54-0, 
G.5y-(W,  071,  084,  (IStl;  chir.icter, 
etc.,  i.  70-7;  ii.  305-0;  seizes  Nar- 
vaez'  envoys,  i.  ;{(!5-0;  at  .Var\-aez' 
capture,  i.  389,  .30.5-7;  campaign  of, 
1520,  i.  550-7;  at  Tezciicfi,  i.  574, 
695;  aiJa   the   Clialcaus,  i.  570-7 


748 


INDEX. 


5S1I-0.1,  50.1;  oxpcfl  in  Tochtn|wc, 
lA'.'l,  ii.  'A'2;  grant  Hucur<Jtl  l)y,  li. 
'M;  fiiiiii(U  MudcUin,  ii.  .'U-.');  HUp- 
jirc-iMm  ( 'oliiiia  revolt,  ii.  5)(;  rdii-viM 
Sun  Kstt'Vftn,  \'>'2',\,  ii.  110;  i;\im'<I. 
tf)  l'ii«ui'<i,  l.Vj;{,  ii.  I  IK-'Jt!;  u.ssoci- 
ato  gov.,  I'>-7,  ii.  'Jii'A;  return  to 
Spain,    ii.    '2.1'2;  iloatli  of,    l.VJH,    ii. 

Sangrenml,  l.attlo  of,    152*2,  ii.  f>40-'.'. 

Santa  Anna,  Dicfcitor,  A.  L.  ilf,  men- 
tion of,  iv.  ")t:i;  operatioiM,  IS'JI, 
iv.  7'J-J  »;  attiuk  on  Ulii.i,  l.S'J-J,  iv. 
78(!  7;  chargeil  with  ti-eaeliery,  iv. 
788;  ili.'inii.'i.'.al,  iv.  7«SH  '.t;  revolt  of, 
18'J-_»,  iv.  7.S)»  S(M»;  \H-2H,  v.  4'-';  e  i])- 
turi!  of  llarrailas,  IS'.x.t,  v.  7-  ■">: 
rovolutiou  of  .Jalapa,  IS-Jil,  v.  !tj  ;{; 
prcsiilunt,  IM.'U,  v.  l'J7->';  rule,  v. 
i;»'J-t:{;  .lieUtor,  v.  i;n,  141;  l.iog., 
V.  i:tS  <),  (mS-O!  ciiaractcr,  v.  1:«»; 
ciil>inet,  V.  141,  '_'(>!•  71;  Hiegoof  the 
Alamo,  IH.'Mi,  V.  I(i7 -8;eaptnre,  etc., 
at  .San  .Faeinto,  v.  I71-.'{;  IJurnet'.-* 
treaty  with,  v.  I7H-4;  release,  etc., 
V.  174  *5;  MHcees.s  at  Vera  (.'ruz, 
18:W,  V.  11»7-'J00;  <ampaignof,  l,s:«t, 
V.  211-14;  revolution  of,  1841,  v. 
L>-_'<.»-:{8;  pre.-*i(lent,  1841,  V.  'SM; 
rule,  v.  'j:»8  7ti;  reelected,  1844,  v. 
•J.V.t;  statue  of,  v.  '_'(«),  27'-';  mar- 
riage, V.  'itil;  ruvohitiun  against,  v. 
•Jt>7  77;  exile,  ete.,  18-15,  277-81; 
recall,  If^tti,  v.  ;«H  :i;  president, 
1847,  V.  (Mi,  .")'24-7;  forces  of,  v. 
414  17,  '  •'>1,  471;  march  against 
Taylor,  v.  4l(i  17,  41!»  '->();  hattlo  of 
Huena  Vista,  v.  420  :«;  of  (Vrro 
(lordo,  v.  4.")()  {);  negotiations  with 
Scott,  V.  4«.">-(i,  4<.H)  (i;  hattlo  of 
Padierna,  v.  47(>  8;  of  Churuhnsco, 
V.  480^  8;  battle  of  Molino  del  llcy, 
V.  50.'{-4;  of  Chaimitepec,  v.  50(J- 
18;  evacuation  of  Me.\.,  v.  518-1!(; 
cabinets,  v.  524-5;  measures,  v.  525- 
7;  oiierations,  v.  52i':i;  deprived  of 
command,  v.  S.Tl;  works  of,  v.  .")S; 
president,  18.")3,  v.  02.3-5;  caliinet, 
V.  r)2<);  rule,  v.  (i25  57;  titles,  v. 
(540  2;  llight,  v.  ().")7  8;  death,  187(5, 
V.  ().')8  9. 

Santa  .Vnna,  J.  M.  de  C,  diary  of, 
iii.  510. 

Santanists,  party,  uprisint;,  etc.,  of, 
1845,  V.  28:5  5;  revolution  of,  184(5- 
7.  V.  207  :50(>;  attitude,  etc.,  of, 
1840,  V.  .").")8-(50;  revolt  in  fJuadala- 
jara,  1851,  v.  (508-9;  attitude  of, 
1858,  V.  742. 


.Santa    Riirbara,    founded,    1740,     iii, 

:i44. 
Santa  lUrbara,  district,  mining  in,  vi, 

514. 
.Santa    Kulalia,    distrii^t,    mining    in, 

17(«   1844,  vi.  514. 
.Santa  Fe,  .Mexico,  founded,  ii.  .'W2-3. 

S;inta     Fe,     Texiw,    exped.     .luainst, 

1841,  V.  24(i. 
Santa     (lertniiiiSi    jiuelilo.     tounde<l, 

1722,  iii.  :529. 
•Santa  liernumdad,  origin  of,  iii.  272; 

establ'il  in  N.  Spain,  I.'mH,  iii.  272; 

functions   of,    iii.    272;  otiicials  of. 


.Santa  .Maria,  Colombian  minister,  iv, 
782;  dismi.ssal,  1822,  iv.  782;  rein- 
Htiitecl,  iV.'It,  V.  5;  writings,  v.  .". 

Santa  .Maria,  town,  founded,  KHM  (5, 
iii.  227. 

Santa  .Maria,  V.  de,  vicar-general  and 
inquisitor,  l.VJS,  ii.  ;M)2. 

Santa  Maria  y  .Meudozii,  <1.  de,  l>iog., 
iii.  20;  arcidiishop,  iii.  20;  'daU 
ism  of,  iii.  20. 

Sant4inilcr,  founded,  1740,  iii.  :54.'l. 

Santa  I'ecacpu;,  .Swan  captures,  1(58(5, 
iii.  20(5. 

Santa  Itita,  pueblo,  founded,  1721, 
iii.  :»24. 

Santa  Uosa,  engagement  at,  1812, 
470. 

Santa  Rosa  ilistriet,  mining  in,  vi. 
514. 

Santa  Teresa,  founded,   1722,  iii.  32(5. 

Santiago,  pirates  raid,  1(585,  iii.  205. 

Santiago,  Count  of,  aids  in  quelling 
corn  riot,  1(102,  iii.  24.S  4. 

Siuitiago  de  .Mexico,  Dominican  prov- 
ince, ii.  724. 

Santiago  valley,  afl'air  in,  1811,  iv. 
.•523;  1812,  iv.  301  2. 

Santilian,  Diego  de,  gov.  f>f  Yucatan, 
1571,  ii.  04(5;  measures  against  pi- 
rates, iL  (54(5-7;  efliciency  of,  ii. 
(551. 

Santilian,  oidor,  takes  Moutcjo's  resi* 
dencia,  1.5-10,  ii.  4.'>0. 

Santo  Kvangelio,  Franciscan  province 
founded,  1524,  ii.  713;  seal  of,  ii. 
713;  provincials,  1.524- KiOO,  ii.  713. 

Santo  Floro,  Marques  de,  gov.  an<l 
caiit. -gen.  of  Yncatfin,  1(5;W,  iii.  l.")7; 
rule,  157  9. 

Santos  frarcfa,  bishop  of  Nuova  Oali- 
cia,  ii.  692;  death  of,  150(5,  ii.  (592. 

•Saravia,  Cen.  A.  (i.,  comand.  at 
Oajaea,  1812,  iv.  470-1;  defeat  of, 
iv.  485;  execution,  iv.  486. 


INDKX. 


II) 


Sarnvi.i,    F.    ^f.   B.    <lc,   (■.•\i)tiir('il  liy 

l)iriitfs,  I7<KS,  in.  '.".I..'  :t. 
Sitrilii,   <'iil.,  I'.i'fciicc  III'    Kurt  Siitii  lu 

Miiiina,  IS  1 7,  iv.  (K;:!.  tiT'.'. 
Snii/.,  M,  lU',  iMiit'-itri-  cU;  l'iiiii|i(i,  l.'rtU, 


M.  .> 


»9. 


Sjivi.l.i,  revolt  in,  IMIO,  iv.  'J().">. 


ailii 


iiiiii,  Ailiiiiral,  (n'c'uini's  Ai'Ji- 
1  UM,  ICi'.'t.  iii.  HI  L>. 
Sci.tt,  (Jtn.  \V.,  variiniiM'  witli  l'.  S. 
u  ivt,  |.S4ti,  V.  HilK  71;  tdiiiiiiaiiilcr- 
iii-chicf,  V.  4<ill,  4l.'l;  plan  of,  v. 
4HN;  liinct,  I'tc,  V.  i:;!l,  4(it  .">,  4(!H; 


SR'f,'! 


(if  Wra  <  'rii/,    1^17 


4U   «; 


liaitli!  of  ( '••iTii  ( i-rdo,  V.  4.VJ  v(;  !'>•■ 
('U|iatioii  of  I'liilila,  V.  4til  4;  ;  i  • 
i'laii:atioii,  v.  4('>J  It;  (|tiarn'l  u  Ml 
Trist,  V.  4(ill-.');  iic';,'iiiiatio:i-'  willi 
Saiitii  Anna,  v.  4Im  l!,  i  inli  c  • 
V.    4(i8-'.t,    47:i; 


ex. 


-ttl 


(^      of 


47.V.SO;     of     «'l 


.M 

I'lKlii 

ItUHCo,   V,  480->S;  aniii.stifc,    v.   t".l.> 

(i;  battle,  .f  Molino  .Kl  !!,  v,  v    V.r 


iiini 


50.');  f)f  ('liaimlti'poi',  v.  ">'•>  IS: 
cupation  f>f  Alex.,  v.  .'il!>  'Jl,  .1 
;«>;  n 


i2!t 


(suiir«!M,    V.    ii'M);  siijicMoiU'ii 


i:il:  '.M 


enioirs,    v. 


•  I. 


Scottixh  Rite,  Lodges,  niunlion  of,  v. 

•M  4. 
.Si'iilpturc,  vi.  (>4(i. 


SdiiiicMs    Lieut.    K 


,f,    V. 


■>l. 


'iitiiianat.  i^i 


IV.  of  Yucatan,  istl,  v. 


•Jlil;  <l.  feat  of,  |.S4;{,  v.  'J4.');  exetu- 
tiiiii,  V.  'J4r>. 

Si;i-icultur«',  lU'lgailillo  foster>(,  ii.  'Jtl'i; 
]>i'i)j{rt'ss  of,  ill.  (tl'J   \'A. 

SiM-na,  F.  V.  (If,  gov.  of  San  .luan  <le 
Ulihi,  l(tl*4,  iii.  (io. 

Soma,  .1.  1'.  «le  la,  aruliUiHliop,  KilU, 
iii.  4'J;  reforms  of,  iii.  4'2  ',i;  <iuar- 
rels  with  viceroy,  iii.  4;*  '17;  aii- 
j)i;ali  to  audiencia,  iii.  4[)-')'2;  ex- 
ileil,   iii.  52;  intenliet  of,  l(>*J4,  iii. 


.'is  !t: 


uallod. 


reuailod,  ui.  UI;  return.s  t<> 
Spain,  1024,  iii.  7G-7;  death  of, 
1031,  iii.  77. 

Sesnia,  11.,  operation.s  at  Oajaea, 
1812,  iv.  483;  command  in  Mi/teca 
iv.  042;  treachery  of,  iv.  6^53. 

iSevilla,   J.,   complicity,   etc.,   of,   iv. 

21:^^15. 

Sherman,    Capt.,      Imttlc    of    Buena 

Vista,  v.  422,  <i^l. 
Shields,  Gen.,  ha    \o  of  Cerro  Gordo, 

V.  4(k)-8;  of  Churulmuco,  v.  484-.">. 
Shipping,  atatistics,  iii.  044. 
Sliover,  Capt.,  battle  of  Buena  v'iata, 

V.  432. 
Sieges,  Guanajuato,  1810,  iv.   133-57; 

Acapulco,    1811,    iv.  300-1;  Valla- 


dolid.  l.Hll,  iv.  312  10;  isn,  iv. 
.-.('.'.I  73;  ruautla,  |.M2.  iv.  3ti'.'  7-j; 
Cerro  del  (iallo,  iNI3,  iv.  ."il.S  21: 
.Me..eala  Koek.  IHI3,  iv.  .VIS  40; 
Aeapiileo,  |S|3,  r>4.V."(l;  < 'ojtioma- 
tept-e,  |S|3,  iv.  .%.')."»  (■>;  Mt.  Ciiporo, 
IHI4,  iv.  CMS  II;  Soto  la  Marina, 
1817,  iv.  072;  Fort  Sonil.rero,  lsi7, 
iv.  r>73  0;  Vera  Cru/,  l.s;{-_>,  v.  110; 
IH47,     v.    4-tl-H;     IXIMI,     V.     777 -SO; 

.^laiii",  the.  1S30,  V.  1(17  S;  Tuu- 
pico,  l>:i!».  V.  2i:t;  ('atiipe.lie.  1S»0, 
V.  21S;  Mataiunr..s,  Isto,  v.  347- 
07;  lIMl.".  VI.  I'.l'.l;  .MoiiUieV.  ISIO, 
V.  :!('.(•.  402;  I'llel.la,  lSi;3,  v'i.  (12  S; 
Oajaea.  |S(1.">.  vi.  1S,S-<M»;  t.tiie. 
ritaro,  l.Sf,7,  vi.  277  .'MM. 

Sierra  Gordi,  map  of,  iii.  .■l.'{7;  v.  .'>77, 

.Sicrn  '■'  'ida,  <  'mideile,  measure  of,  iv. 
I"2,  240;  eaily  iiiisHioii-i,  iii.  .33.S; 
uampai)^Mi  in,  1704,  I7l.'i,  iii.  3.'IS- 
.*«»;  |,S4".t,  v.  ."178  80;  paeili.^i  l,y 
i;  eaiiclnn.  17:!i.  iii.  ."UO  |0;  levu- 
lutioii  in,  V.  i'l'M't. 

'Slete  l,eyts'  1*^3.").  v.    14.">  0. 

Siete  I'artida^,  eode  of  Alfi  l'^o  x,  ii. 
281-2. 

.Sigileiiza  y  (iiiii^.M-.i,  \iurk-'  nt,  vi. 
041   2. 

Silius,  Hcttled,  I.Vilt,  ii.  7(>-':  ('.illeias 
edict  at,  1810,  iv.  2-J'.t;  .i*!  iir  at, 
18(W,  V.  784. 

.Silici;o.  M.,  niininter  of  foiiiiuto,  |.S8.'>, 
V.  070. 

Silk,  manufacture,  etc.,  of,  vi.  .">24  .">, 

r»7o. 

Silver  Bullion,  mode  of  handling,  iii. 
:«)l-2. 

•Sinaloa,  hostility  of  natives,  iii.  l.'l; 
enlargenieiit  of  liorder,  iii.  H; 
exped.  to,  1810  II,  iv.  237  0;  iiiaiH 
of,  vi.  10.3,  248;  reimlilicaii  op.  ra- 
tions in,  1800,  vi.  210;  revolution 
in,  1871-2,  vi,  .383,  .304  .">;  mining 
in,  vi.  514. 

Sindicos,  duties  of,  iii.  ,522. 

Sisal,  jiirates  land  at,  l.")7l.  ii.  <W0. 

Slavery,  mention  of,  i.  4  0,  02,  hil, 
107,  212-1.3,  210,  2.").3,  208,  •'7:!, 
311,  324.  .302,  r>:A-r>,  5tJ4,  5<I2.  .'lOO, 
0<KI;  ii.  l.")0  1.  518-10,  .">:«,  .')05  0; 
iii.  287-8;  v.  79-80. 

Slidcll,  Envoy  J.,  negotiations  of, 
1845-0,  V.  MIX 

Smith,  Capt.  C.  T.,  capture  of  Mon- 
terey. V.  489-91. 

Smith,  Jten.  P.,  capture  of  Monterey, 
V.  .390-1;  battle  of  Padiema,  v. 
478-9;  of  Churubusco,  v.  486;  of 
Chapultepec,  v.  510,  514-15. 


760 


INDEX, 


iSmuifgliiig,    sec    Commerce,    contra- 

liiinil. 
8ol)eranis  y  Cciiteuo,  11.  do,  gov.  of 

Yucatan,  etc.,  1U93,  iii.  1G2;  death 

of,  iii.  I(i3. 
Society,    ii.    134-6;    582-3;    iii.    209, 

220,  23.3,  731-77;  vi.  r)n8-()29. 
Soeouusco,   conqueretl  by   Alvarado, 

1524,    ii.  12(5-7;  incorporated  with 

Chiapas,  1825,   v.    24;  with   Mex., 

1842,  V.  240-1. 
Solis,  A.  de,  voyages  of,  i.   1,  11-12; 

works,  etc.,  of,  i.  18(5-8,  (»97. 
8olis,  F.,  gov.  of  Yucatan,  etc.,  1583- 

(5,  ii.  050-2. 
Sol  tepee,  affair  at,  1815,  iv.  029. 
Sonibrerete,     mines    discovered,     ii. 

590-7;  mining  in,  vi.  513. 
iS.imhrero,   Fort,    siege   of,    1817,   iv. 

07;i— !i;  massacre  at,  iv.  075-0. 
Somcra,    F.,    minister    of    fomento, 

1800,  vi.  225. 
Sonora,  bishopric   of,  iii.  (59.3-4;  civil 

war    in,    1842,   v.   241;  rcpul)lican 

victories  in,   1800,    vi.  247;  Yaqui 

war  in,  1885-0;  vi.  401-2. 
Soso,  F.,  works  of,  iii.  727. 
Soto,  1).  de,  mission  to  Spain,   1524, 

ii.  197  202. 
Soto,  Friar  Fide,  mention  of,  ii.  104- 

5;    Florida,    exped.,    1539,  ii.  513; 

opposes  cnconiiondas,  1.~>44,  ii.  525- 

6;  procurador  to  Spain,    1545,    ii. 

527. 
Soto,  (Jen.  J.,  minister  of  war,  1850, 

V.  087. 
Soto,  M.  accuser  of  Varaez,  1022,  iii. 

44-0;  excommunicated,  iii.  40. 
iSoto,  Lieut.  M.  de,  defeat  of,    1811, 

iv.  :U9-50 
Soto  la   Marina,    occupied   by  Mina, 

1817,  iv.  ()01-2;  siege  of,  iv.  072. 
Spain,  laws,  iii.  518;    sketch  of  hist., 

ir)98-1875,    iv.  3-8;  revolution  in, 

iv.    3(>-7,    41-2;     reverses    hi    an(l 

their  effect  in  Mex.,    1809,  iv.  84, 

89;    regency  in,     1810,     iv.     84-5; 

1812,    IV.   450;  affairs  in,  18i:i-U, 

iv.    595-0;    reonforcenients    from, 

1815,    iv.  (540;  revolt  in,    1820,  iv. 

()'.)7;    commissioners    from,    v.    50; 

coinmurcc    injured    l)y   privateers, 

v.  ()5-();  invasion  of  !Nlex.,  1829-30, 

V.    71-0;  18(il-2,  vi.  29  43;  treaty 

M'ith,    1830-9,  V.     181  2;  188.3,    vi. 

4.").");  relations   with,   1857,  v.  71(5- 

17;  1871,  vi.  mn. 

S])ain,  intervontion  of,  1801,  vi.  21-3. 

Spaniards,  arrival  of,  predicted,  i.  100- 

15;  'character,   i.  411,  013-14,  03(5- 


7,  692-4;  sacrificed  by  n-.t-vfts.   i. 

484,    610-13,    5.35,    624;    expelled 

from     Indian    towns,    ii.     571^-4; 

massacre  of,   1810,  iv.  222-4,  2.30, 

245-0,  249;  1811,  iv.  270;  1812,  iv. 

.398;  imprisonment,  etc.,  of,  iv.  2.39- 

41. 
Spaniards,  exodus  of,   1814,  iv.  593- 

5;  1821,  iv.  741-3;  hostility  toward, 

v.  .54-5,  59-60;  expulsion  of,  1827, 

v.  (50-1. 
Spanish-Americans,    race  admixture, 

iii.  731-3. 
Spice  Islands,  see  Moluccas. 
Stage  lines,  establ'd,  iii.  038. 
Stock-raising,  mention  of,  iii.  014-10; 

vi.  578. 
Street-lighting,  intrcxluced,  iii.  623. 
Suarez,  C.,  mention  of,  ii.  137-9. 
Suarez  y    Navarro,    J.    works   of,  v. 

(527,  807. 
Suazo,   Capt.,   battle  of    Molino  del 

Rey,  v.  502. 
Subdelecados,   first  apj)ointed,  1786, 

iii.  45.);  jurisd.  of,  iii.  520. 
Sugar,  maguey,  iii.  (509. 
Sugar-Cane,    cultivation   of,  iii.  010} 

vi.  572. 
Sultepec,  supreme  national  junta  at, 

iv.  369,  378-9;  capture  of,  1812,  iv. 

418. 
Sumptuary  laws,  1524,  ii.   13.")-6. 
'Supremo    Poder    Conservador,'    ot^ 

ganized,    etc.,  1837,  v.   181;  meas- 
ures of,  1841,  V.  232. 
Swan,   Capt.,   cruise   of,  1685-6,  iii. 

205-7. 
Synod,  first  held,  1526,  ii.  177-8. 


Tabares,    conspiracy    of,     1811,    iv. 

.305-0. 
Tal)asco,    (irijalva's  exped.,    1518,  i. 

21-4;  Cortes  reaches,    1519,   i.  84; 

submits  to  Cortes,  i.  91-2:  location, 

i.    95;    conquest  of,    1525,   ii.    22(5; 

Montejo   in,    ii.  441-2;    revolt   in, 

1840.  V.  219;  subjugation  of,  1843, 
V.  245. 

Tabasco,    port,    capture   of,  1847,    v. 

449. 
Tabera,  (ten.  K.,  capitulation  of  Mux., 

1867,  vi.  :{47. 
Taboada,   (Jen.,   battle   of  Cinoo  do 

Mayo,  18(52,  vi.  47-50. 
Tacubaya,  occupied  by  Santa  Anna, 

1841,  V.  233;  i)lan  of,  v.  72;i-5. 
Taglc,  A.,   gov.  of  Hidalgo,  1809,  vi. 


INDEX. 


751 


S70;  iiiiiiirttci'  fif  foiHcnto,  1870.  vi. 
^  4i'r). 

Taj^lc,  1'.,  niiiiistor  of  govt,  1870,  vi. 
4;{1. 

Tajo,  mine,  yield  of,  vi.  .514. 

Taniaulipas,  occupation  of,  1740-00, 
iii.  ;M(>-7;  map  of,  iii.  341;  extent, 
etc.,  1757-1810,  iii.  346;  population, 
17">7-1810,  iii.  340;  govcnmra  of, 
177'.'-1800,  iii.  347;  missions,  iii. 
3477S;  Hood  in,  1802,  iii.  503; 
sulij  ligation  of,  iv.  650;  congress  of, 
iv.  809;  revolt  in,  18.32,  v.  111. 

Tania/ulapan,  people  of,  i.  321. 

Tanipico,  sacked  l>y  pirates,  1082,  iii, 
191;  occupied  liy  Barradas,  1829, 
V.  73-5;  surrender  of  Spaniards, 
74-5;  afiairat,  18.32,  v.  Ill;  revolt 
at,  1838,  V.  207;  attack  on,  v.  207- 
9;  captured  by  Arista,  1839,  v. 
212-13;  vi.  2.')3;  Perry's  occupation 
of,  1846,  V.  411;  captured  l)y  re- 
publicans, vi.  2i>4. 

Tangaxoan  II.,  )'.ing  of  Micboacan, 
ii.  44;  receives  Montaflo,  ii.  45-8; 
visit,  etc.,  to  Cortes,  ii.  48-50; 
flight  of,  ii.  52;  baptism,  etc.,  of, 
ii.  .341;  torture  and  burning  of,  ii. 
344-7. 

Taitacbula,  pronuncianiicnto  at,  1824, 
vi.  452. 

Tapia,  A.  de,  with  t'orte.s'  exped.,  i. 
80-1,  341,  :M8,  .307,  .390,  471,  591, 
010,  649,  053,  050,  (>03;  biog.,  i. 
405;  'Relacion,'  i.  40();  in  control 
at  Tzintzi:  .itzan,  ii.  .53-4;  Sala/ar's 
usuri)atiou,  ii.  231-4;  alguacil 
mayor,  1520,  ii.  233. 

Tapia,  B.  V.  de,  rcgidor,  1524,  ii.  9; 
procurador,  ii.  224;  commissioner 
to  Spain,  ii.  285. 

Ta^)ia,  C.  de,  gov.  of, New  Spain,  etc., 
ii.  07-8;  Narvaez'  ■uarumg  to,  ii. 
08-9;  correspondence  witb  Cortes, 
ii.  09;  Cortes'  policy  toward,  ii. 
70-1;  meeting  witb  Sandoval,  ii. 
71;  credentials  objected  to,  ii.  72-3; 
departure  of,  ii.  7.3;  accuses  Cortes, 
1522,  ii.  80-7. 

Tapia,  Cacitjue,  defeats  Cbicliiiiiecs, 
1531,  ii.  .542-3. 

Tapia,  Cura,  defeat  at  Ihiaju.iii.iii, 
1812,  iv.  437-8. 

Tar.aacos,  character,  etc.,  of  tln',  i. 
514. 

Tarelo,  Padre  .1.  F.,  negotiations  of, 
iv.  383. 

Tariffs,  vi.  545-S. 

Ta.sco,  caiituro  nf,  ISII,  iv.  :!."(). 


Tavora,  R.,  minister  of  war,  1800,  vi. 

226. 
Taxation,    increase   of    under   Felipe 

IV.,   iii.   84-5;  on  rents,    ISli,   iv. 

370;  increase  of,  lfSl.3,  iv.  .5(X);  1814, 

iv.  59:i-4;  18.39-41;  v.  220-7;  1S41, 

V.  2.38-9;  1843,  v.  245-0;   decrease 

in,  1822,  iv.  749. 
Taxco,    tin  mines   discovered   at,    ii. 

31-2;  mining  in,  iii.  .591. 
Taxmar,  ( 'at'i(iue,  mention  of,  i.  82. 
Taylor,  (Jen.  Z.,  instructions,  etc.,  to, 

V.  335-0,  .346,   373-0;  campaign  on 

the  Rio  Grande,  v.  340-67;  capture 

of  Monterey,  v.  37'"^  401;  forces,  v. 

377,  413-14;  map  of  campaign,  v. 

378;    the     Chihuahua    exiii-d.,     v, 

405-0;    occupation    of    Saltillo,    v. 

411;  of  Victoria,  v.    412;  at  Agua 

Nueva,  v.  419-20;  battle  of  Buena 

Vista,  V.  420-33. 
Teaurite,  battle  of,  1721,  iii.  .323-4. 
Tecama,  battle  of,  i.  583. 
Tecainachalco,  subjugation  of,  i.  5.'{4. 
Tecoac,  battle  of,  1870,  vi.  427. 
Tecocoltzin,  Caei(jue,    conversion   of, 

i.  500;  king  of  Tezcueo,  i.  .572. 
Tecpan,  province  organize. i,  ISIl,  iv. 

344;  revolution  in,  1814,  iv.  575-80; 

map  of,  iv.  577;  campaign  in,  1810, 

iv.  053. 
Tecpan,  City,  title  bestowed  on,  1811, 

iv.  :«4. 

Tecualoya,  Biirranoa,  .aflair  at,  1812, 
iv.  350. 

Tecuiclipo,  Princess,  marriages  of,  i. 
4.58-9,  544;  capture  of,  i.  (i80-8. 

Tehuacau,  capture  of,  1812,  iv.  389; 
surrender  of,  1817,  iv.  051;  occu- 
pied by  Spanish  troops,  1M02,  vi. 
40. 

Teliiiantepec,  sul)mits  to  Spaniards, 
etc.,  ii.  39—10;  exped.  to,  ii.  .54-."; 
reverts  to  crown,  ii.  4S2.  5S0,  iVM; 
Indian  revolt  at,  10(10,  iii.  1114-5. 

Teliuanl  pec,  canal,  loneessions,  etc., 
for,  V.  589-90. 

Tejada,  M.  L.  de,  see  benlo,  M. 

Ti'jada,  S.  L.  de.  see  liiM'clo,  S. 

'relegrajihs,  vi.  .5.59-00. 

'I'ello,  Iriar  A.,  wori<s  of,  ii.  514. 

Tello,  Major  IJ.,  eouiinand  of,  iv.  195. 

Tello  de  (iu/niaii,  .1.  15.,  gov.  of 
Vucatiin,  10S3,  iii.  102. 

Tello  de  Sandoval,  K.,  visita'lor,  1.543- 
4,  ii.  522-3;  nioileriition  of,  ii.  .520 
7;  relations  witb   .Mendoza,  ii.  530 
1;  benelits  wrougiit    1)y,    ii.    .532-3; 
(kparture,  ii.  5.35. 


7S3 


INDEX. 


TiJinplcs  of  Yucatan,  i.  8-10,  19-22; 
ut  tliu  Isla  ilu  iSacrilicicM,  i.  20;  of 
Tabasco,  i.  80;  at  Ceiitla,  i.  92; 
of  t'oatlan,  i.  112;  at  Cholula,  i. 
232,  '2\Mi~7,  244,  248;  at  Mexico,  i. 
•J7t>-7,  294-.5,  :M9-50,  409,  413-10, 
430-48,  51.3,  008,  0,-)0  8,  077;  of 
rotoltepoe,  i.  48.5;  of  Iztocan,  i. 
.'')3I;  of  Coyulinacan,  i.  007. 

Tt'iiamaxtli,  ("aoiciue,  mention  of,  ii. 
4!H ;  <lefuni'e  of  Nochiwtlaii,  l.>tl, 
ii.  mi;  of  Mixton,  ii.  507-9;  flight 
of,  l.-)4l,  ii.  .TOJt. 

Toiiaticiiigo,  eiigagunicnt  at,  1812,  iv. 
3.-)0. 

'IVniuigo,  affair  at,  1812,  iv.  414-li>. 

Tciioeha,  negro  conspiracy  at,  1540, 
ii.  537-8. 

Tcotiliuacan,  pyramids  of,  i.  90. 

Tuotitlaii,  atlair  at,  18l.">,  iv.  031; 
captured  hy  Diaz,  |.S<i(i,  vi.  2(>0.        1 

'Ji'paugo,  afiiiir  at,  ISIO,  iv.  'MH). 

Tt'i.L'aca,  province,  siiltjugatiou,  etc., 
of,  l.->20.  i.  524-7. 

Tejieaea,  town,  aflair  at,  1821,  iv. 
723. 

Tepoluiancs,  revolt  of  the,  iii.  10-17. 

'IVpeli,  royalists  invest,  18I(J,  iv.  (i5(). 

Tepic,  Ciiirinos  reai-lie-i,  15.'U),  ii.  3,")4; 
<iu/inan  at,  ii.  354  5;  cai)ture  of,  ' 
1810,  iv.  'Ml;  recapturi-  of,  1811, 
iv.  204;  tVnz's  measiirei  at,  iv.  20."); 
revolt  in,  1872  3,  vi.  .399-401;  1874- 
5,  vi.  413;  naval  school  founded  at, 
1822.  vi.  037. 

Tej)ii',    sack,  etc.,  of,  1847,  v.  ,">.37. 

Teiiiiilia,  captured  l)y  Lo/ada,  1873, 
vi.  400. 

Te(piipanH,  revolt  of,  1548,  ii.  ,")38. 

Tcran,  Jesus,  minister  of  goherna- 
cion,  1857,  v.  713, 

Terau,  Juan,  operations,  181(),  iv. 
():{4-5,  039;  joined  li;'  Osorno,  iv. 
039;  besieged  at  Tepeji,  1810,  iv. 
050. 

Teran,  .i .  M.  (J.  de,  deputy  to  cdrtes, 
1810,  iv.  4-19. 

Teran,  L.,  minister  if  fomento,  1800, 
vi.  220;  affair  of  the  'Trinidad,' 
1879,  vi.  440-1. 

Teraa,  (len.  M.  Mier  y,  defeats 
Alvarez,  1815,  iv.  031;  dispute  witli 
congi-eas,  iv.  031-2;  ..peratious, 
1810-17,  iv.  63:^5;  iv.  050-1;  sur- 
render of,  iv.  051;  capture  of  llar- 
radas,  1829,  v.  74-5;  defeat  ut 
Tampico,  v.  Ill;  mission  to  Texas, 
1827,  V.  155-7. 

Terrazas,  P.  do,  tho  •anonymous  con- 
queror,' i.  281. 


Terreflo,  Condo  de  C,  ot>erations  in 
I'uebla,  1813,  iv.  5:». 

Torres,  (.Jen.,  battle  of  Chapulteiiec. 
v.  517-18. 

Torrones,  L.  de,  arrests  archbishop, 
etc.,  1024,  iii.  52-7. 

Teatera,  Friar  J.  de,  Franciscan  eui- 
todian,  ii.  393;  mission  to  Yucatan, 
ii.  451-2:  biog.,  ij.  452. 

Totitlan,  Hujicar,  defeated  at,  1524, 
ii.  01. 

Tetlahuehuctquizitzin,  Cacique,  as- 
pires to  ride,  i,  330. 

Tetzontli,  Stone,  <lescriptiou  of,  iii. 
177;  <pi:irries  of,  iii.  587. 

Teuch,  ("aciipu',  aids  Cortes,  etc.,  i. 
192,  20.3,  213. 

Teulitlile,  Knvoy,  visits  to  Cortes,  etc., 
i.  !21   m 

Teul,  (irand  (aboriginal  town),  de- 
stroyed by  Chiriuos,  ii.  353-4; 
treachery  of  warriors,  1541,  ii. 
508. 

Texas,  famine  in,  1718;  iii.  290  1; 
French  expelled  from,  iii.  292;  re- 
volts in,  iv.  241;  v.  140,  l.-)8  9,  101; 
revolution  in,  1811,  iv.  271;  Amer- 
ican raids  in,  1813,  iv.  642-3;  boun- 
daries, V.  151  2;  Long's  invasions, 
V.  152-3;  foreign  odonies  in,  v. 
153  5;  united  with  Coaliuila,  v. 
154;  ('wsaffectinn  in,  v.  1.55  (i;  de- 
cree of  1839,  v.  150,  1.59;  maps  of, 
V.  1.57,  .347;  the  slavery  question, 
V.  158-9,  32.3-5;  grievances,  v. 
159-()0;  i)rovis.  govt  esUbl'd,  1835, 
V.  101-2,  107;  aid  from  U.  S.,  v. 
102-3;  declar.  of  independ.,  v. 
105-0;  'war  of  indepentl.',  v.  107- 
78;  hostilities  in,  1841-2,  v.  240  7; 
attitude  of  U.  S.,  v.  247-8;  Mcx. 
proposals  to,  1843,  v.  203;  causes 
of  secession,  v.  308,  322-4;  ac(iui.si- 
tion  of  terr.,  18.30,  v.  324  5;  recog- 
nition of,  v.  327;  annexation  of  by 
U.  fS.,  1845,  V.  3:U-8;  raids  orga- 
nized in,  1851-2,  V.  00:^-5. 
Texas,  fort,  attack,  etc.,  on,  18S0,  v. 

.•148,  3(»4  5. 
Texca,  battle  of,  ISJW,  v.  96. 
Tczcatlipoca,  temple  of,  i.   349;  chief 

Aztec  deity,  i.  407. 
Tczcucans,   aid  Cortes,  etc.,    L   561, 

582,  593,  595. 
Tezcuco,  Acolhuan  capibil,  i.  96; 
king  of  meets  Cortes,  i.  209;  de- 
script,  of,  i.  425-0;  Cortes'  march 
to,  1520,  i.  570;  decline  of,  ii.  20; 
restored  by  Ixtlilxochitl,  ii.  25; 
controlled  by  Augustiuiana,  ii.  624. 


INDEX. 


753 


T(!/.malac.a,  engagement  at,    18 IT),  iv. 

(»l(5  17;  cupture  of  Mori-loH  at,  iv. 

(>I7  1«. 
TheatroH.  v.  C'-»4  5. 
Th(inia.s,  Capt.,  battloof  Hueiia  Vista, 

V.  4M. 
T\uiiu\M(m,    minister,    reply  tn   Mex. 

protests,  V.  :i'2>.)  :«»,  Xi'J. 
Thornton,    Sir   K.,   arliiter  on   I'.  .S. 

claims,  hSTI*,  vi.  44.'{. 
Tierra   i  'iiUvuU^    del    Stir,    ri'volution 

in,  ISl-i,  iv.  4l»7. 
Tilioo,  exiH'il.  to,  1.">4I,  ii.  44.")  7. 
Tiliriatli,  A/tee  garni(.'nt,  i.  474. 
Tiltrpcc,    oeeupieil   liy    Sandoval,    ii. 

•,u. 

Tiniage,  ('aeiiiue,    urj^cs  resistance  to 

.Spaniards,  ii.  itl   '2. 
Tin    mine's,    discovered  at    Taxco,   ii. 

:ii  •-'. 

Tirailo,  .1.,  evacuation  of  Mex.,  i. 
4SI. 

Tiripitio,  university  founded  at,  li")40, 
ii.  7;i">. 

Tithes,  amount,  etc.,  liVj:{-4,  ii.  l."i'.»; 
reduction  of,  ir>4t»,  ii.  r>:?tt;  collei'- 
tion  from  Indians  forliidden,  ii. 
()(>.">;  Augustinians  struggle  for,  ii. 
7.'<;i  4;  orilers  lesi^t  payment  rif, 
IC>-_M  7.'{,  iii.  I'-'O  ."!.");  ehurch,  iii. 
()i;i;  8. 

Tixtla,  eaiiture  of,  IMI,  iv.  :{0:t;  l.at- 
tle  of,  iv.  :i(W  4. 

Ti/.apant/ilico,  ( 'ortes"  cxped.  to,  i. 
I."t7  tiO. 

Tl.ieii|ian,  capital  of  Te]ianecs,  i.  '.t(i; 
king  of,  i.  ;{If4;  ("ortes  at,  i.  .">)Sr>  8; 
caiweway,  i.  44 !-,'{. 

'I'lacotalitan,  mutiny  at,  1S7',),  vi.  440. 

'I'laeotcpec,  congress  at,  IS14,  iv.  .'■»7l)- 
8. 

Tlacotlan,  revolt  at,  l.")4l,  ii.  ">o;t. 

Tlalpujaliua,  Uayon's  headi|uarters 
at,  1812,  iv.  4'JO,  4-J(!. 

Tlaseala,  location,  i.  !lt"i,  11)8;  Monte- 
zuma fails  to  subjugate,  i.  KM); 
name,  i.  I!t8;  wall  of,  i.  IIIS,  'JOi; 
eonipiest  of,  If)!".!,  i.  'JOl  l,1;<'ortc.i 
enters,  i.  'Jlti;  A/tec  embassy  to,  i. 
514-11);  ship  building  at,  i.  ."tii'J; 
Cortes  reviews  forces  at,  i.  ."i(i4  7; 
I'ortes'  retreat  to,  i.  482  .")()8;  dio- 
cese of.  ii.  27,  180,  2(i2,  '.•)(!  7,  '.VMh 
map  of  diocese,  ii.  .Vm;  Inilian  re- 
volt at,  101)2,  iii.  247-48;  invasion 
of,  1811,  iv.  :U1;  oeeupied  by 
Montano,  1812,  iv.  490;  attack  on, 
18i:i,  iv.  .'),-).•{. 

'1  lascaltees,  industries,  etc.,  i.  198-1); 
govt.,  i.  191);  alliance  with  Cortes, 

Hist.  Mk\.  Vol.  VI.    IS 


etc.,  i.  221-.15;  at  C'holiila  massa- 
cre, i.  2.'W-47;  at  Alvarado's  mas- 
Bacro  i.  414-18;  evacuation  of  Mex., 
i.  471;  fealty  to  Cortes,  i.  490  I, 
f)0,5,  f>If)  I'l),  52.')  8;  battle  of 
Otumba,  i.  409;  artny,  i.  r)G()-7, 
(il(»-l7;  siego  of  Mex.,  i.  .WJ,  .W, 
iV,)!,  fV.)"),  ()1(),  ()r)4,  (;7(),  »)80;  how 
rewarilfd,  ii.  2(J  7;  exemiit  from 
encomiendas,  1,529,  ii.  ,'{14;  colonies 
of,  ii.  "JM. 

Tlatelulco,  ten<ple  of,  i.  29.")-7;  negro 
eous()iraey,  at,  1544,  ii.  5.'J7  8. 

'I'layacapau  Valley,  battle  in,  i.  5tKi-7. 

Tol>acco,  eidtivatioii  and  manufact. 
of,  iii.  ()i:i  II;  vi.  .52ti  7,  572  X 

Tochtcpec,  Spaniards  routed  at,  I.VJO, 
ii.  :VJ;  Sandoval's  exjii'd.  to,  I."i2l, 
ii.  22  :\. 

Togno,  Lieut. -icil.,  conference  with 
(icn.  Forey,  bSlJ.'!,  vi.  tio  (!. 

Toledo,  A.  lie,  ileleat  at  Hejar,  I8i:i, 
iv.  54:i. 

Toledo,  Nucvo  Keino  de,  .N'iiyarit 
named,  iii.  ^{28. 

Tolcntino,  (!ea.,  defection  of,  IS7(), 
vi.  420. 

Tolome,  engagement  at,  18:52,  v.  109- 
10. 

Tol.sa,  M.,  statuary  of,  vi.  OK). 

Toltecs,  supremacy,  etc.,  i.l.    i.   1)5-0. 

Toluca,  City,  insurgent  rcpuNe  near. 

1811,  iv.   ;J:?7-8;  insuigcnts  attack, 

1812,  iv.  4i:{;  relief  ..f,  iv.  41  1;  af- 
fair at,  1800,  V.  792;  capital  of 
state  of  Mex.,  vi.  ,'{70. 

Toluca,  Valley,  .su I )j ligation  of,  1M2, 
iv.  418-19. 

Tomson,  11.,  iiKjuisition  condemns, 
l.")58,  ii.  075-0. 

Tonal.i,  Spaniards  occupy,  lo.'M),  ii. 
;i50-l. 

Toiiati,  Nayarit  Chief,  visit  to  Mex., 
I72l>   I,  iii.  .•il7  21;  late  of,  iii.  XiO. 

Tonatiiili,  Indiuu  name  for  Alvarado, 
i.  75. 

Toral,  V.  de,  bisiiop  of  Yucatan, 
1.502,  ii.  ()88-9;  conllict  with  Fran- 
ciscans, ii.  089;  death,  1.571,  ii. 
089. 

Torncl  y  .Meiiilibil,  ( Jen.  .1.  M.,  min- 
ister of  war,  1S42,  v.  '2'A,  259; 
18.5;{,  V.  020,  0H7;  biog.,  etc.,  v. 
2.54;  speech  before  Me.x.  congress, 
V.  ;}2(i  7. 

Tonpiemada,  .1.  do,  works  of,  i.  095; 
ii.  787-8;  biog.,  ii.  78(>-7;  jue/  de 
resitlencia,  15:!ti,  ii.  457;  gov.  of 
Nueva  (lalieia,  15:!0  7,  ii.  457, 
402;  asiumoi  govt,    i5;J7,  ii.  401-2j 


I'A 


INDEX. 


reforniH  of,  ITiST,  ii.  402-3:  (kfciit.-i 

liuliaiiH,    ]MH,    ii.  4(W  4;  duatli  .il, 

ii.  4()4;  cliiiractor,  ii.  4(i4  5. 
Torre,  Cajit.  .1.  H.  do  la,  ((i>erati<)ii>i 

of,    iv.    ;i'J(i  7;  death   of,   1811,  iv. 

:V27. 
Torre,    'S\.  d(,'   la.    defence   of  Maxi- 

iiiiliaii,  vi.  .SOS. 
'iOrrejnii,  (Jen.,  raiii))aign  on  the  Kio 

(iraiide,     v.     ;{.')(>  (i;  the    Monterc,\- 

cani|)aign,  v.  .'WO;  liattle  of  liiieiiii 

Vista,  V.  42.S  <». 
'J'orro  \'ald«'.s  y  (laiiilHia,  <lc  la,  cajii- 

taii  iirotectiir  of  Nayarit,  1720.   iii. 

H17-20;     gov.      1721.      iii.     :!20  :>} 

oxpcd.  of,  1721,  :«l-4. 
'J'orre.s,  (!oii.  J.  A.,  ciiaracttr,  20.'{-4; 

operatioiis  of,   1810.   iv.  20:{  .S;  ai'- 

tioii   at    J'atzeuaro.    ISll,    iv.  :{I2; 

defeated    near    Zipinien,     ISil,    iv. 

•V.i';  capture  of,  i\ .  'ASS;  execution, 

iv.  :{,s,s. 

Torre.M,  Padre,  leader  of  revolution, 
iv.  (m7;  character,  iv.  (10!);  defiat 
at  Fort  Sonilirero,  1S17,  iv.  074; 
lie.sieged  at  l.o.s  J^eiiudio.s,  1817,  iv. 
(»7<>  7,  4S;i-,");  o\itrages  of,  iv.  (UK! 
4;  death  of,  iv.  (ii»4. 

Torres  y  Kucda,  M.  de,  20th  vice- 
roy, 1048,  iii.  127,  K57;  l'islioi»  of 
Yucatan,  1044,  iii.  i:>7;  rule,  I04S- 
40,  iii.  i:?7  8;  .leath  of,  1049,  iii. 
\'.\S;  jiropcrty    se(|Uestered,     IHS  It. 

Tortolita.'i,  coinhats  at,  KSI4-181,"i,  iv. 
^  (illO-T. 

Totonacs,  wuhjugateil  hy  .Vztec*,  i.  07; 
Cnl'tes  among,  i.  Ill  ."il;  I'evolt 
again.st  A/tecs  i.  I  17  ."lO,  l."ilO; 
allies  < if  t'ortes,  i.   101-2. 

Toto<juiliuat/iii,  II.,  coiisiiires  again-:! 
Corte.s,  i.  ."VJO;  death  ol,  i.  r>r.i. 

Tduron,   Fatiier,  works  of,  ii.    100-1. 

Towuley,  t'apt.,  cruise  of,  l(iSo-0.  iii. 
20.")-7". 

Trade,  see  Conuncrco. 

Travel,  vi.  (i2(>-7. 

Treasure  oMaincd  hy  fiiijalva,  i.  "0; 
discovered  by  Cortes,  i.  207-S;  iv- 
I  lined  hy  Corte.s,  i.  .Sl.S,  .'Ul-M,  470. 
477-8,488,  070,  (183,  001;  division 
of,  i.  M4.'{-0;  ii.  .5;  sliiiinients  of, 
l<)00-l.S(>7,  iii.  .-,o;i,  078;  1808,  iv. 
7ii:  convoys  attacked,  IS12,  iv.  .'{SO. 
;«t2  :{;  18i;{,  iv.".-).-)4;  1814,  iv.  084; 
•seizuri',  (!te.,  of,  1822,  iv.  78.");  v.  4; 
1800,  V.  787  S.  7!1|. 

Treasure  licet,  wrecked,  i.'.'i.'t,  ii,  .V.);{ 
4;  captur-ed  liy  Dutch,  I(12S.  iii.  ,S2- 
.'{;    measures    tn   jn'otcct,    iii.    141; 


varied  fortunes  of,   lflrvt-1702,   iii. 
14.V5,  2.'>8  70. 

Treasury,  organixatioii  of  department, 
iii.  G5I-2;  regulations  for,  iii.  0.")1~4; 
olticials,  iii.  O.VJ-4;  recei})t.s,  1(>44- 
KSOO,  iii.  070-8;  dcticit,  1822,  iv. 
703;  measures  for  replenishing, 
I823,  V.  :{-4;  delicits,  etc.,  184y-r)l; 
V.  M:\-i]. 

Tri'aties,  aS  Cordoba,  1821,  iv.  728; 
Zavaleta,  18;12,  v.  12:1-4;  claims, 
1838,  V.  310-10;  1843,  v.  310  22; 
of  Cuadalupe  Hidalgo,  1,S48,  v.  ."kSO 
43;  Cadsdeli,  18.">:{-4,  v.  ti.V_'  3;  Mc- 
Lane-Ocanipo,  18.")0,  v.  77.3-,");  villi 
the  U.  S.,  1883,  vi.  447;  with  (Jcr- 
inany,  1883,  vi.  4.V);  with  Italy, 
1883,  vi.  45.");  Avith  llelgium,  1883, 
v..  4.">;  with  Spain,  1883,  vi.  4.m. 

Trejo,  Capt.,  defection  of,  1813,  i\. 
531 . 

Tres  I'alos,  engagement  at,  1811,  iv. 
3(H). 

Tresguerras,  Architect  F.  K.,  men- 
tion of,  vi.  048. 

Trevifio,  (Icn.,  siege  of  Qiieretarn, 
1807,  vi.  277  8;  defeat  ot,  KS72,  vi. 
382-3. 

Trilmnal  de  Azogues,  organi/ation  of, 
iii.  r)8.3. 

'Trinidad,"  all'air  of  the,  '1870,  vi. 
440-1. 

Trinidad,  pueMo,  founded,  1722,  iii. 
320. 

Tris  Islaucl,  presidio  at,  iii.  410. 

Trist,  CoinmissioMer  \.  P.,  mission 
of,  1847,  v.  403;  ipiarrelwith  Scott, 
V.  4ti3-.">;  negotiations,  v.  40.3-.'"); 
treaty  of  (iuadalupe  Hidalgo,  \. 
r):{0-40. 

Triumvirate  ajipointed,  1823,  v.  2; 
measures  of,  v.  2  8. 

Truja)io.  Col,  lijittlcof  CmeodeMayo, 
^  1802,  vi.  40. 

T'rujano,  T.,  ilefeuce  of  llu.i jua[i.iu, 
1812,  iv.  430-40;  ilcfcat  at  Kaiiclio 
de  la  Virgcn,  1812,  iv.  47ti;  deatli, 
iv.  470. 

Trujillo,  Lieut-col.  T.,  character,  iv. 
l7")-();  defeat  at  Las  Cruces,  iv. 
177-84;  trtN'iehery  of,  iv.  182-3; 
joins  Cruz'  expcd.,  iv.  242;  coia- 
maud.-gcii.  of  N'alladoli.l,  iv.  247; 
defence  of  N'alladolid,  1811,  iv. 
312-10;  defeats  (Garcia,  iv.  ;t84. 

Tula,  captured  by  Arredoudo,  1811, 
iv.  .'{'Jl;  by  Rivera,   1800,  vi.  2."i4. 

Tulancingo,  attacks  on,  1812,  iv.  40."), 
421;  captured  by  Cuerrero,  1828, 
V.  .'to. 


INDEX. 


Tututcpcc,  AlvaradoH  exped.  to,  ii. 
4l!;  revolt  at,  ii.  74. 

'riixjiaii,  .surreiKlered  l)y  the  French, 
IStiU,  vi.  'J.H. 

Twiggs,  (ren.,  capture  of  Monterey, 
V.  ;i77-8,  :i8:{-();  forces,  377;  battU) 
of  Cerro  Gordo,  v.  452,  4.').>-7;  of 
Churulnisco,  v.  48.'t;  r>f  Chapultiipeo, 
V.  507,  510. 

Tyler,    President,    'IVxan    jtolioy,    v. 

:«7. 

T/intzuntzan,  oci'U]>icd  liy  Spaniards, 
etc.,  ii.  5'2-H;  declareil  a  city,  l.")!».3, 
ii.  77'4-5;  arms  of,  ii.  775. 


U 


of  Guada- 


against 
i.    I7!l; 


>5. 


Ugarte,  J.  ilu,   intendent* 
Tajara,  17!M,  iii.  4.V), 

UUoa,  D.  do,  lii.shop  of  .Michoaean, 
15<l8-l(i02,  ii.  GIKJ. 

Ulda,  see  San  .Fn.in  do  llliia. 

Und)rla,  Pilot  < !.  do,  ooii.spiros 
I'ortes,    i.    177;  nuitilatod, 
oxped,  to  Zaoatula,  i.  321. 

United  Mexican  .Mining  Co.,  opern- 
tious,  etc.,  of,  vi.  507. 

United  States,  conipUoations  with, 
iii.  488,  401;  iv.  '^'^•,  condition  of 
the,  1778-1800,  iv.  9-11 ;  aid  songht 
from,  by  revolutionists,  1811,  iv. 
2(i8,  271;  fill!  usters  from,  1813,  iv. 
542-3;  trc-.ties  with,  1828-32,  v. 
48-9;  the  Texan  (piostion,  v.  151  2, 
I.55,  1«5;M,  322-14;  claims  of,  v. 
247-8;  vi,  442-4;  war  throatenod 
with,  1840,  V.  295-G;  policy  of, 
IS40,  V.  301-2;  causes  of  war  witii, 
V.  307-44;  claims  paid  to,  v.  .320; 
var  preparations,  v.  3.35,  339  40, 
343-4;  war  with,  v.  346-548;  treaty 
of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  v.  5:i0  43; 
recognition  of  Juarez,  IS.V.),  v.  705; 
the  AlcLano-Ocanipo  treaty,  18.59, 
V.  773-5;  armed  intervention  of, 
1860,  V.  778-9;  attitude  of,  1801-0, 
vi.  21-4,  99-l(J0,  lSO-1,  200-7,  2.34; 
demand  withdrawal  of  French 
troops,  vi.  208-9;  relations  with 
Mex.,  etc.,  18.54-8,3,  vi.  350-7, 
442-7;  treaty  with  Mex.,  1883,  vi. 
447;  1884,  vi.  4.50. 

United  States  of  Mexico,  name 
adopted,  v.  17. 

Upshur,  secretary,  the  Texan  ipies- 
tion,  V.  .333-5. 

Uraga,  Gen.  J.  L.,  revolt  in  Guadala- 
jara, 1851,  V.  609-10;  arrest  of, 
1855   V.  070;  o^Kirations,  etc.,  1800. 


V.  781-2;  1S()3,  vi.  IIS,  122  4;  .piar- 
rel  with  Arteag.i,  vi.  103. 

Uralia,  capture,  etc.,  of,  I.S03,  vi. 
118. 

Urdanetii,  F.  A.  ile,  exjted.  to  Philip- 
pines, 1.5C>4,  ii.  .599  (MH». 

UreiH.'tiro,  battle  of,  KSll.  247  8. 

Unpiidi,  .r.  M.,  minister  of  finance, 
1853,  V.  010. 

Urrea,<  ien.,  operations,  etc.,  in  Texas, 
183(>,  V.  109  71;  pronunciamionto 
of,  1838,  V.  207;  <lefeat  at  Acajet^', 
V.  211-12;  escai)e,  etc.,  v.  214;  re- 
volt of,  1840,  V.  220^  4;  operations, 
1847,  V.  4.37  8. 

Urrutia,  v.,  schemes  of.  1808,  iv.  45, 
49-50. 

Ursiia  y  Arizmcndi,  .\I.  de,  gov.  of 
Yucatan,  iii.  10.3;  operations  against 
It/iis,   I(i97,  iii.   i()3. 

Urtariz,  Lieut  .1  15.  de,  command  of, 
at  Las  <  'rucos,  iv.  1 79. 

Usagre,  M.,  with  Cortes'  exi>ed.,  i. 
09,  370. 

Utathm,  end)a.ssy  from,  visits  Cortes, 
1522,  ii.  10:M. 


V 


Vaccination,  introduced,  1803,  iii. 
7.57. 

Valdelomar,  H.  I'.,  gov.  of  Yucatan, 
IS(K),  V.  84. 

N'alderrama,  Licentiate,  reception  at 
Mex.,  1503,  ii.  ;{83  4;  charges 
against  ollicials,  ii.  .387;  royal  visi- 
tador,  ii.  577;  instructions  to,  ii. 
.580;  doubles  Indian  triltuto,  ii. 
.580-7;  report  to  king,  I5t»4,  ii. 
.587-9;  reforms  recommended  by, 
ii.  589;  reorganizes  andiencia,  1.500, 
ii.  014. 

Valdes,  Lieut  B.,  plot  of,  1824,  v. 
54-.5. 

Valde.s,  F.,  plot  of,   1811,  iv.  2(U. 

N'aldivia,  shipwreck,  etc.,  of,  1512,  i. 
82;  ii.  429  .'iO. 

Valdivieso,  .1.  de,  feud  with  M.  Cor- 
ti's,  1.5(i5,  ii.  005  0. 

Valencia,  Friar  M.  ih',  nii.-;sionary  ox- 
ped. of,  1.523-4,  ii.  102  5;  at  Santo 
l>oniingo,  1524,  ii.  104-5;  inijuisitor, 
ii.  105;  reception  by  Cortes,  ii.  I(i5- 
0;  holds  chapter,  ii.  107-8;  charac- 
ter of,  ii.  18.5-0;  death  of,  ii.  180. 

Valencia,  Gen.,  victory  at  Acajetc, 
18.39,  V.  21112;  revolution  of,  1841, 
V.  229-30;  revolt  against  Santa 
Anna,  1844-5,  v.  275;  iusubordina- 


IM 


INDEX. 


tion  of,  V.  474-5;  <lcfoat.at  Padicnia, 
1847,  V.  47.'V  80. 

Vulunciana  mine,  output,  iii.  589. 

Valentin,  K.,  eccleH.  judge,  iv.  28(>  l!. 

Valentin,  Dr  M.,  nienilHir  of  regency, 
l8-_".»,  iv.  7()!). 

Vali-'ii/uelii,  J.  F.,  exploits  of,  iv. 
ir)4  5. 

ViiltTio  lie  la  Cruz,  caeiquo,  miccoeiLs 
Siiu  Luis,  etc.,  155i>,  ii.  545;  deatli 
<.f,  l57'-»,  ii.  54(). 

Val(;n>,  Alanjui'.s  de,  HOtli  viceroy, 
171(5,  iii.  '-1M);  rule,  iii.  2<M)-2;  at- 
teiui)t  <m  life,  1718,  iii.  'i'.fl;  Naya- 
rit  emhassy  to,  iii.  'UU  '20. 

Valladolid,  Miclioiiean,  founded,  1541, 
ii.  774;  ciiitital,  I5!S(>,  ii.  774;  arms 
of,  ii.  774;  iv.  KjS;  ri'volutionary 
plan  at,  180!»,  iv.  SO  ;i;  lii.st.  of,  iv. 
107  70;  eartli(|uake  at,  I7r)!(,  iv. 
I(l!»  70;  .'^uiivnd.T  of,  1810,  iv.  170 
■_';  i>lund('r  of,  iv.  17'J  4;  llidalj^o 
at,  ISIO,  iv.  -SM)  I;  riot  at,  iv.  i>4.") 
(i;  recapture  of,  IS11,  iv,  'J4l!;  ])ar- 
dnu  jiroclainicd  at,  iv.  247;  govt  re- 
oigaiii/ed,  iv.  247;  .sic^e  of,  1811, 
iv.  :!12-1(;;  ISi:!,  iv.  r)!)(i-7.'?;  tlircat- 
encd  liy  insurgents,  1812,  iv.  422; 
Verdiiscos  defeat  at,  ISKi,  iv.  512 
IH;  raid  on,  1817,  iv.  (!.")4;  captured 
l.y  llurhi.le,  1S21,  iv.  714-15. 

N'alladnlid,  Yucatan,  founded,  154."i, 
ii.  447;  revolt  at,  1840,  v.  218. 

Vallaita,  1.  L.,  minister  of  govt,  IStiS, 
vi.  ;{()7;  of  relations,    1S7(!,  vi.  4111. 

V.ille,  .1.  del,  discovers  Teliuanlepec, 
li.  .")."). 

Valie  de  Uanderas,  reported  miracle 
at,  ii.  ()2  :i. 

Vallo  del  -Maiz,  eiiga^'ciMiii!  at,  1811. 
iv.  270. 

Valleciilo,  ('apt.,  in  command  of  T.i- 
nueo,  l.")2l>,  ii.  128;  exped.  to  Ta- 
basco, ii.  22(». 

Vallejo,  J',  de,  Cortes'  lieut,  ii.  llX): 
attitude  toward  (laray,  ii.  l(l!l  1(1; 
captures  (iarav's  licet,  ii.  112  !.'".; 
ileathof,  l.")2:{,"ii.  118. 

Van  IJuren,  I'resident,  Texan  pcdicy 
of,  v.  327. 

Van  Horn,  N.,  pirate  leader,  iii,  101  - 
2;  at  sack  of  \'cra  Cruz,  1(!8;{,  iii. 
l'.)2-200;  deatli  of,  iii.  200. 

Vanilla,  cultivation  of,  iii.  GIO;  vi. 
r)7()  7. 

Varae/,  >i.  P.  do,  arrested,  1(522,  iii. 
44;  .-euJenceof,  iii.  4.");  moli  releases, 
1G24,  111.  01;  resideneia,  iii.  75. 

Vargas,  J.  de,  gov.  of  Yueatan,  1028, 


iii.  154;  rule,  iii.  154-fl;  rosi<1encia, 
iii.  15(i. 

Vargas,  treaehery  of,  iv.  055  (>. 

Vazquez,  Canon  I\  F.,  envoy  to 
liome,  V.  47. 

Vaz(piez,  Col,  capture  of,  1817,  iv. 
690. 

Vazquez,  .1.  M.,  dofeneo  of  Maximi- 
lian, vi.  .ms  9. 

Vega,  F.  de  la,  archbishop,  lO.'W),  iii. 
90. 

Vega,  F.  C.  de  la,  4.Hd  viceroy,  1700, 

iii.  :«io-i. 

Vega,  (Jen.  U.  1).  de  la,  conference 
with  Wortii.  184(i.  v.  :U8;  cai)turo 
of,  .'[59;  campaign  in  Yucatan,  1851, 
V.  5S7  8;  sortie  from  Mex.,  I8(!7, 
vi.  .144. 

Vega,  (Jen.  I'.,  intrigues  of,  vi.  72; 
'  Doeumentos,"  vi.  4()4. 

Veladero,  Kl,  alFair  at.  ISIO,  iv.  299; 
capture  of,  1814,  iv.  579. 

Velasco,  ]J.  IJ.  de,  siege  of  Mex.,  i. 
(i()0-l. 

Vela.seo,  L.  de,  second  viceroy,  l.">49, 
ii.  .'m9;  instructions  to,  ii.  ."idO  I, 
50t  5;  cliaraeter,  ii.  otili;  rule,  ii. 
5(i5  99;  death,  ii.  .")89. 

Velasco,  L.  lie,  jr,  eiglitii  viceroy,  1589, 
ii.  757;  rule,  ii.  7.'>7-00;  cliaraeter, 
ii.  758;  reapjiointed,  10i>7,  iii.  0; 
rule,  iii.  0-20. 

N'clcz,  ( leu.,   capture  of   Maximilian, 

vi.  ;toi. 

\elez,  Capt.  P.  A.,  defeiii'e  of  Aca- 
])lUco,  ISiJl,  540-51. 

\'ela/(|Uez,  1).,  gov.  of  Cuba,  i.  2; 
cliaiacter,  i.  2-;{,  175-():  ex]iod.  to 
^'ucatan,  i.  0;  (Iiijalva's  exped., 
I5IS,  i.  ]0--:;;i:  Olid's,  i.  :!1;  Cortes', 
i.  ."59-170,  .'!57 -97;  rights  in  tlie  con- 
((Uest,  i.  402-.'!;  intrigues  against 
Cortes,  ii.  0.">-(»;  inlluence  in  .'pain, 
ii.  85;  decision  against,  ii.  90;  tleath 
of,  ii.  91. 

N'elazipicz  dc  T^orea,  M.,  alcalde  ])ro- 
viucial  of  the  Santa  llermandad, 
1710,  iii.  27:t-4. 

W'liegis,  F.  .1.  de,  ,')9th  viceroy,  1810, 
iv.  9:!;  ride,  iv.  9;!-19l;  biog.,  etc., 
iv.  9;i-4;  i)lots  against,  iv.  a31-.3; 
character,  etc.,  iv.  492-15. 

^'eraCrii/,,  pop.  of  iiitendcncia,  1800, 
iii.  218;  map  of,  iii.  219;  negro  re- 
volt in,  n^'."),  iii.  ;i."')2-;5;  revolution 
in,  IS  12,  iv.  :599-40.-),  47.'^S0:  18i:5, 
iv.  5;;i-2;  1814,  iv.. ".8:5-7;  1815  10, 
iv.  G:19-4I;  1821,  iv.  7'2-2-4;  cam- 
paign of  1817,  iv.  0.")2:  revolt  against 
Iturbide,  182*2,  iv.  791-2;  disturb- 


!     I 


INDEX. 


787 


aiiccs  in,  1827,  v.  36-7;  Miramon's 
cainimign  in,  18,')lt,  v.  758-9;  repub- 
lican operations  in,  DMM,  vi.  201  2. 

Vera  Cruz,  city,  founded  by  Cortes, 
1510,  i.  I'M,  154;  nitc,  i.  154;  ii. 
14a-l;  Velazquez  at,  1520,  i.  3«;{; 
hIow  growtli  of,  ii.  141-2;  fortiJica- 
tions  of,  ii.  .S8.3,  ''t'.);  iii.  81  2,  192 
3,  202,  214  1(5,  41G  18;  v.  441;  har- 
bor improved,  ii.  535;  Jesuits  settle 
in,  1578,  ii.  707;  unhealtliinesa  of, 
ii.  75ft-(K);  iii.  211-12;  (U(lare<1  a 
city,  l(il5,  iii.  27;  destroyed  by  fire, 
1018,  iii.  27;  epidemic  at,  1048,  iii. 
lli.S;  storm,  etc.,  at,  1005,  iii.  171* 
80;  1810,  iv.  1)2;  military  prepara- 
tions at,  l(>75,  iii.  lM-5;  pirates 
sack,  1083,  iii.  102-202;  1712,  iii. 
283-4;  map  of,  iii.  11)3;  annual  fair 
transferred  to,  1083,  iii.  20;{;  extent 
of,  1730,  iii.  2()S;  growth  of,  iii. 
208-1);  social  cnudition  of,  iii.  200; 
jiiipulatioii,  1777,  iii.  200;  rclifjious 
cdilices,  etc.,  1740,  iii.  •_'()!•  10; 
coiiiuicrcc.  iii.  210;  vi.  t.'M;  consu- 
liido  ctalilislicd,  17!).").  iii.  210;  frc- 
(piciit  lircs  at,  iii.  2!  I ;  city  iinprove- 
iiients,  iii.  211;  ntiicials  of,  217  18; 
blocka.le  of,  1700,  iii.  4<.>7,  502; 
1840,  V.  301-2:  ro:iii.s  to,  iii.  0.35  8: 
ilistiirlfaiicc  at,  1808,  iv.  47  8;  be- 
Icagucifd  by  revolutioui.sts,  1812, 
iv.  404;  action  of  ayuiitaiiiicnto, 
lSi:i,  iv.  r>{){\';  1821,  iv.  7:iO  40; 
i^onstitiitioa  of  1812  proclaiiricd,  iv. 
OOS;  attack  on,  1821,  iv.  7-';>  4;  ca- 
pitulation of,  |8'_'l,  740;  boiidianl- 
iiiciit  of,  182.3,  V.  (!2;  jironiinciaiui- 
cnto  at,  18;;2,  v.  107;  I8:W,  v.  114; 
siege  of,  ]8:!2,  V.  110;  l,s|7,  V.  441- 
8;'|8()(),  V.  777-80;  l-'rcucli  attack 
nil,  I8;',S,  V.  107  0;  )ilaiis  of,  v.  Iii8, 
44.{;  vi.  143;  icvnlt  at,  1840,  v. 'J'.l'.l: 
Spanish  sijuailiun  at,  is.">(>.  v.  (\s~: 
the  .Juarez  gnvt,  18,"8,  \.  730  7; 
allied  occujiatinu  cf,  ISOI  2,  vi.  'JO; 
|ilciii])otcntiaric.s  at,  .3.")~7;  surren- 
dered by  iiii]iorialists,  1807,  vi.  .'!,")l- 
2;  railrc.ad,  vi.  .308-0,  5,")3-0. 

Vciagua,  golil  liiinc-;  of,  iii.  r>.">."i  ti. 

Vciaguas,  |)ii(pio  (Ic,  'JOth  viicrnv, 
107.3,  iii.  181. 

Vcrdiii,  Pad  re  X.  S.,  plot  of,  at  Sun 
r.las,  1811,  iv.  201. 

Vcrdugo,  ArcId)ishop,  mention  of,  iii. 
9(i. 

Verdugo,  F.,  reception  of  Cortes,  etc., 
I.")18,  i.  0,')-(i;  lapture  of  'I'layaca- 
pan,  i.  ."0(i;  conspiracy  against  Cor- 
tes, i.  010;  alcalde,  i.  012;  .siibduoa 


Xalpan,  ii.  253;  treasurer,  1530,  ii. 
:«6. 

Verduaco,  Gen.,  district  of,  iv.  417; 
operations  in  Michoaoan,  181.3,  iv. 
511-17;  quarrels  with  liayou,  iv. 
513  14;  cai)ture  of,  iv.  689. 

Vernon,  Admiral,  on  Gulf  uoast,  1740, 
iii.  .3i>4. 

Vetanuurt,  A.  de,  works  of,  i.  097:  ii. 
785;  iii.  .')07-8,  078. 

Veytia,  M.,  works  of,  vi.  042  .3. 

Vicario,  Gen.,  victory  of,  180.3,  vi. 
107. 

Viceroy,  office  of.  establ'd,  ii.  .375; 
mode  of  reception  to,  ii.  .378  1); 
powers  curtailed,  I5t>0,  ii.  570  7: 
iii.  80;  functions,  etc.,  of,  iii.  405-0, 
.Wi-,");  ceremonies,  iii.  5.'iV7;  term, 
etc.,  iii.  .■)37-8:  names  of  viueroyal- 
ties,  iii.  510  20. 

Victoria,  i-ity,  'laylor's  occupation  of, 
1847,  v.  412. 

Victoria,  (Jen.  (1.,  mention  of,  iv.  .'>87; 
o]ierations,  1810.  iv.  041-2:  hard- 
ships, iv.  005;  joins  liravo,  1821,  iv. 
724;  joins  Santa  Anna.  1822,  iv,  701 ; 
nieiiiber  of  I'xecutive,  182.3,  iv.  802; 
president  (if  executive,  v,  15;  meas- 
ures. V,  15;  (ir.-,t  jiresident,  1824,  v. 
17;  mil!,  V.  17-15;  character,  etc., 
V.  28-0;  death,  v.  4.'). 

Vidaiirre,  .1.  1.  !■].,  minister  of  Justice, 
18;{0,  v.  05. 

N'iilatirri,  (I en.  S.,  operations,  etc., 
of,  l.S.-)0,  v.  008,  705.  7.".3;  defeat  at 
Almalulco,  1858,  v.  747;  disatlec- 
tion  of,  1804,  vi.  120  31;  ap|icar- 
aiice,  etc.,  of,  vi.  27r«;  ininistir  of 
treasury,  1807,  vi.  3.'(4;  iiuiiiibiition 
demanded  by,  vi.  .'i.'U  ."i;  execution 
of,  1807,  vi.  ':{40. 

X'iezca,  A.,  cabinet  minister,  1820,  v. 
82. 

Villa  Iviea  (see  also  \'cra  Cruz),  site 
of,  removed,  ii.  140   I. 

\'illac>cusa,   (.'nl   1'.,  operations,    etc., 

of,  1810  II,  iv.  2:;s  «». 

\  illatafia,  .M.  de  J!  y.  gov.  of  Yuca- 
tan, 1052,  iii.  lOO-i. 

N'illafane,  A.  de,  eoiisjiires  against 
«'.>rt('s   i.  OOO-IO;  .'xccuted,   i.  Oil. 

\'illagfan.  (ii/ii.  J.,  'iMiiperor  of  Huas- 
teca,'  iv.  520;  riptiire,  iv.  .JoO;  ext^- 
eution,  1813,  iv.  5.'!0  I. 

N'illagran  .1.,  insurgent  chief,  iv.  202, 
427,  431. 

Villagran,  (!cn.  .1.  M.,  luariscal  ilo 
camjio,  iv.  4'_'7;  mutiny  of,  1SI2.  iv. 
4.'i0-l;  reconciliation  with  liayon, 
iv.    431  -2;    defeat    at    lluichapan, 


r.8 


IN1>KX. 


ISM,  iv.  .VJT-O;  cxprution,  iv.   .''JO. 
Villallm,  .1.  lit',  j{i>v.  nf  'Ffpio,  ir(4l,  ii. 

4',).'!;    takes    Alitiacatlidi,     l.')4'.',     ii. 

rm  10. 
Villallia,  <!l'ii.  .1.   <U',  ('Diiiiiiaiiilcr-iii- 

cliiuf,   1  "<»."»,    iii.   4()'_';  iiiuaHiircH  ot', 

iii.  40:<. 
ViIl..lulM>s,  P.  do,  oidor,  l.'HU,  ii.  (UKJ; 

investigates    conspiraey,    l.")(i(!,     ii. 

(iI4   15. 
Villalolxis,  K.  L,  «le,  oxi>l<irati<>iiH  of, 

l.".4*_»-7,  ii.  r,\'2-\:i. 
Villainanri(iiiu,  iMarqiieH  <le,  Hcvuntli 

viceroy,   lob."),  ii.  74'J;  nilo,  ii.  74'J- 

"i.'i;  residonuia,  ii.  7<")(». 
Villa[)aiido,  ^''atlier  Ij.  de,  inisxion  of, 

ii.  4.")'J-.");  first  eiistodio  ill  Yueataii, 

ira'.t,  ii.  T20. 
Villartal,    Col    K.,    plan    of    Ayutla, 

1S.')4,  V.  ()4.S-i»,  (i."KS-!l. 
Villarfas,    J.,  plot,   ete.,  of,  iv.  212 

I'). 
Villarocl,  A.  do,  algiiacil   mayor,  ii. 

217-18;  proeurador,  ii.  224. 
Villarroel,   il.,   works   of,    iii,   453-4, 

778. 
Villa-Scflor,   J.    A.   de,   works  of,  iii. 

510  II,  001,  (578. 
'Vireyes,  Iiistruccioiies, '  mention  of, 

iii.  551. 
Virgeu,  l^ancho  de  la,  aflFair  at,  1812, 

iv.  47t). 
Visitador.  functions  of,  iii.  521. 
Viticulture,   restrictions  on,    iii.  013; 

mention  of,  vi.  57''J-4. 
Vi/arron  y  Kguiarrcta,  J.  A.  de,  38tli 

viceroy,    ]~'M,    iii.    351;    rule,     iii. 

351-3;  archbishop,  17:W-4J),  iii.  351- 

\'i/caiuo,   S.,  voy.ages  of,  ii.  751;  iii. 

2  4. 
Volunteers    of   Ferdinand    VII.,    see 

C'hat^uetiis. 

W 

Wadsworth,  W.  H.,  commissioner  on 

U.  S.  claims,  18tK),  vi.  443. 
Walker,  \V.,  raitl  of,  1853.  v.  080. 
\\'ar  of  Independence,  see  Revolution. 
Warfare,    savage    and    civilized,    iv. 

121-2. 
Washington,  Ciipt.,   battle  of  Buena 

Vista,  V.  422,  431. 
Wheat,  cultivation  of,   ii.    1.32-3;  iii. 

011-12;  vi.  568. 
Wilson,  R.   A.,  'A  New  History,'  i. 

205. 
WoU,  Gen.,  operations  in  Texas,  1842, 

V.  240-7;   arrest  of,  v.  270. 


Women,  condition,  etc.,  of,  vi.  017- 
20. 

Wool,  manufaet.  of,  iii.  010  17;  vi. 
.52:»-4. 

Wool,  (Jen.,  e\ped.  to  Chiliualiua, 
1"4»),  v.  40.'M>;  l)attle  ..f  Buena 
Vista,  v.  422,  420. 

Worth,  <  ion.,  conference  with  Vega, 
184(»,  v.  ;U8;  capture  of  .Monterey, 
v^370  7,  382  3,  387-401;  forces,  v. 
377;  tiattle  of  Cerro  (iordo,  v,  453; 
occupation  of  I'uelda,  v.  401-2;  bat- 
tle of  Churubusco,  iv.  480-3;  of 
Molino  del  Key,  v.  407-5<M;  of  CIkv- 
pulteiiec,  v.  .')07   18. 

Wright,   Alajor,  battle  of  Moliuo  del 

Key,  V.  my 

Wyke,  Sir  ('.  L. ,  British  minister  to 
Mex.,  1801,  vi.  12;  iileuipoteutiary 
to  Mex.,  1802,  vi.  32;  instructions, 
vi.  3.3. 


Xaltocan,  name,  i.  583;  Cortes  cap- 
tures, i.  583-5. 

Xicoteneatl,  'I'lascaltec  general,  i.  200; 
defeat  of,  i.  200-17;  sues  for  peace, 
i.  220-3;  at  Cholula,  i.  240;  opposes 
Spaniards,  i.  510-17;  aids  Spniards, 
i.  525;  baptized,  i.  550;  joins  army 
of  Cortes,  i.  010;  desertion  of,  i. 
019-20;  execution,  i.  021. 

Xicoteneatl,  Col,  battle  of  Cliainilte- 
Ijec,  V.  511. 

Xochimilco,  description  of,  i.  002  3. 

Xoloc,  Cortes  at,  i.  405;  capture  of, 
i.  (S08;  Spanish  headijuarters,  etc., 
i.  027-0,  044. 


Yaflez,  A.,  treasure  discovered  by,  i. 

397-8. 
Yafiez,    Oidor,    J.    I.,     member     of 

regency,     1821,    iv.    730;     charges 

against  Iturbide,  iv.  707-8. 
Yaflez,  tren.  J.  M.,  pronunciamicnto 

of,  1840,  V.  21*7-8;  gov.  of  (Jujvda- 

lajara,    1851,    v.    009;    minister  of 

war,  1855,  v.  (i7<). 
Yaflez,    M.,    minister    of    relations, 

1851,  V.  010. 
Yanhuitlan,  engagement  at,  1812,  iv. 

434;  royalist  flight  from,   1812,  iv. 

439. 
Yaquis,     insurrection     of,    1868,    vi. 

300;  war,  1885-6,  vi.  401-2. 
Yell,  Col.,  battle  of  Buena  Vista,  v. 

418,  420,  428. 


IXDF.X. 


709 


Yormo,  (}.  <lo,  luiuli  i  ..i  y\,,[,  isas,  iv. 

't'2-ti',    liio),'-.   'V.    ■'-:  party    of,    iv. 

"iS;  corps  of,  i\ .   I)'»(). 
YitrkiiKw,    Sccrt't    Sock'ty,    foiiiiilin^' 

of,    V.    .'{•_'-;{;    Ililluuiici!    oil   i^lectioli, 

IS'Jii,     V.     ,'U  .">;    (liMMUiiMioiiH,    etc., 

among,  V.  W  1. 
Voiiiij,',  Col.,  atlair  lit  I'uotillort,  llSIT, 

Iv.  (Ki.'t;  <K:frlli'(!  of   Fort.   Sollllircro, 

If<l7,  iv.  (174  "•;  ilfatli,  (>7."). 
Yucatan,  biglitcil  Ity  Ciinlolia,  1."»I7, 
i.  7  <S;  iiaiiif,  i.  II;  a  sii|ipos<'il  is- 
land, i.  J--',  'Jl;  (irijalvaat,  i.  17-'-*i;: 
citii'.s  anil  tonipli's  of,  i.  "Jl;  J'orU''.^ 
at,  i.  7.S  Si;  con.)ucst  of.  ii.  4:M)  IK; 
maps  of,  ii.  4;i'J;  iii.  loS;  v.  '24'.i: 
vi.  H7I;  mi.ssions  to.  ii.  4.">l  .")•. 
piratical  rai.ls,  l.".li|  ItHC.',  ii.  (WC. 
8;  ICiKt  ,S0,  iii.  «:«  4.  14.")  (i;  ex- 
tent of,  ii.  (i4S  It;  j,'ovcriiors  of,  ii. 
(■(."><(;  iii.  I.VJ  (>.'{;  I,o]pcz'  onliiiancc-i. 
I.").V_',  ii.  (i.'il  •_';  cliiiicii  ati'airs  in, 
ii.  CSS  '.M»,  7'-'»M;  iii.  IIS,  (;'.)4; 
cpiilcmii;  in,  ll>48,  iii.  ItiO;  famine, 
lii.  MM);  Indian  allair.s,  iii.  I.'i7-'.l; 
Wdod-ciltlers  cxpcllecl  from,  Kill'J, 
iii.  'JlM;  liist.  sketcli  of,  I70S-  ISi'O, 
V.  S;t  ,■");  .Kci'ession  of,  1Sl'!>,  v.  S1»  7; 
rcvoliilioii  ill.  IS;«>-4I,  V.  'JI7-I'.I; 
IS41  :<,  v.  •_'4l-4;  treaty  with  Mex., 
V.  "244;  rcliiliion,  etc.,  in,  ]S47-">'"i, 
v.  .■.:{(•)  '.»:  w.ir  in.  IS4S  .M;  v.  .^iSO-- 
S;  British  trades  in,  v.  TiSI  -J;  .slave 
trallic,  V.  oSt;  liriti.^li  mediation, 
v.  ."iS,");  Kniicli  invasion  of.  ISti4. 
vi.  I"JS;  iiHiirrection  in,  IStiS,  vi. 
|{(!,");  disturliunces  in,  IS4:t-7.">,  vi. 
4(Kt   I'J. 


Z 


Zacapo.  afTairat,  1S13,  iv.  '.•.':{. 

Zaciiiioaxtla.  eii^'ageiiieiit  at  ISIIi, 
IV.  .");{4;  revolt  at.  IS.")!".,  v.  (;7S. 

/acatecas,  coiniueied,  ii.  ,"i|."i;  cdiidi- 
tion  of,  lo.'M)  4(i,  ii.  .").">;>  I;  iiiiiie, 
ii.  ."iM;  Tolosa's  exped.,  I.">I(J  S,  ii. 
Mi  (■>;  mines  disi'overed  in,  l.")4(i  S. 
ii.  .Vi4  (i;  iii.  ()7".'- SO;  mining  in,  iii. 
.V.tO.  7()8-'.»;  vi.  .".l-J-irj;  eliiircli  af- 
fairs in.  li.  717;  iiia)i  of,  iii.  •J(i7; 
revolution  in,  ISIO,  iv.  'JIVJ;  ISI7, 
iv.  •>.")().  , 

Zacatt'cas,  City,  founded,  ii.  ."),')4-tt; 
a  city,  l")8r),  ii.  7t)l--2;  hrancli 
treasury  at,  iii.  401;  growth  of.  iii. 
304-(>;  cut  ofl;  iii.  :104;  govt,  of, 
iii.  :?()") -Ii;  a  corregimiento,  17'2ti, 
iii.  30<);  an  intendeueia.  iii.  :tO(i; 
populatiuu,  iii.  301);  revolt  in,  181((, 


iv.  '208-11;     c.ipturerl 


IV.  'JOS- II;     ciliturerl      l.y      (»choa, 

ISII,  iv.    "JliS;    l.y    Itayoiu    ISII,  iv. 

;{07  !•:    juiit;i    a"t,    IV.     :tO'.t;   re.ap. 

tur.'d  l.y  C.illeja,  |S||,   iv.    ;no   II, 

;{|7;  u.ssanlt  on,  ISI.'J,  iv.  541;  re- 

volt    in,    |S;!8,   V.    Ill,    114;  al.arii 

dolled  l.y  the  I'VelU'h,   IStili,  vi.  V'.'iti; 

captured  l.y  Cadeiia,  Is7(»,  vi.  .'174, 
Zacatepec,  Si.,iniiird  i  capture,  i.  .'I'Jti. 
/acate]iei',  ri.iin,   alliiir  at,    ISl'J,   iv. 

4-JI. 
Zar.itlan,     occupation     ..f.     ISII,    iv. 

;UI;  allair  at,  IS|-.'.   iv.  4'_"J;  ( >Horii.t 

at,     ISI."!,    iv.    ."..'It   (i;    cajitiiied   l.y 

Moreiite,  ."i.'tl);   liy    .Aiiuila.    ISI1.  iv. 

.•),SS  '.». 
Zacatula,  Olid  occupies,  ii.    .">;!;  head- 

([uarters    in    soiiili-wc<t.    il.    .Vi  ('.; 

Khip-liililding  at,    ii.    .V)  (1;  ^lorelos 

at.  iv.    ■_".I7  S;  capture  of,   ISIS,   iv. 

till  I. 
/aldivar,  .1.  .\1..  minister  nt   foineiilo, 

|S.-.,S,  V.  71.'). 
Zamaeois,  .\.  dc.  "  IlistoiKi  ilc  .Mi'jic.. ' 

vi.  :t(J-J-4. 
Zamaeoiia.    M.    M.   dc.   ci.nimissloiicr 

on    U.    S.    .l.-iims,     |s7:i,    vi.    44:(; 

minister  to  L'.  S.,  1878,  vi.   44tl. 
/.'iiulios,  <'liaracti'risti(^s,  ii.    771;  law- 

U^ssness,    ii.   771--;  increase  nf.    Ii. 

77-;  privileges,  iv.  47."). 
/aiiil.raiio,    Col    .1.    M.,    pint  of,    i\. 

'271;  defeat  at  the  ccrro   ddCrillo, 

1811,  iv.  ;ios. 
Zamora,    lli.lalgo   at,    ISlO.    i\.    •j:!); 

Kay.. II  at.  isij,  iv.  :t|-_'. 
Zamora,  .1.  .M.,  '  liiMloteca,'  ill.   ('.7s. 
Zajiotecs,  Hriones'  expcd.  against,    ii. 

;t:{-4;  I'oiHjiieriil  l.y    It.ingcl,    I.VJ4, 

ii.  I'-'S  ',1;  l''igiieroa' .  c\|M  .1.  ag.-iiiist, 

ii.    "J.")!   .">;   revolt    of,    i:.;!!.    ii.    41."); 

1, ").')(>,    ii.  ."..'iS. 
Zapotlan,  all.iirat,  1811,  iv.  ;)•_•(. 
Zaiago/.a,  < 'lul>,   mention   of,   vl.   ;i.")4. 
Zaiign/a,  (u  II.,  minlslcioi  w.ir,  IStiJ, 

\i.  10;  tile  .S|iaiils!i   invasion,   ISHJ, 

vi    '2'.);  I.attle   of    ('luco   dc    .Mayo. 

|Sf.-_',  vi.  47-.")();  dcatli   of,    ISC.--',  vi. 

.")li. 
Ziirate,  .1.  L.  de,  l.islio])  of  Oai.ica,  ii. 

:t'.» !-•_»,  t)7:t. 
Zano,  1''..  Works  of,  v.  ()'.t7;  niinistor 

of  relations,  etc.,  ISIil,  vi.  ('.. 
Zjivala,    1  •epiity  J.,,  ik'.    motion  of,  iv. 

7S:{  4;  gov.   of    Mex.,    IS-'7.   v.    :i.".; 

mission  to  Yiieatan,  v.  87;  liiog.,  \, 

87  8;  works  of,  v.  88;  viec-pre.iident 

of  Toxas,   ISltd,  V.   I()7. 
Zavala,  (icii.,   revolution  of,    1828,  v. 

4.S. 


7m 


INDEX. 


Zavala,  M.  do,  prcnldcnt  n(  ca1>innt, 

ISiKJ,  V.  8();  resignation,  8-2, 
ZuyaH,  <>an.  K.,  mirruntlcr  at  C'ain- 

IKJchc,   1840,  V.  218. 
Zerucoro,    A.,    'McnioriaM, '   etc.,    iv. 

;<7S;  pronunuianiiento   of,   1H'J8,   v. 

42. 
Ziniajian,    ViUagran    at,     iv.    526-7; 

cai)tiiro  of,  iv.  ."cy  3(>. 
Zil)iniiio,   unj^agenient  near,   1811,  iv. 

:i:t7. 

ZitiU'naro,  t^ii^agonicnt  at,  1811,  iv. 
:»•_'(•  H;  (liifciiccs  of,  iv.  :<28;  attack 
on,  iv.  IWS-UO;  junta  cstaUlM  at, 
1811,  iv.  «:W;  cai)tnio  of,  1812,  iv. 
H""'-");  (lextniction  of,  iv.  3')'i. 

Ziicoalfo,  revolt  in,  1810,  iv.  205;  bat- 
tle of,  iv.  20(>. 

Zo/aya,  J.  M.,  minister  to  U.  S.,  v. 
47. 


Zna/n,  Licentiate  A.  do,  nhip-wreckod, 

etc.  1524,  ii.  124  it. 
/ulnaga,  Geu.  F.,  ]iru!iiilont,    1858,  v. 

730;  l>iog.,    V.    730  I ;   cabinets,    v. 

731,  74i);  rule,  v.  731-51;  circular 

of,  18(J1,  vi.  31-2;  plot  of,  I8(»5,  vi. 

17S-l>. 
Zuloaguiiitas,     party,    principles    of, 

J  858,  V.  742. 
Zuinfirraua,   J.   do,  bishop  of   Mnx,, 

1527,  ii.  208;  audiencia  opposoa,  ii. 

298-0;  destroys  native  arcIiivoH,  ii. 

290-:«)0:  archbiNlmp,   1547,  ii.  5.".0: 

death,    1548,  ii.  5.">i};  cliiiracter,  ii, 

5.")7  8;  will,  etc.,  of,  ii.  5." -8. 
Zunipango,  Lake,  d'ainago  woi'ks  nn, 

l(>t>4  7."),  iii.  100-70. 
Zilfliga,  F.  Mun/o  y,  archbishop,  1628, 

iii.  77,  05;  character,  ilL  05;  recall 

of,  iii.  95. 


